Current Trends in the Power Quality Market

February 28, 2006

EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.EPRI Power Quality Study in U.S.

93% of all Voltage sags and outages are less than 10

seconds in duration

Continuous Power System(CPS)

Critical Load

Diesel GensetFor continuous powerafter 10 seconds

Battery stringfor immediate power

UtilityPower

UPS Electronics

ATS

Applications: Data Center

                                                                                        

                                                                   

                               

• Brokerage Firms, Credit Card Processing, Airline/Ticket Reservation Firms, Order Processing, “Internet Presence”

• Average Cost per Outage: $200k - $6.5M

Applications: Healthcare/Hospital

                                                                                        

                                                                   

                               

• MRI, CT, Cath Lab, Nuclear Medicine, Clinical Lab

• Average Cost Per Outage: ???

Applications: Process Control

                                                                                        

                                                                   

                               

• Semiconductor Manufacturing, Refineries, Petrochemical, Bakeries, Plastic Extrusion…

• J.I.T. Shipments

• Average Cost Per Outage: $40,000 - $2.5M

Costly Downtime!

Industry Avg cost of downtime

($/hr)Brokerage $6,450,000Credit Card $2,600,000Pay Per View $150,000Home Shopping $113,000Catalog Sales $90,000Airline Reservations $90,000Tele-Ticket $69,000Package Shipping $28,000ATM Fees $14,400

Source: 7x24 Exchange

“Insurance” Considerations

• Cost of Outage vs. Cost of “Insurance”

• Consider 5 year to 10 year life cycle cost

• Do Not Forget Maintenance Costs

• Which Energy Storage Technology is Best Suited for the Application?

Battery Technologies:

• 10 Year “VRLA”

– A.k.a. “Maintenance Free”, “Gel Cell”, AGM

– 3 to 7 year life on most UPS’s

– Fails in “open” or “shorted” position

– Low cost, most prevalent

Conventional Grid Design

Improved High Rate Grid Design

Battery Technologies:

• 20 Year Sealed VRLA

– 12 to 18 year life (depending on number of outages; environment)

– Fails in “shorted” position

– About 2x initial cost of 10Year VRLA

Battery Technologies:

• 20 Year “Wet” Cell

– 17 to 20 year life

– Very reliable

– High maintenance, large footprint, eye wash station…

– About 3x initial cost of 10 Year VRLA

Battery Maintenance

• IEEE Std 1188 - Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications

– Monthly: float voltage, charger output, temperature measurements

– Quarterly: cell/unit ohmic values; temperature value of each negative terminal; representative sample of intercell connection resistances

– Annually: cell-to-cell and terminal connection detail resistance of the entire battery; AC ripple current and/or voltage imposed on the battery

Battery Monitoring

• More Prevalent• “Real Time” Status of

Batteries• Monitors: Impedance,

Temperature, and Float Charging Voltage

• Cost = $6k to $10k per system (installed)

Other Energy Storage Technologies

• Flywheels

• Ultracapacitors

• Lithium Ion Batteries

• Thermal and Compressed Air Storage

UPS Electronics Trends

ACDC

6-Pulse Rectifier

AC

DCInverter

Static Bypass

Batteries

Input Filter

Typical Double Conversion UPS Oneline

DIODEDIODE

THYRISTORTHYRISTOR

IGBTIGBTIGBT:INSULATED GATE　　　BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

The Evolution of the Rectifier/Converter Device

The Evolution of the Converter (Rectifier) Circuit

6 PULSE CONV.6 PULSE CONV.

12 PULSE CONV.12 PULSE CONV.

PWM CONV.PWM CONV.PWM CONV.:PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONVERTER

CONV.:CONVERTER

6 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM

Ic

図３ . ７（５）　１２相サイリスタ整流回路と交流入力電流波形

Id

12 PULSE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT AND INPUT CURRENT WAVEFORM

Ic

図３ .18 PWM制御三相ブリッジコンバータ

THREE PHASE PWM CONVERTER CIRCUIT

L

C

P

N Sine Wave Form (pf=1.0)

AC Input Current

AC Input Voltage

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18%

INPUT CURRENT HARMONIC CONTENT

6-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER

12-PULSE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER

PWM IGBT CONVERTER

5f 7f 11f 13f 17f 19f

PWM CONVERTER (2)

• The input power factor is

UNITY (1.0) with PWM converter

0.8 – 0.85 with Thyristor rectifier

Results of IGBT Converter

• Generator Sizing Dependant Upon UPS Input Requirements

• Linear Current Draw = Smaller Generator

• IEEE 519 – Low Current Harmonics at Utility Source

INVERTER POWER DEVICE HISTORY

THYRISTORTHYRISTOR

G T OG T O

IGBTIGBT

BPTBPT

GTO:GATE TURN OFF THYRISTORBPT:BIPOLAR POWER TRANSISTOR

IGBT:INSULATED GATEBIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

High Speed PWM Inverter

• Improved output control characteristics resulting from the use of a high speed PWM inverter

• 16kHz Switching Frequency

• Supports nonlinear loads with minimal voltage distortion

IGBT CONV IGBT INV

“ALL IGBT UPS”

Industry Trends

Also…Improving Efficiencies

• UPS efficiencies are up 10% over the past 15 years

• Most large UPS systems are currently over 93% efficient

• In 3 - 5 Years, Most Large UPS Systems Will Be > 97% Efficient

Other Trends…

• Higher Output Power Factor on UPS– Match trends in the Computer Power Supply

Market

• Internal Redundancy/Scalability for High 9’s Applications– Avoid Single Points of Failure– Maintain High Efficiency

What does all this mean?

It’s dependant on your susceptibility.

Given the quality of supply do I

have to worry about problems with my equipment or systems?

What you should be asking…

What is my susceptibility to power problems?

What is my economic exposure to such problems?

$$$$$$

The big picture…

It’s the complete electrical environment, not just the quality

of supply.

What you should be asking…

Does my power system have the capacity for my

present needs? How about future growth?

Be proactive!

Thank you for your time!

Chuck Barry

Central Region Sales Manager

Toshiba UPS

8711 Burnet Road, Suite E-55

Austin, TX 78731

Tel. (512) 658-5267

Email: Chuck.Barry@tic.toshiba.com