1. Cross-culture Communication (Chapter 2,3,4,5) Presented by LEI ZHANG IES14020 Dimensions of National Culture

2. A Dutch Researcher of Culture Defined Culture as collective programming of the mind Developed Cultural Dimensions Geert Hofstede 3. Table of ContentTable of Content Studying Cultural Difference1 Cultural Dimensions2 Future of Cultural Dimensions3 Open Discussion4 4. 1.Studying Cultural Difference1.Studying Cultural Difference It describes the research process based on a paradigm introduced by Geert in his book Cultures Consequences, the dimensions approach. As values are the stable element in culture, comparative research on culture starts from the measurement of values. ~1950s Developed the conviction that all societies, modern or traditional, face the same basic problems; only the answers differ. 1950s~ Attempted to identify what problems were common to all societies, through conceptual reasoning and reflection on field experiences as well as through statistical studies. 1974 IBM Research: to study a large body of survey data about the values of people in more than fifty countries; could serve for identifying differences in national value systems. 5. 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Individualism vs Collectivism Masculinity vs Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty Avoidance Long-/Short- Term Orientation Long-/Short- Term Orientation Hofstedes Dimensions of Cultural Differences 6. 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions Power Distance Index (PDI): measuring the inequality in society Express the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally; Reflect the range of answers to the basic question of how to handle the fact that people are unequal. 7. Inequality within CountiesInequality within Counties Higher education makes at least middle class; also determines occupation. Upper Middle Lower Education Level Social Class Occupation Opportunities Closely linked with other two 8. Basic Survey Questions:Basic Survey Questions: Employees Afraid Autocratic or Paternalistic Preference 9. PDI Differences within CountriesPDI Differences within Countries PDI Values based on Three Items in the IBM Database Plus Extensions High power distance values for most Asian countries, Eastern European countries, Latin countries, Arabic-speaking countries and African countries; Low values for German- speaking countries, Israel, Nordic countries and the Baltic State, US, UK and white parts of its former empire. 10. Power Distance Differences AmongPower Distance Differences Among Countries:Countries: In the Family 11. Power Distance Difference Among Countries:Power Distance Difference Among Countries: At School 12. Power Distance Differences AmongPower Distance Differences Among Countries:Countries: In the Workplace 13. Origins of Power Distance DifferencesOrigins of Power Distance Differences The countrys geographic latitude (higher latitudes associated with lower PDI) Its population size (larger size associated with higher PDI) Its wealth (richer countries associated with lower PDI) 14. Individualism Collectivism Preference for a loosely-knit social framework Individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families Measuring the degree of individualism Preference for a tightly-knit social framework Individuals can expect members of a particular in- group to look after them in exchange for loyalty. 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions 15. Basic Survey Questions ( 14 work goals)Basic Survey Questions ( 14 work goals) 16. IDV Differences within CountriesIDV Differences within Countries IDV Values based on 14 Items in the IBM Database Plus Extensions Nearly all wealthy countries score high on IDV while nearly all poor countries score low ; There is a strong relation ship between a countrys national wealth and the degree of individualism in its culture. 17. Collectivism VS Power DistanceCollectivism VS Power Distance Many countries that score high on the PDI score low on the IDV, and vice versa. The two dimensions tend to be negatively correlated: large-power- distance countries are also likely to be more collectivist, and small- power-distance countries to be more individualist. 18. Individualism & Collectivism among CountriesIndividualism & Collectivism among Countries In the Family 19. At School Individualism & Collectivism among CountriesIndividualism & Collectivism among Countries 20. In the Workplace Individualism & Collectivism among CountriesIndividualism & Collectivism among Countries 21. Origins of Individualism-Collectivism DifferencesOrigins of Individualism-Collectivism Differences The countrys wealth (richer countries associated with higher IDV) Its geographical latitude (countries closer to the equator associated with lower IDV) 22. Masculinity Femininity Preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness and material rewards for success; Society at large is more competitive; A dimension as societal culture. Preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life; Society at large is more consensus-oriented; A dimension as societal culture. 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions 23. The Survey Questions ( 14 work goals)The Survey Questions ( 14 work goals) 24. MAS Differences within CountriesMAS Differences within Countries MAS Values based on 14 Items in the IBM Database Plus Extensions This dimension is the only one on which the men and women among the IBM employees scored consistently differently. The most feminine-scoring countries were Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, and Denmark; Finland came close. The lower-scoring ones are some Latin countries, France, some Eastern European countries, and some Asian countries. 