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Curgus Regularity Critical Points

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Integral Equations and Operator Theory Vol. 8 (1985) 0378-620X/85/040462-2751.50+0.20/0 1985 Birkh~user Verlag, Basel ON THE REGULARITY OF THE CRITICAL POINT INFINITY OF DEFINITIZABLE OPERATORS Branko ~urgus In this note necessary and sufficient conditions for the regularity of the critical point infinity of a definitizable operator A are given. Using these criteria it is proved that the regularity of the critical point infinity is preserved under some additive perturbations as well as for some operators which are related to A . Applications to indefinite Sturm-Liouville problems are indicated. INTRODUCTION Let (K,[.,.]) be a Krein space (see [3]), J a fun- damental symmetry on K , (x,y):= [Jx,y] (x,y 6 K) and il'll the corresponding Hilbert space norm. All topological notions in the Krein space K are understood with respect to the topo- logy generated by the norm II'II This topology does not de- pend on the special choice of the fundamental symmetry J For this and other facts about Krein spaces see [3]. We use the common definitions of symmetric, positive, selfadjoint and de- finitizable operators in Krein spaces (see [3], [19]). In this note all these operators are supposed to be densely defined. A definitizable operator in the Krein space K has a spectral function, possibly with critical points on the real axis, see [3], [9], [19]. The spectral function of the definitizable operator A will be denoted by E , and the set of critical points of E , which are also called the critical points of A , by c(A) The critical point t 6 of the definitizable operator A is called regular (see [19], [10]) if there exists an open neighbourhood 40 ~ of t , 40 N c(A) = {t} , such that the projectors E(~) , ~ ~ 40 ~ {t} are uniformly
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b o u n d e d . H e r e ~ = ~ U { ~} i s r e g a r d e d a s t h e o n e p o i n t c o m -

p a c t i f i c a t i o n o f ~ . T h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f A w h i c h a r e n o t

r e g u l a r a r e c a l l e d s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f A ; w e d e n o t e

t h e s e t o f a l l s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f A b y c (A)s

I n t h i s n o t e w e g i v e c r i t e r i a f o r t h e r e g u l a r i t y o f

t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t ~ o f t h e d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r A . E . g . ,

w e s h o w t h a t i n f i n i t y i s n o t a s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f A i f

a n d o n l y i f i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K t h e r e e x i s t s a p o s i t i v e ,

b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

W D ( A) ~ D (A ) F u r t h e r , w e u s e t h e s e c r i t e r i a i n o r d e r t o

p r o v e t h a t t h e r e g u l a r i t y o f t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t ~ i s p r e s e r v e d

u n d e r s o m e a d d i t i v e p e r t u r b a t i o n s a s w e l l a s f o r s o m e o p e r a t o r s

w h i c h a r e r e l a t e d t o A .

W e m e n t i o n t h a t t h e m a i n c r i t e r i a f o r t h e r e g u l a r i t y

o f t h e c r i t i c a l p o i n t ~ g i v e n i n T h e o r e m s 2 . 5 a n d 3 . 2 a r e

i n s p i r e d b y a c o n s t r u c t i o n o f B e a l s ( s ee [ 2 ]) , s e e R e m a r k 3 . 7 .

I n [5] w e u s e t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s i n o r d e r t o s t u d y s e l f a d j o i n t ,

o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r a t o r s w i t h a n i n d e f i n i t e w e i g h t f u n c -

t i o n .

I . P R E L I M I N A R I E S

1 .1 . F o r th e c o n v e n i e n c e o f t h e r e a d e r w e r e c a l l t h e

f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s .

P R O P O S I T I O N 1 .1 . L e t

b e H i l b e r t s p a c e s s u c h t h a t H I

f o r s o m e c o n s t a n t k > 0 h o l d s

( H I , ( . , . ) I) a n d ( H 2 , ( . , . ) 2)

i s d e n s e i n ( H 2 , ( . , . ) 2) a n d

l l x l l I >__ kl lx ll 2 (x 6 H 1) T h e n

t h e r e e x i s t s a p o s i t i v e s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n H 2 w i t h

d o m a i n H I I f P i s a n y s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n H 2 w i t h

D ( P ) = H I , t h e n t h e n o r m II.II i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e g r a p h

n o r m

2 2 1 / 2x ~ (llxll 2 + llPxll2) ( x s ~( P) = H I ) (1. 1)

T h e f i r s t s t a t e m e n t f o l l o w s f r o m T h e o r e m 2 . 2 3 i n [ 13 ].

T o p r o v e t h e s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t w e o b s e r v e t h a t t h e i n e q u a l i t y

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4 6 4 C u r g u s

+ I / 2 , , x ,, 2 ( x c

h o l d s , w e f o r m a s u m o f t h e n o r m ( 1. 1) a n d 1 1. 11 1 , a n d a p p l y

t h e c l o s e d g r a p h t h e o r e m .

W e n o t e t h a t i n t h e c a s e 0 6 0 ( P) t h e n o r m ( 1. 1) i s

e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e n o r m x ~ l lP xl l 2 ( x 6 D ( P ) = H I )

T H E O R E M 1 .2 . ( " H e i n z i n e q u a l i t y " , s e e [ 1 6] . ) L e t P

a n d P l b e p o s i t i v e s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r s d e f i n e d i n t he H i l b e r t

s p a c e s ( H , ( . , . ) ) a n d ( H I , ( . , . ) I) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I f

T : H ~ H I i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r w i t h t h e n o r m M s u c h t h a t

T D ( P ) ~ V ( P I) a n d

t h e n , f o r

IIPITXll I < MII IPxl l ( x s D( P) ) ,

0 =< ~ <= I , w e h a v e T D ( P a ) c= D ( P ~ ) a n d

l l P ~ T X l l l =< M I - a M I l l P a x l l ( x s D ( P a ) )

T h e f o l l o w i n g c o r o l l a r y i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f T h e o r e m

1 . 2 a n d P r o p o s i t i o n 1 .1 .

C O R O L L A R Y 1 .3 . I f PI a n d P 2 a r e p o s i t i v e s e l f -

a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r s i n a H i l b e r t s p a c e H a n d D ( P I ) = ~ ( P 2 ) ,

t h e n

V ( P ~ ) = D ( P ~ ) ( 0 < ~ < I ) ( I . 2 )I = =

a n d th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g g r a p h n o r m s on V ( P ~ ) ( j = 1 , 2 ) a r e

e q u i v a l e n t .

I n a s p e c i a l c a s e t h e e q u a l i t y i n ( 1 .2 ) h o l d s f o r

a r b i t r a r y n o n n e g a t i v e ~ . N a m e l y , l e t S b e a s e l f a d j o i n t

o p e r a t o r i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e H w h i c h i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w

w i t h a l o w e r b o u n d y T h e n f o r a ~ y i t h o l d s

D ( ( S - a I ) ~ ) = D ( I S I ~ ) ( ~ 6 [ 0 , + ~ ) ) ( 1 . 3 )

T h i s f o l l o w s e a s i l y u s i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n t s

o f t h e d o m a i n s i n ( 1. 3) b y m e a n s o f t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n o f S .

1 .2 . L e t A b e a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n

s p a c e ( K , [ . ,. ] ) A c c o r d i n g t o P r o p o s i t i o n 1 . 1 t h e t o p o l o g y

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C u r g u s 4 6 5

o n ~ (A ) g e n e r a t e d b y t h e g r a p h n o r m w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e o p e r a -

t o r J A d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n t h e s p e c i a l c h o i c e o f J . T h e s e t^

D (A ) e q u i p p e d w i t h t h i s t o p o l o g y w i l l b e d e n o t e d b y D (A )

F o r a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r S i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e

( H , ( ., . ) ) b y D [ S ] w e d e n o t e t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f ~ ( S) w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t h e n o r m I I ( I S I + I ) I / 2 . {I . T h e l i n e a r s p a c e D [ S ]

w i t h t h e t o p o l o g y d e f i n e d b y th e n o r m e l ( I S I + I ) I / 2 . II i s d e n o -

t e d b y D [ S ] ~ . S i n c e t h e o p e r a t o r ( I SI + I) 1 / 2 i s b o u n d e d l y

i n v e r t i b l e I) w e h a v e

lix{{ ~ I{ ({ S{ +I )- 1/ 2{ { {{ ({S }+I ) 1/ 2 x{{ ( x 6 P(S ) ) ,

a n d t h i s i m p l i e s P [ S ] ~ H . I t h o l d s D [ S ] = P ( ( I S { + I ) I / 2)

a n d , b y ( 1 . 2 ) , P [ S ] = P ( { S { I / 2 )

A c c o r d i n g t o C o r o l l a r y 1 .3 P [ J A] ~ , d e f i n e d i n t h e

H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K ,( . ,. ) ) , d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n t h e s p e c i a l c h o i c e

o f J .

