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Curriculum & Syllabus

of

M.Tech. Biotechnology

(For the batch admitted in 2012-13 onwards)

K.S.RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGYTIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University Chennai and approved by AICTE New Delhi)

BoS Chairman Prepared By PBT: M.Tech. BIOTECHNOLOGY - REGULATION 2010 - SYLLABUS

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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology -Autonomous Regulation R 2010

Department Biotechnology

Programme Code &Name PBT: M.Tech. Biotechnology


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K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode - 637 215Curriculum for the Programmes under Autonomous Scheme

Regulation R 2010Department Department of BiotechnologyProgramme Code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester I

CourseCode Course Name

Hours/Week Credit Maximum MarksL T P C CA ES Total

THEORY10 PBT101 Mathematics for Biotechnologists 3 1 0 4 50 50 10010 PBT102 Biochemical Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT103 Advanced Genetic Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT104 Fermentation Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT105 Advanced Chemical Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT106 Analytical Instruments and TroubleShooting 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

PRACTICAL10 PBT107 Biochemical Engineering Laboratory 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

10 PBT108 Advanced Genetic EngineeringLaboratory 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

Total 18 1 6 23 800Semester II



THEORY10 PBT 201 Computational Biology 3 1 0 4 50 50 10010 PBT 202 Bioseparation Technology 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT 203 Principles of Nanobiotechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT 204 Industrial BiopharmaceuticalTechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT E1* Elective I 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E2* Elective II 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

PRACTICAL

10 PBT 205 Bioseparation TechniquesLaboratory 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

10 PBT 206 Technical Report Preparation andPresentation 0 0 2 0 100 00 100

Total 18 1 5 21 800


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K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode - 637 215Curriculum for the Programmes under Autonomous Scheme


Semester III



THEORY10 PBT 301 Quality Control in Biotechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT 302 IPR and Biosafety 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E3* Elective III 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

PRACTICAL10 PBT 303 Project Work - Phase I 0 0 12 2 100 00 100

Total 9 0 12 11 400Semester IV



10 PBT 401 Project Work - Phase II 0 0 40 10 50 50 100Total 0 0 40 10 100


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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode – 637 215Curriculum for the Programmes under Autonomous Scheme



Hours / Week Credit Maximum MarksL T P C CA ES Total

Elective I10 PBT E11 Environmental Biotechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E12 Biotechnology in Textile 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E13 Application of Stem Cell Research 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E14 Molecular Pathogenesis 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E15 Medical Biotechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Electives II10 PBT E21 Marine Biotechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E22 Tissue Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E23 Biosensors and Transducers 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E24 Research Methodology -

Engineering AndManagement Studies

3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT E25 Research Methodology - ScienceAnd Humanities 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT E26 Bioreactor Design 3 0 0 3 50 50 100Electives III

10 PBT E31 Bioprocess Modeling and Simulation 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E32 Metabolic Engineering 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E33 Genomics and Proteomics 3 0 0 3 50 50 10010 PBT E34 Clinical Research and Data

Management 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

10 PBT E35 Environmental BioremediationTechnology 3 0 0 3 50 50 100


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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2010Department Biotechnology Programme Code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester I

Course Code Course NameHours / Week Credit Maximum Marks

L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT 101 MATHEMATICS FORBIOTECHNOLOGISTS 3 1 0 4 50 50 100

Objective(s)

To develop the skills of the students in the fields of operations research, numerical methods,statistics and its wide applications. To widen the knowledge about the basics of operationsresearch, numerical methods, statistics to PG Biotechnology students. At the end of thecourse, the students would have the fundamental knowledge of these areas as well.

1. LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND TRANSPORTATION Total Hrs 12Linear Programming Problems Graphical method – Simplex method – Big-M method - ProblemsAssignment & Transportation Problems. Assignment problem – Unbalanced assignment problem –Transportation method – North-west corner rule – Least cost method – Vogel’s approximation method – MODImethod – Problems .2. SOLUTION OF EQUATION AND EIGEN VALUE

PROBLEMTotal Hrs 12

Newton’s method – Regula-Falsi method – Iteration method – Gauss elimination method – Gauss-Jordanmethod – Gauss-seidal method – Eigen values and eigen vectors using power method – Problems.3. NUMERICAL INTEGRATION Total Hrs 12

Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 31 and 8

3 rules – Romberg’s method – Gaussian two point and three quadrature

formula – Double integration using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules – Problems.4. TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS Total Hrs 12

Correlation and Regression, Correlation – Coefficient of correlation – Rank Correlation – Regression –Regression Equations, Testing of hypothesis Test of significance of small samples – Students ‘t’ test – Singlemean – Difference of means – F-test – Chi-square test – Goodness of fit – Independence of attributes.5. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS Total Hrs 12

Analysis of variance – Definition – Assumptions in Analysis of Variance – One way classification – Completelyrandomized design – Two way classification – Randomized Block Design – Latin Square Design – Problems.Total hours to be taught 60Reference(s) :

1. Sundaresan, V., Ganapathy Subramanian, K.S. and Ganesan, K., “Operations Research”, A.R.Publications, Chennai, Third Edition, 2005.

