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Culture RegionsCulture Regions
Political culture regionsPolitical culture regions Political diffusionPolitical diffusion Political ecologyPolitical ecology Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration Political landscapesPolitical landscapes
Politico-cultural integration Politico-cultural integration
The nation-stateThe nation-state CharacteristicsCharacteristics
A type of independent country which results when A type of independent country which results when people have a common heritage, homeland, and people have a common heritage, homeland, and cultureculture
The people speak the same language and/or share a The people speak the same language and/or share a particular religionparticular religion
They possess a desire for nationhood and achieve They possess a desire for nationhood and achieve political independencepolitical independence
Nationality is culturally definedNationality is culturally defined The raison d’être lies in the cultural identityThe raison d’être lies in the cultural identity The more people have in common culturally, the The more people have in common culturally, the
more stable and potent is their nationalismmore stable and potent is their nationalism
The nation-stateThe nation-state
Nation-states, at least on a regional level, have Nation-states, at least on a regional level, have characterized much of human history and might characterized much of human history and might be linked to instinctual territorialitybe linked to instinctual territoriality
Examples of modern nation-states that have Examples of modern nation-states that have culturally homogenous populations, with only culturally homogenous populations, with only small minority groups small minority groups GermanyGermany SwedenSweden JapanJapan GreeceGreece ArmeniaArmenia FinlandFinland
The nation-stateThe nation-state
Many other countries function as nation-Many other countries function as nation-states because power is held by a states because power is held by a dominant, nationalistic cultural groupdominant, nationalistic cultural group Contain sizable ethnic minorities treated as Contain sizable ethnic minorities treated as
second-class citizenssecond-class citizens Minorities represent centrifugal forcesMinorities represent centrifugal forces Israel is trying to cope with a sizable Arab Israel is trying to cope with a sizable Arab
minorityminority New nation-states contain large, territorially New nation-states contain large, territorially
compact ethnic minorities — former Soviet compact ethnic minorities — former Soviet Union and YugoslaviaUnion and Yugoslavia
The nation-stateThe nation-state
Nation-states, at least on a regional level, have Nation-states, at least on a regional level, have characterized much of human history and might characterized much of human history and might be linked to instinctual territorialitybe linked to instinctual territoriality
Examples of modern nation-states that have Examples of modern nation-states that have culturally homogenous populations, with only culturally homogenous populations, with only small minority groups small minority groups GermanyGermany SwedenSweden JapanJapan GreeceGreece ArmeniaArmenia FinlandFinland
The multinational country The multinational country
Make up the majority of independent Make up the majority of independent countries and are not nation-statescountries and are not nation-states
Usually have federal rather than strong Usually have federal rather than strong central governments — examples include:central governments — examples include: SwitzerlandSwitzerland CanadaCanada The United KingdomThe United Kingdom South AfricaSouth Africa BelgiumBelgium
All are older multinational countries All are older multinational countries
The multinational country The multinational country
A much larger number have arisen in A much larger number have arisen in recent decadesrecent decades Result of the collapse of European-based Result of the collapse of European-based
colonialismcolonialism Most in AfricaMost in Africa Political boundaries drawn without Political boundaries drawn without
regard to the integrity of cultural or regard to the integrity of cultural or tribal groupstribal groups
Ethnic separatism Ethnic separatism
We live in an age of rising ethnic We live in an age of rising ethnic nationalismnationalism
One ethnic minority after another One ethnic minority after another demands independence or autonomydemands independence or autonomy
Ethnic separatism Ethnic separatism
Results of rising ethnic nationalismResults of rising ethnic nationalism Old stable multinational countries are feeling Old stable multinational countries are feeling
the effects — Canada, the United Kingdomthe effects — Canada, the United Kingdom Some multinational countries have splintered Some multinational countries have splintered
— the former Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, — the former Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
Ethiopia discarded its unitary government Ethiopia discarded its unitary government and adopted an ethnic-based federalism in and adopted an ethnic-based federalism in hopes of preserving unityhopes of preserving unity
Ethnic separatism Ethnic separatism
The impact ranges from:The impact ranges from: Simple unrest to insurgenciesSimple unrest to insurgencies Forced deportationsForced deportations Attempted genocidesAttempted genocides SecessionsSecessions
