Cumulative index

Med Clin N Am 89 (2005) 1399–1442

Cumulative Index 2005

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A

A2 (benzylpiperazine), abuse of, 1264–1265

Abciximabfor acute coronary syndromes, 578for percutaneous coronary

interventions, 575

Ablative therapy, for gastrointestinal cancerargon plasma, 181laser, 181photodynamic, 180–181radiofrequency, 151

Absinthe, seizures due to, 1311–1312

Absorption, of drugs, in chronic kidneydisease, 651–653

Abyssinian tea (khat), 1265–1268

Acarbose, for diabetes mellitus, 963–964

ACCESS study, of sarcoidosis, 821,823–824

Acebutolol, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Acetaminophen poisoning, 1083–1085,1145–1159diagnosis of, 1145–1146epidemiology of, 1145from extended-relief tablets, 1149metabolic acidosis in, 1114metabolites formed in, 1146–1147nonacute, 1149–1150prognosis for, 1153–1155risk factors for, 1146–1147treatment of, 1147–1153

Acetazolamide, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 664

Acetohexamidedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

667for diabetes mellitus, 964

Acetylcholine, excess of, seizures in, 1299

Acetylcholinesterase

0025-7125/05/$ - see front matter � 2005 Elsev

doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)00108-2

inhibitors of, physostigmine as,1388–1390

St. John’s wort effects on, 1236

N-Acetylcysteine, for acetaminophenpoisoning, 1145, 1147–1153

Acidosis, metabolic. See Metabolic acidosis.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.See Human immunodeficiency virusinfection.

Acromegaly, colorectal cancer in, 13, 79

Activated charcoal, for poisoning,1071–1074isoniazid, 1310with seizures, 1313–1314

Acute coronary syndromesin African Americans, 987–991in chronic kidney disease, 515,

563–585definition of, 564diagnosis of, 564–568treatment of, 565, 568–579

anticoagulants in, 571–573anti-ischemic therapy in,

568–570antiplatelet therapy in,

570–571glycoprotein IIb-IIIa

inhibitors in, 577–579initial, 568percutaneous interventions

in, 574–577thrombolysis in, 574

Adam (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine), abuse of,1262–1264

Adefovir, for hepatitis B, 351–352

Adenocarcinomaesophageal. See Esophagus, cancer of.gastric. See Stomach, cancer of.

Adenomatous polyps, colon. See Colon,polyps of.

ier Inc. All rights reserved.

medical.theclinics.com

1400 CUMULATIVE INDEX

Adenosine, inhibition of, seizures in, 1299

Adherence issuesin coronary heart disease, 993–994in diabetes mellitus, 957

Adhesions, small intestinal, laparoscopicsurgery for, 201

Aerodigestive tract cancer, in minorities,1033–1043diagnosis of, 1038–1040epidemiology of, 1033–1035mortality in, 1033–1034, 1040–1041risk factors for, 1035–1038treatment of, 1040–1041

Aflatoxin, hepatocellular carcinoma due to,378–379

African American Study of Kidney Diseaseand Hypertension trial, 426

African Americansaerodigestive tract cancer in,

1033–1043diagnosis of, 1038–1040epidemiology of, 1033–1035mortality in, 1033–1034,

1040–1041risk factors for, 1035–1038treatment of, 1040–1041

allelic variants in, 726–728Alzheimer’s disease in, 743–744breast cancer in

epidemiology of, 753–754multilevel model of, 756, 758–765

colorectal cancer in, 771–793age at diagnosis of, 773gender differences in, 774incidence of, 771–772lifestyle risk factors and, 775–776prognosis of, 1045–1057

with combination therapy,1049–1050

with first-line therapy,1046–1049

with liver-limitedmetastases, 1051–1052

with second-line therapy,1050–1051

screening rates for, 776–778stage at diagnosis of, 772–773survival in, 771–772, 778–789tumor biology and, 774–775tumor location and, 774

coronary heart disease in, 977–1001acute coronary syndromes in,

987–991clinical spectrum of, 977diagnosis of, 991historical perspective of, 978–980

pathophysiology of, 986–987prevention of, 992–994risk factors for, 980–985, 991

diabetes mellitus in. See Diabetesmellitus, type 2, in minorities.

elderly, cancer in, 883–886emergency surgical care for, 945–948environmental toxicant exposure of,

729health status of, 722HIV infection in

epidemiology of, 896–899treatment of, 899–903, 907–908

hypertension in, 921–933epidemiology of, 922–923pathophysiology of, 923–926psychosocial issues in, 926–927renal transplantation and,

1005–1006salt-sensitive, 924treatment of, 927–930

kidney transplantation in, 1003–1031barriers to, 1006–1012candidates for, 1004–1006outcomes of, 1012–1022remedies for disparities in,

1022–1025multiple primary malignant neoplasms

in, 887–890ophthalmologic disease in, 796–800prostate cancer in

biology of, 808–809clinical trials for, 812–814epidemiology of, 806–808in elderly persons, 872–874,

876–877, 881–882socioeconomic issues in, 810–812treatment of, 809–810versus African population,

808–809rheumatic diseases in

disability in, 854–855fibromyalgia, 853genetic factors in, 832gout, 851–852health care access and, 832–833immigration patterns and,

829–830literature interpretation and,

831–832low back pain, 854osteoarthritis, 833–838osteoporosis, 841–843research on, 855–858rheumatoid arthritis, 847–849,

856seronegative

spondyloarthropathies,849–850

1401CUMULATIVE INDEX

systemic lupus erythematosus,838–841

systemic sclerosis, 844–846vasculitis, 852–853

sarcoidosis in, 818–821, 824stroke in, 740–746women’s reproductive health issues in,

935–943cervical cancer, 940–941endometrial cancer, 940infertility, 935–937maternal mortality, 937ovarian cancer, 939–940prenatal care, 938–939preterm births, 937–938

African salad (khat), 1265–1268

African-American Antiplatelet StrokePrevention Study, 743–745

African-American Study of Kidney Diseaseand Hypertension trial, 930

Age factors, in GERD, 248, 250

Age-related macular degeneration, inminorities, 797

AIDS. See Human immunodeficiency virusinfection.

Air insufflation, for virtual colonoscopy,117

Air pollution, in minority environments,729–730

Alaska Nativesbreast cancer in, 754HIV infection in, 897–899rheumatoid arthritis in, 847systemic lupus erythematosus in, 839

Albuminuriaangiotensin-converting enzyme

inhibitors effects on, 491–492as cardiovascular risk factor, 596drug binding in, 653genetic factors in, 449

Alcohol(s)ethyl, ingestion of. See Alcohol use

and abuse.toxic

metabolic acidosis due to,1113

osmol gap due to, 1085–1088

Alcohol use and abuse, 1343–1347aerodigestive tract cancer and, 1038antidotes for, 1119as ethylene glycol antidote, 1380cardiac arrhythmias in, 1347cardiomyopathy in, 1346

cardiovascular disease and,1346–1347

cirrhosis in, hepatocellular carcinomadue to, 376

hypertension and, 1347intracranial hemorrhage in,

1344–1345ketoacidosis due to, 1116metabolic acidosis due to, 1113stroke in, 1345–1346with cocaine, cocaethylene formation

in, 1329withdrawal from, seizures in,

1304–1305

Alcoholic heart muscle disease, 1346

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, polymorphismsof, 725

ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent HeartAttacks), in African Americans,929–930

Allopurinol, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 671

Alpha fetoprotein, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 346, 348–350, 399

Alpha-blockers, for hypertension, 927

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, for diabetesmellitus, 963–964

N,N-Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT),abuse of, 1260–1262

Alternative medicine, for perceivedpoisoning, 1371–1372

Alzheimer’s disease, in African Americans,743–744

Ambulatory pH monitoring, in GERD,260–262

American Cancer Society, colorectal cancerscreening guidelines of, 66–67

American College of Gastroenterology,colorectal cancer screening guidelinesof, 63–64

American Gastroenterological Association,colorectal cancer screening guidelinesof, 62–63

American Indians. See Native Americans.

American Society for GastrointestinalEndoscopy, colorectal cancerscreening guidelines of, 65

Aminoglycosides, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 668


5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamictherapy, for gastrointestinal cancer,181

Amiodarone, Q–T prolongation due to,1133

Amlodipine, for chronic kidney disease, 493

Ammonia, for jellyfish envenomations, 1198

Amoxicillin, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 322

Amphetaminescardiovascular disease due to,

1353–1354mechanisms of action of, 1351–1352metabolic acidosis due to, 1115–1116seizures due to, 1302–1303serotonin syndrome due to, 1283stroke due to, 1352–1353types of, 1351–1352versus ephedra, 1228–1229

Amphotericin B, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 670

Amputation, in diabetes mellitus, inminorities, 950

Amsterdam criteria, for Lynch syndrome,71

Analgesics, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 665–666

Androgen(s), in prostate cancer, minoritydifferences in, 809

Androgen receptor, in prostate cancer, 809

Anemiain chronic kidney disease, 483,

550–554, 599cardiovascular disease and,

552–554, 598–599mortality and, 551treatment of, 502, 518, 551–554

in colorectal cancer, 14in GERD, 253

Anesthesiageneral, malignant hyperthermia in,

1288–1289local, seizures due to, 1311

Anginain African Americans, 987–991in chronic kidney disease, 515. See also

Acute coronary syndromes, inchronic kidney disease.

Angioplasty, coronaryfor acute coronary syndromes,

574–577

for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1335

Angiotensin II, elevated, in hypertension,923–924

Angiotensin II receptor blockers, forhypertension, 927–929

Angiotensin-converting enzymeimbalance of, in hypertension, 527polymorphisms of, in chronic kidney

disease, 452

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsfor chronic kidney disease, 490–493

dosing of, 662in cardiovascular disease, 516in hypertension, 425–426, 539,

590–591for hypertension, 928–929

Angiotensin-receptor blockers, for chronickidney disease, 493–497dosing of, 662–663in cardiovascular disease, 516in hypertension, 590

Anion gap, in poisoning, 1088–1089,1108–1112

Antacidsfor GERD, 220, 264–266for heartburn, 228–229

Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis,diabetes mellitus and, 953

Anthozoa envenomations, 1199

Antiarrhythmic agents, Q–T prolongationdue to, 1131–1133

Antibiotics. See also specific antibiotics.dosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

667–671for Helicobacter pylori infections,

322–323for snake envenomations, 1209Q–T prolongation due to,

1132–1133

Antibody(ies), in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 321

Anticardiolipin antibodies, in systemiclupus erythematosus, 840

Anticentromere antibodies, in systemicsclerosis, 844–845

Anticholinergic agents, poisoning from,physostigmine for, 1388–1390

Anticoagulantsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

661–662


for acute coronary syndromes,571–573

Anticonvulsantsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

671paradoxical seizures due to, 1309

Antidepressant poisoninggastric lavage for, 1070–1071glucagon for, 1381–1383seizures due to, 1305–1307serotonin syndrome due to, 1281

Antidotes, for poisoningacetaminophen, 1145, 1147–1153alcohols, 1119antidepressant, 1381–1383antimuscarinic, 1388–1390beta-blocker, 1381–1383calcium channel blocker, 1381–1383cyanide, 1119, 1383–1386ethylene glycol, 1380–1381heavy metal, 1309hydrogen sulfide, 1119isoniazid, 1119methanol, 1380–1381radiocesium, 1392–1393stocking of, 1379–1397

antivenoms, 1211–1213, 1217,1390–1391

fomepizole, 1380–1381glucagon, 1381–1383guidelines for, 1379–1380hydroxocobalamin, 1383–1386octreotide, 1386–1388physostigmine, 1388–1390Prussian blue, 1309, 1392–1393

sulfonylurea, 1386–1388thallium, 1309, 1392–1393venom, 1211–1213, 1217, 1390–1391

Antifibrillarin antibodies, in systemicsclerosis, 845

Antigen(s), reactions to, sarcoidosis and,818

Antigen-presenting cells, in kidney graftrejection, 1019–1021

Antihistamines, Q–T prolongation due to,1132

Antihypertensive and Lipid-LoweringTreatment to Prevent Heart Attacks(ALLHAT), in African Americans,929–930

Antihypertensive drugs, dosing of, inchronic kidney disease, 662–664

Antimuscarinic agents, poisoning from,physostigmine for, 1388–1390

Antineoplastic agents, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 671

Antinuclear antibodies, in systemicsclerosis, 844–845

Antioxidants, for cardiovascular disease,601–602

Antiplatelet agentsfor acute coronary syndromes,

570–571for stroke prevention, in African

Americans, 743–745

Antipsychotic agentsneuroleptic malignant syndrome due

to, 1285–1288seizures due to, 1307

Antireflux mechanismsin GERD, 225–228normal, 220–225

Antireflux surgeryfor Barrett’s esophagus,

199–200, 301, 304for GERD, 268

Antiretroviral drugs, metabolic acidosis dueto, 1114

Antivenomfor black widow spider

envenomations, 1217for snake envenomations, 1211–1213,

1390–1391

Anxiety, in perceived poisoning, 1360–1364,1366, 1371

APC gene mutationsin colorectal cancer, 3,

5–6, 8recurrent, 74–75

in esophageal cancer, 300in familial adenomatous polyposis, 73in gastric cancer, 329

Apolipoprotein A, in dyslipidemia,691–692

Apotransferrin, in iron transport, inhemochromatosis, 392–394

Arachnid envenomations, 1213–1217black widow spider, 1216–1217brown recluse spider, 1213–1216

Argatroban, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 662

Argon plasma coagulation, forgastrointestinal cancer, 181

Arsenic poisoning, seizures due to, 1309


Arteritisgiant cell, in minorities, 852Takayasu’s, in minorities, 852–853

Arthralgia, in sarcoidosis, 819

Arthritis, in minoritiesdegenerative (osteoarthritis), 833–838gouty, 850–852psoriatic, 850reactive, 849–850rheumatoid, 846–849, 856

Asian Americansaerodigestive tract cancer in,

1038–1039breast cancer in, 758diabetes mellitus in. See Diabetes

mellitus, type 2, in minorities.ophthalmologic disease in, 800–801osteoporosis in, 842–843rheumatic diseases in

health care access and, 832immigration patterns and, 830systemic lupus erythematosus,

838–839, 841systemic sclerosis, 844–846vasculitis, 852–853

Asian-Pacific Islander Americansaerodigestive tract cancer in, 1038breast cancer in, 754cancer in, in elderly persons, 870–871diabetes mellitus in. See Diabetes

mellitus, type 2, in minorities.health status of, 722HIV infection in, 897–899, 908

Aspirationgastric, for poisoning, 1068pulmonary

in activated charcoal treatment,1073–1074

in gastric lavage, 1071in GERD, 268–269

Aspirinfor acute coronary syndromes, 565,

570–571for cardiovascular disease, 516for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1333for colorectal cancer prevention,

24–25, 87–88, 90for esophageal cancer prevention, 234for stroke prevention, in African

Americans, 743–745poisoning from, 1080–1083

bedside tests for, 1089–1090metabolic acidosis in, 1113

Assessment of Lescol in RenalTransplantation trial, 693

Assisted reproductive technologies, forAfrican Americans, 936

Asthma, in GERD, 269

Atenololdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

663for acute coronary syndromes, 565,

569–570

Atherosclerosisin chronic kidney disease, 427, 515in cocaine use, 1325–1326, 1328–1329,

1350of coronary arteries, 986–987

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study,477

Athletes, osteoarthritis in, 836

Atorvastatin, for dyslipidemias, in chronickidney disease, 500

ATP, poisons interfering with, metabolicacidosis in, 1114–1116

ATP synthase, in body temperatureregulation, 1278

Atropine poisoning, physostigmine for,1388–1390

Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis,cancer screening guidelines in, 74

Autoimmune disordersGERD in, 254sarcoidosis as, 820

Autonomic dysfunction, in neurolepticmalignant syndrome, 1285–1286

‘‘Ayahuasca’’ tea, 1261

B

BabA toxin, Helicobacter pylori, 321

Back pain, in minorities, 854

Baclofenfor GERD, 265withdrawal from, seizures due to, 1305

Bacteremia, Streptococcus bovis, colorectalcancer screening in, 79

Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome,cancer screening guidelines in, 77

Barium studiesin colorectal cancer, 17, 114

in average-risk persons, 53in high-risk persons, 69

in GERD, 257–258


Barrett’s esophagus, 219–241, 293–312antireflux mechanisms in

versus GERD esophagealdefenses, 225–228

versus normal esophagealdefenses, 220–225

as aberrant repair mechanism,231–233

biopsy in, 273classification of, 295clinical development of, 233, 273clinical presentation of, 298–299definition of, 272, 294–295economic consequences of, 293–294endoscopic mucosal resection of,

176–177epidemiology of, 293, 295–297erosions in, 230–231genetic factors in, 297GERD in, 272–274heartburn in, 228–230histology of, 273history of, 294long-segment, 232, 295malignant transformation of, 233–236,

272–274, 299–301natural history of, 299pathophysiology of, 273, 297–298prognosis for, 236refluxate potency and, 219–220risk factors for, 272–273, 296–297short-segment, 232, 295surveillance in, 273–274treatment of, 199–200, 236, 275, 299,

301–305without GERD symptoms, 298

Bazzoli therapy, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 322–323

Beautiful (2,5dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine), abuse of,1262–1264

Behavioral factors, in chronic kidneydisease, 480–482

Behcet’s syndrome, in minorities, 852

Beijing Osteoarthritis Study, 834–835

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, in minorities,805

Benzapril, for chronic kidney disease, 492

Benzodiazepinesfor alcohol withdrawal, 1304–1305for cocaine-associated chest pain,

1332–1333for drug-induced seizures, 1312–1313for ecstasy-related drug toxicity, 1262for isoniazid poisoning, 1310

for local anesthetic toxicity, 1311for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

1287for serotonin syndrome, 1284–1285for terpene poisoning, 1311–1312withdrawal from, seizures in, 1305

Benzylpiperazines, abuse of, 1264–1265

Bernstein test, in Barrett’s esophagus, 233

Beta-blockersdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


568–571for cocaine-associated chest pain,

1333–1334for hypertension, 928–929for ischemic heart disease, 516GERD due to, 252overdose of, glucagon for, 1381–1383

Beta-catenin, defects of, in gastric cancer,329–330

Bevacizumab, for colorectal cancer, 95–96,101–102, 1049–1051

Bicarbonate, in esophageal antirefluxmechanism, 222–225

Biguanides, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Bile saltsin Barrett’s esophagus pathogenesis,

297in GERD pathogenesis, 220

Bilirubin, measurement of, in GERD,262–263

Biogenic amine hypothesis, of St. John’swort action, 1234–1235

Biopsycolon polyps, 26esophagus

in Barrett’s esophagus, 273,302–303

in GERD, 260, 276liver

in hemochromatosis, 395in hepatocellular carcinoma,

347strip, in endoscopic mucosal resection,

168–169, 179

Bismuth subcitrate, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 323

Bismuth subsalicylate, for Helicobacterpylori infections, 323

Bisoprolol, for acute coronary syndromes,565, 569–570


Bites, venomous. See Envenomations.

Bivalirudin, for acute coronary syndromes,573

Black Americans. See African Americans.

Black widow spider envenomations,1216–1217

Bleeding. See also Hemorrhage,intracranial.in colon polyps, 15in colorectal cancer, 11, 14, 16–17in endoscopic submucosal resection,

172–173in hepatocellular carcinoma, 346

Blindness, in minorities, 795–796

Blood pressurealcohol use and, 1347elevated. See Hypertension.gender differences in, 613–616measurement of, 535–536

Blood transfusions, for snakeenvenomations, 1211

Body packers, radiography of, 1094

Body temperature, dysregulation of. SeeHyperthermic syndromes.

Bone disease, in chronic kidney disease,554–556, 638–641, 644

Bowel preparation, for virtual colonoscopy,116–117

Brain, hemorrhage ofin alcohol abuse, 1344–1345in amphetamine use, 1352–1353in cocaine use, 1348–1349

Bravo pH system, for ambulatory pHmonitoring, 261–262

BRCA gene mutations, ethnic differences in,764

Breast cancer, in minorities,753–770epidemiology of, 753–754in males, 757multilevel model for, 754–765

cellular level, 763–765individual level, 760–763societal level, 755–760

versus African and Asian countries,755–756

Breast implants, perceived poisoning from,1362

Breastfeeding, St. John’s wort in,1240

British Anti Lewisite, for heavy metalpoisoning, 1309

Bromocriptinefor neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

1286–1287serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine,abuse of, 1262–1264

Brown recluse spider envenomations,1213–1216

Buerger’s disease, in minorities, 852

Bufotenine, abuse of, 1260–1262

Bupivacaine, seizures due to, 1311

Bupropion, seizures due to, 1306

C

‘‘2C’’ series of drugs, 1262–1264

Cadherins, defects of, in gastric cancer,330–331

Caffeine, poisoning from, metabolicacidosis in, 1115–1116

CagA toxin, Helicobacter pylori, 320,331–332

Calcitriolfor chronic kidney disease, 555–556renal production of, 639

Calcium carbonate, for colorectal cancerprevention, 88–89

Calcium channel blockersdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

663for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1334for hypertension, 927–928GERD due to, 252overdose of, glucagon for, 1381–1383

Calcium metabolism, in chronic kidneydisease, 517, 554–556, 631–647cardiovascular disease and, 599–601parathyroid gland function and,

640–641versus normal calcium metabolism,

632–638vitamin D and, 638–640

Camphor, seizures due to, 1311–1312

Canceraerodigestive tract, 1033–1043cervical, in African-American women,

940–941colorectal. See Colorectal cancer.


endometrial, in African-Americanwomen, 940

esophageal. See Esophagus, cancer of.gastric. See Stomach, cancer of.in minorities

breast, 753–770colorectal, 771–793environmental exposure and,

725–728in elderly persons, 869–894prostate, 805–816

liver. See also Hepatocellularcarcinoma.laparoscopic surgery for, 203–204

ovarian, in African-American women,939–940

pancreaticendoscopic ultrasonography in,

146–148laparoscopic surgery for, 204–205

St. John’s wort for, 1237small intestinal, laparoscopic surgery

for, 200–201

Cap technique, in endoscopic mucosalresection, 161, 169

Capecitabinefor colorectal cancer, 1047–1048for hepatocellular carcinoma, 361

Captopril, for chronic kidney disease, 491

Carbamazepine, paradoxical seizures dueto, 1309

Carboline compounds, abuse of, 1261–1262

Carbon dioxidefor laparoscopic surgery, 190for virtual colonoscopy, 117–118

Carbon Monoxide NeuropsychologicalScreening Battery, 1171

Carbon monoxide poisoning, 1161–1194clinical effects of

acute, 1165–1167chronic, 1168–1169delayed, 1167–1168

diagnosis of, 1169–1173disposition of, 1182epidemiology of, 1161–1162in pregnancy, 1167metabolic acidosis in, 1115–1116pathophysiology of, 1162–1165prevention of, 1182–1183sources of, 1161–1162treatment of, 1173–1182

Carboxyhemoglobin, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1162–1163, 1166–1167,1169–1170

Carcinoembryonic antigen, in colorectalcancer, 14–15

Carcinogenesis, in colorectal cancer,85–86

Carcinogens, metabolism of, geneticvariation in, 725–728

Carcinoma, hepatocellular. SeeHepatocellular carcinoma.

Cardiac arrhythmias. See also Q–Tprolongation.in alcohol use, 1347in carbon monoxide poisoning,

1165–1166in cocaine use, 1335, 1351substances causing, 1096–1101

Cardiomyopathyin alcohol abuse, 1346in chronic kidney disease, 514–515in cocaine use, 1329, 1351

Cardiovascular disease. See also specificdiseases, eg, Myocardial infarction.in amphetamine abuse, 1353–1354in carbon monoxide poisoning,

1165–1166in chronic kidney disease,

511–523, 550acute coronary syndromes,

563–585anemia and, 552–554, 598–599arterial, 515burden of, 511–513cardiomyopathy, 514–515ischemic, 515multiple interventions for, 518progression of, 426–427risk factors for, 426–427, 513,

587–611albuminuria, 596anemia, 552–554, 598–599definition of, 588diabetes mellitus. See

Diabetes mellitus, inchronic kidney disease.

dyslipidemia. SeeDyslipidemias, inchronic kidney disease.

Framingham equation in,588–589

homocysteine elevation,596–598

hypertension. SeeHypertension, inchronic kidney disease.

left ventricularhypertrophy,514–515, 552, 595


Cardiovascular disease (continued )mineral metabolism

disorders. See Calciummetabolism;Phosphatemetabolism.

oxidative stress, 528–529,601–602

physical inactivity, 595–596smoking, 431, 501–502, 517,

594–595treatment of, 515–518, 556–557

drug dosing in, 661–665risk factors for, in African Americans,

741–742

Carolina Lupus Study, 832

Carvedilol, for acute coronary syndromes,569

Cataract, in minorities, 797, 799–800

Catfish envenomations, 1203–1204

Cathine and cathinone, in khat, 1267

Caustic agents, poisoning from, metabolicacidosis in, 1113–1114

Caveolin-1, in prostate cancer, 809

Celecoxibdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

665–666for colorectal cancer prevention, 25,

90–91

Celiac plexus neurolysis, endoscopicultrasonography guidance in, 150

Cephaeline, for poisoning, 1067–1068

Cephalosporins, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 669

Cerebral palsy, GERD in, 254

Cerebrovascular disorders, in alcohol use,1343–1347

Cervical cancer, in African-Americanwomen, 940–941

Cesium poisoning, antidote for,1392–1393

Cetuximab, for colorectal cancer, 96–97,101, 1049–1051

Charcoal, activated, for poisoning,1071–1074

Chat (khat), 1265–1268

Chemical exposures, perceived. SeePerceived poisoning.

Chemoembolization, for hepatocellularcarcinoma, 359–360, 402

Chemoprevention, in Barrett’s esophagus,305

Chemotherapydosing in, in chronic kidney disease,

671for colorectal cancer, 94–101,

1046–1052for hepatocellular carcinoma, 359–361,

402targeted delivery of, endoscopic

ultrasonography guidance in,151–152

Chest pain. See also Angina.cocaine-associated,

1323–1342, 1349–1350differential diagnosis of, 255

CHIMPES mnemonic, for radiopaquedrugs, 1094–1095

Chirodropid envenomations, 1196–1199

Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger, inesophageal antireflux mechanism,224–225, 230–231

Chlorpromazinefor serotonin syndrome, 1284–1285seizures due to, 1307

Chlorpropamidedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


Choices for Health Outcomes in Caring forESRD Study, 592

Cholecystectomy, colorectal cancer after, 13

Cholesterol, elevated. SeeHypercholesterolemia.

Cholesterol and Recurrent Events study, inchronic kidney disease, 593

Cholestyramine, for poisoning, 1075

Cholinergic activity, of St. John’s wort,1236

Chromoendoscopy, in gastrointestinalcancer, 167

Chronic disease model, for diabetes mellituscare, 969

Chronic kidney diseaseacute coronary syndromes in, 515,

563–585albuminuria in, 449, 491–492, 596, 653


anemia in. See Anemia, in chronickidney disease.

calcium metabolism in. See Calciummetabolism, in chronic kidneydisease.

cardiovascular disease. SeeCardiovascular disease, inchronic kidney disease.

classification of, 421, 702–703complications of, 549–561definition of, 420–425, 458,

702–703diabetes mellitus in. See Diabetes

mellitus, in chronic kidneydisease.

drug dosing in, 649–687dyslipidemias in. See Dyslipidemias, in

chronic kidney disease.economic burden of, 489, 511–513, 550epidemiology of, 422–430, 512

gender differences in, 618–619racial factors in, 475–476

familial factors in, 427–430, 447–456genetic factors in, 427–430, 449–452homocysteine elevation in, 596–598hypertension in. See Hypertension, in

chronic kidney disease.kidney function measurement in,

457–473left ventricular hypertrophy in,

514–515, 552, 595mortality in

anemia and, 551cardiovascular disease and, 564,

587gender differences in, 622racial factors in, 484

obesity in, 432–433, 478, 503oxidative stress in, 528–529,

601–602phosphate metabolism in, 517,

554–556, 599–601, 641–644physical inactivity in, 595–596progression of. See also End-stage

renal disease.behavioral factors in, 481control of, 480–509,703dyslipidemia and, 694gender differences in, 619–621genetic factors in, 451–452mechanisms of, 490risk factors for, 425–437

racial factors in. See Racial factors, inchronic kidney disease.

risk factors forbehavioral, 480–482cardiovascular disease. See

Cardiovascular disease, inchronic kidney disease.

diabetes mellitus. See Diabetesmellitus, in chronic kidneydisease.

dyslipidemias. SeeDyslipidemias, in chronickidney disease.

familial, 427–430, 447–456geographic, 435–436, 706hypertension. See Hypertension,

in chronic kidney disease.obesity, 432–433, 478, 503poverty, 433–436protein consumption, 431–432proteinuria, 433, 449, 498–499racial. See Racial factors, in

chronic kidney disease.smoking, 431, 501–502, 517,

594–595sociodemographic, 479

screening programs for, 452–453severity of, 702–703treatment of, 480–509

associated conditionsmanagement in, 483–485

attitudes toward, 704–705barriers to, 703–707cardiac disease management in,

511–523changes proposed in, 701–709guideline nonalignment in, 706knowledge deficits in, 704patient factors in, 705resources for, 706–707

Cicuta douglasii (water hemlock), seizuresdue to, 1308

Cigarette smoking. See Smoking.

Cirrhosishemochromatosis and, 397–398,

401–402hepatocellular carcinoma and, 346,

376in hepatitis B, 377–378, 380–382in hepatitis C, 379–382tumor resection and, 352–353

Cisapride, for GERD, 265

Citalopram, seizures due to, 1306

Clarithromycin, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 322

Clearanceof creatinine, genetic factors in, 450of drugs, 651urinary, in glomerular filtration rate

measurement, 458–461

Clopidogrel, for acute coronary syndromes,571


Clozapine, seizures due to, 1307

Cnidocytes, of jellyfish, 1197

Coagulopathyin cocaine use, 1327–1328in snake envenomations, 1207

Cocaethylene toxicity, 1329

Cocainecardiac arrhythmias in, 1351cardiovascular disease in, 1349–1350chest pain due to,

1323–1342,1349–1350diagnosis of, 1330–1332differential diagnosis of,

1329–1330disposition of, 1337–1338morbidity and mortality in,

1335–1337pathogenesis of, 1324–1329, 1350prognosis for, 1337treatment of, 1332–1335

history of, 1323–1333hypertension due to, 533mechanisms of action of, 1348metabolic acidosis due to, 1115–1116seizures due to, 1302–1303serotonin syndrome due to, 1279,

1281–1282stroke due to, 1348–1349

Cognitive dysfunction, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1168

Colchicine, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 671

Colectomyfor colorectal cancer, 92–93for familial adenomatous polyposis, 73laparoscopic, 201–203

Collaborative care, for diabetes mellitus,969–970

Coloncancer of. See Colorectal cancer.irrigation of, for poisoning, 1075–1076obstruction of, in cancer, 15perforation of, in cancer, 15polyps of

cancer arising from, 2–9, 12–13,20, 26, 113

cancer screening in, 62–67, 78–79clinical presentation of, 15–16colonoscopy in, 18–20, 29–30differential diagnosis of, 19–20endoscopic mucosal resection for,

26–28genetics of, 3–9, 70–77. See also

specific disorders.

histology of, 2–3hyperplastic, 2–3, 13, 18–19pathology of, 18–19polypectomy for, 25–26recurrent, 74–75removal of, 25–28screening for

in average risk, 16–20in high risk, 20–21

serrated, 3tubulous, 2tubulovillous, 2villous, 2virtual colonoscopy accuracy for,

123–126pseudopolyps of, 19

Colonoscopyafter virtual colonoscopy, 119in colorectal cancer, 18–20, 29–30

disadvantages of, 114in average-risk persons, 52–53in high-risk persons, 70recommendations for, 115–116

in hereditary nonpolyposis coloncancer, 71–72

in ulcerative colitis, 77–78virtual. See Virtual colonoscopy.

Colorectal cancer, 1–42carcinoma in situ, 9clinical presentation of, 11, 14–15computed tomography in, 21endoscopic ultrasonography in,

148–149epidemiology of, 1, 10–11, 43–44, 61genetic factors in, 3–9, 12–13, 70–77,

85–86histology of, 2–3, 9in minorities, 771–793

age at diagnosis of, 773gender differences in, 774incidence of, 771–772lifestyle risk factors and, 775–776screening rates for, 776–778stage at diagnosis of, 772–773survival in, 771–772, 778–789tumor biology and, 774–775tumor location and, 774

locations of, 9magnetic resonance imaging in, 22metastasis from, 10

computed tomography in, 21magnetic resonance imaging in,

22treatment of, 99–101

mortality in, 44, 85fecal occult blood testing effects

on, 45–49screening effects on, 1,7


new developments in, 28–31pathology of, 9–10pathophysiology of, 2–9, 26

histologic, 2–3molecular, 3–9

prevention of, 24–28, 85–91chemopreventive agents for,

86–91future of, 102principles of, 85–86

prognosis of, in African Americans,1045–1057with combination therapy,

1049–1050with first-line therapy, 1046–1049with liver-limited metastases,

1051–1052with second-line therapy,

1050–1051risk factors for, 10–13, 61–67, 70–79screening for, 16–21. See also Virtual

colonoscopy.in average risk, 16–20, 43–59

barium enema in, 53colonoscopy in, 52–53cost effectiveness of, 54fecal occult blood tests in,

45–49, 51–52immunochemical tests in,

49–50molecular tests in, 54sigmoidoscopy in, 50–52tests for, 44–45virtual colonoscopy in,

53–54in high risk, 20–21, 61–84

barium enema in, 69colonoscopy in, 70DNA studies in, 69fecal occult blood tests in,

68guidelines for, 61–68in hereditary cancer

syndromes, 70–77in inflammatory bowel

disease, 77–78sigmoidoscopy in, 69–70virtual colonoscopy in, 69

in moderate risk, 78–79sensitivity and specificity of,

44–45underuse of, 1–2

sporadic, carcinogenesis in, 86spread of, testing for, 21–23staging of, 9–10, 21–23, 91–92

treatment based on, 97–101stool genetic markers for, 28–29treatment of, 92–102

chemotherapy in, 94–101

future of, 102laparoscopic surgery for,

201–203multimodal, versus stage,

97–101radiation therapy in, 93–94,

98–99resection in, 92–93, 97–99,

201–203ultrasonography in, 22–23

Columnar epithelium, in Barrett’sesophagus, 232–233, 297

Compartment syndrome, in snakeenvenomations, 1207

Complementary and alternative medicinefor osteoarthritis, 837for prostate cancer, 810

Compliance issuesin coronary heart disease, 993–994in diabetes mellitus, 957

Computed tomographyin colorectal cancer, 21. See also

Virtual colonoscopy.in esophageal cancer, 195in hepatocellular carcinoma, 346–348,

400, 402of brain, in carbon monoxide

poisoning, 1172–1173

Congenital hypertrophic retinal pigmentepithelium, in familial adenomatouspolyposis, 73

Connective tissue disease, mixed, GERD in,254

Consumerism, perceived poisoning and,1362

Contraceptives, oral, blood pressure effectsof, 616

Contraction band necrosis, amphetamine-induced, 1354

Contrast agentscomplications from, in chronic kidney

disease, 577for virtual colonoscopy, 118–120

Controlled Abciximab and DeviceInvestigation to Lower LateAngioplasty Complications trial, inchronic kidney disease, 567

Conversion disorders, perceived poisoningas, 1360

Cooling therapy, for serotonin syndrome,1285


COOPERATE trial, of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors forchronic kidney disease, 495

Co-oximeter, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1170

Copperhead envenomations. See Snakeenvenomations.

Coral envenomations, 1196

Coronary angioplastyfor acute coronary syndromes,

574–577for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1335

Coronary artery(ies)amphetamine effects on, 1354cocaine effects on, 1324–1326,

1328–1329

Coronary artery bypass grafts, for acutecoronary syndromes, 576

Coronary artery diseasein African Americans, 977–1001

acute coronary syndromes in,987–991

clinical spectrum of, 977diagnosis of, 991historical perspective of, 978–980pathophysiology of, 986–987prevention of, 992–994risk factors for, 980–985, 991

in chronic kidney disease, 515, 555in cocaine use, 1329, 1350

Corticosteroidsfor sarcoidosis, 822–823for snake envenomations, 1211

Cottonmouth envenomations. See Snakeenvenomations.

Cough, in GERD, 269

Cowden’s syndrome, cancer screeningguidelines in, 77

C-reactive protein, elevated, coronary heartdisease in, 985

Creatine kinasein acute coronary syndromes, 566–567in cocaine-associated chest pain,

1331–1332

Creatinine clearancein chronic kidney disease, genetic

factors in, 450in glomerular filtration rate

measurement, 463–470assay for, 465, 467physiology of, 463–466serum, 468–470

CREST syndrome, GERD in, 254

CroFab, for snake envenomations,1211–1212, 1390–1391

Crohn’s colitis, colorectal cancer in, 13, 78

Crotalid envenomations. See Snakeenvenomations.

Crypt cells, in iron transport, inhemochromatosis, 392–394

Cuban Americans. SeeHispanic Americans.

Cyanide poisoningantidotes for, 1119, 1383–1386metabolic acidosis in, 1115–1116

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitorsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

665–666for Barrett’s esophagus, 305for colorectal cancer prevention, 25,

89–91for hepatocellular carcinoma

prevention, 402–403

Cyclopeudohypericin, in St. John’s wort,1232

Cyclophosphamide, for systemic lupuserythematosus, 841

Cyclosporinedyslipidemias due to, 692, 698for kidney transplantation, in African

Americans, 1016–1017hypertension due to, 533

Cyproheptadine, for serotonin syndrome,1284–1285

Cyst(s), pancreatic, endoscopicultrasonography in, 148

Cystatin C, in glomerular filtration ratemeasurement, 470

Cystic fibrosis, GERD in, 254

Cytochrome P-450 enzymescarbon monoxide binding to, 1164ethnic differences in

breast cancer and, 764–765environmental exposure and,

725–726in drug metabolism

acetaminophen, 1147in chronic kidney disease,

652–653, 655–657Q–T prolongation and,

1132–1134in prostate cancer, 809St. John’s wort interactions with,

1238–1239


Cytokinesallelic variants of, 726–727in sarcoidosis, 818polymorphism of, in kidney graft

rejection, 1019–1021

D

Dantrolenefor malignant hyperthermia, 1289for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

1286–1287

Darbepoetin-a, for anemia, in chronickidney disease, 553

DCC gene, loss of, in colon cancer, 6, 8

DDT, seizures due to, 1311

Decontaminationfor jellyfish envenomations, 1198gastrointestinal. See Gastrointestinal

decontamination.

Defetilide, Q–T prolongation due to, 1131,1133

Delirium tremens, 1304–1305

Dementia, vascular, in African Americans,743–744

Dental erosions, in GERD, 269

Depressionin perceived poisoning, 1371in sarcoidosis, 824–825St. John’s wort for, 1234–1236

Designer drugs, abuse of, 1262–1264

Desmoid tumors, in familial adenomatouspolyposis, 73

Dextromethorphanabuse of, 1269–1271serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

Diabetes mellitusas stroke risk factor

in African Americans, 741–742in Hispanic Americans, 746–748

colorectal cancer in, 13coronary heart disease in, 981GERD in, 254in chronic kidney disease, 594

angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitors for, 490–492

as risk factor, 423–424, 426blood glucose control and, 426cardiovascular disease and, 594drug dosing in, 666–667familial clustering in, 429–430gender differences in, 621–622

genetic factors in, 449–451racial factors and, 477–478treatment of, 517

retinopathy in, in minorities,797–800

type 2, in minorities, 949–975adherence issues in, 957antagonistic pleiotropy in, 953barriers to effective care in,

968–969complications of, 950–951,

956–959environmental triggers of,

953–954future directions in, 969–970genetic factors in, 952, 956incidence of, 949–950metabolic syndrome and, 954natural history of, 955pathophysiology of, 954–956physician practices and, 958–959prevalence of, 949–950prevention of, 970risk factors for, 951–952socioeconomic factors in,

957–958treatment of, 960–969

Diabetes Prevention Program, 956, 970

Dialysis. See Hemodialysis; Peritonealdialysis.

Diaphragm, in antireflux mechanism,220–221

Diazepamfor alcohol withdrawal, 1304–1305for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1333

DietBarrett’s esophagus and, 235breast cancer risk and, 761–762colorectal cancer and, 12, 24for chronic kidney disease, 431–432,

497–500in hypertension, 525–527

for diabetes mellitus, 962gastric cancer and, 331–332GERD and, 249, 251, 264

Diflunisal, poisoning from, 1080

Digital rectal examination, in prostatecancer, 872–873, 876–878

Digoxin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 664

Diltiazem, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Dimercaprol, for heavy metal poisoning,1309


2,5Dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine,abuse of, 1262–1264

2,5Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine, abuse of,1262–1264

N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), abuse of,1260–1262

Diphenhydramine overdose, seizures in,1311

N,N-Dipropyltryptamine (DPT), abuse of,1260–1262

Disability, in rheumatic disease, inminorities, 854–855

Dissection, endoscopic submucosal, ingastrointestinal cancer, 172

Disseminated intravascular coagulation, insnake envenomations, 1207

Distribution, of drugs, in chronic kidneydisease, 653–655

Diureticsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

663–664for hypertension, 927–928

Divalent metal transporter-1, in irontransport, 392–394

Diverticulum, Meckel’s, laparoscopicsurgery for, 201

Divinatorin A, in salvia, 1268–1269

Diviner’s Mint (salvia), 1268–1269

DNA methylation, in colon cancer, 7, 9

Dopamine, in body temperature regulation,1278–1279, 1283

Dosing, of drugs, in chronic kidney disease.See Drug(s), dosing of, in chronickidney disease.

Down syndrome, GERD in, 254

Doxazosin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Doxorubicin, for hepatocellular carcinoma,361

Drug(s). See also specific drugs.abuse of. See also specific drugs.

intravenous, in minorities, 946new, 1259–1276seizures due to, 1302

dosing of, in chronic kidney disease,649–687absorption and, 651–653

analgesics, 665–666anticoagulants, 661–662anticonvulsants, 671antihypertensive agents, 662–665antimicrobials, 667–671antineoplastic agents, 671cardiac medications, 662–665distribution and, 653–655elimination and, 657–659gout medications, 671hypoglycemic agents, 666–667loading dose, 659–660maintenance dose, 660–661metabolism and, 652, 655–657pharmacokinetics and, 650–659

GERD due to, 249, 252illegal couriers for, radiography of,

1094

Dukes classification, of colorectal cancer,9–10

Duodenal cytochrome b, in iron transport,392–394

Duodenal reflux, 247

Dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease in,983–984

Dyslipidemiasas stroke risk factor, in Hispanic

Americans, 746–748in chronic kidney disease, 591–594,

689–699as risk factor, 430–431cardiovascular disease and, 693definitions of, 690epidemiology of, 690–691pathogenesis of, 691–692progression and, 694transplantation and, 698treatment of, 500–501, 517–518,

694–697

Dyspepsia, differential diagnosis of, 255

Dysphagiadifferential diagnosis of, 255–256in esophageal cancer, 301in GERD, 249

Dysplasia, in Barrett’s esophagus, 295,302–303, 305

Dysrhythmias, cardiac. See Cardiacarrhythmias.

E

Ear, middle, cancer of. See Aerodigestivetract cancer.

Echinoderm envenomations, 1199–1200


Economic impact, of perceived poisoning,1363–1364

Ecstasy. See 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA).

Ecstasy-related compounds, abuse of,1259–1265

Edema, in snake envenomations, 1207, 1209

Elderly persons, minority, cancer in,869–894gender differences in, 871multiple primary malignant neoplasms

in, 886–890prevalence of, 883–885prostate, 872–882self-reported, 885–886

Electrocardiographyin acute coronary syndromes, 566in cocaine-associated chest pain, 1331in coronary heart disease, 991in poisoning, 1095–1100

Electrocautery, in colon polypectomy, 26

Electroconvulsive therapy, for neurolepticmalignant syndrome, 1287

Elimination, of drugsin chronic kidney disease, 657–659normal, 651

Emergency surgical care, for minorities,945–948

Emesis, induction of, in poisoning,1067–1068

EndoCinch system, for GERD prevention,266–267

Endometrial cancer, in African-Americanwomen, 940

Endoscopic ablative therapy, forgastrointestinal cancer, 180–181

Endoscopic mucosal resection, 159–186cap technique for, 161, 169chromoendoscopy before, 167circumferential incision in, 171–172classification of early cancers for, 162complications of, 172–173dissection in, 172for colorectal polyps and cancer,

26–28for esophageal neoplasia. See

Esophagus, cancer of, endoscopicmucosal resection of.

for gastric cancer. See Stomach, cancerof, endoscopic mucosal resectionof.

healing after, 173

history of, 161–162indications for, 159–160marking lesion margins for, 167preparation for, 167–168pretreatment staging for, 162–167principles of, 160–161snaring techniques for, 168–172specimen retrieval and preparation in,

173–174submucosal injection for, 167–168techniques for, 168–172variceal ligation with, 161, 169

Endoscopic ultrasonography, ingastrointestinal cancer, 139–158availability of, 149colorectal, 148–149esophageal, 143–145, 162–167for chemotherapy injection, 151–152for endoscopic mucosal resection,

162–167for radiation therapy guidance, 152for radiofrequency ablation guidance,

151for staging, 141, 162–167gastric, 145–146, 162–167high-intensity focused, 152, 165–167indications for, 141–143interventional, 150pancreatic, 146–148rectal, 148technique for, 139–141training for, 149–150with mediastinal lymphadenopathy,

149

Endoscopy. See also specific procedures, eg,Colonoscopy.in Barrett’s esophagus, 233, 274, 294,

302–304in GERD, 258–260, 266–268, 270–271videocapsule, in colorectal cancer,

30–31

Endothelial dysfunction, coronary heartdisease in, 987

Endothelinselevated, in African Americans, 925in hypertension, 530–531

End-stage renal diseaseanemia in, 550–553cardiovascular disease in, 427, 513,

552, 564, 589–590control of, 419–420definition of, 419diabetes mellitus in, 426, 594dyslipidemia in, 591–592economic burden of, 489, 511–513, 550epidemiology of, 419, 423–424,

475–476, 619


End-stage renal (continued )familial, 447–456homocysteine elevation in, 596–598hypertension in, 525–547

etiology of, 525–535gender differences in, 613,

619–622treatment of, 535–539

left ventricular hypertrophy in, 595mineral metabolism in, 600–601oxidative stress in, 528–529, 601–602physical inactivity in, 595–596progression to

control of, 489–509dyslipidemia and, 694gender differences in, 619–622mechanisms of, 490risk factors for, 425–437

racial factors in, 476–479smoking in, 594

Enoxaparindosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


573

Enteryx system, for GERD prevention,266–267

Envenomations, 1195–1224arachnid, 1213–1217marine, 1195–1204

invertebrate, 1195–1200vertebrate, 1200–1204

snake, 1204–1213, 1390–1391

Environment, concerns about, perceivedpoisoning in, 1363

Environmental factorsin colorectal cancer, 10, 12in diabetes mellitus, 953–954in health-related disparities, 721–738

genetic predisposition, 723–728in breast cancer, 756–758in sarcoidosis, 820–821obesity, 734. See also Obesity.research programs for, 730–734toxicant exposure, 728–730

in hypertension, 922–923

Environmental justice programs, 732–734

Ephedra, 1226–1230adverse effects of, 1229–1230components of, 1227–1228euphoric and stimulant effects of,

1228–1229legal status of, 1226origin of, 1226seizures due to, 1308–1309

street names for, 1228use of, 1226–1227

Ephedrine, stroke due to, 1352–1353

Ephedrine alkaloids, in ephedra, 1227–1228

Epidermal growth factor, in saliva, inantireflux mechanism, 231

Epidermal growth factor receptorinhibitors, for colorectal cancer, 1050

Epilepsy, versus drug-induced seizures, 1300

Epithelium, esophageal, restitution andreplication of, in reflux, 223

Eptifibatide, for acute coronary syndromes,578–579

Ergotism, serotonin syndrome and, 1280

Erosions, esophageal, in GERD, 230–231

Erythema nodosum, in sarcoidosis, 819

Erythropoietin, for anemia, in chronickidney disease, 502, 532, 553–554

Esophageal acid contact time, in GERD,225–227

Esophageal glands, dysfunction of, GERDin, 246

Esophagectomyfor Barrett’s esophagus, 303–304laparoscopic, 193–200versus endoscopic mucosal resection,

176

Esophagitiserosive, 248hemorrhagic, 275in GERD, 258, 275reflux. See Reflux esophagitis.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, in GERD,258–260, 270–271, 276

Esophagography, in GERD, 257–258,270–271, 276

EsophagusBarrett’s. See Barrett’s esophagus.cancer of. See also Aerodigestive tract

cancer.biological markers of, 300–301clinical presentation of, 249, 253,

298computed tomography in, 195endoscopic mucosal resection of,

174–177classification for, 162complications of, 172–173healing after, 173


history of, 161–162in early adenocarcinoma,

176–177in squamous cell carcinoma,

175–176preparation for, 167–168pretreatment staging for,

162–167snaring technique for,

168–172specimen retrieval and

preparation in,173–174

submucosal dissection in,172

endoscopic ultrasonography in,143–145

epidemiology of, 272, 299GERD in, 249incidence of, 295–296laparoscopic surgery for, 193–200metastasis from, 301pathogenesis of, 272–274,

307–310prevention of, 274, 301–304risk factors for, 272–273, 299–300staging of, 143–145, 162–167,

274–275, 301survival rate in, 293thoracoscopy in, 195–196TNM classification of, 162treatment of, 275

dysmotility of, GERD in, 246sphincters of

dysmotility of, in GERD,244–245

in antireflux mechanism, 220–221stricture of, in GERD, 231, 275–276submucosal gland secretions from, in

esophageal antireflux mechanism,222–225

Estrogensas protection against kidney disease,

619–620blood pressure effects of, 614–615for colorectal cancer prevention, 89metabolism of, ethnic differences in,

764–765

Ethanol ablation, for hepatocellularcarcinoma, 356–357, 401–402

Ethnic factors. See also Racial factors.in GERD, 250in health-related disparities. See

Minority health-relateddisparities.

Ethylene glycol poisoningantidote for, 1380–1381

bedside tests for, 1090–1092metabolic acidosis in, 1113, 1117osmol gap in, 1085–1088

Ethylene oxide, breast cancer and, 756

Eve (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine), abuse of,1262–1264

Excisional therapyfor brown recluse spider

envenomations, 1217for snake envenomations, 1209–1210

Exercisebreast cancer risk and, 761–762for diabetes mellitus, 962GERD in, 251lack of, in chronic kidney disease,

595–596

Eye disease. See Ophthalmologic disease.

F

False morel, seizures due to, 1308

Familial adenomatous polyposisas cancer risk factor, 12attenuated, 74cancer prevention in, 24–25cancer screening in, 62–67, 72–74differential diagnosis of, 19genetic factors in, 3–5, 72–74

Familial factors, in chronic kidney disease,427–430, 447–456progression genes, 451–452racial factors and, 478screening programs for, 452–453surrogate markers, 449–450susceptibility genes, 450–451

Fang marks, in snake envenomations,1206

Fasciotomy, for snake envenomations,1210–1211

Fatalism, in diabetes mellitus management,968

Fatty liver disease, hepatocellularcarcinoma in, 376

Fear, of poisoning, 1362–1364

Fecal occult blood testing, in coloniclesions, 16–17, 113in average-risk persons, 45–49, 51–52in high-risk persons, 68

Fentanyl patches and lollipops, abuse of,1271–1273


Ferric chloride test, for poisoning,1089–1090

Ferric hexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue), forthallium poisoning, 1309, 1392–1393

Ferroportin 1, in iron transport, inhemochromatosis, 393–394

Fetus, carbon monoxide poisoning in,1167

Fiber, dietary, for colorectal cancerprevention, 24

Fibrates, for hypertriglyceridemia, inchronic kidney disease, 694–695

Fibrillin defects, systemic sclerosis in, 846

Fibrinogen, elevated, coronary heart diseasein, 985

Fibrinolysis, in snake envenomations,1207

Fibromyalgia, in minorities, 853

Fiddleback (brown recluse) spiderenvenomations, 1213–1216

Flavonoids, in St. John’s wort, 1232, 1235

Fluid therapy, for snake envenomations,1211

Flumazenil, seizures due to, 1305

Fluorescence spectroscopy, in Barrett’sesophagus, 305

Fluorescence test, urine, for ethylene glycolpoisoning, 1090–1092

Fluoroquinolones, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 669–670

5-Fluorouracil, for colorectal cancer, 94,97–100, 1046–1052

Fomepizole, for alcohol poisoning,1380–1381

Fosinopril, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 662

Framingham coronary risk equation, inchronic kidney disease, 588–589

Fuller’s earth, for poisoning, 1075

Fundoplicationfor Barrett’s esophagus, 301, 304for GERD, 268

G

Gamma-aminobutyric aciddeficiency of, seizures in, 1298

poisoning from, physostigmine for,1389

seizures due to, 1303

Gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists, forGERD, 265

Gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibitors, St.John’s wort as, 1236

Gastric acid, in GERD pathogenesis, 220

Gastric contentspH of, in chronic kidney disease, drug

bioavailability and, 652reflux of. See Gastroesophageal reflux

disease (GERD).

Gastric emptying, delayed, GERD in, 246

Gastric lavage, for poisoning, 1068–1071

Gastrinomaendoscopic ultrasonography in,

147–148GERD in, 254

Gastritis, Helicobacter pylori. SeeHelicobacter pylori infections.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),219–241, 243–291antireflux mechanisms in, 225–228

versus normal esophagealdefenses, 220–225

Barrett’s esophagus in, 297–299classification of, 219, 244clinical presentation of, 249complications of, 231–236, 272–276definition of, 219, 244diagnosis of, 256–264differential diagnosis of, 253, 255–256epidemiology of, 243, 248–251, 293erosions in, 230–231extraesophageal manifestations of,

268–269heartburn in, 228–230Helicobacter pylori infection and,

271–272in pregnancy, 254, 269–271laboratory tests for, 253medical conditions associated with,

254–255medications exacerbating, 249, 252pathogenesis of, 244–248, 252,

254–255postoperative, 255refluxate potency in, 219–220risk factors for, 248–251terminology of, 244treatment of

algorithm for, 256–257empiric, for diagnosis, 256


endoscopic, 266–268medical, 264–266surgical, 268

types of, 219, 244

Gastrointestinal cancercolorectal. See Colorectal cancer.endoscopic mucosal resection in,

159–186endoscopic ultrasound in, 139–158esophageal. See Esophagus, cancer of.gastric. See Stomach, cancer of.laparoscopic surgery for, 187–209liver. See Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Gastrointestinal decontamination, forpoisoning, 1067–1078activated charcoal in, 1071–1074cholestyramine in, 1075emesis in, 1067–1068for seizure control, 1313gastric lavage in, 1068–1071magnesium hydroxide in, 1074–1075principles of, 1067sodium polystyrene sulfate in, 1075whole bowel irrigation in, 1075–1076

Gastrostomy, GERD in, 254

Gaviscon, for GERD, 265

Gemfibrozil, for hypertriglyceridemia, inchronic kidney disease, 695

Gender differencesin blood pressure, 613–616in cancer

colorectal, 774in elderly persons, 871

in chronic kidney diseaseend-stage, 621–622epidemiology, 618–619in transplantation, 622–624progression, 619–621

in GERD, 248, 250in hypertension

hormone replacement therapyand, 616–617

normal blood pressure and,613–616

oral contraceptives and, 616treatment efficacy and, 617–618

in kidney structure and function, 618in Q–T prolongation, 1136

General anesthesia, malignant hyperthermiain, 1288–1289

Genetic factorsin Barrett’s esophagus, 297in chronic kidney disease, 427–430

progression, 451–452surrogate markers, 449–450

susceptibility, 450–451in colorectal cancer. See Colorectal

cancer, genetic factors in.in diabetes mellitus, 952, 956in familial adenomatous polyposis,

3–5, 72–74in health disparities, 723–728in hemochromatosis, 391–392,

394–396in hepatocellular carcinoma, 380–384in hereditary nonpolyposis colon

cancer, 3–5in hypertension, 922–923in malignant hyperthermia, 1288–1289in osteoporosis, 842in Q–T prolongation, 1127–1128,

1130, 1134–1135in sarcoidosis, 820in systemic lupus erythematosus, 839in systemic sclerosis, 844–846

Genetic trash can hypothesis, diabetesmellitus and, 953

Geographic factors, in chronic kidneydisease, 435–436, 706

GERD. See Gastroesophageal refluxdisease (GERD).

Giant cell arteritis, in minorities, 852

Glaucoma, in minorities, 798–801

Gleason score, for prostate cancer, 806

Glimipride, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Glipizide, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Global Use of Strategies To Open(GUSTO) occluded coronary arteriestrial, chronic kidney disease and, 567,578

Glomerular filtration rate, 457–473determinants of, 457–458drug elimination and, 657–659factors affecting, 459gender differences in, 618in chronic kidney disease

classification based on, 702–703genetic factors in, 450

measurement ofclinical applications of, 471–472creatinine in, 463–470cystatin C in, 470exogenous markers in, 460ideal marker for, 460importance of, 457serum levels in, 461–462urea excretion in, 462–463urinary clearance in, 458–461

normal range for, 458


Glomerulonephritis, idiopathicmembranous, gender differences in,621

Glomerulosclerosis, in cardiovasculardisease, 427

Glucagonas drug antidote, 1381–1383for virtual colonoscopy, 118

Glucoseadministration of, for sulfonylurea-

induced hypoglycemia,1386

monitoring of, in diabetes mellitus,962

Glutamate, excess of, seizures in, 1299

Glutathione, in acetaminophen metabolism,1146–1147

Glutathione-S- transferases,polymorphisms of, environmentalexposure response and, 725–726

Glyburidedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


Glycine, deficiency of, seizures in, 1299

Glycoprotein(s), St. John’s wortinteractions with, 1238–1239

Glycoprotein IIb-IIIA inhibitors, for acutecoronary syndromes, 570–571,577–579

Goutdrugs for, dosing of, in chronic kidney

disease, 671in minorities, 850–852

Graba (khat), 1265–1268

Granulomas, in sarcoidosis, 818

Guaiac tests, in colorectal cancer screening,45–49

Guanyly cyclase, carbon monoxide bindingto, 1164

Gulf War syndrome, 1363

Gyromitra esculenta (false morel), seizuresdue to, 1308

H

Hallucinogens, newecstasy-related, 1259–1265khat, 1265–1268salvia, 1268–1269

Haloperidol, neuroleptic malignantsyndrome due to, 1286

Halothane, malignant hyperthermia due to,1288–1289

Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery,192–193

Headache, in carbon monoxide poisoning,1165

Healing, after endoscopic submucosalresection, 173

Health care accessfor breast cancer, 758–760for diabetes mellitus, 970for emergency surgical care, 947for HIV infection, 900–901for sarcoidosis, 821

Healthism, perceived poisoning and,1362

‘‘Healthy migrant’’ effect, in HispanicAmericans, 748

Healthy People 2010, on chronic kidneydisease, 421

Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluationstudy, in chronic kidney disease, 590

Heartburnin GERD, 228–230, 248–249in pregnancy, 269–271

Heavy metal exposure, seizures in, 1309

Helicobacter pylori infections, 313–344BabA toxin in, 321Barrett’s esophagus and, 298CagA toxin in, 320, 331–332cancer surveillance in, 334–335discovery of, 316epidemiology of, 313–318eradication of, 332–333gastric carcinoma and, 323–335gastric lymphoma and, 335–337GERD in, 247–248, 271–272natural history of, 321–322organism taxonomy and morphology

in, 318–321pathophysiology of, 327–328persistent, 334screening for, 333transmission of, 318treatment of, 322–323VacA toxin in, 320

Hemagglutination test, in colorectal cancerscreening, 50

Hemoccult test, in colorectal cancerscreening, 45–49


Hemochromatosis, 391–409clinical features of, 394–395diagnosis of, 395hepatocellular carcinoma in

clinical features of, 397–398diagnosis of, 399–401epidemiology of, 397natural history of, 397–398pathogenesis of, 398–399prevention of, 402–403risk factors for, 397screening for, 399–401treatment of, 401–402

HFE gene and protein in, 391–392,394–396

pathophysiology of, 392–394screening for, 396secondary, 396–397treatment of, 395–396

Hemodialysisanemia in, 552–553cardiovascular disease in, 564, 587, 595diabetes mellitus in, 594dyslipidemias in, 591–592fomepizole administration during,

1381for metabolic acidosis, in poisoning,

1119gender differences in, 619, 622hyperhomocysteinemia in, 596–598hypertension in, 589–590in African Americans, 1006mineral metabolic disorders in, 600mortality in

cardiovascular disease and, 564,587

cholesterol levels and, 693racial factors in, 484

oxidative stress in, 601physical inactivity in, 595–596smoking habits in, 594

Hemoglobin, carbon monoxide binding to,1162–1163, 1166–1167, 1169–1170

Hemorrhage, intracranialin alcohol abuse, 1344–1345in amphetamine use, 1352–1353in cocaine use, 1348–1349

Hemorrhagic esophagitis, in GERD, 275

Hemorrhagic toxins, in snake venom,1205

Heparindosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

661–662for acute coronary syndromes, 565,

570–573, 578for cocaine-associated chest pain, 1333

Hepatectomy, for hepatocellular carcinoma,352–353, 401

Hepatitis Bcarrier state of, 383diagnosis of, 373hepatocellular carcinoma in,

345–369, 371–389clinical presentation of, 345–346diagnosis of, 346–347epidemiology of, 376–379in immigrants, 378natural history of, 382–384pathogenesis of, 380–382prevention of, 350–352treatment of, 352–364viral diagnosis in, 372–373without cirrhosis, 383

in minorities, 945seroconversion in, 383transmission of, 377–378, 383treatment of, 351–352vaccines for, 350virology of, 372–373

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),hepatocellular carcinoma and, 373,377–378, 382–383

Hepatitis Cdiagnosis of, 375hepatocellular carcinoma in,

345–369, 371–389clinical presentation of, 345–346diagnosis of, 346–347epidemiology of, 376, 379–380natural history of, 384–385pathogenesis of, 380–382prevention of, 350–352treatment of, 352–364viral diagnosis in, 373–375

immune response in, 384–385in minorities, 945transmission of, 379–380treatment of, 350–351virology of, 373–374

Hepatocellular carcinoma, 345–369, 371–389clinical presentation of, 345–346,

397–398diagnosis of, 346–347, 399–401epidemiology of, 375–377

hemochromatosis and, 397hepatitis B and, 377–379hepatitis C and, 379–380

genetic factors in, 380–384hemochromatosis and, 391–409in hepatitis B. See Hepatitis B,

hepatocellular carcinoma in.in hepatitis C. See Hepatitis C,

hepatocellular carcinoma in.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (continued )metastasis from, 352natural history of, in

hemochromatosis, 397–398pathogenesis of

hemochromatosis and, 398–399hepatitis B and, 380–382hepatitis C and, 380–382

prevention of, 350–352, 402–403risk factors for, 375–376, 378–379, 397.

See also Hepatitis B,hepatocellular carcinoma in.

screening for, 347–350, 399–401treatment of, 352–364, 401–402

Hepcidin, in iron transport, inhemochromatosis, 393–394

Herbal Ecstasy, 1228

Herbal products. See also Ephedra; St.John’s wort.seizures due to, 1308–1309

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon canceras cancer risk factor, 13genetic factors in, 3–5screening guidelines for, 62–67, 70–72

HERG gene, in Q–T prolongation, 1128

Hernia, hiatalBarrett’s esophagus and, 298GERD and, 246, 254, 260

Heroin, seizures due to, 1302

Hetzel classification, for esophagitis, 258

HFE gene and protein, in hemochromatosis,391–392, 394–396

Hiatal herniaBarrett’s esophagus and, 298GERD and, 246, 254, 260

Hiccups, GERD and, 254

Highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART), for HIV infection, inminorities, 899–903

Hill’s criteria, for chemical exposurecausation, 1367

Hip, osteoarthritis of, in minorities, 833–838

Hirudin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 661–662

Hirulog and Early Reperfusion orOcclusion-2 study, 573

Hispanic Americansaerodigestive tract cancer in, 1037,

1039–1040breast cancer in

epidemiology of, 754multilevel model of, 758–762


environmental toxicant exposure of,729

health status of, 722HIV infection in

epidemiology of, 896–899treatment of, 900–901, 907–908

ophthalmologic disease in, 796–800osteoporosis in, 842–844prostate cancer in, 810, 873–874rheumatic diseases in, 831

disability in, 854–855genetic factors in, 832gout, 851health care access and, 832immigration patterns and, 830osteoarthritis, 836–838seronegative

spondyloarthropathies, 850systemic lupus erythematosus,

838–841systemic sclerosis, 844–846vasculitis, 852

stroke in, 746–749

Histamine, seizures due to, 1300

Histamine2-receptor blockers, for GERD,264–265

HIV infection. See Humanimmunodeficiency virus infection.

HLAs. See Human leukocyte antigens.

hMLH gene mutations, in colon cancer,3–4, 70–72

hMSH gene mutations, in colon cancer, 3–4,70–72

Homocysteine, elevation of, in chronickidney disease, 596–598

Hormone(s), in environment, breast cancerand, 757

Hormone replacement therapyblood pressure effects of, 616–617breast cancer risk and, 761for colorectal cancer prevention,

88–89

hPMS gene mutations, in colon cancer, 3

Human immunodeficiency virus infectionantiretroviral therapy for, metabolic

acidosis due to, 1114chronic kidney disease in, 478–479in minorities, 895–912, 945

access to care in, 900–901


adherence to treatment in,901–903

clinical research on, 903–908epidemiology of, 896–899prevention of, 905–906transmission of, 897–899,

905–906treatment of, 899–903vaccine trials for, 907–908

Human leukocyte antigensin rheumatoid arthritis, 847–848in sarcoidosis, 820in seronegative spondyloarthropathies,

850in systemic lupus erythematosus, 839in systemic sclerosis, 844–846

Hydrochloric acid, poisoning from,metabolic acidosis in, 1114

Hydrogel prosthesis, for GERD, 266–267

Hydrogen sulfide poisoning, antidotes for,1119

Hydroid envenomations, 1196

Hydroxocobalamin, for cyanide poisoning,1383–1386

Hydroxychloroquine, for sarcoidosis, 823

Hydrozoa envenomations, 1196

Hyperbaric oxygen therapyfor brown recluse spider

envenomations, 1217–1218for carbon monoxide poisoning,

1173–1182

Hyperchlorhydria, GERD in, 247

Hypercholesterolemiacoronary heart disease in, 983in chronic kidney disease, 591–594

epidemiology of, 690–691pathogenesis of, 691–692treatment of, 500–501, 695–697

Hyperforin, in St. John’s wort, 1232–1236,1238

Hypergastrinemia, in Barrett’s esophagus,233–234

Hyperhomocysteinemia, in chronic kidneydisease, 596–598

Hypericum perforatum. See St. John’s wort.

Hyperkalemiafrom angiotensin-receptor blockers,

496–497from diuretics, in chronic kidney

disease, 663–664

Hyperlipidemia. See Dyslipidemias.

Hyperparathyroidism, in chronic kidneydisease, 639–641

Hyperphosphatemia, in chronic kidneydisease, 640–641, 644

Hypertensionalcohol use and, 1347in African Americans, 921–933

as stroke risk factor, 741–742coronary heart disease in,

980–981epidemiology of, 922–923pathophysiology of, 923–926psychosocial issues in,

926–927renal transplantation and,

1005–1006, 1013–1014salt-sensitive, 924treatment of, 927–930

in chronic kidney disease,525–547, 589–591epidemiology of, 425–426, 525etiology of, 525–535gender differences in, 613–630genetic factors in, 451–452hormone replacement therapy

and, 616–617oral contraceptives and, 616racial factors and, 476–477treatment of, 497–498, 515–516,

535–539drug dosing in, 662–664gender considerations in,

617–618

Hypertension Genetic EpidemiologyNetwork study, 449–450

Hyperthermic syndromes, toxin-induced,1277–1296malignant hyperthermia,

1288–1289neuroleptic malignant, 1285–1288serotonin and sympathomimetic,

1279–1285versus normal thermogenesis,

1277–1279

Hypertriglyceridemiacoronary heart disease in, 984in chronic kidney disease, 694–695,

697

Hyperuricemia, in minorities, 850–852

Hypocalcemia, in chronic kidney disease,640

Hypochlorhydria, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 335


Hypoglycemiain diabetes mellitus management, 967sulfonylurea-induced, antidote for,

1386–1388

Hypoglycemic agentsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

666–667for diabetes mellitus, 963–966

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisactivation of, in malignant

hyperthermia, 1288–1289St. John’s wort effects on, 1236

Hypothalamus, in body temperatureregulation, 1277–1279, 1282–1283

Hypothyroidism, GERD in, 254

Hypoxia, in carbon monoxide poisoning,1162–1163, 1170

Hysteria, in perceived poisoning, 1360–1361

I

I1307 mutations, in APC gene, in coloncancer, 74–75

Ibutilide, Q–T prolongation due to, 1131,1133

Ice. See Methamphetamine.

Idiopathic environmental intolerance, 1363

Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis,gender differences in, 621

Imipenem, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 670–671

Immunochemical tests, in colorectal cancerscreening, 49–50

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy, genderdifferences in, 621

Immunosuppressive drugs, for kidneytransplantation, 1016–1017, 1021–1022

Impedance monitoring, multichannel, inGERD, 263

Implants, breast, perceived poisoning from,1362

Indigo carmine, for chromoendoscopy, ingastrointestinal cancer, 167

Infections, sarcoidosis in, 818

Infertility, in African-American women,935–937

Inflammationin Barrett’s esophagus, 233–234

in Helicobacter pylori infections,321–322

in snake envenomations, 1205response to, allelic variants of,

726–727St. John’s wort for, 1237

Inflammatory bowel disease, colorectalcancer in, 13, 62–67, 77–78

Inflammatory markers, coronary heartdisease in, 985

Injection, of inert materials, for GERD,266–267

Insulindosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

667replacement of, for diabetes mellitus,

966–967resistance to

as stroke risk factor, in HispanicAmericans, 746–748

in diabetes mellitus, 954–956in metabolic syndrome, 954

Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study,955

Insulin secretagogues, for diabetes mellitus,963–964

Insulin-like growth factor II receptor,defects of, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 381

Insulinoma, endoscopic ultrasonography in,147–148

Interferon(s)for hepatitis B, 351for hepatitis C, 350–351

Interferon-a, for hepatocellular carcinoma,361

Interleukin-6, in depression, 1235–1236

Intestinal metaplasiain Barrett’s esophagus, 294–295in Helicobacter pylori infections, 321,

327–330, 334–335

Intracranial hemorrhagein alcohol abuse, 1344–1345in amphetamine use, 1352–1353in cocaine use, 1348–1349

Inulin clearance, 460

Ipecac, syrup of, for poisoning,1067–1068

Irbesartan, for chronic kidney disease,493–494


Irinotecan, for colorectal cancer, 94–95,100–101, 1046–1049, 1051–1052

Iron overload. See Hemochromatosis.

Iron poisoningmagnesium hydroxide for,

1074–1075metabolic acidosis in, 1115–1116radiography in, 1093

Irrigation, whole bowel, for poisoning,1075–1076

Ischemic heart disease, in chronic kidneydisease, 515

Islet cell tumors, laparoscopic surgery for,204–205

Isoniazid poisoningantidotes for, 1119metabolic acidosis in, 1116–1117seizures in, 1309–1310

Isopropanol poisoning, osmol gap in,1085–1088

Isoproterenol, for drug-induced torsades depointes, 1137

J

Jellyfish envenomations, 1196–1199

Johnson County Osteoarthritis Project, onminority variations, 834

Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection, Evaluation, and Treatmentof High Blood Pressure, in chronickidney disease, 426, 535–536, 538, 591

Juvenile polyposisas cancer risk factor, 13cancer screening guidelines in,

76–77

K

Kawasaki disease, in minorities, 852–853

Ketamine, for seizures, PCP-induced, 1304

Ketoacidosisdiabetic, in minorities, 957–958in poisoning, 1116–1117

Khat, 1265–1268

Kidneycalcitriol production in, 639calcium transport in, 637–638chronic disease of. See Chronic kidney

disease; End-stage renal disease.drug metabolism in, 657

dysfunction of, in poisoning,1117–1118

function ofgender differences in, 618measurement of, 457–473. See

also Glomerular filtrationrate.importance of, 457

phosphate transport in, 643–644transplantation of. See Kidney

transplantation.

Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiativeclassification of, 702–703definitions of, 702on anemia, 552–553on dyslipidemias, 593, 690, 694, 697on glomerular filtration rate, 701on hypertension, 591on minority treatments, 435

Kidney Early Evaluation Program,452–453, 481–482

Kidney transplantationdyslipidemias in, 692–693, 698gender differences in, 622–624goals for, 421in African Americans, 1003–1031

barriers to, 1006–1012candidates for, 1004–1006outcomes of, 1012–1022

drug absorption and,1016–1017

hypertension and,1013–1014

immunologic factors in,1017–1022

socioeconomic status and,1014–1016

remedies for disparities in,1022–1025

racial disparities in, 484–485

Kindling, in seizures, 1298

Knee, osteoarthritis of, in minorities, 833,835–838

K-ras gene mutations, in colon cancer,7–8

L

Labetalol, for cocaine-associated chest pain,1333–1334

Lactic acid syndrome, from antiretroviraldrugs, 1114

Lactic acidosis, in poisoning, 1116

Lamivudine, for hepatitis B, 351–352


Laparoscopic surgery, for gastrointestinalcancerbenefits of, 189–190colorectal, 201–203equipment for, 189esophageal, 193–200future of, 192–193gastric, 200hand-assisted, 192–193hepatic, 203–204history of, 187–188pancreatic, 204–205port site metastasis in, 191principles of, 188–189risks of, 190–191small intestinal, 200–201techniques for, 189training for, 191–192

Laryngitis, in GERD, 269

Larynx, cancer of. See Aerodigestive tractcancer.

Laser photoablation, for gastrointestinalcancer, 181

Latinos. See Hispanic Americans.

Latrodectus (black widow spider)envenomations, 1216–1217

Lavage, gastric, for poisoning,1068–1071

L-dopa, serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

Lead poisoninghypertension due to, 532–533seizures due to, 1309

Left ventricular hypertrophy, in chronickidney disease, 514–515, 552, 595

Legal E and Legal X drugs of abuse,1264–1265

Leucovorin, for colorectal cancer,1046–1052

Levofloxacin, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 323

Liddle syndrome, hypertension in, 924

Lidocaine, seizures due to, 1311

Life expectancy, variation of, amongminorities, 722

Lifestyle modificationsfor coronary heart disease, 992for diabetes mellitus, 962for GERD, 264, 271for hypertension, 539, 617, 926–927in perceived poisoning, 1362

Light scattering spectroscopy, in Barrett’sesophagus, 305

Lindane, seizures due to, 1311

Lionfish envenomations, 1202–1203

Lipoprotein(a), elevated, coronary heartdisease in, 984

Lipoprotein(s), disorders of. SeeDyslipidemias.

Lipoprotein lipase, reduced, in chronickidney disease, 692

Lithiumseizures due to, 1307serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

Liver. See also Cirrhosis; Hepatitis B;Hepatitis C.acetaminophen toxicity to, 1145–1148biopsy of

in hemochromatosis, 395in hepatocellular carcinoma,

347carcinoma of. See Hepatocellular

carcinoma.herbal products toxic to, 1230resection of, for hepatocellular

carcinoma, 401transplantation of, in hepatocellular

carcinoma, 353–356, 401tumors of, laparoscopic surgery for,

203–204

Loading doses, in chronic kidney disease,659–660

Local anesthetics, seizures due to, 1311

Lofgren’s syndrome, in sarcoidosis, 819,822

Lorazepamfor cocaine-associated chest pain, 1333for drug-induced seizures, 1312

Losartan, for chronic kidney disease,494–495

Loss of heterozygosityin colon cancer, 7in hepatocellular carcinoma, 382

Love drug (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine), abuse of,1262–1264

Loxoscelidae envenomations, 1213–1216

Loxoscelism, in brown recluse spiderenvenomations, 1215

Lugol’s solution, for chromoendoscopy, ingastrointestinal cancer, 167


Luminal clearance mechanisms, inesophageal antireflux mechanism,221–225, 227

Lung, sarcoidosis of, 819, 822–823

Lupus in Minority Populations: Natureversus Nurture (LUMINA) study, 832,840–841

Lymph nodes, evaluation of, ingastrointestinal cancer, endoscopicultrasonography in, 142–143, 165

Lymphadenopathyin sarcoidosis, 819, 822in snake envenomations, 1205mediastinal, endoscopic

ultrasonography in, 149

Lymphoma, gastricendoscopic ultrasonography in, 146Helicobacter pylori infections and,

335–337

Lynch syndrome. See Hereditarynonpolyposis colon cancer.

Lysine acetylsalicylate, for colorectal cancerprevention, 88

M

Ma huang. See Ephedra.

Macrophages, in sarcoidosis, 818

Macular degeneration, age-related, inminorities, 797

MADGAS mnemonic, for elevated osmolgap, 1111, 1113

Magic mushroom (psilocybin), abuse of,1260–1262

Magnesium, for drug-induced torsades depointes, 1137

Magnesium hydroxide, in poisoning,1074–1075

Magnetic resonance imagingin colorectal cancer, 22in hepatocellular carcinoma, 346–348,

400, 402

Maintenance doses, in chronic kidneydisease, 660–661

Major histocompatibility complex, inAfrican Americans, 1018–1019

Mammography, access to, in minorities,758

Mangiferin, in St. John’s wort, 1232

Manometry, esophageal, in GERD,263–264

Marine envenomations, 1195–1204Anthozoa, 1199catfish, 1203–1204echinoderm, 1199–1200Hydrozoa, 1196Scorpaenidae, 1202–1203Scyphozoa, 1196–1199stingray, 1200–1202

Mass hysteria, in perceived poisoning,1360–1361

MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine), abuse of,1262–1264

MDMA. See 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA).

Meckel’s diverticulum, laparoscopicsurgery for, 201

Mediastinum, lymphadenopathy of,endoscopic ultrasonography in,149

Mental status alterationsin neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

1285in serotonin syndrome, 1280

Meperidinedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

666GERD due to, 252seizures due to, 1308serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

Mescaline, abuse of, 1262

Metabolic acidosisdefinition of, 1107in poisoning, 1107–1124

approach to, 1107–1109decreased anion gap, 1112increased anion gap, 1088,

1108–1112laboratory tests in, 1108–1109mechanisms of, 1112–1118toxicants associated with,

1109–1112treatment of, 1118–1119

Metabolic syndromecoronary heart disease in, 981–982diabetes mellitus risk in, 951, 954

Metabolism, of drugs, in chronic kidneydisease, 652, 655–657

Metaclopramide, neuroleptic malignantsyndrome due to, 1286


Metastasisfrom colorectal cancer, 10

computed tomography in, 21magnetic resonance imaging in,

22treatment of, 99–101

from esophageal cancer, 175, 301from gastric cancer, 178from hepatocellular carcinoma, 352to laparoscopic port sites, 191

Metformindosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

667for diabetes mellitus, 964–966poisoning from, metabolic acidosis in,

1115

Methamphetaminecardiovascular disease due to,

1353–1354serotonin syndrome due to, 1282stroke due to, 1352–1353

Methanol poisoningantidote for, 1380–1381metabolic acidosis in, 1113,

1115–1116osmol gap in, 1085–1088

Methotrexatedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

671for sarcoidosis, 823

5-Methoxy-N,N-alpha-methyltryptamine,abuse of, 1260–1262

5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine,abuse of, 1260–1262

5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, abuseof, 1260–1262

Methylation, DNA, in colon cancer, 7, 9

Methyldopa, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine(MDEA), abuse of, 1262–1264

3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine(MDMA)abuse of, 1262–1265cardiovascular disease due to, 1354mechanism of action of, 1352new compounds related to, 1259–1265seizures due to, 1302–1303serotonin syndrome due to,

1282–1284stroke due to, 1353

Methylprednisolone, for neurolepticmalignant syndrome, 1287

Methylxanthine poisoning, seizures in,1310–1311

Metoclopramide, for GERD, 265

Metronidazole, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 322–323

Mexican Americans. See HispanicAmericans.

Microalbuminuria Reduction withValsartan Trial, 494

Microsatellite instabilityin colorectal cancer, 775in gastric cancer, 329

Midazolam, for alcohol withdrawal,1304–1305

Middle Passage theory, of blood pressure,922

Miglitol, for diabetes mellitus, 963–964

Minority health-related disparitiesenvironmental factors in,

721–738, 820–821in aerodigestive tract cancer,

1033–1043in breast cancer, 753–770in cancer, in elderly persons,

869–894in colorectal cancer, 1045–1057in colorectal cancer outcomes,

771–793in coronary heart disease, 977–1001in diabetes mellitus, 949–975in emergency surgical care, 945–948in HIV infection, 895–912in hypertension, 921–933in kidney transplantation, 1003–1031in ophthalmologic disease, 795–804in prostate cancer. See Prostate cancer,

in minorities.in rheumatic disease, 829–868in sarcoidosis, 817–828in stroke epidemiology, 739–752in women’s reproductive health,

935–943

Miraa (khat), 1265–1268

Mismatch repair gene mutations, in coloncancer, 7–9

Mitochondrial poisons, metabolic acidosisdue to, 1115–1116

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD) score, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 349, 354–356

Modification of Diet in Renal Diseasestudy, 497–499


Molly(1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine),abuse of, 1264–1265

Morphinedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


568–569for cocaine-associated chest pain,

1334

Mortalityin aerodigestive tract cancer,

1033–1034, 1040–1041in alcohol use, 1346–1347in breast cancer, 754, 758–760in carbon monoxide poisoning, 1161in cocaine-associated chest pain,

1335–1337in colorectal cancer, 771–772, 778–789,

1045–1046in coronary heart disease, 979in envenomations, jellyfish,

1197–1198in ephedra use, 1229in HIV infection, 899–900in hypertension, 921in ovarian cancer, 939–940in phenylethylamine abuse, 1264in pregnancy, 937in prostate cancer, 808in Q–T prolongation, 1128–1130in serotonin syndrome, 1280–1281in stroke


in systemic lupus erythematosus, 841in systemic sclerosis, 845–846

Motility disorders, in Barrett’s esophaguspathogenesis, 298

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissuelymphoma, Helicobacter pylori and,335–337

Mucosal resection, endoscopic. SeeEndoscopic mucosal resection.

MUDILES mnemonic, for increased aniongap, 1088

MUDPILES mnemonic, for increasedanion gap, 1109

Multiarray assay, for colorectal cancer,28–29

Multichannel impedance monitoring, inGERD, 263

Multidrug resistant gene, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 360–361

Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome,1363

Multiple primary malignant neoplasms, inelderly minorities, 886–890

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, forkidney disease, 435

Muscle cramps, in black widow spiderenvenomations, 1217

Muscle relaxants, malignant hyperthermiadue to, 1288–1289

Muscle rigidity, in neuroleptic malignantsyndrome, 1285–1286

Mushroomspsilocybin in, 1260–1262seizures due to, 1308

Mutation analysis, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 400–401

Mycophenolate mofetil, for kidneytransplantation, 1021

MYH gene mutations, in attenuated familialadenomatous polyposis, 74

Myocardial demand, cocaine effects on,1327

Myocardial infarctioncocaine-induced, 1349–1350

diagnosis of, 1330–1332disposition of, 1338morbidity and mortality in,

1336pathogenesis of, 1324–1326prognosis for, 1336–1337treatment of, 1334–1335

ephedra-induced, 1229in African Americans, 987–991in chronic kidney disease, 515

diagnosis of, 564–568treatment of. See Acute coronary

syndromes, in chronickidney disease, treatmentof.

Myocardial perfusion scan, in cocaine-associated chest pain, 1332

Myoglobin, carbon monoxide binding to,1164

Myokymia, in snake envenomations, 1208

Myopia, in minorities, 796, 800

N

Nadolol, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663


Narcoticsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

666seizures due to, 1307–1308

Nasogastric intubationfor gastric lavage, 1068–1071GERD in, 254

Nateglinide, for diabetes mellitus, 963–964

National Academy of ClinicalBiochemistry, toxicology testingguidelines of, 1079–1080

National Center on Minority Health andHealth Disparities, 831, 856–857

National Cholesterol Education Program,guidelines of, 693

National Health and NutritionExamination Survey (NHANES)on chronic kidney disease

anemia, 551cardiovascular risks, 512, 563epidemiology, 423–425gender differences in, 613–614racial considerations, 423–424,

433–434, 476–483on osteoarthritis in minorities,

833–836

National Institute of Environmental HealthSciences, on minority environmentalexposures, 724, 729–734

National Kidney Foundationchronic kidney disease criteria of, 458Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative

guidelines ofon anemia, 552on dyslipidemia, 593

disease classification of, 422dyslipidemia guidelines of, 593, 694,

697guidelines of, 421on cardiovascular disease, 590

National Surgical Adjuvant Breast andBowel Project, 759–760

Native Americansaerodigestive tract cancer in, 1038breast cancer in

epidemiology of, 754multilevel model of, 758–759


health status of, 722HIV infection in, 897–899osteoporosis in, 843rheumatic diseases in

genetic factors in, 832

immigration patterns and, 830osteoarthritis, 836rheumatoid arthritis, 847seronegative

spondyloarthropathies,849–850

systemic lupus erythematosus,839

systemic sclerosis, 843–844,846

Nausea and vomiting, differential diagnosisof, 256

ND Surgical Plicator, for GERDprevention, 266–267

Necrosisin brown recluse spider

envenomations, 1214–1215in snake envenomations, 1205, 1207

Nematocystsof jellyfish, 1197–1198of sea anemones, 1199

Nephropathychronic. See Chronic kidney disease.in diabetes mellitus, in minorities,

950

Nephrotic syndrome, dyslipidemias in,691–692

NERD. See Nonerosive reflux disease(NERD).

Neuroendocrine tumors, of pancreas,endoscopic ultrasonography in,147–148

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome,1285–1288

Neurologic disordersephedra-induced, 1229–1230GERD in, 254in black widow spider envenomations,

1217in carbon monoxide poisoning,

1165, 1167–1168, 1171–1173in neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

1285–1286

Neurolysis, celiac plexus, endoscopicultrasonography guidance in, 150

Neuromuscular toxicity, in snakeenvenomations, 1208

Neuropsychometric tests, in carbonmonoxide poisoning, 1171–1173

Neurotransmitters. See also specificneurotransmitters, eg, Norepinephrine.in seizures, 1298–1299


Neutrophils, in Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 321

Nicotinic acid, for hypertriglyceridemia, inchronic kidney disease, 694–695

Nissen fundoplication, for GERD, 268

Nitratesfor cocaine-associated chest pain,

1333GERD due to, 252

Nitric oxidehypertension and, 528–529, 620,

925–926in carbon monoxide poisoning,

1164–1165

Nitric oxide synthase, in hypertension,528–529

Nitrofurantoin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 670

Nitroglycerin, for cocaine-associated chestpain, 1333

Nitroprusside, cyanide poisoning due to,1385

Nitrosation, gastric cancer and,331–332

Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD)definition of, 219erosions in, 230–231esophageal defenses in,

225–227heartburn in, 228–230

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

665–666for colorectal cancer prevention,

24–25, 89–90GERD due to, 252hypertension due to, 533

Norepinephrineexcess of, seizures in, 1299in body temperature regulation,

1278–1279, 1283in hypertension, 530

Norpseudoephedrine, in khat,1267

Nose, cancer of. See Aerodigestive tractcancer.

Nutritioncolorectal cancer and, 776for hepatocellular carcinoma

prevention, 352for stroke prevention, 746

O

Obesitybreast cancer risk in, 761–762colorectal cancer risk in, 775–776coronary heart disease in, 982–983,

994diabetes mellitus in, 954environmental factors in, 734GERD in, 248, 251hypertension in, 924in chronic kidney disease, 432–433,

478, 503osteoarthritis in, 833prostate cancer risk in, 811stroke risk in


thrifty gene hypothesis for, 952

Octreotide, for sulfonylurea-inducedhypoglycemia, 1386–1388

Ocular disease. See Ophthalmologic disease.

Olanzapineneuroleptic malignant syndrome due

to, 1286seizures due to, 1307

Ophthalmologic disease, in minorities,795–804age-related macular degeneration, 797blindness, 795–796cataract, 797, 799–800diabetic retinopathy, 797–800disparities in, contributing factors for,

799–800glaucoma, 798–801myopia, 796, 800refractive error, 796, 800visual impairment, 795–796

Opioidsdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


Optical coherence tomography, in Barrett’sesophagus, 305

Oral cavity, cancer of. See Aerodigestivetract cancer.

Oral contraceptivesblood pressure effects of, 616breast cancer risk and, 761GERD due to, 252

Oral hypoglycemic agents, dosing of, inchronic kidney disease, 667

Organic chemicals, breast cancer and,756–757


Organochlorine pesticides, seizures due to,1311

Osmol gap, in poisoning, 1085–1088, 1111

Osteoarthritis, in minorities, 833–838

Osteoporosis, in minorities, 841–843

Otis Campbell mnemonic, for drug-inducedseizures, 1300, 1303

Outbreaks of multiple unexplainedsymptoms, in perceived poisoning,1360–1361

Ovarian cancer, in African-Americanwomen, 939–940

Oxaliplatin, for colorectal cancer, 95,99–101, 1047–1049, 1051–1052

Oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of,in body temperature regulation,1278–1279

Oxidative stress, in hypertension,527–528, 601–602

Oximetry, pulse, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1170

Oxygen therapyfor acute coronary syndromes, 568for brown recluse spider

envenomations, 1217–1218for carbon monoxide poisoning,

1173–1182

P

p53 gene mutationsethnic differences in, 764gastric cancer in, 330–331in colon cancer, 7–9

Pacemaker, for drug-induced torsades depointes, 1137

Painchest, cocaine-associated,

1323–1342, 1349–1350in snake envenomations, 1206

Pain managementfor chronic kidney disease, 665–666for jellyfish envenomations,

1198–1199for snake envenomations, 1209

Pancreascancer of

endoscopic ultrasonography in,146–148

laparoscopic surgery for,204–205

cysts of, endoscopic ultrasonographyin, 148

tumors ofendoscopic ultrasonography

guidance in, 151laparoscopic surgery for, 204–205

Pancreatitis, GERD in, 253

Papain, for jellyfish envenomations, 1198

Paradoxical seizures, 1309

Paralysis, in snake envenomations, 1208

Paraneoplastic syndromes, in hepatocellularcarcinoma, 346

Parathyroid hormoneelevation of

in chronic kidney disease,554–556, 644

in hypertension, 531–532in calcium regulation, 632–641

Passionflower, carboline compounds in,1261

PCP (phenylcyclohexyl-piperidine), seizuresdue to, 1302–1304

Pediatric patients, carbon monoxidepoisoning in, 1166–1167

Penicillin(s), dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 669

Pepsin, in GERD pathogenesis, 220

Peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori in,316, 326–327

Perceived poisoning, 1359–1378acute effects of, 1360–1362, 1367–1369challenges of, 1364–1365chronic effects of, 1362–1363,

1369–1372contagious nature of, 1360–1361description of, 1359information sources for, 1368laboratory test guidelines in, 1370management of, 1365–1372media involvement in, 1365, 1368physician involvement in, 1364–1365real toxic exposure with, 1371reassurance in, 1368–1369, 1371settings for, 1361societal impact of, 1363–1364symptoms of, 1266, 1360–1363

Percutaneous coronary interventions, foracute coronary syndromes, 565,574–577

Perforation, in endoscopic submucosalresection, 173


Perfusion imaging, in cocaine-associatedchest pain, 1332

Peristalsis, in esophageal antirefluxmechanism, 221–222

Peritoneal dialysis, dyslipidemias in,591–592

Pesticidesbreast cancer and, 757organochlorine, seizures due to, 1311

Peutz-Jeghers syndromeas cancer risk factor, 13colon polyps in, 19, 75–76

P-glycoprotein, in drug transport, 653–654

pHesophageal, monitoring of, in GERD,

260–262gastric, in chronic kidney disease, drug

bioavailability and, 652

Pharmacokineticsin chronic kidney disease, 651–659principles of, 650–651

Pharynx, cancer of. See Aerodigestive tractcancer.

Phenformin poisoning, metabolic acidosisin, 1115

Phenobarbital, for alcohol withdrawal, 1305

Phentolamine, for cocaine-associated chestpain, 1334

Phenylcyclohexyl-piperidine (PCP), seizuresdue to, 1302–1304

Phenylethylamines, abuse of, 1262–1264

Phenylpiperazines, abuse of, 1264–1265

Phenytoindosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

671for drug-induced seizures, 1312–1313paradoxical seizures due to, 1309

Phlebotomy, for hemochromatosis, 395–396

Phosphate metabolism, in chronic kidneydisease, 517, 554–556, 599–601,641–644

Photodynamic therapyfor Barrett’s esophagus, 274, 304for gastrointestinal cancer, 180–181

Photosensitization, by St. John’s wort,1239–1240

Physical inactivity, coronary heart diseasein, 984–985

Physostigmine, for antimuscarinic toxicity,1388–1390

Pills, radiopaque, radiography of,1093–1095

Pioglitazone, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Piperazines, as drugs of abuse, 1264–1265

Plasma protein binding, of drugs, in chronickidney disease, 653–655

Platelet(s), activation of, in cocaine use,1327–1328

Platelet Receptor Inhibition for IschemicSyndrome Management Patients-Limited by Unstable Signs andSymptoms trial, in chronic kidneydisease, 578

Plication, endoscopic, for GERD, 266–267

Poisoning. See also specific agents.alcohol. See Alcohol use and abuse.amphetamine. See Amphetamines.antidotes for. See Antidotes.carbon monoxide, 1115–1116,

1161–1194cocaine. See Cocaine.diagnostic investigations in, 1079–1105

anion gap, 1088–1089bedside, 1089–1092electrocardiography, 1095–1100for acetaminophen, 1083–1085for salicylates, 1080–1083in metabolic acidosis, 1107–1124osmol gap, 1085–1088radiography, 1093–1095urine drug screening, 1092–1093

drugs of abuse, 1259–1276envenomations, 1195–1224

arachnid, 1213–1217marine, 1195–1204snake, 1204–1213

gastrointestinal decontamination for,1067–1078, 1313

herbal products, 1225–1257ephedra, 1226–1230St. John’s wort, 1231–1241

hyperthermic syndromes in, 1277–1296metabolic acidosis in, 1088, 1107–1124perceived, 1359–1378Q–T prolongation in, 1096–1100,

1125–1144seizures in, 1297–1321sympathomimetics, 1348–1354

Polycystic kidney disease, gender differencesin, 621

Polyethylene glycol, for whole bowelirrigation, in poisoning, 1075–1076


Polymerase chain reaction, in colorectalcancer detection, 28–29

Polymorphisms, in toxic exposure response,723–728

Polyps, colon. See Colon, polyps of.

Porfimer photodynamic therapy, forgastrointestinal cancer, 180–181

Port site metastasis, in laparoscopic surgery,191

Portuguese man-of-war envenomations,1196–1199

Postmenopausal Estrogen/ProgestinIntervention trial, blood pressureresults of, 617

Postpolypectomy syndrome, 26

Potassium channelsblockade of, drugs causing, Q–T

prolongation in, 1127substances affecting, 1096–1099

Pravastatin, for dyslipidemia, in chronickidney disease, 693

Prazosin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Pregnancybreast cancer risk and, 760–761carbon monoxide poisoning in, 1167GERD in, 254, 269–271in African Americans

care during, 938–939mortality in, 937preterm births in, 937–938

St. John’s wort in, 1240

Pregnane X receptor, St. John’s wortinteractions with, 1238–1239

Prenatal care, in African-American women,938–939

Preterm births, of African-Americaninfants, 937–938

Prevalence gradient hypothesis, of systemiclupus erythematosus, 838

Procainamidedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

664–665overdose of, glucagon for,

1381–1383

Prochlorperazine, neuroleptic malignantsyndrome due to, 1286

Prokinetic agents, for GERD, 264–265

Propofol, for alcohol withdrawal, 1305

Propoxyphenedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


Propranolol, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Propylene glycol poisoning, metabolicacidosis in, 1117–1118

Prostate cancer, in minorities, 805–816allelic variants in, 727–728biologic differences in, 808–809clinical trial recruitment and, 812–814diagnosis of, 875–877elderly, 872–882epidemiology of, 807–808prognosis for, 808screening for, 872–877socioeconomic differences in, 810–812staging of, 806treatment of, 809–810

Prostate-specific antigen, in prostate cancer,806, 808, 811–812, 872–882

Prostatitis, in minorities, 805–806

Proteincarbon monoxide binding to, 1164dietary, in chronic kidney disease,

431–432, 497–499

Proteinuria, in chronic kidney disease, 433genetic factors in, 449reduction of, 498–499

Proton pump inhibitorsfor GERD, 256, 264–265, 274for Helicobacter pylori infections, 322

Prussian blue, for thallium poisoning, 1309,1392–1393

Pseudocysts, pancreatic, endoscopicultrasonography in, 148

Pseudoephedrine, in ephedra, 1227

Pseudohypericin, in St. John’s wort,1232–1233, 1236

Pseudohypoglycemia, in diabetes mellitus,966–967

Pseudopolyps, colon, 19

Psilocybin, abuse of, 1260–1262

Psoriatic arthritis, in minorities, 850

Psychiatric disordersdrugs for

Q–T prolongation due to,1132–1133

seizures due to, 1305–1307


ephedra-induced, 1230in carbon monoxide poisoning, 1167

Psychosocial issuesin hypertension, in African Americans,

926–927in perceived poisoning, 1360–1364,

1367–1368, 1371–1372

PTK 787/ZK 222,584, for colorectal cancer,1049–1050

Puerto Rican Americans. See HispanicAmericans.

Pulmonary aspirationin activated charcoal treatment,

1073–1074in gastric lavage, 1071in GERD, 268–269

Pulse oximetry, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1170

Pyridoxinefor isoniazid poisoning, 1310for theophylline poisoning, 1310

Q

Qat (khat), 1265–1268

QRS complex, prolonged, substancescausing, 1097, 1100

Q–T prolongation, drug-induced,1125–1144clinical implications of, 1136–1137epidemiology of, 1130–1131in drug interactions, 1134pathophysiology of, 1125–1128prevention of, 1137–1140risk stratification for, 1134–1136substances causing, 1096–1100,

1131–1134torsade pointes and, 1125, 1128–1130,

1133–1137

Quality of life, in sarcoidosis, 824–825

Quinidineoverdose of, glucagon for, 1381–1383Q–T prolongation due to, 1133–1134

R

Rabeprazole, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 323

Racial factorsin chronic kidney disease

as risk factor, 423, 433–435,476–479

behavioral, 480–482

biologic, 476–479clinical, 476–479epidemiology of, 423, 475–476genes, 447–456sociodemographic, 479treatment disparities in,

475–488, 705–706in health-related disparities. See

Minority health-relateddisparities.

Radiation exposure, breast cancer and, 756

Radiation therapyendoscopic ultrasonography guidance

in, 152for colorectal cancer, 93–94, 98–99

Radiocesium poisoning, antidote for,1392–1393

Radiofrequency ablationfor GERD, 266–267for hepatocellular carcinoma, 357–359,

401–402for pancreatic tumors, endoscopic

ultrasonography guidance in, 151

Radiography, in poisoning, 1093–1095

Radionuclide studies, in cocaine-associatedchest pain, 1332

Raman spectroscopy, in Barrett’sesophagus, 305

Ramipril, for chronic kidney disease,492–493, 590

Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study,663–664

Rattlesnake envenomations. See Snakeenvenomations.

Reactive arthritis, in minorities, 849–850

Reactive oxygen species, in hypertension,529

Rectal cancer. See Colorectal cancer.

a-Reductase, in prostate cancer, 809

Reflux, gastroesophageal. SeeGastroesophageal reflux disease.

Reflux esophagitisBarrett’s esophagus development in,

232–233definition of, 219erosions in, 230–231esophageal defenses in, 225–227heartburn in, 228–230refluxate potency in, 219–220

Refractive error, in minorities, 796, 800


Renin-angiotensin systemgender differences in, 615–616, 620imbalance of, in hypertension,

527–528in chronic kidney disease, 425–426

Renin-angiotensin system paradox, inhypertension, 923–924

Repaglinide, for diabetes mellitus, 963–964

Reproductive health issues, in African-American women, 935–943cervical cancer, 940–941endometrial cancer, 940infertility, 935–937maternal mortality, 937ovarian cancer, 939–940prenatal care, 938–939preterm births, 937–938

Reserpine, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Reteplase, for acute coronary syndromes,574

Retinal pigment epithelium, hypertrophy of,in familial adenomatous polyposis,73

Retinoblastoma 1-related cell cycleinhibitors, inactivation of, inhepatocellular carcinoma, 381–382

Retinopathy, diabetic, in minorities,797–800, 950

Rhabdomyolysis, in carbon monoxidepoisoning, 1166

Rheumatic diseases, in minorities, 829–868disability in, 854–855fibromyalgia, 853genetic factors in, 832gout, 850–852health care access and, 832–833immigration patterns and, 829–830literature interpretation and, 831–832low back pain, 854osteoarthritis, 833–838osteoporosis, 841–843research on, 855–858rheumatoid arthritis, 846–849, 856seronegative spondyloarthropathies,

849–850systemic lupus erythematosus, 838–841systemic sclerosis, 843–846vasculitis, 852–853

Rheumatoid arthritis, in minorities,846–849, 856

Rifabutin, forHelicobacter pylori infections,323

Risk communication, in perceivedpoisoning, 1368–1369

Risperidone, neuroleptic malignantsyndrome due to, 1286

Robotics, in laparoscopic surgery, 193

Ropivacaine, seizures due to, 1311

Rosiglitazone, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Rosuvastatin, for dyslipidemia, in chronickidney disease, 593–594

Rumack-Mathew treatment nomogram, foracetaminophen poisoning, 1147–1148

Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome, cancerscreening guidelines in, 77

S

St. John’s wort, 1231–1241active components in, 1231–1233chemical structures in, 1232–1233drug interactions with, 1238–1241for cancer, 1237for depression, 1234–1236for inflammation, 1237for memory enhancement, 1236for viral infections, 1236–1237history of, 1231pharmacokinetics of, 1233plant source of, 1231toxicity of, 1239–1241uses of, 1233–1237

Salicylate poisoning, 1080–1083bedside tests for, 1089–1090metabolic acidosis in, 1113

Saline injection, in endoscopic submucosalresection, 167–168

Saliva, in esophageal antireflux mechanism,221–223

Salivary glands, cancer of. SeeAerodigestive tract cancer.

