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Culture in the 1920’s
1920’s Culture•Decade of conflict
▫Consumption of goods▫Women’s roles▫New styles▫Urban vs. Rural▫Nativism▫Prohibition▫Civil Rights
Consumption of goods•New Inventions
▫Electric irons, vacuums, phonograph, electric sewing machine, washing machine, refrigerator
▫RADIO 1st Radio station (KDKA – Pittsburgh) broadcast in 1920
CBS, NBC networks
Consumption of goods•The Automobile
▫1921 – 1.5 million sold▫1929 – 5 million sold▫1908 – $1000▫1929 – $295
•Ripple effect on other industries•Increase in road construction
Consumption of goods•The Automobile•Model T most
popular▫Difficult to operate▫Henry Ford, “You
can have it in any color you want, so long as it’s black.”
▫Competition from General Motors forced Ford to make changes
Consumption of goods•Advertising
▫Becomes $2.6 billion/year business
•Becomes psychological concept▫Convince consumers need for product
Women’s Roles
•Style – Flapper▫Showing more flesh
▫Bobbed hair▫More makeup▫Loose fitting dress
•Double standard
Women’s Roles•Education
▫More women going to college•Work
▫Women move toward professional jobs (teaching, nursing, etc.)
▫Paid less, less upward movement▫Seen as “temporary”; real job at home
Women’s Roles•Family
▫Birth rates lowered (birth-control information)
▫More family time▫household chores easier
Women’s Roles
New Styles•Music – Jazz
▫Began in New Orleans▫Rooted in African-American music▫Free flowing structure▫Migrated north with blacks Cotton Club in Harlem
▫Louis Armstrong▫African-American culture becomes mainstream
New Styles•Movies
▫Silent pictures since early 1900’s▫First “talking” picture – 1927▫Al Jolson in "The Jazz Singer"
New Styles•Other Mass Media
▫Magazines (Time)▫Tabloid newspapers▫40% homes owned radio▫Market research for advertising
•Role of education▫Four times attending high school▫Need for management▫Child labor laws▫Emergence of the “modern” high school
New Styles•Sports and recreation
▫City parks▫Public pools▫Recreation sports (tennis, golf)
•Spectator sports▫Baseball▫Boxing▫College football
•Creates “heroes”
Heroes
•Babe Ruth•“Sultan of Swat”
•Held single season and career homerun record for many years
Heroes
•Josh Gibson•The “black Babe Ruth”
•Negro Leagues
Heroes
•Jack Dempsey•The “Manassa Mauler”
•Heavyweight champion
Heroes
•Red Grange•The “Galloping Ghost”
•All-American running back
•Led growth of the NFL
Heroes
•Helen Wills-Moody
•Won Wimbledon eight times
•Won the U.S. Open seven times
•Won the French Open four times
Heroes
•Bill Tilden•“Big Bill”•Number one ranked for seven straight years
Heroes
•Bobby Jones•Won the “Grand Slam” in 1930
•Remained an amateur his entire career
Heroes
•Gertrude Ederle•1924 Olympian•First woman to swim the English Channel in 1926
•Beat the men’s record by two hours
Heroes
•Charlie Chaplin
•“The Tramp”
Heroes
•Rudolph Valentino
•The “Latin Lover”
•Died of complications from appendicitis in 1926
Heroes
•Clara Bow•The first “sex symbol”
Heroes
•Louis Armstrong
•“Satchmo”•Jazz musician
Heroes•Charles Lindbergh
•First solo flight across the Atlantic (New York to Paris)
•Spirit of St. Louis
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIUL_qUJUOo
What is happening to America culturally?
