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CURRENT STATUS OFCURRENT STATUS OFPESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROLPESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROL
IN DRIED FRUITS IN SPAININ DRIED FRUITS IN SPAIN
JORDI RIUDAVETSJORDI RIUDAVETSPlant Protection DepartmentPlant Protection DepartmentIRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona)IRTA – Cabrils (Barcelona)
Iznir, Turkey (May 2004)Iznir, Turkey (May 2004)
Dried fruits & NutsDried fruits & Nuts
- Negative trade balance - EU. 54.6% of the nut World’s imports
% European Union / World production
20
40
60
80
Almonds
Hazel
nut
Wal
nut
Chestn
ut
Pista
chio
s
Peanuts
Dates
Figs
Carobs
Lupin
0
200
400
600
EXPORTS IMPORTS
tonstons
EU
1.705.578 378.659 740.472World Europe Mediterranean
830.567 142.027 736.847World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
(t)(t)
Spain28%
Turkey
7%
Others65%
Almonds
Hazelnuts Spain 2%
Turkey81%
OthersOthers17%17%
922.535 117.813 165.313World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
1.419.272 212.055 284.541World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
Chestnuts Spain 6%
Turkey30%
Others64%
Spain 4%
Turkey48%
Others48%
Walnuts
209.790 158.100 209.650World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
(t)(t)
1.060.858 198.614 859.005World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
CarobsSpain
45%
Turkey 7%
Others48%
Figs Spain 7%
Turkey
31%
Others62%
37.057.652 11.125 392.700World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
533.967 11.000 111.830World Europe Mediterranean
(t)(t)
Spain 0,1%Turkey
20%
Others79%
Peanuts
PistachiosTurkey
45%
Others
55%
USA: The largest raisin producer in the world Turkey: The top raisin exporter in the worldGreece: 2nd. – 5th largest exporter Spain: 5.000 t /year
USA
Turkey
Iran
GreeceSpain
0
100
200
300
400
500
x100
0 t
Raisins
Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain Companies of Dried Fruits in Spain
NumberNumber >100 exporters >100 exportersOwnershipOwnership = Private = PrivateExportsExports::
Almonds 45.000 t & Hazelnuts 4.600 tAlmonds 45.000 t & Hazelnuts 4.600 t>200 million €>200 million €
Almonds, 55% of production for export tradeAlmonds, 55% of production for export trade
ImportsImports::Almonds 35.000 t & Hazelnuts 5.000 tAlmonds 35.000 t & Hazelnuts 5.000 t
95% of exporters have standard quality 95% of exporters have standard quality ISO 9000ISO 9000
Production
64% Continuous 34% Seasonal
% of Co. according to their capacity% of Co. according to their capacity(tm/month)(tm/month)
Survey: No. of questionnaires received = 12 = 12
CURRENT STATUS OF PESTS PROBLEMS AND CURRENT STATUS OF PESTS PROBLEMS AND THEIR CONTROL IN SPAINTHEIR CONTROL IN SPAIN
<100t
100t - 500t
500t - 1000t
>1000t
Type of products processed Type of products processed
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Almonds
Hazel
nuts
Wal
nuts
Pine
nuts
Raisi
n & F
igs
Other
drie
d fruits
nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
Characteristics checked at the entry of the raw material
Characteristics checked at the entry of the raw material
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Inse
cts
Pestic
ide
resi
dues
Mic
robio
logy
Mic
otoxi
ns
Other
Nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
Storage of the raw materialStorage of the raw material
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Silos
War
ehouse
s
Big B
ags
Low Tem
perat
ure
Other
Nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
1 week
1 month
3 months
> 3 months
How long is stored
Final ProductFinal Product
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
In Bulk Bags Boxes CApackaging
Vacuum
nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
1 week
1 month
3 months
> 3 months
How long is stored
Main pestsMain pests
0
4
8
12
Triboliu
m
Other
cole
optera
Ephestia
/Plo
dia
Mite
s
nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
Monitoring of pestsMonitoring of pests
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
PheromoneTraps
Samplingof products
Premiseinspection
Electrictraps
nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
Which pest control methods are usedWhich pest control methods are used
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
CommodityFumigation
Structuretreatments
Fogging forflying insects
Nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
TreatmentsTreatments
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
MB PH3 NaturalPyrethrine
ResidualInsecticides
Nu
mb
er o
f C
o.
% of companies according periodicity of treatments
% of companies according periodicity of treatments
Weekly
Monthly
Summer
When appropriate
Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:Registered Pesticides for Dried Fruits:
Space treatment:
Pyrethrins + PBO
Chlorpyriphos-methyl
Pyrimiphos-methyl
Foxim
Malathion
Bifentrin + Malathion
Space treatment:
Pyrethrins + PBO
Chlorpyriphos-methyl
Pyrimiphos-methyl
Foxim
Malathion
Bifentrin + Malathion
Product treatment:
MB + Cloropicrin
Magnesium Phosphide
Aluminium Phosphide
Pyrethrins + PBO
Malathion (Oil seeds)
Product treatment:
MB + Cloropicrin
Magnesium Phosphide
Aluminium Phosphide
Pyrethrins + PBO
Malathion (Oil seeds)
Source: Registro de Productos Fitosanitarios 2004Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación
MB alternatives in SpainMB alternatives in Spain
Not allowed after December 2004
Exemptions for SpainStrawberry, Sweet pepper, Carnation (1000t/2005)
Quarantine
Alternatives:IPM (hygiene, prevention, monitoring)
Control measures: PH3, Pyrethroids
Packaging (Controlled atmospheres, Vacuum)
CO2 high pressure (Spices and Herbs)
Quarantine: Thermal treatments
Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:
• World Bank, Dried Fig ProjectWorld Bank, Dried Fig Project• The Dried Fruit Export Union (Turkey)The Dried Fruit Export Union (Turkey)• Organizers (Prof. Dr. Uygun AKSOY)Organizers (Prof. Dr. Uygun AKSOY)• Dr. Shlomo NAVARRO (ARO, Israel)Dr. Shlomo NAVARRO (ARO, Israel)
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention !! !!