Salt sensitivity, in African Americans, 924

Salvia, abuse of, 1268–1269

Sarcoidosis, 817–828care access in, 821clinical presentation of, 819–820definition of, 817environmental factors in, 820–821epidemiology of, 817–818genetic factors in, 820in African Americans versus whites,

818–821, 824natural history of, 821–822outcomes of, 823–825


pathogenesis of, 818–819prognosis for, 822quality of life in, 824–825treatment of, 822–823

Savary-Miller grading system, foresophagitis, 258

Scintigraphy, in GERD, 262

Scl70 antigen, antibodies to, in systemicsclerosis, 844

SclerodermaGERD in, 254in minorities, 843–846

Scorpaenidae envenomations, 1202–1203

Scorpionfish envenomations, 1202–1203

Screeningfor colorectal cancer. See Colorectal

cancer, screening for.for Helicobacter pylori infections, 333for hemochromatosis, 396for hepatocellular carcinoma, 347–350,

399–401

Scyphozoa envenomations, 1196–1199

Sea anemone envenomations, 1199

Sea bather’s eruption, 1199

Sea cucumber envenomations, 1199

Sea urchin envenomations, 1199–1200

SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and EndResults), ovarian cancer death rates in,939–940

Seizures, drug-associated, 1297–1321clinical presentation of, 1300differential diagnosis of, 1300–1302epidemiology of, 1297–1298paradoxical, 1309pathophysiology of, 1298–1300substances causing, 1300–1312treatment of, 1312–1314

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,seizures due to, 1306

Selenium, for colorectal cancer prevention,87–89

Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer PreventionTrial, for prostate cancer, 813–814

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies, inminorities, 849–850

Serotonin, in body temperature regulation,1278–1279, 1283

Serotonin syndrome, 1279–1285

clinical effects of, 1280drugs causing, 1279–1282mortality in, 1280–1281pathophysiology of, 1282–1284treatment of, 1284–1285versus neuroleptic malignant

syndrome, 1286

Sevelamer, for calcium management, inchronic kidney disease, 555

Seventh-Day Adventists, African American,stroke prevention in, 746

Sexual dysfunction, St. John’s wort-induced, 1240

The Shepherdess (salvia), 1268–1269

Sick building syndrome, 1363

Sickle cell disease, gout in, 851–852

Sigmoidoscopy, in colorectal cancer, 17–18,50–52, 69–70, 114

Silicone breast implants, perceivedpoisoning from, 1362

Single nucleotide polymorphisms, inenvironmental response genes,724–725

Sirolimus, coronary stents coated with, inchronic kidney disease, 577

Sjogren’s syndrome, GERD in, 254

Small intestine, tumors of, laparoscopicsurgery for, 200–201

Smokingaerodigestive tract cancer and,

1036–1037chronic kidney disease and, 431

cardiovascular risks of, 594–595cessation of, 501–502, 517

cocaine use with, myocardial ischemiain, 1325

coronary heart disease and, 984genetic craving for, 728GERD and, 248–249, 251

Snake envenomations, 1204–1213clinical presentation of, 1204–1208disposition in, 1213species involved in, 1204treatment of, 1209–1213, 1390–1391

Snaring techniquein colorectal polypectomy, 25–26in endoscopic mucosal resection, of

gastrointestinal cancer, 168–172

Sociodemographic factors, in chronickidney disease, 479


Socioeconomic factorsin breast cancer, 758–760in colorectal cancer, 779, 786in diabetes mellitus, 957–958in emergency surgical care, 945–946in hypertension, 926–927in kidney transplantation, 1014–1016in prostate cancer, 810–812in sarcoidosis, 821in stroke, 742

Sodium, restriction of, in hypertension,525–527

Sodium bicarbonate, for metabolic acidosis,in poisoning, 1118–1119

Sodium channelsblockade of, seizures in, 1299defects of, hypertension in, 924substances affecting, 1097, 1099–1100

Sodium hyaluronate injection, inendoscopic submucosal resection, 168

Sodium polystyrene sulfate, for poisoning,1075

Solvents, breast cancer and, 757

Somatoform disorders, perceived poisoningas, 1360

Sotaloldosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

663Q–T prolongation due to, 1131, 1133

Southwest Oncology Group clinical trials,of breast cancer, 759–760

Spanish Americans. See HispanicAmericans.

Spectroscopy, in Barrett’s esophagus, 305

Sphingomyelinase, in brown recluse spidervenom, 1214

Spider envenomationsblack widow, 1216–1217brown recluse, 1213–1216

Spine, osteoarthritis of, in minorities, 835

Spironolactone, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663–664

Spondyloarthropathies, seronegative, inminorities, 849–850

Sports, osteoarthritis in, 836

Squamous cell carcinoma, of head and neck.See Aerodigestive tract cancer.

Squamous columnar epithelium, in Barrett’sesophagus, 232–233, 297

Stagingof colorectal cancer, 9–10, 21–23,

91–92treatment based on, 97–101

of esophageal cancer, 143–145,162–167, 274–275, 301

of gastric cancer, 145, 162–167of gastrointestinal cancer, 141

Standard of living, versus Helicobacterpylori epidemiology, 316–318

Starfish envenomations, 1199

Statins. See also specific drugs.for dyslipidemia, in chronic kidney

disease, 517–518, 695–696

Stents, for acute coronary syndromes,575–577

Sting(s)catfish, 1203–1204jellyfish, 1196–1199Scorpaenidae, 1202–1203sea anemone, 1199sea urchin, 1199–1200stingray, 1200–1202

Stinging coral envenomations, 1196

Stinging nettle envenomations, 1196

Stingray envenomations, 1200–1202

Stomachcancer of

endoscopic mucosal resection of,177–180classification for, 162complications of, 172–173healing after, 173history of, 161–162indications for, 177–178outcome of, 177–179preparation for, 167–168pretreatment staging for,

162–167snaring technique for,

168–172specimen retrieval and

preparation in,173–174

strip biopsy with, 179submucosal dissection in,

172endoscopic ultrasonography in,

145–146epidemiology of, 314–316, 323Helicobacter pylori relation to

CagA toxin in, 331–332carcinogenesis in,

328–331


controversial concepts in,334–335

duodenal ulcer paradoxand, 326–327

epidemiologic evidence for,326

experimental evidence of,324–326

historical review of,313–316, 323

lifetime risk of, 328lymphoma, 335–337molecular genetics of,

328–331mortality rate and, 313–315,

323pathologic evidence for,

327–328precursors of, 327–328preventive measures and,

332–333serologic evidence for, 327surveillance and, 333–334

laparoscopic surgery for, 200lymphoma, endoscopic

ultrasonography in, 146pathologic precursors of,

327–328prevention of, 332–333risk factors for, 332staging of, 162–167surveillance for, 333–334TNM classification of, 162

lavage of, for poisoning, 1068–1071pH of, in chronic kidney disease, drug

bioavailability and, 652

Stonefish envenomations, 1202–1203

Streptococcus bovis bacteremia, colorectalcancer screening in, 79

Stressbreast cancer risk and, 762–763GERD in, 249, 251

Stretta system, for GERD prevention,266–267

Stricture, esophageal, in GERD, 231,275–276

Strip biopsy, in endoscopic mucosalresection, 168–169, 179

Strokeepidemiology of, 739–752


in alcohol abuse, 1344–1346in amphetamine abuse, 1352–1353in cocaine use, 1348–1349

Subarachnoid hemorrhagein alcohol abuse, 1345in amphetamine use, 1352–1353in cocaine use, 1348–1349

Succinylcholine, malignant hyperthermiadue to, 1288–1289

Sucralfate, for GERD, 265

Sudden cardiac deathin African Americans, 987–991in Q–T prolongation, 1128–1130

Sulfonylureasdosing of, in chronic kidney disease,

667for diabetes mellitus, 963–964overdose of, antidote for, 1386–1388

Sulfuric acid, poisoning from, metabolicacidosis in, 1114

Sulindac, for colorectal cancer prevention,25, 90

Superactivated charcoal, for poisoning,1072

Superoxide damage, in gastric cancer, 330

Surgery, laparoscopic. See Laparoscopicsurgery.

Surveillance, Epidemiology and EndResults (SEER) programfor cancer survival, 883–885ovarian cancer death rates in,

939–940

Sympathetic nervous system, inhypertension, 530

Sympatholytics, for hypertension, 927–928

Sympathomimetic(s). See specific drugs, eg,Amphetamines; Cocaine.

Sympathomimetic syndrome, 1279–1285clinical effects of, 1280drugs causing, 1279–1282mortality in, 1280–1281pathophysiology of, 1282–1284treatment of, 1284–1285

Symptom index, in ambulatory pHmonitoring, in GERD, 261

Symptom sensitivity index, in ambulatorypH monitoring, in GERD, 261

Syrian rue, carboline compounds in, 1261

Syrup of ipecac, for poisoning, 1067–1068

Systemic lupus erythematosuschronic kidney disease in, 478–479in minorities, 838–841


Systemic sclerosis, in minorities, 843–846

Systemic vascular resistance, in AfricanAmericans, 924–926

T

T lymphocytesin sarcoidosis, 818proliferation of, in kidney graft

rejection, 1019–1021

Tacrolimus, for kidney transplantation, inAfrican Americans, 1016–1017

Takayasu’s arteritis, in minorities, 852–853

Temperature, body, dysregulation of. SeeHyperthermic syndromes.

Tenecteplase, for acute coronarysyndromes, 574

Terfenadine poisoning, Q–T prolongationin, 1131

Terpene hydrocarbons, seizures due to,1311–1312

Testosteroneblood pressure effects of, 615–616in chronic kidney disease pathogenesis,

621in prostate cancer, minority differences

in, 809

Tetracycline, for Helicobacter pyloriinfections, 323

Thallium poisoningantidotes for, 1392–1393seizures due to, 1309

TheophyllineGERD due to, 252seizures due to, 1310–1311

Thermogenesis, normal, versushyperthermic syndromes, 1277–1279

Thiazide diuretics, dosing of, in chronickidney disease, 664

Thiazolidinediones, for diabetes mellitus,963–965

Thoracoscopy, in esophageal cancer,195–196

Thrifty gene hypothesis, diabetes mellitusand, 952

Thromboangiitis obliterans, in minorities,852

Thrombocytopenia, in snakeenvenomations, 1207

Thrombolytic therapyfor acute coronary syndromes, 565,

574for cocaine-associated chest pain,

1334–1335

Thrombosisin cocaine use, 1327–1328in snake envenomations, 1207

Thujone, seizures due to, 1311–1312

Thymitaq, for hepatocellular carcinoma,361

Thyroid gland, cancer of. See Aerodigestivetract cancer.

Ticlopidine, for stroke prevention, inAfrican Americans, 743–745

Tinzaparin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 661

Tirofiban, for acute coronary syndromes,578–579

Tissue plasminogen activators, for acutecoronary syndromes, 574

TNM classificationof colorectal cancer, 9–10, 22–23,

91–92of esophageal cancer, 162, 274–275of gastric cancer, 162

Tolazamidedosing of, in chronic kidney disease,


Tolbutamide, for diabetes mellitus, 964

Toluene poisoning, metabolic acidosis in,1117

Tophi, in minorities, 850–852

Topoisomerase I, antibodies to, in systemicsclerosis, 844

Torsade pointes, Q–T prolongation and,1125, 1128–1130, 1133–1137

Toupet fundoplication, for GERD, 268

Toxinsbreast cancer and, 756–757genetic polymorphisms and, 723–728hypertension due to, 532–533poisoning from. See Poisoning.

Tramadolseizures due to, 1308serotonin syndrome due to, 1282

Trandolapril, for chronic kidney disease,495


Transferrin, in iron transport, inhemochromatosis, 392–394

Transfusions, for snake envenomations,1211

Transient lower esophageal sphincterrelaxation, 221in GERD, 225–227

Transplantationkidney. See Kidney transplantation.liver, in hepatocellular carcinoma,

353–356, 401

Transrectal ultrasonography, in colorectalcancer, 22–23

Tricyclic antidepressant poisoninggastric lavage for, 1070–1071glucagon for, 1381–1383seizures in, 1305–1306

1-(3-Trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine,abuse of, 1264–1265

Triglycerides, elevated, coronary heartdisease in, 984

Trinder spot test, for poisoning,1089–1090

Triptasy (2,5dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine), abuse of,1262–1264

Trocar injury, in laparoscopic surgery, 190

Troponinsin acute coronary syndromes, 566–568in cocaine-associated chest pain,

1331

Tryptamine compounds, as drugs of abuse,1260–1262

Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 739, 857, 903

U

Ulcer(s), in brown recluse spiderenvenomations, 1214–1215

Ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer in, 13,77–78

Ultrasonographyendoscopic. See Endoscopic

ultrasonography.in colorectal cancer, 22–23in hepatocellular carcinoma, 346, 348,

399–400

Uncoupling proteins, in body temperatureregulation, 1278–1279

United States Renal Data System, 419, 621

Urea, excretion of, for glomerular filtrationrate measurement, 462–463

Ureterosigmoidostomy, colorectal cancerscreening in, 79

Uric acid excess, in minorities, 850–852

Urine, drug screening test for, 1092–1093

Urine fluorescence test, for ethylene glycolpoisoning, 1090–1092

Ursodiol, for colorectal cancer prevention,87

Uterine cancer, in African Americans, 940

V

VacA toxin, Helicobacter pylori, 320

Vaccinesfor hepatitis B, 350for HIV infection, 907–908

Valproic acidfor drug-induced seizures, 1313poisoning from, metabolic acidosis in,

1114–1115

Valsartan, for chronic kidney disease,494

Vancomycin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 670

Variceal ligation, in endoscopic mucosalresection, 161, 169

Vascular dementia, in stroke, in AfricanAmericans, 743–744

Vasculitisin cocaine use, 1349in minorities, 852–853

Vasoconstriction, in cocaine use,1324–1326, 1349–1350

Vasodilation, impaired, in AfricanAmericans, 925–926

Venlafaxine, seizures due to, 1306

Venomous bites. See Envenomations.

Ventricle(s), leftdysfunction of, in cocaine use,

1326–1329, 1351hypertrophy of, in chronic kidney

disease, 514–515, 552, 595

Verapamil, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 663

Videocapsule endoscopy, in colorectalcancer, 30–31


Vinegarfor jellyfish envenomations, 1198for sea anemone envenomations, 1199

Violin (brown recluse) spiderenvenomations, 1213–1216

Viral infections, St. John’s wort for,1236–1237

Virtual colonoscopy, 111–137advantages of, 128–130data processing in, 120–121disadvantages of, 128–131equipment for, 120future role of, 131–132history of, 112–116in colorectal cancer, 29–30

in average-risk persons, 53–54in high-risk persons, 69

interpretation of, 121–123noncancer findings in, 126–128principles of screening and, 112sensitivity and specificity of, 123–126technique for, 116–120

adjunctive techniques in, 117–120colonic preparation in, 116–117patient examination in, 117

Vision, disorders of. See Ophthalmologicdisease.

Visual impairment, in minorities, 795–796

Vitamin(s), for colorectal cancer prevention,86–87

Vitamin Dfor chronic kidney disease, 555in calcium metabolism, 636–641, 643

metabolism of, in chronic kidneydisease, 638–640, 644

Vitamin E, for cardiovascular disease,601–602

Volume of distribution, of drugs, 650–651

Vomiting, induction of, in poisoning,1067–1068

W

Warfarin, dosing of, in chronic kidneydisease, 661

Water hemlock, seizures due to, 1308

White blood cell count, in minorities,946–947

Whole bowel irrigation, for poisoning,1075–1076

Wild carrot, seizures due to, 1308

Wilson-Cook endoscopic plicator, forGERD prevention, 266–267

Withdrawal, from drugs, seizures inalcohol, 1304–1305baclofen, 1305benzodiazepines, 1305gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1303

Wormwood oil, seizures due to,1311–1312

Y

Yerba Maria (salvia), 1268–1269

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