Culture & Lifestyle of Filipino People during Spanish Period

Prepared by: James Robert Villacorteza

A.Society Mode of

Dressing Social Classes Houses

B.Religion Religious

Beliefs

C. Economic Life

Agriculture Livestock Trade

D. Culture Languages Music and

Dance Art

Society

Social Classes

Peninsulares - Full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in Spain.

Insulares - Full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and born in the Philippines as well.

Ilustrados (The Enlightened Ones) - Wealthy group of individuals born in the Philippines and were able to study abroad.

Chinese/Spanish Mestizos - People with mixed racial origins and economically sufficient.

Indio - Native/Full-blooded Filipinos. Sangley - Full-blooded Chinese living in

the Philippines. Naturales - brown-skinned Christianized

native Malays of the lowland and coastal towns. salvajes orinfieles - savages or infidels. remontados - those who refused to live in

towns and took to the hills. tulisanes (bandits) - all of whom were

considered to live outside the social order.

Social Pyramid

Indio/Sangley

Chinese/Spanish Mestizos

Ilustrados

Peninsulares/Insulares

Mode of Dressing

The elegant and luxurious clothing and accoutrements worn by the upper and middle classes reflect the prosperity they enjoyed in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Adapting features of both European and indigenous clothing, elite fashion evolved into a metropolitan style intended to convey the education and civility of Philippine elites. Displaying their "enlightenment" literally on the body, they performed for the world a refinement which they believed made them worthy of equality.

Ilustrados

Illumination and Illusion

La india elegante y el negrito amante

Piña and Other Luxury Fabrications

During the nineteenth century, las islas filipinas were internationally renowned for the production of garments made of piña, that most transparent of fabrics—decorated with exquisite open-cutwork embroidery—woven only in the Philippines from the leaf fibers of the pineapple plant.

Maria Clara

Costume as Nation

Baro't saya

Houses

COLONIAL SPANISH

In this era, the nipa hut or Bahay Kubo gave way to the BAHAY NA BATO (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na Bato followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them. The Bahay na Bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo materials.

NIPA HUT

The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an indigenous house used in the Philippines. The native house has traditionally been constructed with bamboo tied together and covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw leaves.

A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino value of BAYANIHAN, which refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective

Buildings that were built during colonial Spanish

BAHAY NA BATO

The Bahay Na Bato, the Colonian Filipino House, is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, excellently preserved examples of the houses of the noble Filipinos can be admired. In Taal, Batangas, the main street is still ligned with examples of the traditional Filipino homes.

FORT SANTIAGO

Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress built for Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is part of the structures of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines.

The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, chieftain of Manila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the conquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.

The front entrance of Fuerza de Santiago in Intramuros, towering 40 metres high.

INTRAMUROS

Intramuros, located along the southern bank of the Pasig River, was built by the Spaniards in the 16th century and is the oldest district of the city of Manila. Its name, taken from the Latin, intra muros, literally "Within the walls", meaning within the wall enclosure of the city/fortress, also describes its structure as it is surrounded by thick, high walls and moats. During the Spanish colonial period, Intramuros was considered Manila itself.

PACO PARK

Paco Park was once a cemetery during the Spanish period and was constructed in the late 18th century and was used to inter victims of the cholera epidemic which ravaged Manila in 1822. The cemetery stopped interment and burial in 1912 (don’t know why) and in 1966 it was converted into a national park.. This beautiful chapel was built inside the walls of the Paco Park and it was dedicated to St. Pancratius. 

The cemetery is circular in shape with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery and with the niches (three level of built-in-vaults) that were placed or located within the hollow walls. Originally the niches cost Php 20 for a 3-year renewable lease (no one was allowed to own the niches). The remains of our national hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, was interred here after his execution at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park) on December 30, 1896. 

SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH

This  is a Roman Catholic church under the auspices of The Order of St. Augustine, located inside the historic walled city of Intramuros in Manila. Completed by 1607, it is the oldest church still standing in the Philippines. No other surviving building in the Philippines has been claimed to pre-date San Agustin Church.

Emilio Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite, renovations designed by Aguinaldo himself, the first President of the Philippines.

CAPE BOJEADOR LIGHTHOUSE

Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, also known as Burgos Lighthouse, is a cultural heritage structure in Burgos, Ilocos Norte, that was established during the Spanish Colonial period in the Philippines. It was first lit on March 30, 1892 and is set high on Vigia de Nagparitan Hill overlooking the scenic Cape Bojeador where early galleons used to sail by. After over 100 years, it still functions as a welcoming beacon to the international ships that enter the Philippine Archipelago from the north and guide them safely away from the rocky coast of the town.

Excavation of the Buried Building

To conclude its three-year archaeological excavation of Spanish-era stone house ruins in San Juan, Batangas, the University of the Philippines-Diliman Archaeological Studies Program (UP-ASP) conducted a rigorous archaeological excavation of the second of two Spanish-era stone house ruins located in Barangay Pinagbayanan in San Juan, Batangas.

With a 16-member excavation team composed of graduate students, senior volunteers, and spearheaded by Dr. Grace Barretto-Tesoro from the UP-ASP, four trenches initially uncovered Structure B’s foundations, until finally exposing the entirety of its boundaries.

Religion

When the Spaniards came they introduces to us the Christianity where in the Filipino should be baptize and be converted unto Christians. All of their ancient beliefs was changed.

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism is the

predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination, with estimates of approximately 80% of the population belonging to this faith in the Philippines.[9] The country has a significant Spanish Catholic tradition, and Spanish style Catholicism is embedded in the culture, which was acquired from priests or friars.