2. Kandasamy, P., Thilakavathy, K. and Gunavathy, R., "Numerical Methods”, S.Chand & Company Ltd,New Delhi, 2005.

3. Gupta, S.C. and Kapur, J.N., "Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics", Ninth Edition, S.Chand &Company, New Delhi, 1996.

4. Grewal. B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Thirty Eighth Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi,2004.


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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology Autonomous Regulation R 2010Department Biotechnology Program code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester I


L T P C CA ES Total10 PBT102 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge in kinetic analysis ofbiological compounds, biochemical reactions, material and energy conservation in thebioreactors to understand certain biochemical aspects.

1. ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN BIOCHEMICALENGINEERING

Total Hrs 09

Scope and role of Microbiology in Biochemical Engineering, Role of Microorganisms in biochemical process,Structure of cells: Prokaryotic cells, Eukaryotic cells and comparison, cell fractionation, Cell types, Bacteria,Yeasts and Moulds. Microbiology of soil, Aquatic, foods, domestic and waste water, Cycles of life: Oxygen,Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium and Sulphur cycles.2. BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS IN BIOCHEMICAL

ENGINEERINGTotal Hrs 10

Role of various biological polymers in Biochemical Engineering, Repetitive and non – repetitive biologicalpolymers, Classification and functions of various biopolymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids,lipids, vitamins, enzymes, steroids and nucleic acids.3. ENZYMES AND KINETICS Total Hrs 10Enzyme nomenclature and classification, enzyme kinetics: Enzyme catalysis, order of reaction, progress ofreaction. Mechanism and kinetics of enzymatic reactions: Fischer’s template theory, Koshland’s model,substrate strain theory, Integral Michaelis - Menten equation. Evaluation of kinetic parameters: Line weaver-Burk, Eadie - Hofstee, Hanes-Woolf methods. Inhibition and Inhibition kinetics: Reversible, substrate,Irreversible, allosteric and product inhibitions.4. BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND CELL CULTURE Total Hrs 08Biomass and cell culture, cell population kinetics, ideal reactors. Kinetics and balanced growth: Monod andtransient growth kinetics. Environmental factors affecting growth kinetics, cell growth and kinetic pattern, kineticpatterns in batch fermentation, yield and maintenance coefficients, mass balance and product balance. Otherforms of growth kinetics. Estimation of lag time.5. BIOREACTORS IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING Total Hrs 08Biochemical and chemical reactors, product of bioreaction, key issues in bioreactor design and operation,components of typical fermentation process. Alternate bioreactor configuration. Types of bioreactors: batch,continuous, semi continuous and submerged bioreactors, Stirred tank bioreactors, AELR and trickle bedreactor.Total Hours Taught 45Text book (s) :1. Inamdar, S.T.A. “Biochemical Engineering: Principles and Concepts “, Second Edition, Prentice Hall of

India, New Delhi, 2010.2. Rao, D.G. “Introduction to Biochemical Engineering”, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2010.Reference(s) :1. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F. ”Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,

2003.2. Bailey, J. and Ollis David, F. “Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering” Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,

1996.


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Semester I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT103 ADVANCED GENETICENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)To develop skills of the students in the area of advanced Genetic Engineering. To learn aboutapplication of genetic engineering techniques and their industrial uses for agriculture andmedicines.

1. OVERVIEW OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Total Hrs 9Vectors-Artificial chromosome vectors (YAC and BAC), Viral vectors (Lambda, M13 and SV-40), Expressionvectors and Shuttle vectors; Restriction Enzymes; DNA ligase; Linkers; Adaptors; Labeling of DNA- Nicktranslation, Random priming, Radioactive and non-radioactive probes, Hybridization techniques-Northern,Southern and Colony hybridization, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; DNaseIfootprinting.2. GENE CLONING METHODS Total Hrs 9Construction of libraries-cDNA and genomic DNA; cloning of PCR products; Expression cloning; Jumping and

hopping libraries; Southwestern and Far-western cloning; Protein-protein interactive cloning and Yeast twohybrid system; Phage display.3. NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCING AND GENE SILENCING Total Hrs 9

Sequencing methods- Enzymatic DNA sequencing, Chemical sequencing of DNA, Automated DNASequencing, RNA sequencing; Introduction to siRNA; siRNA technology; Micro RNA; Construction of siRNAvectors; Principle and application of gene silencing.4. PCR AND ITS APPLICATIONS Total Hrs 9

Primer design; Fidelity of thermostable enzymes; DNA polymerases- different types; Types of PCR – multiplex,nested, reverse transcriptase, real time PCR, touchdown PCR, hot start PCR, colony PCR,; PCR in generecombination; Deletion; addition; Overlap extension; PCR in molecular diagnostics- Viral and bacterialdetection; PCR based mutagenesis, Mutation detection- SSCP, DGGE, RFLP, Oligo Ligation Assay (OLA),MCC (Mismatch Chemical Cleavage, ASA (Allele-Specific Amplification), PTT (Protein Truncation Test).5. GENE KNOCKOUTS AND GENETHERAPY Total Hrs 9

Creation of knockout mice; Disease model; Somatic and germ-line therapy- in vivo and ex-vivo; Suicide genetherapy; Gene replacement; Gene targeting.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Primrose, S. B., Twyman, R. M. and Old, R.W., “Principles of gene manipulation”, 6 th edition, Blackwell

Sciences Ltd, 2002.2. Brown, T.A.,”Gene Cloning-An Introduction”, VNR (U.K) Co. Ltd, England, 2006.Reference(s) :1. Watson, J.D., “Molecular Biology of Gene”, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 2004.

2. Glick, B. and Pasternak, J.J. “Molecular Biotechnology and applications of recombinant DNA”, ASMPress, Washington DC, 2001.

3. Benjamin Lewin, “Gene IX”, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 2011.4. J. Sambrook and D.W. Russel; Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Vols 1-3, CSHL, 2001.


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Semester I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT104 FERMENTATIONENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course, the student would have learnt about, various types of fermentationprocess in fermentation engineering in industrial sectors. The students will also learn aboutlarge scale production of various bioproducts.

1. INTRODUCTION TO FERMENTATION PROCESSES Total Hrs 8Microbial biomass, Enzymes, Metabolites. Recombinant products, Transformation processes. Development offermentation industry, Component parts of fermentation process, Microbial growth kinetics: Batch culture andContinuous culture, Multistage systems, Comparison of batch and continuous culture, biomass, metaboliteproductivity.2. ISOLATION AND PRESERVATION OF MICROBES Total Hrs 12

Criteria for choice of organisms, Isolation methods utilizing and not utilizing selection of desired characteristics,Screening methods, Preservation: Storage at reduced temperature and dehydrated form. Selection of strainsfor stable, resistant to infection, non-foaming, resistant to components, Morphologically favour. Straindevelopment for producing new fermentation products.3. MEDIA FOR INDUSTRIAL FERMENTATIONS Total Hrs 6

Medium formulation: Water, Energy sources, Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources, Minerals, Buffers, Precursors,Inhibitors and Inducers. Oxygen requirements: Fast Metabolism, Reology amd Antifoams. Mediumoptimization: Animal cell media, Serum, Serum-free media and Protein-free media. Trace elements, Osmolality,pH, Non-nutritional media supplements.4. STERILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INNOCULA Total Hrs 8

Design of Batch Sterilization: Calculation of Del factor and Holding time. Methods of Batch Sterilization. Designof Continuous Sterilization: Sterilization of fermentor, feeds and liquid wastes. Filter Sterilization. Criteria fortransfer of innoculum, Development of innocula for Bacterial and Mycelial processes.5. INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL Total Hrs 11

Methods of measuring process variables: Temperature, Flow measurement and control, Safety valves, Agitatorshaft power, Foam sensing control, Dissolved oxygen control, pH measurement and control, Redox, Onlineanalyasis of chemical factors. Control systems: Manual control and automatic control.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Stanbury, P.F, “Principles of Fermentation Technology”, Second Edition, Aditya Books (P) Ltd., New

Delhi, 1997.2. Rao, D.G. “Introduction to Biochemical Engineering”, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,

2010.Reference(s) :

1. Bailey, J.E. and Ollis, D.F., “Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering”, McGraw-Hill Inc., New Delhi,1986.

2. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F. ”Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,2003.


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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology Autonomous Regulation 2010Department Biotechnology Program code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester I

Course Code Course NameHours / Week Credit Maximum MarksL T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT105 ADVANCED CHEMICALENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course the student would have gained knowledge in mass and energyconservation, losses of thermodynamics and principles of fluid mechanics this will help him tounderstand certain subjects of engineering offered in this programme.

1. PROCESS CALCULATIONS Total Hrs 08Law of conservation of mass, Classification of material balance, solving material balance problems without chemical

reactions, Energy balance: procedure, sensible heat and heat capacities. Relationship between Cp and Cv, Empiricalequations for heat capacities.2. HEAT TRANSFER OPERATION Total Hrs 10Modes of heat transfer operation: conduction - Fourier’s law, heat transfer resistance and conductance, thermalconductivity, steady state conduction, heat flow through plane wall, composite wall, cylindrical surface andsphere; convection; individual heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient. Heat exchangers:shell and tube and double pipe heat exchangers, flow arrangements in heat exchangers, energy balance andLMTD.3. MASS TRANSFER OPERATION Total Hrs 09Diffusion: Molecular diffusion, Fick’s law of diffusion, steady state molecular diffusion in gases and liquids, masstransfer coefficients, penetration and surface renewal theories, diffusivity and flux calculations; Simple distillation,Continuous rectification - binary systems, Mc Cabe Thiele analysis and calculations.4. CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING Total Hrs 10

Rate of reaction, Molecularity and Order of the reaction, Interpretation of batch reactor data: Constant volumereactor, Analysis of total pressure data, Differential method of analysis, half life method, Integral method of analysis:Irreversible zero, first, second, nth order, parallel, Series and reversible reactions and calculations.5. MECHANICAL OPERATIONS Total Hrs 08Theory involved in crushing and grinding, Construction and working of jaw and roll Crushers, Hammer and ballmills, problem based on above operations, Size separation of solids, screens, differential and cumulative analysis,study of equipments: Jig, forth flotation, magnetic and electrostatic separator.Total Hours Taught 45Text book (s) :1. Gavhane. K.A., “Unit Operations-II”.,23rd Edition, Nirali Prakasan Publication.,2009.2. Gavhane. K.A., “Chemical Reaction Engineering - I”.,13th Edition, Nirali Prakasan Publication.,2011.3. Stanbury, F.P., Whitaker, A. and Hall, S.G. “Principles of Fermentation Technology”, Aditya Books, Pvt,

Ltd., 1997.Reference(s) :1. Binay K Dutta, “Heat transfer Principles and Applications”, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 2006.

2. Geankoplis, C.J., “Transport Processes and Unit Operations”, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi, 2002.


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Semester I


10 PBT 106 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTSAND TROUBLE SHOOTING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) To develop skills of the students in the area of Instrumentation techniques, handling ofvarious instruments and to rectify the problems which are occur during the practice.

1. GENERAL TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 10Definitions, preparations, derivation of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its application. Electrodes for pHand O2 measurement. Microscopy: Light, Phase contrast, fluorescence, TEM, SEM, Atomic force, scanning andtunneling. Centrifugation-differential, density gradient and ultracentrifugation-basic principles and applications.

2. TLC AND ELECTROPHORESIS Total Hrs 10Theory of Chromatographic separation and TLC - Principles of chromatographic separation - Introduction tochromatographic separation techniques - Principles and Practice of TLC - Uses of TLC - Some recommendedsolvents systems - Detection of compounds on TLC plates HPTLC - Principles and Instrumentation - HPTLC vsTLC - Densitometry and quantitation in HPTLC - HPTLC in fingerprinting and QC – Troubleshooting -Applications of Determination of molecular weight using gel filtration chromatography. Electrophoresis –Types,native SDS-PAGE and 2D PAGE.

3. HPLC AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 11HPLC - Principles and Instrumentation The chromatographic process - The chromatogram Separation mode -Column care - System parameters - Reverse-phase HPLC - Introduction to various HPLC techniques a. Ion-pair HPLC b. Ion-exchange HPLC c. Normal-phase HPLC d. Affinity Chromatography e. Gel permeationChromatography - Applications of HPLC -Column switching in HPLC, Gradient reverse-phase HPLC, Columnconditionsm, Computerised optimisation of HPLC HPLC detectors a. Introduction b. Principles of detection c.Universal and Specific Detectors d. Detector response e. Sensitivity considerations f. Selectivity g. Manual andElectronic Data processing. H. Troubleshooting. Theory, instrumentation and biological applications of UV-Vis,IR, CD/ORD, Fluorescence, NMR, ESR, Mossebaeur, ICP emission and Mass Spectroscopy.

4. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 08Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Applications - Principles of Thermal Cycler - DNA Amplification using PCRtechnology - cDNA production & its use - Gene libraries & their uses - Production of oligotides. