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How many senses do you say we have?
How many senses do you say we have?
EDUC 812Enseñanza, Aprendizaje y
Procesos CognitivosDra. D. Núñez
21 de septiembre de 2006
EDUC 812Enseñanza, Aprendizaje y
Procesos CognitivosDra. D. Núñez
21 de septiembre de 2006
Universidad del TuraboEscuela de Educación
Programa Doctoral
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Definitions
Senses are the physiological methods of perception.
A "sense" is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived.
School children are routinely taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste; a classification first devised by Aristotle).
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Definitions
Sense - "a system that
consists of a sensory cell
type (or group of cell types)
that respond to a specific
kind of physical energy, and
that correspond to a defined
region (or group of regions)
within the brain where the
signals are received and
interpreted."
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Definitions
Where scientific
disputes arise is with
regard to the exact
classification of the
various cell types and
their mapping to
regions of the brain.
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Somatosensory Cortex
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How many?
Depending on the chosen method of classification,
somewhere between 9 and 21 human senses have
been identified.
Some individuals report synesthesia, the "crossing-
over" of one sense to another, or even of senses
associated with certain pure concepts.
For example, the letter "A" may appear "black," and
certain musical notes may seem "orange" or "blue," and
so forth.
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How many?
Sight or vision describes the ability to detect electromagnetic waves within the visible range (light) by the eye and the brain to interpret the image as "sight."
Motion
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How many?
Hearing or audition is the sense of sound perception.
It results from tiny hair fibres in the inner ear detecting the motion of a
membrane which vibrates in response to changes in the pressure
exerted by atmospheric particles.
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How many?
Sound can also be detected
as vibrations conducted
through the body by tact
(pressure perception).
Lower and higher frequencies
that can be heard are
detected this way only.
11
How many?
Taste or gustation is one of the two main "chemical" senses. It is
well-known that there are at least four types of taste "buds"
(receptors) on the tongue.
There are anatomists who argue that these constitute four or more
different senses, given that each receptor conveys information to
a slightly different region of the brain.
12
How many?
The four well-known receptors detect sweet, salt, sour,
and bitter, although the receptors for sweet and bitter
have not been conclusively identified. A fifth receptor,
for a sensation called umami, was first theorized in
1908 and its existence confirmed in 2000.
The umami receptor detects the amino acid glutamate, a flavor
commonly found in meat and in artificial flavourings such as
monosodium glutamate.
13
How many?
Smell or olfaction is
the other "chemical"
sense. Unlike taste,
there are hundreds of
olfactory receptors,
each binding to a
particular molecular
feature, according to
current theory.
14
How many?
The combination of features of the odor molecule makes up what the molecule's smell.
Smell is processed by the olfactory system.
Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis.
15
How many?
Somatic senses
Touch or tactition is the sense of pressure perception, generally in the skin. There are a variety of pressure receptors that respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc).
16
How many?
Thermoception is the sense of heat and the absence of heat (cold), also by the skin and including internal skin passages.
There is some disagreement about how many senses this represents
The thermoceptors in the skin are quite different from the homeostatic thermoceptors which provide feedback on internal body temperature.
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Touch
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How many?
Somatic sensesNociception is the perception of pain. It can be classified as from one to three senses, depending on the classification method. The three types of pain receptors are
cutaneous (skin), somatic (joints and bones) and visceral (body organs).
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How many?
For a considerable time, it was believed that pain was simply the overloading of pressure receptors, but research in the first half of the 20th century indicate that pain is a distinct phenomenon that intertwines with all other senses, including touch.
20
How many?
Other
Equilibrioception, the vestibular sense, is the perception of balance and is related to cavities containing fluid in the inner ear.
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There is some disagreement as to whether this also includes the sense of "direction" or orientation.
"direction" is a post-sensory cognitive awareness.
22
How many?
Other
Proprioception, the kinesthetic sense, is the perception of body awareness and is a sense that people rely on enormously, yet are frequently not aware of.
Proprioception is the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time.
closing the eyes and waving the hand around.
Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses).
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How many?Sense Input
1. Sight
2. Hearing
3. Touch
4. Taste
5. Smell
Visible light
Vibrations in the ear
Tactile contact
Chemical molecular
Olfactory molecular
6. Balance
7. Vestibular
8. Homeostasis
Kinesthetic geotropic
Repetitious movement
Molecular action
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How many?Sense Input
9. Pain
10. Eidetic imagery
11. Magnetic
12. Infrared
13. Ultraviolet
14. Ionic
15. Vomeronasal
16. Proximal
17. Electrical
18. Barometric
19. Geogravimetric
Nociception
Neuroelectrical image retention
Ferromagnetic orientation
Long electromagnetic waves
Short electromagnetic waves
Airborne ionic charge
Phermonic senses
Physical closeness
Surface charge
Atmospheric pressure
Sensing mass difference
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Senses and the Brain
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The Senses and Intelligence
Howard Gardner described multiple kinds of intelligence:
visual
musical
logical/mathematical
linguistic
movement
naturalistic
kinesthetic
Intrapersonal and
interpersonal intelligences
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The Senses and Intelligence
All correspond to particular senses.
Other senses (taste, smell) may also have
their own particular intelligences (Gardner
has said that his search for additional
intelligences continues).
The relationship between intelligence and
sensory perception thus appears to be a
close one.
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The Senses and Intelligence
The relationship can become too close, leading
to a dominance of reactive over contemplative
intelligence. Thus, highly intelligent people are
often described as 'quick' and 'sharp,'
suggesting the highly-tuned (even frazzled)
nature of their nervous system.
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Senses and Intelligence
Experiences that use most of the senses will stay with us far longer than memorizing information about them: walk in forest compared to looking at a picture of a forest!