R E M A R K 1 .4 . P r o p o s i t i o n 1. 1 a n d C o r o l l a r y 1 .3 i m p l y

t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a l i t i e s h o l d t r u e

^

p [ j A ] ~ = p [ I J A } + I ] ~ = p ( J ( } J A I + I ) I/ 2) ,

^ ^ N

D ( A ) = ~ ( J ( I J A I + I ) ) = ~ [ ( J A ) 2 ]

R E M A R K 1 .5 . L e t A b e a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r in t h e

K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ ., . ] ) , s u c h t h a t t h e i n e q u a l i t y

[ A x , x ] a y l lx {l ( x E D ( A ) ) i s s a t i s f i e d f o r s o m e r e a l c o n -

s t a n t y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J , i .e . t h e

s e s q u i l i n e a r f o r m [ A . ,. ] : D (A ) • D ( A) ~ ~ i s b o u n d e d f r o m

b e l o w i n ( K ,( . , .) ) T h e n t h e o p e r a t o r J A i s s e l f a d j o i n t

a n d b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K ,( . ,. ) ) N o w

R e m a r k 1 . 4 a n d C o r o l l a r y 1 .3 i m p l y t h a t D [ J A ] i s t h e d o m a i n

o f t h e c l o s u r e o f t h e s e s q u i l i n e a r f o r m [ A ., . ] ( s ee [ 23 ,

p . 1 2 2 ] ) .

I ) A n o p e r a t o r A i s s a i d to b e b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e i f

0 E p(A)

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4 6 6 C u r g u s

R E M A R K 1 .6 . I f t h e s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r S i s g i v e n

b y a n o r d i n a r y 2 n - t h o r d e r d i f f e r e n t i a l e x p r e s s i o n w i t h b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n s t h e s e t ~ [ S] i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e e s s e n t i a l

b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s ( s ee [ 1 4 , 1 0 ~ [ 4, T h e o r e m 2 . 4 ] ) .

R E M A R K 1 .7 . L e t S b e a b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e s e l f a d -

j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e (H, ( ., .) ) T h e t o p o l o g y

o n ~ [ S ] ~ i s g i v e n b y t h e n o r m II I S 1 1 / 2 . II T h e i n e q u a l i t y

l( Sx ,y ) I ~ II ISI I/ 2 xll II ISI I/ 2 yll ( x , y 6 D( S) )

i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s c a l a r p r o d u c t ( S. ,. ) c a n b e e x t e n d e d b y c o n -

t i n u i t y o n t o ~ [ S ] T h e n ( ~ [ S ] , ( S . , . ) ) i s a K r e i n s p a c e .

T h e n o r m t o p o l o g y o n t h i s K r e i n s p a c e i s d e f i n e d b y II ISl I/2" II,

h e n c e i t c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e t o p o l o g y o n 0 [ S ] N . T h i s K r e i n

s p a c e i s a P o n t r j a g i n s p a c e o f i n d e x K ( s e e [ 1 9] ) i f a n d o n l y

i f t h e n e g a t i v e s p e c t r u m o f S c o n s i s t s o f f i n i t e l y m a n y e i g e n -

v a l u e s o f t o t a l m u l t i p l i c i t y < . I n t h i s c a s e t h e o p e r a t o r S

i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w , s a y S ~ y , a n d C o r o l l a r y 1 . 3 y i e l d s

t h a t t h e n o r m II ( S - a I ) I/2" I I, f o r a < y , g e n e r a t e s t h e n o r m

t o p o l o g y o f t h e P o n t r j a g i n s p a c e ( ~ [ S ] , ( S . , . ) )

1 .3 . I n t h i s s u b s e c t i o n w e c o n s i d e r a s e l f a d j o i n t o p -

e r a t o r A i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . ,. ] ) s u c h t h a t z e r o i s n o t

a n e i g e n v a l u e o f A a n d p u t P = J A . T h e n t h e f o l l o w i n g

e q u i v a l e n c e s h o l d t r u e.

(a) I f t h e o p e r a t o r P J P i s d e n s e l y d e f i n e d , t h e n i t i s

s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( . ,. ) ) i f a n d o n l y i f

- I

P • a i P J a r e b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r s f o r s o m e ( an dh e n c e f o r a l l ) a 6 ~ .

(b) T h e r e s o l v e n t s e t p ( j p2 ) i s n o t e m p t y if a n d o n l y

i f t h e o p e r a t o r p -1 + a i J P i s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e f o r s o m e

( a n d h e n c e f o r a l l) a 6 ~ .

W e m e n t i o n t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r s p -1 • a i P J a r e d e f i n e d

o n P D ( P J P ) I n o r d e r t o p r o v e (a) w e s u p p o s e f i r s t t h a t P J P

i s a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r . T h e n f o r e v e r y a 6 ~ t h e o p e r a t o r

I - a i P J P i s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e . T h e o p e r a t o r

- IP ( I - a i P J P) i s a c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r

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C u r g u s 4 6 7

( I - a i p j p ) - 1 , w h i c h m a p s K o n t o ~ ( P J P ) ~ ~ ( P ) , a n d t h e

-1c l o s e d o p e r a t o r P H e n c e , P ( I - a i P J P) i s a n e v e r y w h e r e

d e f i n e d c l o s e d o p e r a t o r a n d t h e r e f o r e b o u n d e d . I t i s e a s y t o

s e e t h a t P ( I - a i p j p ) - 1 i s a n i n v e r s e o f p - 1 _ a i P J . C o n -

-Iv e r s e l y , l e t u s s u p p o s e t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r s P • a i P J a r e

b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e f o r s o m e a s ~ . T h e n p - 1 ( p - 1 • a i p j ) - 1

a r e e v e r y w h e r e d e f i n e d c l o s e d o p e r a t o r s a n d h e n c e b o u n d e d .

T h e s e o p e r a t o r s a r e th e i n v e r s e s o f t h e o p e r a t o r s I • a i P J P .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e s y m m e t r i c o p e r a t o r P J P i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e

H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( ., . ) )

T h e p r o o f o f (b) u s e s t h e s a m e i d e a s a s t h e p r o o f o f ( a) .

L E M M A 1 .8 . L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e

K r e i n s p a c e K s u c h t h a t z e r o i s n o t a n e i g e n v a l u e o f A a n d

p u t P = J A . I f ~ N p(P ) * ~ , t h e n f o r an y p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r

m t h e o p e r a t o r J P 2 m h a s a n o n e m p t y r e s o l v e n t s et .

P R O O F . W e s h a l l p r o v e t h e l e m m a f o r m = I f i r s t . L e t

I / b b e a r e a l n u m b e r i n p (P ) T h e n o n r e a l s p e c t r u m o f A

c o n s i s t s o f a f i n i t e n u m b e r of p o i n t s . T h e r e f o r e w e c a n c h o o s e

a r e a l a 0 s u c h t h a t - a i , a i , i / a b 6 P ( A )

I. W e h a v e c h o s e n t h e n u m b e r a s u c h t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r

(A - a i I) (A + a i I) = A 2 + a 2 I

i s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e , i .e . - a 2 6 Q ( A 2) C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e

s y m m e t r i c o p e r a t o r A 2 + a 2 I i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e K r e i n

s p a c e K H e n c e , A 2 i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K

a n d P J P = J A 2 i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( . ,. ) )-1

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u i v a l e n c e (a) t h e o p e r a t o r P - a i P J i s

b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e . N o w w e p r o v e t h a t p -1 _ a i P J i s a

d e n s e l y d e f i n e d o p e r a t o r . T h e o p e r a t o r P J = J A J i s i n v e r t i b l e

a n d d e f i n i t i z a b l e i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K . I n d e e d , P J i s a

s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n ( K , [ . ,. ] ) , i t h a s t h e s a m e d e f i n i -

t i z i n g p o l y n o m i a l a s A a n d Q ( J A J ) = p ( A) % @ . T h e r e f o r e ,

~ ( P J ) A R ( P J ) = D ( P - I - a i P J ) i s d e n s e i n K a n d p - 1 _ a i P J

i s a d e n s e l y d e f i n e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r .

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2. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e c h o i c e o f a a n d b t h e o p e r a t o r

i i( J P + ~ I ) ( b P - I - I ) = b J - J P + ! p - 1 _ _ _

a a b I

i p - 1 _ j pi s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e a n d h e n c e c l o s e d . T h us ,

a n d a l s o p -1 + a i J P a r e c l o s e d o p e r a t o r s . C o m p a r i n g t h e

d o m a i n s w e s ee t h a t

-I -IP ( I + a i P J P ) c P + a i J P .

C o n s e q u e n t l y

R ( P - I + a i J P) ~ R ( P - I ( I + a i P J P ) ) = ~ ( P )

-IH e n c e , w e s e e t h a t P + a i J P i s a d e n s e l y d e f i n e d , c l o s e d

o p e r a t o r w i t h a d e n s e r a n g e .

3 . I t h o l d s t r u e

p I + a i J P c ( p - 1 _ a i P J ) , ( 1 . 4 )

w h e r e t he a s t e r i s k * d e n o t e s o p e r a t o r a d j o i n t s i n ( K , ( . , .) )

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i r s t s t e p o f t h i s p r o o f t h e o p e r a t o r o n t h e

r i g h t - h a n d s i d e o f ( 1. 4) i s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e a n d w e h a v e

( p -1 + a i j p ) - 1 ~ ( p - 1 - a i p j ) * - 1 ( 1 . 5 )

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e c o n d s t e p o f t h i s p r o o f t h e o p e r a t o r o n t h e

l e f t - h a n d s i d e o f (1 .5 ) i s d e n s e l y d e f i n e d a n d c l o s e d . T h e r e -

f o r e , i n ( 1. 5) ( a n d h e n c e i n ( 1. 4 )) w e h a v e e q u a l i t y a n d

p -1 + a i J P i s a b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r .

T h e e q u i v a l e n c e (b) y i e l d s p ( j p 2 ) # @ . H e n c e t h e

l e m m a is p r o v e d f o r t h e c a s e m = I I f m > 1 , w e a p p l y t h e

a l r e a d y p r o v e d r e s u l t m t i m e s . T h e l e m m a i s p r o v e d .

I n a s i m i l a r w a y w e s h o w t h a t f o r a s e l f a d j o i n t i n v e r -

t i b l e o p e r a t o r P i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( ., . ) ) s u c h t h a t

p ( j p2 ) ~ t h e o p e r a t o r P J P i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n ( K , ( . ,. ) )

T h i s r e s u l t i m p r o v e s L e m m a 3 . 1 f r o m [ 18 ] w h e r e o n l y t h e e s s e n -

t i a l s e l f a d j o i n t n e s s o f t h e o p e r a t o r P J P i s p r o v e d .

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C u r g u s 4 6 9

I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e s t a t e d r e s u l t w e o b s e r v e t h a t

- IP • a i P J a r e c l o s e d o p e r a t o r s w i t h d e n s e r a n g e s . I n d e e d ,

t h e s e o p e r a t o r s a r e c l o s e d a s t h e o p e r a t o r s

( p - 1 + I ) ( a i P J + I ) = a i J + a i P J + p - 1 + I

a r e c l o s e d , a n d t h e i n c l u s i o n s

- I - 1P -+ ai PJ m P

i m p l y t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r s

I t h o l d s t r u e

( I + a i p 2 j )

- IP _+ a i P J h a v e d e n s e r a n g e s .

p- 1 _+ ai PJ c= (p-1 u ai J P ) * (I .6)

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e e q u i v a l e n c e (b) t h e o p e r a t o r s o n t h e r i g h t - h a n d

s i d e o f ( 1. 6) a r e b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e a n d w e h a v e

( p -1 • a i p j ) - 1 g ( p - 1 ; a i j p ) * - 1 ( 1 . 7 )

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e c e d i n g o b s e r v a t i o n t h e o p e r a t o r s o n t h e

l e f t - h a n d s i d e o f ( 1. 7) a r e d e n s e l y d e f i n e d a n d c l o s e d . T h e r e -

f o r e , i n (1 . 7) ( a n d h e n c e i n (1 . 6 )) w e h a v e e q u a l i t y a n d

-IP • a i P J a r e b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r s . T h e e q u i v a -

l e n c e (a) y i e l d s t h a t P J P i s a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n

( K , ( . , . ) )

2. P O S I T I V E O P E R A T O R S

2 .1 . I n t h i s s e c t i o n w e c o n s i d e r a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y

i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r A i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . ,. ] ) T h e n

w e h a v e

[A x, x] = (J Ax ,x ) ~ II (JA)- Ifl-l ilxi i 2 = li A -I

a n d

i f tlxiJ 2 ( x 6 ~( A) ),

( x , Y ) A : = [ A x , y ] ( x , y 6 D ( A ) )

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4 7 0 C u r g u s

d e f i n e s a p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e s c a l a r p r o d u c t o n D (A ) T h e c o r r e -

s p o n d i n g n o r m II ( JA ) I / 2 . II i s d e n o t e d b y I t. ll . A s i n

R e m a r k 1 . 7 t h e s c a l a r p r o d u c t ( ' ' ' ) A c a n b e e x t e n d e d by c o n -

t i n u i t y o n t o ~ [ J A ] a n d ( ~ [ JA ] , ( . ,. ) A) i s a H i l b e r t s p a c e .

R E M A R K 2 1 T h e o p e r a t o r A - I " ] D [ J A ] m a p s ~ [ J A ]

i n t o D ( A) q D [ J A ] a n d i t i s a s e l f a d j o i n t , b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n

t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( ~ [ J A] , ( . ,. ) A) I n d e e d, t h e s e l f a d j o i n t n e s s

f o l l o w s f r o m th e r e l a t i o n

( A - I x , Y ) A = [ A A - I x , y ] = [ A - I A x , y ]

= [ A x , A - l y ] = ( x , A - l y ) A ( x , y 6 D ( A ) ) ,

a n d t h e b o u n d e d n e s s f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n

] ( A - I x , x ) A i - - L [ x , x ] ] =< ( x , x )

< llA I II [ Ax ,x ] = ILA I II (x ,x) A ( x 6 D ( A ) )

T h e n e x t l e m m a i s a s i m p l e c o n s e q u e n c e o f K r e i n - R e i d -

L a x t h e o r e m a b o u t s y m m e t r i z a b l e o p e r a t o r s ( s ee [ 1 5] , [ 2 1] , [ 2 0] ) .

L E M M A 2 . 2. L e t S a n d K b e b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r s in t h e

H i l b e r t s p a c e ( H , ( . , . ) ) s u c h t h a t

j o i n t . T h e n w e h a v e

S a n d S K a r e s e l f a d -

i ( S K x , x ) i ~ l I K i l ( I S J x , x ) ( x 6 H )

P R O OF . T h e o p e r a t o r s g n ( S ) K i s b o u n d e d i n H

II s g n ( S ) K i l ~ l I K l l T h e o p e r a t o r ISi i s p o s i t i v e a n d

a n d

I S ] s g n ( S ) K = S K i s a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n H . T h e r e f o r e

a l l t h e a s s u m p t i o n s o f T h e o r e m 2. 1 i n [ 21 ] a r e s a t i s f i e d . H e n c e

I ( S K x, x ) I = l ( I S ~ s g n ( S ) K x , x ) j

11Kll (I Si x, x) ( x 6 H )

T h e l e m m a i s p r o v e d .

L E M M A 2 . 3. L e t B

o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e

b e a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e

( K , [ . , . ] ) A s s u m e t h a t t h e r e

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C u r g u s 4 71

e x i s t s a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W i n t he K r e i n

s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) s u c h t h a t

@ [ J B ] c D ( W ) , W D [ J B ] c D [ J B ]= =

a n d s u c h t h a t W I D [ j B ] i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n D [ J B ] N

T h e n , on D [ J B ] t h e n o r m g e n e r a t e d b y t h e p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e

s c a l a r p r o d u c t

< x , y > B := ( I B - 1 1 D [ j B ] I X , Y ) B ( x , y 6 D [ J B ] ) ( 2 . 1)

i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e n o r m I1"11 of K The

o p e r a t o r W i s b o u n d e d i n K .

-1P R O O F . T h e o p e r a t o r B I D [ jB ] i s s e l f a d j o i n t a n d

b o u n d e d i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( D [ J B ] , ( . , . ) B) ; I B - I I D [ j B ] I

d e n o t e s i t s a b s o l u t e v a l u e i n t h i s H i l b e r t s p a c e . F o r

x 6 D [ J B ] w e h a v e

llxll 2 = (x ,x) S l l w - 1 1 1 [ W x , x ] = l lw I

l jw -1 11 II W I D -[ j B ]I I ( I B - 1 1 D [ j B ] I X ' X ) B

= I I W -I I I II W I D [ j B ] I I < x , x > B .

II ( B - I W x , X ) B

( 2 . 2 )

T h e l a s t i n e q u a l i t y i n ( 2. 2) i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f L e m m a 2 . 2

a p p l i e d t o t h e b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r s B - I I D [ j B ] a n d W I ~ [ j B~ i n

t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( D [ J B ] , ( . , .) B ) H e r e w e u s e t h e f a c t t h a t

o p e r a t o r ( B - I ID [ j B ]) ( W I D[ j B] ) i s p o s i t i v eh e i n

( D [ J B ] , ( . , . ) B ) ( s e e t h e f i r s t l i n e i n ( 2 . 2 )) . F u r t h e r , f o rx 6 D [ J B ] w e h a v e

< X , X > B s u p { I < x , Y > B 1 2 : < Y ' Y > B ~ 1 }

= s u p {I ( I B - I I D [ j B ] I X , Y ) B 12 : < Y ' Y > B ~ 1 }

= s u p { I ( B - I x , Y ) B 12 : < Y ' Y > B ~ I }

= s u p { I [ x , y ] I : < Y ' Y > B ~ 1 }

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4 7 2 C u r g u s

s u p { l [ x , y ] l 2 : I l y l l 2 ~ IIW -1 11 I I W I ~ [ j B ] I I }

= IIW - 11 1 II W I 0 [ j B ]1 1 I l x l l 2 ( 2 . 3 )

B y ( 2. 2) a n d ( 2. 3) t h e s c a l a r p r o d u c t s < ' ' ' > B a n d ( ., .)

g e n e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t n o r m s o n ~ [ J B] T h e o p e r a t o r J B i s

p o s i t i v e i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e (K, ( . ,. ) ) a n d f r o m ( 2 .2 ) a n d

( 2. 3) i t f o l l o w s t h a t J W i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n (K, ( ., . ))

H e r e w e h a v e u s e d t h e f a c t t h a t D ( B) i s a d e n s e s e t i n K .

T h e n t h e o p e r a t o r W i s a l s o b o u n d e d . T h i s c o m p l e t e s t h e p r o o f

o f t h e l e m m a .

W e n o t e t h a t i n [ 2] a n d [ 1 2] , i n o r d e r t o p r o v e h a l f -

r a n g e c o m p l e t e n e s s , t h e e q u i v a l e n c e o f t h e n o r m s i n L e m m a 2 . 4

w a s s h o w n b y o t h e r m e t h o d s f o r t he s p e c i a l c a s e o f S t u r m -

L i o u v i l l e o p e r a t o r s w i t h a n i n d e f i n i t e w e i g h t f u n c t i o n .

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g , i f J i s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y w e p u t

IP• := ~ (I • J) , K• := P•

T h e o p e r a t o r A i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K i s c a l l e d f u n d a -

m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e i f t h e r e e x i s t s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J

s u c h t h a t f o r e v e r y x s D ( A ) w e h a v e P + x , P _ x 6 D ( A ) a n d

A P • 6 K •

T h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f f u n d a m e n t a l r e d u c i -

b i l i t y i s c o n t a i n e d i n [ 6] .

L E M M A 2 . 4. T h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e e q u i v al e n t .

(i) T h e o p e r a t o r A i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i bl e .

(ii) T h e r e e x i s t s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J s u c h t h a t

A P m P A a n d A P m P A hold.+ = + - - = --

(iii) T h e r e e x i s t s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J s u c h t h a t

A J = J A holds.

T h e o p e r a t o r A i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( H ,( . , .) ) i s

s a i d t o b e s i m i l a r to a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n ( H , ( . , . ) ) i f

t h e r e e x i s t s a s c a l a r p r o d u c t ( ., .) ' o n H s u c h t h a t ( ., .) '

a n d ( ., .) g e n e r a t e o n H e q u i v a l e n t n o r m s a n d A i s s e l f -

a d j o i n t i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( H ,( . ,. ) ') T h e f o l l o w i n g

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C u r g u s 4 7 3

t h e o r e m i s t h e m a i n r e s u l t o f t h i s s e c t i o n .

T H E O R E M 2 . 5. L e t A b e a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r -

t i b l e o p e r a t o r i n th e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) T h e f o l l o w i n g

s t a t e m e n t s a r e e q u i v a l e n t .

(i) A i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e .

(ii) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

~ ( A ) c D ( W ) , W V ( A ) = D ( A ) , ( 2 . 4 )= =

^

a n d W I D ( A ) i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n D ( A )

(iii) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h

t h a t (2.4) h o l d s .

(iv) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

O [ J A ] c D (W ) , W V [ J A ] c D [ J A ] ,= =

a n d W I D [ J A ] i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n D [ J A ] N .

(v) T h e p o s i t i v e d e f i n i t e s c a l a r p r o d u c t s < ' ' ' > A

a n d ( ., .) g e n e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t n o r m s o n O [ J A ]

(vi) A i s s i m i l a r t o a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n t h e

H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( . , . ) )

(vii) I n f i n i t y i s n o t a s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f A .

P R O O F . (i) ~ ( ii ) : L e t A b e f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e .

T h e n b y L e m m a 2 .4 t h e r e e x i s t s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J 0 w h i c h

c o m m u t e s w i t h A , A J 0 = J 0 A . I t f o l l o w s t h a t J o D ( A ) ~ D ( A) ,

a n d J 0 i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n o r m l l. lI AJ oA . A c c o r -

d i n g t o P r o p o s i t i o n 1. 1^ t h e n o r m ll. I IA J oA g e n e r a t e s o n D ( A )

t h e t o p o l o g y ^ o f D (A ) H e n c e , J 0 1 D ( A) i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a -

t o r i n D ( A ) a n d w e c a n t a k e W = J 0 i n ( i i) .

( ii ) ~ ( ii i ): I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h i s i m p l i c a t i o n

w e a p p l y L e m m a 2 . 3 t o t h e o p e r a t o r s B := A J A a n d W f r o m

( ii ). T h e o p e r a t o r A J A i s p o s i t i v e a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e

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4 7 4 C u r g u s

i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K . A c c o r d i n g t o R e m a r k 1 .4 w e h a v e

D [ ( J A ) 2] = D [ J ( A J A ) ] = D ( A) H e n c e a l l t h e a s s u m p t i o n s o f

L e m m a 2 .3 a r e f u l f i l l e d a n d a c c o r d i n g t o t h i s l e m m a t h e o p e r a t o r

W i s b o u n d e d i n K .

( ii i) ~ (i v) : T h e o p e r a t o r W A - I i s b o u n d e d i n K

-IS i n c e W D ( A ) ~ D ( A) , t h e o p e r a t o r A W A i s e v e r y w h e r e d e f i n e d

-Ia n d c l o s e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e b o u n d e d i n K T h e o p e r a t o r W A W A

i s a l s o b o u n d e d i n K , i . e.

II WA WA -I xl l ~ c 3 llxll ( x 6 K )

w i t h s o m e c 3 > 0 T h i s i n e q u a l i t y i s e q u i v a l e n t t o

II W A W x ~ c 3 lJAxll ( x 6 D ( A ) ) ,

a n d a l s o t o

lJ JW AW xl l < c 3 lIJAxlJ ( x 6 D ( A ) )

T h e o p e r a t o r c 3 J A i s p o s i t i v e a n d s e l f a d j o i n t i n ( K , ( ., . ) )

T h e o p e r a t o r J W A W i s p o s i t i v e a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e , a n d

h e n c e s e l f a d j o i n t i n ( K , ( . , . ) ) F u r t h e r m o r e ,

D ( J W A W ) ~ D ( A ) = D ( c 3 J A) B y T h e o r e m 1 . 2 i t f o l l o w s t h a t

( J W A W x , x ) < c 3 ( J A x , x ) ( x 6 D ( A ) ) ,

o r, e q u i v a l e n t l y ,

[ A W x , W x ] ~ c 3 [ A x , x ] ( x 6 D ( A ) )

T h i s s h o w s t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r W I D ( A ) i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t

t o t h e n o r m Jl.ll o n D ( A ) I t r e m a i n s t o s h o w t h a t

W D [ J A ] ~ ~ [ J A ] L e t ( x ) b e a s e q u e n c e o f e l e m e n t s o f D ( A )

x i n I I .l l T h e n x s D [ J A ] , x n ~ x i n I I' l la n d x n

a n d , s i n c e W i s b o u n d e d , W x n ~ W x i n I I ' 1 1 S i n c e W ~ D ( A )

i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t to li.ll o n D ( A) , t h e s e q u e n c e

( WX n) i s a l l .l l A -C a u ch y s e q u e n c e a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y c o n v e r g e n t

i n ( D [ J A ] , J l . i J A ) , i . e . W X n ~ Y 0 i n l l' II A ' Y 0 6 D [ J A ]

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C u r g u s 4 7 5

I t f o l l o w s W X n ~ Y 0 i n H 'I t H e n c e Y 0 = W x 6 D [ J A ] T h i s

p r o v e s W ~ [ J A ] c D [ J A ]=

2 . 3 .

(iv) ~ ( v) : T h i s i m p l i c a t i o n i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f L e m m a

(v) ~ (vi) : A s s u m e t h a t t h e s c a l a r p r o d u c t s < ' ' ' > A

a n d ( ., .) g e n e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t n o r m s o n D [ JA ] S i n c e

D [ J A ] i s d e n s e i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K , ( ., . ) ) t h e s c a l a r

p r o d u c t < ' ' ' > A c a n b e e x t e n d e d o n t o K b y c o n t i n u i t y . T h e

e x t e n d e d s c a l a r p r o d u c t w i l l a l s o b e d e n o t e d by < ' ' ' > A " I n

-IR e m a r k 2 . 1 i t w a s s h o w n t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r A I ~ [ j A ] i s s e l f -

a d j o i n t i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( D [ J A ] , ( . , . ) A ) I n t h e s a m e w a y

-1o n e p r o v e s t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r A i s s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e H i l b e r t

s p a c e ( K , < . , . > A) T h e s c a l a r p r o d u c t s < ' ' ' > A a n d ( ., .)

-Ig e n e r a t e e q u i v a l e n t n o r m s o n K a n d h e n c e A i s s i m i l a r t o

a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K ,( . ,. ) ) C o n -

s e q u e n t l y , A i s a l s o s i m i l a r to a s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r i n

( K , ( . , . ) ) a n d ( vi ) i s p r o v e d .

T h e i m p l i c a t i o n (vi) ~ (v ii ) i s o b v i o u s . T h e e q u i v a l e n c e

(i) ~ ( vi i) i s w e l l - k n o w n ( s ee [I ] ). T h e t h e o r e m i s p r o v e d .

I n [1 2] o n e c a n f i n d a n e x a m p l e o f a n o p e r a t o r A f o r

w h i c h t h e n o r m s i n (v) a r e n o t e q u i v a l e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o

T h e o r e m 2 .5 t h i s m e a n s ~ 6 C s( A ) E a r l i e r e x a m p l e s of p o s i -

t i v e o p e r a t o r s i n K r e i n s p a c e s f o r w h i c h ~ 6 c (A) w e r e g i v e ns

i n [ 1 7 ] , [ 7 ] a n d [ 1 ] .

C O R O L L A R Y 2 . 6. L e t A a n d B b e p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y

i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r s i n t he K r e i n sp a c e K a n d s u p p o s e t ha t

D ( A ) = D ( B ) T h e n ~ ~ Cs( A) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( B )

P R O O F. T h i s a s s e r t i o n i s a n e a s y c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e

e q u i v a l e n c e ( ii i) ~ ( v ii ) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5 a n d t h e a s s u m p t i o n

D ( A ) = D ( B )

C O R O L L A R Y 2 . 7. L e t A b e a s i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5. T h e n A

i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e i f a n d o nl y i f t h e re e x i s t s a f u n d a -

m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J s u c h t h a t t h e i n c l u s i o n P + D ( A ) ~ D ( A )

holds.

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4 7 6 C u r g u s

P R O O F . T h e o p e r a t o r J = P + - P _ i s p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d

a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d w e h a v e

J ~ ( A ) ~ D ( A ) . T h u s t h e i m p l i c a t i o n ( ii i) ~ (i) f r o m T h e o r e m 2 . 5

i m p l i e s t h e " i f " p a r t o f t h e c o r o l l a r y . T h e c o n v e r s e s t a t e m e n t

i s o b v i o u s .

2 . 2. L E M M A 2 . 8. L e t A b e a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r -

t i b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K , a n d le t m b e a n i n t e g e r .

P u t P = J A . T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( j p 2 m )

P R O O F . S u p p o s e f i r s t t h a t m = 1 T h e n t h e o p e r a t o r

j p 2 = A J A i s p o s i t i v e a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e i n t h e K r e i n

s p a c e K I n R e m a r k 1 .4 w e h a v e n o t e d t h a t^

V (A ) = D [ J ( A J A ) ] N . T h e r e f o r e t h e o p e r a t o r W i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5

(i i) w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e o p e r a t o r A h a s t h e s a m e p r o p e r t i e s

a s W i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5 (iv) w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e o p e r a t o r A J A

H e n c e i t f o l l o w s t h a t ~ r C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J P 2)

F u r t h e r w e c a n s u p p o s e t h a t m 0 T h e n t h e l e m m a f o l l o w s i f

w e a p p l y t he a l r e a d y p r o v e d p a r t o f L e m m a 2 .8 m t i m e s . I n t h e

c a s e m > 0 w e s t a r t w i t h t h e o p e r a t o r A , a n d i n t h e c a s e

m < 0 w e s t a r t w i t h J P 2 m

T H E O R E M 2 . 9. L e t A b e a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e

o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d l e t ~ 6 ( 0 , + ~ ) P u t

P = J A . T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J P P )

P R O O F . S u p p o s e t h a t ~ r C s ( A) T h e i m p l i c a t i o n

( vi i) ~ ( i i) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5 y i e l d s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a p o s i t i v e ,

b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

( A) c ~ ( W ) , W ~ ( A ) c D ( A )_-- =

a n d t h e o p e r a t o r W I D ( A ) i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n o r m

I I ( p2 + i )1 / 2. 1 1 o n D ( A) C o n s e q u e n t l y , t he o p e r a t o r W I D ( A )

i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n o r m I I P' I I o n P ( A) = ~ ( P)

I n t h e p r o o f o f t h e i m p l i c a t i o n ( ii ) ~ ( ii i) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5 i t

w a s s h o w n t h a t W i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n K . B y T h e o r e m 1 .2

i t f o l l o w s t h a t

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C u r g u s 4 7 7

W D (P~ ) c__ D (P~ ) ( 0 <__ e < 1 ) .

H e n c e , w e h a v e p r o v e d t h a t i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K t h e r e e x i s t s

a p o s i t i ve , b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h

t h a t W D ( J P ~) ~ D ( J P ~ ) ( 0 ~ ~ ~ 1 ) S i n c e t h e o p e r a t o r J P ~

( ~ 6 ( 0 ,+ ~) ) i s p o s i t i v e a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e i n t h e

K r e i n s p a c e K t h e i m p l i c a t i o n ( ii i) ~ ( vi i) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5

y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J P ~ ) T h u s w e h a v e p r o v e d t h e " o n l y i f " p a r t

o f t h e t h e o r e m f o r U s ( 0, 1] F o r ~ > I t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r m s u c h t h a t U / 2 m < I T h e o p e r a t o r J P 2 m

i s p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e a n d L e m m a 2 . 8 i m p l i e s

~ C s ( J P 2 m) S i n c e ~ / 2 m < I , w e c a n a p p l y t h e p a r t o f

T h e o r e m 2 .9 w h i c h w a s p r o v e d a l r e a d y t o t h e o p e r a t o r J P 2 m a n d

w e g e t ~ ~ C s ( J P U ) ( ~ 6 ( I ,+ ~ ) ) T h e " o n l y i f " p a r t o f t h e

t h e o r e m i s p r o v e d . I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h e " i f" p a r t of t h e

t h e o r e m w e a p p l y t h e a l r e a d y p r o v e d " o n l y if " p a r t o f t h e t h e o -

r e m t o t h e o p e r a t o r J P ~ ( ~ s ( 0 ,+ ~ ) ) a n d I / ~ 6 ( 0 , +~ ) I t

f o l l o w s t h a t ~ ~ C s ( J P ~ ) i m p l i e s ~ ~ C s ( J P ) T h e t h e o r e m

i s p r o v e d .

3. D E F I N I T I Z A B L E O P E R A T O R S

3 . 1. I n t h i s s e c t i o n w e g e n e r a l i z e t h e e q u i v a l e n c e o f

t h e s t a t e m e n t s ( i i ), ( i i i ), (i v) a n d ( vi i) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5 t o

d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r s i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d g i v e s o m e

a p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s r e s u l t .

L E M M A 3 .1 . L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e

K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f

~ C S ( J ( J J A I + I ))

P R O O F . D e n o t e t h e s p e c t r a l f u n c t i o n o f A b y E

L e t A b e s u c h t h a t ~ ~ ~ i s a b o u n d e d i n t e r v a l c o n t a i n i n g

a l l t h e f i n i t e c r i t i c a l p o i n t s of A a n d z e r o i n i t s i n t e r i o r

a n d p u t K : = E ( ~ ) K T h e r e s t r i c t i o n A i K i s a b o u n d e d l y

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4 7 8 C u r g u s

i n v e r t i b l e , p o s i t i v e o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e (K , [ ., . ])

S u p p o s e ~ ~ C s (A ) a n d l e t J 0 b e a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y o n

K c o m m u t i n g w i t h E ( ~ ) W e p u t ( x, y ) 0 : = [ J 0 x , Y ] ( x , y 6 K )

a n d P 0 : = J 0 A " T h e n J 0 1 K i s a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y on K

a n d P 0 c o m m u t e s w i t h E ( ~ ) T h e o p e r a t o r P 0 1 K i s p o s i t i v e

a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e i n t h e H i l b e r t s p a c e (K , ( ., . ) 0) a n d

P 0 1 K = I P 0 11 K N o w t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e e q u i v a l e n t :

( a) ~ ~ C s ( A ) , ( b) ~ ~ C s ( A i K ) , ( c) ~ r C s ( J 0 P 0 1 K ) ,

( d) ~ ~ C s ( J 0 1 P 0 1 1 K ) , ( e) ~ ~ C s ( J 0 ( I P 0 1 + I ) I K ) ,

( f) -- ~ C s ( J ( I P 0 1 + I ) ) , ( g) - ~ C s ( J ( I P I + I ) ) T h e

e q u i v a l e n c e s (d) ~ (e) a n d (f) ~ (g) a r e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f

C o r o l l a r y 2 . 6, t h e o t h e r e q u i v a l e n c e s a r e o b v i o u s . T h i s c o m -

p l e t e s t h e p r o o f o f t h e l e m ma .