The problem in Quebec, The problem in Quebec, CanadaCanada
Contains most of Canada’s approximately Contains most of Canada’s approximately 7 million French Canadians7 million French Canadians
Constitute a cultural-linguistic minority Constitute a cultural-linguistic minority seeking autonomy or even secessionseeking autonomy or even secession
Descended from French colonists who Descended from French colonists who immigrated in the 1600s and 1700simmigrated in the 1600s and 1700s
Lived under English or Anglo-Canadian Lived under English or Anglo-Canadian rule from 1760 until well into the twentieth rule from 1760 until well into the twentieth centurycentury
The problem in Quebec, The problem in Quebec, CanadaCanada
Laws of Quebec retain a predominantly Laws of Quebec retain a predominantly French influenceFrench influence
French is the sole legal languageFrench is the sole legal language The visible use of English, illegal until The visible use of English, illegal until
recently, was expungedrecently, was expunged In several elections, a sizable minority In several elections, a sizable minority
voted for independencevoted for independence Many Anglo-Canadians have emigrated Many Anglo-Canadians have emigrated
from Quebecfrom Quebec
Quebec, CanadaQuebec, Canada
Canada has two Canada has two official languages, official languages, French and English. French and English.
All provincial signs All provincial signs are supposed to be are supposed to be in both languages, in both languages, yet this sign, yet this sign, welcoming visitors to welcoming visitors to Quebec’s capital, is Quebec’s capital, is in French only.in French only.
Quebec, CanadaQuebec, Canada
Contrary to national Contrary to national policy, Quebec has policy, Quebec has French-only laws and French-only laws and all all signage, by provincial signage, by provincial law, must be in French.law, must be in French.
Although the separatist Although the separatist Parti QuebecoisParti Quebecois was was voted into power in voted into power in 1994, the majority did 1994, the majority did not vote to separatenot vote to separate..
Quebec, CanadaQuebec, Canada
This implies that, at This implies that, at least for now, most least for now, most Francophones want Francophones want to actively preserve to actively preserve and promote their and promote their unique cultural unique cultural heritage within the heritage within the Canadian federal Canadian federal system.system.
Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration
The international political map has The international political map has taken on a linguistic-religious taken on a linguistic-religious charactercharacter
Border wars and forced migration of Border wars and forced migration of minorities could become common in minorities could become common in the futurethe future
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
Originally proposed by Stein Rokkan and Originally proposed by Stein Rokkan and Seymour LipsetSeymour Lipset
Proposes that persistent regional patterns Proposes that persistent regional patterns in voting behavior can usually be in voting behavior can usually be explained in terms of tensions pitting:explained in terms of tensions pitting: National core area versus peripheral districtsNational core area versus peripheral districts Urban versus ruralUrban versus rural Capitalists versus workersCapitalists versus workers Power-group culture versus minority culturePower-group culture versus minority culture
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
Commonly, tensions coincide Commonly, tensions coincide geographically, with the result that the geographically, with the result that the core area:core area: Monopolizes power and wealthMonopolizes power and wealth Is more urbanizedIs more urbanized Links government to the ruling elite cultureLinks government to the ruling elite culture
Ethnic minorities often live in peripheral, Ethnic minorities often live in peripheral, largely rural, and less affluent areas largely rural, and less affluent areas
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
Nature of the majority of ethnic separatist Nature of the majority of ethnic separatist movements that have moved beyond movements that have moved beyond unrest to violence or secessionunrest to violence or secession Involve groups living away from core areasInvolve groups living away from core areas Seceded republics from the former U.S.S.R.—lie Seceded republics from the former U.S.S.R.—lie
outside Russiaoutside Russia Slovenes and Croats occupied border Slovenes and Croats occupied border
territories in Yugoslaviaterritories in Yugoslavia Northern Ireland lies on the periphery of the Northern Ireland lies on the periphery of the
United KingdomUnited Kingdom Kurdistan is on the edge of Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kurdistan is on the edge of Iraq, Iran, Syria,
and Turkey who now rule Kurdish lands and Turkey who now rule Kurdish lands
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
Nature of the majority of ethnic Nature of the majority of ethnic separatist movements that have separatist movements that have moved beyond unrest to violence or moved beyond unrest to violence or secessionsecession Restive Tibet is on the margin of ChinaRestive Tibet is on the margin of China Arab West Bank-Gaza districts under Israeli rule Arab West Bank-Gaza districts under Israeli rule