25. Power Distance VS MasculinityPower Distance VS Masculinity The family contains two unequal but complementary role pairs: parent-child and husband-wife. In the right, inequality between parents and children is a societal norm. In the left, children are controlled by the examples set by parents. In the lower, inequality between fathers and mothers roles is a norm. In the higher, both men and women are allowed to handle with facts and feelings. In the Family 26. In Education Masculinity & Femininity among CountriesMasculinity & Femininity among Countries 27. In the Workplace Masculinity & Femininity among CountriesMasculinity & Femininity among Countries 28. Origins of Masculinity-Femininity DifferencesOrigins of Masculinity-Femininity Differences Genesis 1:which suggests equal partnership between the sexes. Genesis 2:which gives a clear priority to the male partner and defines the woman as a help meet for him; justifies a society in which there is male dominance. Plato describes the sexes equal in principle and only statistically different. The German sociologist Norbert Elias argued that the balance of power between the genders varies with the development of a society. All these historical examples show that differences among countries on the masculinity-femininity dimension were noticed and described: the way in which a country deal with gender roles is deeply rooted. 29. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) Expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity; Measures the (in)tolerance of ambiguity in society; The fundamental issue is how a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions 30. Basic Survey QuestionsBasic Survey Questions 31. UAI Differences within CountriesUAI Differences within Countries High scores occur for Latin American, Latin European, and Mediterranean countries. Also high are the scores of Japan and South Korea. Medium high are the scores of German-speaking countries Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Medium to low are some Asian countries, and Anglo and Nordic countries. UAI Values based on 14 Items in the IBM Database Plus Extensions 32. Uncertainty Avoidance DifferencesUncertainty Avoidance Differences Among CountriesAmong Countries In the Family 33. At School Uncertainty Avoidance DifferencesUncertainty Avoidance Differences Among CountriesAmong Countries 34. Uncertainty Avoidance DifferencesUncertainty Avoidance Differences Among CountriesAmong Countries In the Workplace 35. Uncertainty Avoidance VS IndividualismUncertainty Avoidance VS Individualism In countries with strong uncertainty avoidance, there tend to be more and more precise laws than those with weak uncertainty avoidance. The effect of uncertainty avoidance on a societys legislation depends also on its degree of individualism or collectivism. In strongly uncertainty-avoiding, individualist countries, rules will tend to be explicit and written into laws. In strongly uncertainty- avoiding, collectivist countries, rules are often implicit and rooted in tradition. 36. Origins of Uncertainty-Avoidance DifferencesOrigins of Uncertainty-Avoidance Differences Deep Historical Roots Those heirs of the Roman Empire all score on the strong uncertainty-avoidance side. The Chinese-speaking countries score low on uncertainty avoidance, as do countries with important minorities of Chinese origin. No broad statistical relationships with geographic latitude, population size, and national wealth could be found. 37. Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation Stands for fostering of virtues related to the past and present; In particular, respect for tradition, preservation of face, and fulfilling social obligations. Stands for fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards; In particular, perseverance and thrift. 2.Cultural Dimensions2.Cultural Dimensions 38. LTO Index Scores for 23 CountriesLTO Index Scores for 23 Countries Based on the Chinese Value SurveyBased on the Chinese Value Survey The top positions are occupied by China and other East Asian countries. Continental European countries occupied a middle range. Great Britain and its Anglo partners scored on the short- term side. The African countries scored very short-term, as did the Philippines and Pakistan. 39. Short- and Long-Term OrientationShort- and Long-Term Orientation Differences among CountriesDifferences among Countries In the Family 40. Short- and Long-Term OrientationShort- and Long-Term Orientation Differences among CountriesDifferences among Countries Business and Ways of Thinking 41. 3. Future of Cultural Dimensions3. Future of Cultural Dimensions PDI: Nobody has offered evidence of a convergence of countries toward smaller differences in power distance. The picture of national variety presented is likely to survive at least for some centuries. IDV: Differences in values associated with the individualism-collectivism dimension will continue to exist and to play a big role in international affairs. MAS: MAS decreased with age, so an older population will shift toward more feminine values. Lower fertility rate also predicts for the wealthier countries a shift toward more feminine cultures. As long as a country remains poor, it is unlikely to shift toward more feminine values. UAI: UAI scores based on IBM studies are not available over time. LTO: The economic importance of East Asia is likely to increase. One precious gift the wise men and women can carry from the East would be a shift toward global long-term thinking. 42. 4. Open Discussions4. Open Discussions