T h e f o l l o w i n g t h e o r e m i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f L e m m a 3 .1 ,

R e m a r k 1 .4 a n d T h e o r e m 2 .5 .

T H E O R E M 3 . 2. L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e

K r e i n s p a c e

l e n t .

( i )

(ii)

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b ~ e o p e r a t o r W

( K , [ . , . ] ) T h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e e q u i v a -

I n f i n i t y i s n o t a s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f A .

I n t he K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

s u c h t h a t

D ( A ) ~ D ( W ) , W D ( A ) q_ D ( A ) , ( 3 . 1 )

A

i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n D ( A )a n d W I D ( A )

( i i i ) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h

t h a t ( 3 . 1 ) h o l d s .

(iv) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) t h e r e e x i s t s a

p o s i t i v e, b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

D [ J A ] c D ( W ) , W D [ J A ] c D [ J A ] ,= =

i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r i n D[JA]~ a n d W I D [ J A ]

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C u r g u s 4 7 9

C O R O L L A R Y 3 . 3. L e t A a n d B b e d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a -

t o r s i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d s u p p o s e t h a t ~ ( A ) = ~ ( B )

T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( B )

P R O O F . T h i s a s s e r t i o n i s a n e a s y c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e

e q u i v a l e n c e ( ii i) ~ (i) in T h e o r e m 3 . 2 a n d t h e a s s u m p t i o n

V ( A ) = ~ ( B )

R E M A R K 3. 4 . T h e p r e c e d i n g c o r o l l a r y y i e l d s th e f o l l o w i n g

p e r t u r b a t i o n r e s u l t s . L e t A a n d B b e o p e r a t o r s i n t h e K r e i n

s p a c e K s u c h t h a t ~ ( B ) ~ D ( A ) ( 0( B) ~ R ( A) , r e s p e c t i v e l y )

a n d s u c h t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r s A a n d A + B ( B A ) a r e d e f i -

n i t i z a b l e . T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( A + B )

( ~ ~ C s (B A ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

P R O P O S I T I O N 3 .5 . L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n

t h e K r e i n s p a c e K T h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e e q u i v a l e n t .

(i) I n f i n i t y i s n o t a s i n g u l a r c r i t i c a l p o i n t o f A .

(ii) I n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K t h e r e e x i s t s a p o s i t i v e ,

b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h t h a t

W ? [ J A ] ~ ~ [ J A ] .

P R O O F . R e m a r k 1 .4 i m p l i e s ~ [ J A ] = ~ ( J ( I J A I + I ) I / 2)

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s t a t e m e n t (ii) o f t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n c o i n c i d e s

w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t (ii i) i n T h e o r e m 2 .5 a p p l i e d t o th e p o s i t i v e ,

b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r J ( I JA i + I) 1 /2 A c c o r d i n g t o

t h e e q u i v a l e n c e ( ii i) ~ ( vi i) i n T h e o r e m 2 . 5, i n o r d e r t o p r o v e

t h e p r o p o s i t i o n , i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o s h o w t h a t

~ C s ( J ( I J A l + I ) I /2 ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( A ) I n o r d e r t o

(J(I JAj + I) I/2)r o v e t h i s w e n o t e t h a t L e m m a 2 . 8 y i e l d s ~ ~ c s

i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J ( I J A l + I )) a n d t h a t L e m m a 3. 1 i m p l i e s

~ C s ( J ( I J A I + I )) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( A ) T h e p r o p o s i -

t i o n i s p r o v e d .

C O R O L L A R Y 3 . 6. L e t A a n d B b e d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a -

t o r s i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K . S u p p o s e t h a t ~ [ J A ] = ~ [ J A ]

T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( B )

P R O O F . T h i s a s s e r t i o n i s a n e a s y c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e

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4 8 0 C u r g u s

e q u i v a l e n c e i n P r o p o s i t i o n 3 . 5 a n d t h e a s s u m p t i o n D [ J A ] = D [ J B ] .

R E M A R K 3 . 7. L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e

K r e i n s p a c e K . W e s h a l l d e s c r i b e a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h th e

a s s u m p t i o n (i i) o f P r o p o s i t i o n 3 . 5 i s f u l f i l l e d . S u p p o s e t h a t

t h e r e e x i s t a f u n d a m e n t a l s y m m e t r y J a n d o p e r a t o r s X • , Y •

d e f i n e d o n K w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :

( a) X • ~ D [ J A ] , Y • ~ D [ J A ] ,

(b) X • a n d Y • a r e b o u n d e d i n K ,

( c ) X • 1 7 7 = I • , X • ~ K g ,

( d) X • = Y ~ J

H e r e I ( I• , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) d e n o t e s t h e i d e n t i t y o p e r a t o r o n

K ( K• , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . T h e n t h e o p e r a t o r W : = Y + X + + Y X _

h a s a l l t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e o p e r a t o r W i n P r o p o s i t i o n

3 . 5 ( i i ) . I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h i s w e o n l y h a v e t o s h o w t h a t W

i s b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e a n d p o s i t i v e i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K

T h i s f o l l o w s f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n

( x , x ) = ( x + , x + ) + ( x , x ) = ( X + x + , X + x + ) + ( X _ x _ , X _ x _ )

( X + x , Y ~ J x ) + ( x _ x , Y ~ J x )

= ( J Y + X + x , x ) + ( J Y _ X _ x , x ) = ( J ( Y + X + + Y _ X _ ) x , x )

= ( J W x , x ) = [ W x , x ] ( x 6 K , x • = p • ) .

O p e r a t o r s X • , Y • w i t h t h e a b o v e p r o p e r t i e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d i n

[ 2] f o r a c l a s s o f S t u r m - L i o u v i l l e o p e r a t o r s w i t h a n i n d e f i n i t e

w e i g h t f u n c t i o n ( s ee a l s o [ 5 ]) .

R E M A R K 3 . 8. L e t S b e a s y m m e t r i c o p e r a t o r i n t h e

H i l b e r t s p a c e ( K ,( . ,. ) ) w h i c h is b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w w i t h a

l o w e r b o u n d y T h e n t h e e q u a l i t y

2 + ( S x , x ) ( x s D ( S ) )Ix~1 s := (I - X) IIx H 2

d e f i n e s a n o r m o n D ( S) ( s ee [ 23 , p . 1 2 2 ] ) . D e n o t e b y S F t h e

F r i e d r i c h s e x t e n s i o n o f S a n d s u p p o s e t h a t J S F i s a d e f i n i -

t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ ., . ] ) A s s u m e t h a t

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C u r g u s 4 81

t h e r e e x i s t s a p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W s u c h

t h a t

D ( S ) c D ( w ) , W D ( S ) c D ( s )--- =

a n d s u c h t h a t W i g ( s ) i s a b o u n d e d o p e r a t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

n o r m I s. el T h e n ~ ~ C s ( J S F )

I n d e e d , t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f D ( S) w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e

n o r m i i ' i i i s e v i d e n t l y c o n t a i n e d i n D (W ) a n d i n v a r i a n ts

u n d e r W . T h i s c o m p l e t i o n c o i n c i d e s w i t h D [ S F ] ( [1 4,

T h e o r e m 1 0 ] ) . T h e n o r m i l.J l c a n b e e x t e n d e d o n t o D [ S F ] a n d

f o r t h i s e x t e n d e d n o r m IB'ii w e h a v es

l i x l l s = i i ( S F + ( I - y ) I ) I / 2 x l i ( x 6 ~ [ S F ] ) , ( 3 . 2 )

a n d W I D [ S F ] i s b o u n d e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h i s n o r m . P r o p o s i t i o n

1 .1 i m p l i e s t h a t t h e n o r m ( 3. 2) g e n e r a t e s t h e t o p o l o g y o f

D [ S F ] N . H e n c e , T h e o r e m 3 . 2 y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J S F)

D e n o t e b y S K t h e K r e i n e x t e n s i o n o f S ( t h a t i s t h e

s o f t e x t e n s i o n i n t h e t e r m i n o l o g y o f [ 1 4 ] ) . S u p p o s e t h a t J S K

i s a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [. , . ] ) a n d

> 0 I f t h e o p e r a t o r W , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r e v i o u s

p r o p e r t i e s , i s b o u n d e d a n d s a t i s f i e s

W R ( J S ) c__ R ( J S ) ,

t h e n ~ ~ c s ( J S K )

I n o r d e r t o p r o v e t h i s o b s e r v e t h a t b y T h e o r e m 1 4 i n

[ 14 ] w e h a v e

D [ S K ] = D [ S F ] + N O ,

w h e r e N O i s a k e r n e l o f t h e o p e r a t o r S * . F u r t h e r m o r e N 0

i s i n v a r i a n t u n d e r W . I n d e e d , f o r e v e r y x 6 ~ ( S) t h e r e

e x i s t s x ' 6 D ( S ) s u c h t h a t W J S x = J S x ' . H e n c e , f o r ~ 6 N O

w e h a v e

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4 8 2 C u r g u s

( S * W ~ , x ) = ( W ~ , S x ) = [ W ~ , J S x ] = [ ~ , W J S x ]

= [ ~ , J S x ' ] = ( ~ , S x ' ) = ( S * ~ , x ' ) = 0 .

S i n c e x 6 D ( S ) w a s a r b i t r a r y , a n d D ( S) i s d e n s e i n K w e

c o n c l u d e t h a t W ~ 6 N O . W e h a v e s e e n t h a t D [ S F ] i s a l s o

i n v a r i a n t u n d e r W . H e n c e , D [ S K ] i s i n v a r i a n t u n d e r t h e

p o s i t i v e , b o u n d e d a n d b o u n d e d l y i n v e r t i b l e o p e r a t o r W a n d

P r o p o s i t i o n 3 . 5 y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J S K )

3 . 2 . T h e f o l l o w i n g t h e o r e m i s a n e x t e n s i o n o f T h e o r e m

2 . 9 f o r an o p e r a t o r w i t h a n o n e m p t y r e s o l v e n t s e t w h i c h i s p o s i -

t i v e a n d s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e .

T H E O R E M 3 . 9 . L e t A b e a p o s i t i v e , s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a -

t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K s u c h t h a t p ( A ) % 0 , and put

P = J A . I f ~ 6 ( 0 , + ~ ) i s s u c h t h a t p ( j p U ) % ~ t h e n

~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ r C s ( J P ~ )

P R O O F . S u p p o s e p ( J P ~ ) ~ ~ ( ~ 6 ( 0 , + ~ ) ) I n t h i s

c a s e t h e o p e r a t o r j p U i s d e f i n i t i z a b l e . T h e e q u a l i t y ( 1. 3)

i m p l i e s t h a t D ( ( P + I) ~) = V ( P ~) a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o

C o r o l l a r y 3 . 3 , ~ ~ C s ( J P ~ ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J ( P + I) ~)

T h e o r e m 2 . 9 y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J ( P + I) U) i f a n d o n l y i f

~ C s ( J ( P + I )) S i n c e A i s a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r

L e m m a 3 . 1 i m p l i e s t h a t ~ ~ C s ( J ( P + I )) i f a n d o n l y i f

~ C s (A ) T h e s e e q u i v a l e n c e s p r o v e t h e t h e o r e m .

A c c o r d i n g t o L e m m a 1 . 8 t h e c o n d i t i o n p ( J P ~) # ~ i n

T h e o r e m 3 9 i s s a t i s f i e d f o r ~ 2 m= , m a p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r .

P R O P O S I T I O N 3 . 1 0 . L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e o p e r a t o r

i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d p u t P = J A . S u p p o s e t h a t f o r s o m e

m 6 { n , 1 / ( 2 n + 1 ) : n = 1 , 2 , . . . } t h e o p e r a t o r j p m i s d e f ~ n i -

t i ~ a b l e . T h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J P m )

P R O O F . L e m m a 3 .1 i m p l i e s t h a t ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y

i f ~ ~ C s ( J ( I P l + I )) T h e o r e m 2 . 9 y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J ( I P l + I ))

i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( J ( I P l + I) m ) T h e e q u a l i t y ( 1. 3) i m p l i e s

t h e f i r s t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a l i t i e s

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C u r g u s 4 8 3

V ( ( I P J + I ) m ) = V ( J P I m ) = V ( j p m l ) = ~ ( p m ) = D ( j p m )

B y a s s u m p t i o n t h e o p e r a t o r j p m i s d e f i n i t i z a b l e , a n d

C o r o l l a r y 3 . 3 y i e l d s ~ ~ C s ( J ( J P J + I) m ) i f a n d o n l y i f

~ C s ( J P m ) . T h i s s e q u e n c e o f e q u i v a l e n c e s p r o v e s t h e p r o p o -

s i t i o n .

P R O P O S I T I O N 3 . 1 1 . L e t A b e a p o s i t i v e , s e l f a d j o i n t

o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K s u c h t h a t p(A ) ~ ~ , 0 ~ ~ (A) ,P

a n d p u t P = J A . S u p p o s e t h a t p ( j p V ) % ~ f o r s o m e

V 6 ~ ~ {0 } T h e n A i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e i f a n d o n l y

i f J P ~ i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y r e d u c i b l e.

P R O O F . T h e o p e r a t o r s A , A - I , J P ~ a n d J P - ~ a r e

p o s i t i v e a n d s e l f a d j o i n t i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K a n d t h e s e

o p e r a t o r s h a v e n o n e m p t y r e s o l v e n t s e ts . T h e r e f o r e , o n l y 0 a n d

c a n b e c r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f t h e s e o p e r a t o r s . F o r ~ > 0

T h e o r e m 3 . 9 i m p l i e s t h a t ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y if ~ ~ C s ( J P ~ ) .

0 r C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( A - 1 ) B e c a u s e o fu r t h e r ,

A - I = j ( j p - I j ) a n d ( j p - I j ) ~ = j p - ~ j , a c c o r d i n g t o T h e o r e m 3. 9 ,

w e h a v e ~ ~ C s ( A - 1 ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( P - ~ J ) S i n c e

( p - ~ j ) - 1 = J P ~ , w e c o n c l u d e t h a t 0 ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y if

0 ~ C s ( J P ~ ) H e n c e , f o r ~ > 0 , w e h a v e p r o v e d t h a t C s ( A ) =

i f a n d o n l y i f C s ( J P ~ ) = ~ F o r ~ < 0 t h e l a s t e q u i v a l e n c e

f o l l o w s f r o m t h e e q u i v a l e n c e : c (A) = ~ ~ c (A I ) = ~ F o r as s

p o s i t i v e , s e l f a d j o i n t o p e r a t o r B i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e K s u c h

t h a t p (B ) @ , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r e d u c i b i l i t y i s e q u i v a l e n t t o

c (B) = @ ( s e e [ 1 0 ] ) . T h e p r o p o s i t i o n i s p r o v e d .s

4. A D D I T I V E P E R T U R B A T I O N S

I n t h i s s e c t i o n w e s h o w t h a t t h e r e g u l a r i t y o f t h e

c r i t i c a l p o i n t ~ i s " s t a b l e " u n d e r c e r t a i n " a d d i t i v e " p e r t u r b a -

t i o n s . T h i s q u e s t i o n w a s a l s o c o n s i d e r e d i n [ 2 2] , [ I 0] , [ 1 1] .

H e r e , h o w e v e r , w e s u p p o s e t h a t t h e p e r t u r b e d o p e r a t o r h a s a

d e f i n i t i z a b l e e x t e n s i o n . T h i s a l l o w s u s t o w e a k e n t h e c o n d i -

t i o n s o n t h e p e r t u r b i n g o p e r a t o r s l i g h t l y .