The Catholic Church has great influence on Philippine society and politics.

The church is also dominating the people.

They are also the one who made possible the different old churches in the entire country.

Economic Life

Agriculture

Livestock

They raised their flocks, pigs, cows, and other source of meat foods. In order to feed their masters and siblings.

Tobacco monopoly Maintaining the Philippines as a colony

became a challenge for the Spanish Empire. Expenses incurred in running the colony were usually paid for by a yearly subsidy (called real situado) sent from the Philippines' sister colony in Mexico. This financial support from the Spanish royal court was often insufficient, especially with expenditures in the Philippine colony growing each year.

Trade

Trade in the Philippines centered around the “Manila galleons,” which sailed from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico (New Spain) with shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods, mainly silk textiles and porcelain. There was no direct trade with Spain and little exploitation of indigenous natural resources. Most investment was in the galleon trade. But, as this trade thrived, another unwelcome element was introduced — sojourning Chinese entrepreneurs and service providers. 

Culture

Languages

The language spoken both Spanish and Filipino. But other Indio using their own dialect.

The jota (Spanish: [ˈxota]; Valencian: [ˈdʒɔta];[1] Aragonese: hota [ˈxota] orixota [iˈʃota]; Asturian: xota [ˈʃota]; Galician: xota [ˈʃɔta]) is a genre of music and the associated dance known throughout Spain, most likely originating in Aragon. It varies by region, having a characteristic form in Aragon, Catalonia Castile, Navarra, Cantabria, Asturias, Galicia, La Rioja, Murciaand Eastern Andalusia. Being a visual representation, the jota is danced and sung accompanied by castanets, and the interpreters tend to wear regional costumes. In Valencia, the jota was once danced during intermentceremonies.

The jota tends to have a 3/

Music and Dance

The jota tends to have a 3/4 rhythm, although some authors maintain that the 6/8 is better adapted to the poetic and choreographic structure. For their interpretation, guitars, bandurrias, lutes, dulzaina, and drums are used in the Castilian style, while the Galicians usebagpipes, drums, and bombos. Theatrical versions are sung and danced with regional costumes and castanets, though such things are not used when dancing the jota in less formal settings. The content of the songs is quite diverse, frompatriotism to religion to sexual exploits. In addition to this, the songs also have the effect of helping to generate a sense of local identity and cohesion

Jota Dance

ArtArt of the Philippines is diverse. The

art includes: Painting Dancing Weaving Sculpting Pottery Other art forms

PaintingsThis is the Spoliarium (often misspelled Spolarium) is a painting by the Filipino artist Juan Luna. It took eight months to finish this award winning masterpiece on a greatly huge canvas depicting dying gladiators. This painting was submitted by Luna to the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 in Madrid, where it garnered the first gold medal (out of three).

This is a series of paintings  by Carlos V. Francisco  or also known as Botong Francisco. He is known for his murals. These were specially commissioned for the entrance hall of the Philippine General Hospital in 1953. Declared a National Cultural Treasure, these extraordinary works were displayed on loan to the National Museum by the University of the Philippines for restoration and preservation.

These are oil-on-canvas panels, depicting the history and development of medicine in the country. ( pre-colonial period, the Spanish colonial period, the American Occupation era, and the modern era of the 1950s.)

Weaving Philippine weaving involves many threads being measured,

cut, and mounted on a wooden platform. The threads are dyed and weaved on a loom.[5]

Before Spanish colonization, native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca, pineapple, cotton, and bark cloth. Textiles, clothes, rugs, and hats were weaved. Baskets were also weaved and used as vessels of transport and storage, and for hunting. These baskets were used to transport grain, store food, and catching fish.[6] They also used weaving to make just about all of the clothing that was worn.

They weaved rugs that they used for quilts and bedding. The quality of the quilt/bedding was based on how soft, how tight together, and the clean pattern. The patterns were usually thick stripes with different colors and with a nice pattern.

However, during Spanish colonization, Filipinos used fabric called nipis to weave white clothing. These were weaved with decorative, flower designs.[6]

 Piña fiber is extracted from the leaves of the pineapple plant, Ananas comosus (Linn) Merr.  The plant, particularly the native or “Red Spanish” variety, has leaves that yield excellent fibers for handweaving.

        Pineapple fiber is considered to be more delicate in texture than any other vegetable fiber.  About 60 cm long, white and creamy and lustrous as silk, it easily takes and retains dyes.  Numerous tests in Brazil, Florida, India and the Philippines have shown its exceptional resistance to salt, vapor and traction.  Pineapple fiber has also been processed into paper of remarkable thinness, smoothness and pliability.

Pottery Traditional pot-making in certain areas of the Philippines

would use clay found near the Sibalom River. Molding the clay required the use of wooden paddles, and the clay had to be kept away from sunlight.[7]

Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500.[7] They used these ceramic jars to hold the deceased.[8]

Other pottery used to hold remains of the deceased were decorated with anthropomorphic designs. These anthropomorphic earthenware pots date back to 5 BC. - 225 A.D and had pot covers shaped like human heads. [8]

Filipino pottery had other uses as well. During the Neolithic period of the Philippines, pottery was made for water vessels, plates, cups, and for many other uses.[9]

Pottery in contemporary times In contemporary period, utilitarian

pottery is very much a thriving business. Local pottery especially in the northern part of the Philippines such as the Ilocos region survives through the steady local purchases of pots for various uses: as cooking wares, containers for drinking water, fish sauce, and other delicacies, and as plant adornments.

Thank You!