are peripheral are peripheral Slovakia, poor and more rural than the Czech Slovakia, poor and more rural than the Czech
Republic was remote from the center of power at Republic was remote from the center of power at PraguePrague
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
In fewer cases, the secessionist In fewer cases, the secessionist peripheries were actually more peripheries were actually more prosperous than the political core areaprosperous than the political core area
Federalist government reduces core Federalist government reduces core versus periphery tensionsversus periphery tensions Reduces appeal of separatist movementsReduces appeal of separatist movements Switzerland has been able to join speakers of Switzerland has been able to join speakers of
German, French, Italian, and Raeto-Romansh German, French, Italian, and Raeto-Romansh into a single, stable countryinto a single, stable country
The cleavage modelThe cleavage model
Canada developed under Francophone Canada developed under Francophone pressure toward a Swiss-type systempressure toward a Swiss-type system
Russia has been obliged to adopt a Russia has been obliged to adopt a more federalist structure to more federalist structure to accommodate demands of ethnic accommodate demands of ethnic minoritiesminorities Has 31 ethnic republics withinHas 31 ethnic republics within One republic, Chechnya has fought and One republic, Chechnya has fought and
won de-facto independencewon de-facto independence
Sakba Republic Sakba Republic
Located in Russia’s Siberia province Located in Russia’s Siberia province Example of rising ethnic demandsExample of rising ethnic demands Forms one-fifth of Russia’s land area and Forms one-fifth of Russia’s land area and
contains about one million peoplecontains about one million people Roughly 35 percent of population is ethnic Roughly 35 percent of population is ethnic
Sakha or Yakut—people of Turkic originSakha or Yakut—people of Turkic origin Russians, who outnumber Sakha are Russians, who outnumber Sakha are
concentrated in ten urban areasconcentrated in ten urban areas
Sakba Republic Sakba Republic
Sakha dominant in Sakha dominant in rural/small-town core of rural/small-town core of republicrepublic
Demands of Sakha led Demands of Sakha led to declaration of state to declaration of state sovereignty in 1990sovereignty in 1990 Has its own elected Has its own elected
president and parliamentpresident and parliament Has its own flag, coat-of-Has its own flag, coat-of-
arms, and a constitutionarms, and a constitution Has attained some Has attained some
measure of genuine measure of genuine economic independenceeconomic independence
Sakba Republic Sakba Republic
A 1995 survey revealed 72 percent of all A 1995 survey revealed 72 percent of all ethnic Yakuts felt more loyalty to Sakha than ethnic Yakuts felt more loyalty to Sakha than to Russiato Russia
A third of all Russians expressed same loyalty A third of all Russians expressed same loyalty to Sakha over Russiato Sakha over Russia
Sakha had not yet tried to seek Sakha had not yet tried to seek independenceindependence Autonomy represents embryo of a nation-stateAutonomy represents embryo of a nation-state Ongoing Russian emigration from Sakha Ongoing Russian emigration from Sakha
complicates the mattercomplicates the matter
Cleavage model Cleavage model
Political imprint on economic Political imprint on economic geography geography
In the cleavage model economic In the cleavage model economic contrasts clearly reveal the internal contrasts clearly reveal the internal spatial arrangement of the country’s spatial arrangement of the country’s economic influenceeconomic influence
Cleavage model Cleavage model
Laws differing from one country to another Laws differing from one country to another often impact on economic land use giving often impact on economic land use giving political boundaries an economic characterpolitical boundaries an economic character United States-Canadian border in the Great PlainsUnited States-Canadian border in the Great Plains
Crosses an area of environmental and cultural samenessCrosses an area of environmental and cultural sameness Different laws and regulations, foster differences in Different laws and regulations, foster differences in
agricultural practicesagricultural practices In the United States, an act passed in the 1950s In the United States, an act passed in the 1950s
encouraged sheep raising by guaranteeing an incentive encouraged sheep raising by guaranteeing an incentive price for woolprice for wool
In Canada, farmers devoted more attention to hogsIn Canada, farmers devoted more attention to hogs
Cleavage model Cleavage model
Borders also usually cause economic Borders also usually cause economic disruptionsdisruptions Highway networks become fragmentary Highway networks become fragmentary
in border zonesin border zones Need to control border crossingsNeed to control border crossings Some countries close borders stopping Some countries close borders stopping
the flow of goodsthe flow of goods
Austrian-Czech borderAustrian-Czech border
Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaIndia
This military post not This military post not only guards the only guards the Indian-Tibetan border, Indian-Tibetan border, but is also the source but is also the source of the Sutlej River. of the Sutlej River.