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4 8 4 C u r g u s

T H E O R E M 4 . 1 . L e t A b e a d e f i n i t i z a b l e , a n d l e t B b e

a s y m m e t r i c o p e r a t o r i n t h e K r e i n s p a c e ( K , [ . , . ] ) s a t i s f y i n g

t he f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s :

( I) D ( B ) ~ D ( A ) a n d D ( B ) is a core o f J J A J I / 2 ;

( 2) [ A X , X ] ~ y i ] xi l 2 ( x 6 D ( A ) ) f o r s o m e y 6 m

(that is J A i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w ) ;

(3) T h e r e e x i s t a l , a 2 , 8 1 , 8 2 ~ 0 , 8 1 < I s u c h t h a t

- a l J i X l J 2 - B I ( J J A J x , x ) $ [ B x , x ]

a 2 1 i x i J 2 + 8 2 ( J J A i x , x ) ( x 6 D ( B ) ) ( 4 . 1 )

T h e n t h e o p e r a t o r J ( A + B ) i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w. I f i t s

F r i e d r i c h s e x t e n s i o n S h a s t he p r o p e r t y t h a t T = J S is

d e f i n i t i z a b l e , t h e n ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( T )

P R O O F . I t i s e a s y t o s e e t h a t f o r a $ y , a $ 0 t h e

i n e q u a l i t y

2( i J A I x , x ) $ ( J A x , x ) - 2 a l Jx ll ( x 6 D ( A ) ) ( 4 . 2 )

h o l d s . T h e l e f t i n e q u a l i t y i n ( 4. 1 ) a n d ( 4 . 2) i m p l y f o r

x 6 D ( B ) a n d ~ ~ y , ~ ~ 0 :

( J ( A + B ) x , x ) ~ ( J A x , x ) - 8 1 ( J J A l x , x ) - e l f lxll

2 2( J A x , x ) - 8 1 ( J A x , x ) + 2 8 1 ~ ] Jxl l - a l i lx lJ

2( (I - 8 1 ) y + 2 8 1 ~ - ~ i ) i l x i i ( 4 . 3 )

H e n c e , t h e o p e r a t o r J ( A + B ) i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w i n

( K , ( . , . ) ) D e n o t e i t s l o w e r b o u n d b y 6 S u b t r a c t i n g

B i] xl J 2 , 8 < ~ , f r o m t h e f i r s t a n d t h e t h i r d t e r m i n ( 4 . 3 ) ,

f o r x 6 D ( B ) , w e g e t

2( J ( A + B ) x , x ) - B J l x l f

> ( I - 8 1 ) ( J A x , x ) + ( 2 B 1 a - a l - 8 ) J J x J J

F u r t h e r , ( 4 . 4) t o g e t h e r w i t h ( 4 . 2) a n d 1 - B I > 0 , f o r

8 < 2 ~ - ~ I a n d x 6 D ( B ) i m p l i e s t h a t

( 4 . 4 )

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C u r g u s 4 8 5

2( J ( A + B ) x , x ) - 8 l i x l i

(1 - 8 1 ) ( i J A i x , x ) + ( 2 ~ - ~I - 8 ) l i x l l 2

= (I - 8 I) IJA I + I x (4. 5)

I - 81

T h e r i g h t i n e q u a l i t y i n ( 4 . 1 ) , f o r B' < ~ , 8' < e 2 , x 6 0 ( B ) ,

y i e l d s

0 ~ ( J ( A + B ) x , x ) - 8 ' l lx ll

( J A x , x ) + 8 2 ( I J A l x ' x ) + e 2 l lx ]I 2 - 8 ' l Ix ll

(1 + 8 2 ) ( I J A l x , x ) + ( ~ 2 - 8 ' ) l l x l l 2

= (I + 921 IJAI + I x . (4. 6)

1 + 8 2

T h e n o r m s o n t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e s i n ( 4. 5) a n d ( 4. 6) a r e e q u i v a -

l e n t t o t h e n o r m II ( I JA l + I ) I / 2 . 1 1 o n D [ J A ] . S i n c e w e h a v e

D [ J A ] = 0 ( I J A i I /2 ) , t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t D ( B ) i s a c o r e o f

I JA I 1 / 2 i m p l i e s t h a t ~ ( B ) i s d e n s e in D ( I J A I I /2 ) i n t h e

g r a p h n o r m . A c c o r d i n g t o P r o p o s i t i o n 1 . 1, t h e s e t ~ ( B) i s

d e n s e i n ~ [ J A ] N . N o w , t h e i n e q u a l i t i e s ( 4. 5) a n d ( 4. 6) i m p l y

t h a t ~ [ J A ] i s t h e d o m a i n o f t h e c l o s u r e o f t h e s e s q u i l i n e a r

f o r m [ ( A + B ) . , . ] d e f i n e d o n ~ ( B) ( s ee [ 2 3, p . 1 2 2 ] ) .

T h e F r i e d r i c h s e x t e n s i o n S o f t h e o p e r a t o r J ( A + B)

i s b o u n d e d f r o m b e l o w a n d t h e d o m a i n s o f t h e c l o s u r e s o f t h e0

s e s q u i l i n e a r f o r m s ( J (A + B ) . , - ) a n d ( J S- , .) c o i n c i d e . F r o m

t h e p r e v i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d R e m a r k 1 .5 i t f o l l o w s t h a t

V [ J A ] = ~ [ J T ] . S i n c e t h e o p e r a t o r T i s d e f i n i t i z a b l e , C o r o l -

l a r y 3 . 6 i m p l i e s t h a t ~ ~ C s ( A ) i f a n d o n l y i f ~ ~ C s ( T )

T h e t h e o r e m i s p r o v e d .

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

T h i s n o t e w a s w r i t t e n d u r i n g t h e a u t h o r ' s s t a y at t h e

D e p a r t m e n t o f M a t h e m a t i c s o f t h e T e c h n i c a l U n i v e r s i t y , D r e s d e n .

T h e a u t h o r i s i n d e b t e d t o P r o f e s s o r H e i n z L a n g e r f o r c a l l i n g h i s

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4 8 6 C u r g u s

a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a n d f o r m a n y v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s .

H e a l s o e x p r e s s e s h i s g r a t i t u d e t o D r. P e t e r J o n a s f o r m a n y h e l p -

f u l s u g g e s t i o n s a n d f o r c o n t i n u a l i n t e r e s t i n t h i s w o r k . T h e

g r a n t f r o m G e r m a n D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c a n d t h e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e

R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l o f SR B o s n i a a n d H e r c e g o v i n a , w h i c h m a d e t h i s

s t a y i n D r e s d e n p o s s i b l e , a r e g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d .

R E F E R E N C E S

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

B a y a s g a l a n , T s. : O n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l r e d u c i b i l i t y o f

p o s i t i v e o p e r a t o r s i n s p a c e s w i t h i n d e f i n i t e m e t r i c .

( R u s s i a n . ) S t u d i a S ci . M a t h . H u n g a r . 1 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) , 1 4 3 - 1 5 0 .

B e a l s , R .: I n d e f i n i t e S t u r m - L i o u v i l l e p r o b l e m s a n d

h a l f - r a n g e c o m p l e t e n e s s . J. D i f f e r e n t i a l E q u a t i o n s ,

t o a p p e a r .

B o g n ~ r , J .: I n d e f i n i t e i n n e r p r o d u c t s p a c es . E r g e b n i s -

s e d e r M a t h e m a t i k u n d i h re r G r e n z g e b i e t e 7 8, S p r i n g e r -

V e r la g , B e r l i n / H e i d e l b e r g / N e w Y o rk , 1 97 4.

C o d d i n g t o n , E . A . , d e S n o o, H . S . V .: R e g u l a r b o u n d a r y

v a l u e p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a i r s o f o r d i n a r y d i f -

f e r e n t i a l e x p r e s s i o n s . L e c t u r e N o t e s i n M a t h e m a t i c s 8 58 ,

S p r i n g e r - V e r l a g , B e r l i n / H e i d e l b e r g / N e w Yo r k , 1 98 1.

C u r g u s , B ., L a n g e r , H .: S p e c t r a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s e l f -

a d j o i n t o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r a t o r s w i t h a n i n d e f i-

n i t e w e i g h t f un c t i o n . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e 1 9 84 W o r k s h o p

" S p e c tr a l t h e o r y o f S t u r m - L i o u v i l l e d i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r -

a t o r s ". A N L - 8 4 - 7 3 , A r g o n n e N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , A r g o n n e ,

I l l i n o i s , 1 9 8 4 , 7 3 -8 0.

H e s s , P .: Z u r T h e o r i e d e r l i n e a r e n O p e r a t o r e n e i n e s

J - R a u m e s . O p e r a t o r e n , d i e v o n k a n o n i s c h e n Z e r l e g u n g e n

r e d u z i e r t w e r d e n . M a t h . Z. 1 0 6 ( 1 9 6 8 ) , 8 8 - 9 6 .

J o n a s , P. : 0 b e r d i e E r h a l t u n g d e r S t a b i l i t ~ t J - p o s i t i v e r

O p e r a t o r e n b e i J - p o s i t i v e n u n d J - n e g a t i v e n S t ~ r un g e n .

M a t h . N a c h r . 6 5 ( 1 97 5 ) , 2 1 1 - 2 1 8 .

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C u r g u s 4 8 7

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

J o na s , P .: R e l a t i v e l y c o m p a c t p e r t u r b a t i o n s o f u n i f o r m l y

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P r i r o d n o - m a t e m a t i ~ k i f a k u l te t

U n i v e r z i t e t a u S a r a j e v u

V o j v o d e P u t n i k a 4 3

Y U 7 1 0 0 0 S a r a j e v o

Y u g o s l a v i a

Subm itte d: Mar ch 25, 1985


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