Cultural Conflicts
Decade of Conflict• Urban vs. Rural
▫ 1920 Census – over 50% urban (first time)• Rural America
▫Very conservative▫Religious▫Close knit▫Many (especially young) left for city
• The city provided▫new ideas▫new popular culture (sports, nightclubs, etc.)▫vices (gambling, drinking, casual courtship)▫ judgment based on accomplishment not values/name▫ fast paced lifestyle▫ loneliness
Decade of Conflict
Decade of Conflict
•Nativism▫Goal: limit “new” immigrants▫radicalism (socialism, etc.) due to immigrants
•Three immigration limitations
Decade of Conflict•1921 Emergency Act
▫Limit immigration to 3 million•1924 National Origins Act
▫Limit 2% immigration based on 1890 Census
▫Why 1890?▫Favored Northern/Western Europe▫Discriminated against Southern/Eastern
Europe▫Still no Chinese/Japanese immigration▫164,000 total immigrants
Decade of Conflict•1929
▫Reduced immigrants to 150,000•Latin American immigration
▫Still unlimited▫Increased▫Mexico = 1 million (1900-1930)▫1917 – Puerto Ricans get citizenship
•Anti-Semitism grew
Decade of Conflict
•Rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan▫Spread to North and West▫Became multi-bigotedAnti-blackAnti-CatholicAnti-JewAnti-immigrant
▫WASPSWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant
Decade of Conflict•Klan’s popularity helped by ▫The Birth of a Nation
▫Wilson segregated government facilities
Decade of Conflict•Membership
▫1920 – 4 million▫1924 – 6 million▫1930 – 30,000
•What happened?▫1925 – Indiana
Grand Wizard D.C. Stephenson convicted of rape and second degree murder
Decade of Conflict•Oregon and the Klan▫Strong Klan state▫Walter Pierce won
1923 Governor’s race with Klan support
▫Largest margin in Oregon history
•Strongest in rural areas
Decade of Conflict•Prohibition
▫18th Amendment ▫The Volstead Act▫January, 1920
•Prohibited manufacture, sale, transportation, and consumption of alcoholic beverages
•1,550 men were paid to enforce the Volstead Act
Decade of Conflict•Supporters
▫Protestants (anti-alcohol)
▫Anti-Saloon League▫Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union▫South and Western
United States (mostly Protestant and rural)
•Drinking was sin, or results lead to sin
Decade of Conflict
•Anti-Prohibitionists
•immigrants (alcohol part of cultures)
•city dwellers (have fun)
Decade of Conflict
•Problems▫enforcement▫Speakeasies▫Moonshine, bathtub gin
▫organized crime
Decade of Conflict•Religion•Growth of Fundamentalism▫All information from the Bible
▫Rejected scientific theory
▫Evolution vs. Creationism▫Scopes “Monkey” trial
Decade of Conflict•Scopes “Monkey” trial
▫1925 Tennessee state law: evolution illegal
▫Scopes violated it; arrested
▫Defended by Clarence Darrow
▫Prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan
Decade of Conflict•Scopes “Monkey” trial▫Turning point: Darrow calls Bryan as witness
▫Scopes found guilty; fined $100
▫Never paid fine▫Overturned by higher court
Decade of Conflict•Civil Rights
▫W.E.B. DuBois▫Demanded racial equality
▫Worked through the NAACP
▫Became more radical politically
Decade of Conflict•Civil Rights
▫Marcus Garvey▫Universal Negro
Improvement Association
▫“Back to Africa” movement
▫Jailed for mail fraud in 1925
▫Released from jail in 1927
▫Deported to Jamaica
Literary Movements•Harlem Renaissance
▫Racial pride▫Cultural identity▫Theme: What it’s
like to be black in white America
•Prominent writers▫Langston Hughes▫Zora Neale Hurston▫Countee Cullen▫Jean Toomer
Literary Movements•The “Lost Generation”
▫White writers▫Disillusioned with
America, consumerism, horrors of WWI
▫Many left for Europe (Paris)
•Prominent writers▫F. Scott Fitzgerald▫Ernest Hemingway▫T.S. Eliot
The Great Gatsby
•Book written F. Scott Fitzgerald•Shows shallowness of people in the
1920’s▫Lifestyle (5:30 to 11:16)▫Gatsby’s parties (30:30 to 42:00)▫Gatsby’s funeral (2:15.30 to 2:18)▫Nick sums up the 20’s (2:18 to 2:21.30)