Irrigation water from Irrigation water from this Himalayan river is this Himalayan river is critical for survival in critical for survival in both India and both India and Pakistan.Pakistan.
Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaIndia
The blue sign (in The blue sign (in Tibet) says “Welcome Tibet) says “Welcome to the Land of God.”to the Land of God.”
The English reflects The English reflects the colonial influence.the colonial influence.
Since it is very difficult Since it is very difficult to clearly demarcate to clearly demarcate borders in borders in mountainous regions, mountainous regions, such areas are often such areas are often disputed.disputed.
Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaIndia
India has deliberately India has deliberately constructed roads into constructed roads into the border regions to the border regions to ensure control. ensure control.
Because of snow, Because of snow, these roads are only these roads are only open three or four open three or four months a year and are months a year and are frequently destroyed frequently destroyed by landslides and by landslides and floods.floods.
Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, Sumdo, Himachal Pradesh, IndiaIndia
Under army Under army supervision, local supervision, local and migrant labor and migrant labor is employed to is employed to repair the damage. repair the damage.
Work is done by Work is done by men, women and men, women and children.children.
Culture RegionsCulture Regions
Political culture regionsPolitical culture regions Political diffusionPolitical diffusion Political ecologyPolitical ecology Politico-cultural integrationPolitico-cultural integration Political landscapesPolitical landscapes
Imprint of the legal codeImprint of the legal code
Laws regulating the land-survey system Laws regulating the land-survey system can be quite noticeablecan be quite noticeable Often require that land be divided into specific Often require that land be divided into specific
geometric patternsgeometric patterns Political boundaries as a result, become highly Political boundaries as a result, become highly
visible visible Quebec encourages land survey in long, Quebec encourages land survey in long,
narrow parcelsnarrow parcels Most English-speaking provinces of Canada Most English-speaking provinces of Canada
adopted a rectangular systemadopted a rectangular system
Imprint of the legal codeImprint of the legal code
Legal decisions made long ago by a Legal decisions made long ago by a vanished government can remain vanished government can remain imprinted on the landscapeimprinted on the landscape Example of former Danish provinces of Example of former Danish provinces of
Schleswig and Holstein now GermanSchleswig and Holstein now German Danish laws broke up farm villages and dispersed Danish laws broke up farm villages and dispersed
rural populations in isolated farmsteadsrural populations in isolated farmsteads Many fragmented landholding were combined into Many fragmented landholding were combined into
unit-block farmsunit-block farms In nearby German-ruled provinces different laws In nearby German-ruled provinces different laws
prevailedprevailed Over a century later the old border is still visibleOver a century later the old border is still visible
Imprint of the legal codeImprint of the legal code
Legal imprints can be seen in the Legal imprints can be seen in the cultural landscapes of urban areascultural landscapes of urban areas In Rio de Janeiro, building height In Rio de Janeiro, building height
restrictions resulted in a waterfront lined restrictions resulted in a waterfront lined with buildings of uniform heightwith buildings of uniform height
Most American cities have no height Most American cities have no height restrictions resulting in a jagged skylinerestrictions resulting in a jagged skyline
Rio de Janeiro - controlRio de Janeiro - control
NYC – no controlNYC – no control
Physical properties of Physical properties of boundaries boundaries
Usually most visible where tight Usually most visible where tight restrictions limit movement of people restrictions limit movement of people between neighboring countriesbetween neighboring countries
Between the United States, nearly Between the United States, nearly invisible in many placesinvisible in many places
Even undefended borders are Even undefended borders are marked by boundary pillars and marked by boundary pillars and custom houses custom houses
Physical properties of Physical properties of boundaries boundaries
Relic boundaries can persist for Relic boundaries can persist for hundreds or thousands of yearshundreds or thousands of years Hadrian’s Wall in England — built by the Hadrian’s Wall in England — built by the
Romans parallels the modern border Romans parallels the modern border between England and Scotlandbetween England and Scotland
The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China
Physical properties of Physical properties of boundaries boundaries
Urban boundaries mark street gang Urban boundaries mark street gang territoriesterritories Use spray-painted graffiti to mark their Use spray-painted graffiti to mark their
“turf’“turf’ Gang core areas contain internally Gang core areas contain internally
supportive graffitisupportive graffiti Gang territories can be mappedGang territories can be mapped
The impress of central The impress of central authorityauthority
Attempts to impose centralized Attempts to impose centralized government appear in many facets of the government appear in many facets of the landscapelandscape Railroad and highway patterns focus on the Railroad and highway patterns focus on the
national core areanational core area In Germany, the rail network developed before In Germany, the rail network developed before
unification in 1871 resulting in no focal pointunification in 1871 resulting in no focal point The superhighway of autobahns, encouraged The superhighway of autobahns, encouraged
by Hitler, tied the various parts of the Reich to by Hitler, tied the various parts of the Reich to Berlin and the Ruhr industrial district Berlin and the Ruhr industrial district
Brasilia, BrazilBrasilia, Brazil
This is the Congresso This is the Congresso Nacional of Brasilia, Nacional of Brasilia, Brazil’s monumental Brazil’s monumental planned capital built planned capital built in 1960. in 1960.
Brasilia was intended Brasilia was intended to open up the to open up the sparsely settled sparsely settled interior, decentralize interior, decentralize population away from population away from
Brasilia, BrazilBrasilia, Brazil
the coast, and the coast, and symbolize aspirations symbolize aspirations of development, of development, modernization, and modernization, and frontier conquest.frontier conquest.
The dome houses the The dome houses the Senate while the Senate while the more open bowl more open bowl houses the Chamber houses the Chamber of Deputies, of Deputies,
Brasilia, BrazilBrasilia, Brazil
perhaps perhaps symbolizing relative symbolizing relative degrees of access.degrees of access.
The office towers The office towers were deliberately were deliberately placed so that the placed so that the sun rises between sun rises between them on April 21them on April 21stst, , inauguration day.inauguration day.
The impress of central The impress of central authorityauthority
Military landscapes directly linked a Military landscapes directly linked a country’s central authority’s defensecountry’s central authority’s defense Often concentrated in border districtsOften concentrated in border districts Can result in sizable areas being cleared of Can result in sizable areas being cleared of
permanent inhabitantspermanent inhabitants Provided space for defensive installations and Provided space for defensive installations and
maneuversmaneuvers Stable countries such as the United States Stable countries such as the United States
permit display of provincial borderspermit display of provincial borders Unstable countries often suppress visible Unstable countries often suppress visible
sign of provincial borders sign of provincial borders
National iconography on the National iconography on the landscapelandscape
The cultural landscape is rich in The cultural landscape is rich in symbolism visual metaphorsymbolism visual metaphor
Political messages are often conveyed Political messages are often conveyed through symbolismthrough symbolism
In the United States flags and eagles In the United States flags and eagles convey clear messagesconvey clear messages
Statues and monuments are important Statues and monuments are important parts of the political landscapeparts of the political landscape
National iconography on the National iconography on the landscapelandscape
Sites of heroic resistances against invaders Sites of heroic resistances against invaders prompt feelings of nationalismprompt feelings of nationalism
Some geographers feel iconography derives Some geographers feel iconography derives from an elite, dominant group within a from an elite, dominant group within a countrycountry Purpose is to legitimize or justify power and Purpose is to legitimize or justify power and
controlcontrol Often represents only one side of an issueOften represents only one side of an issue Example-Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of Example-Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of
South DakotaSouth Dakota
Seneca Falls, New YorkSeneca Falls, New York Seneca Falls, founded Seneca Falls, founded
in 1831, is known as in 1831, is known as the birthplace of the birthplace of women’s rights women’s rights because political because political activists such as activists such as Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Harriet Stanton and Harriet Tubman of Tubman of underground railroad underground railroad fame lived and fame lived and worked here.worked here.
Seneca Falls, New YorkSeneca Falls, New York
In 1848, Stanton In 1848, Stanton and others and others organized the First organized the First Women’s Rights Women’s Rights Convention at Convention at which the which the foundation for the foundation for the suffrage movement suffrage movement was laid.was laid.
Seneca Falls, New YorkSeneca Falls, New York
The Hall of Fame The Hall of Fame was founded in was founded in 1969 and opened in 1969 and opened in this historic bank in this historic bank in 1979. 1979.
Classical Classical architecture was architecture was traditional for traditional for banks, lending an banks, lending an aura of authenticity aura of authenticity and trustworthiness.and trustworthiness.
RomeRome
The Arch of Titus The Arch of Titus was the first was the first triumphal arch. triumphal arch.
It was built in 81 It was built in 81 AD by Emperor AD by Emperor Domitian to Domitian to celebrate his son celebrate his son Titus’ conquest of Titus’ conquest of Jerusalem in 70 AD.Jerusalem in 70 AD.
RomeRome
A triumphal A triumphal procession carrying procession carrying the spoils from the the spoils from the Temple of Solomon is Temple of Solomon is depicted on the depicted on the interior of the arch. interior of the arch.
Roman armies would Roman armies would depart the city depart the city marching through the marching through the arch and upon returnarch and upon return
RomeRome
from battle, stand from battle, stand their bloodied spears their bloodied spears against it as a symbol against it as a symbol of glorious victory.of glorious victory.
This arch became the This arch became the model for others world model for others world wide and they can be wide and they can be found in most of the found in most of the world’s capitals from world’s capitals from Paris to New Delhi.Paris to New Delhi.
SummarySummary
Political Culture RegionsPolitical Culture Regions Independent CountriesIndependent Countries
territorialityterritoriality boundariesboundaries centrifugal and centripetal forcescentrifugal and centripetal forces
Supranational Political BodiesSupranational Political Bodies Electoral GeographyElectoral Geography
SummarySummary
Political DiffusionPolitical Diffusion Country Building as DiffusionCountry Building as Diffusion Diffusion of Insurgencies and Diffusion of Insurgencies and
InnovationsInnovations
SummarySummary
Political EcologyPolitical Ecology Folk FortressesFolk Fortresses The Heartland TheoryThe Heartland Theory
Halford MackinderHalford Mackinder Warfare and Environmental DestructionWarfare and Environmental Destruction
SummarySummary
Politico-Cultural IntegrationPolitico-Cultural Integration The Nation-StateThe Nation-State The Multinational CountryThe Multinational Country Ethnic SeparatismEthnic Separatism The Cleavage ModelThe Cleavage Model Political Imprint on Economic GeographyPolitical Imprint on Economic Geography
SummarySummary
Political LandscapesPolitical Landscapes Imprint on the Legal Code Imprint on the Legal Code
border landscapesborder landscapes Physical Properties of BoundariesPhysical Properties of Boundaries The Impress of Central AuthorityThe Impress of Central Authority National Iconography on the LandscapeNational Iconography on the Landscape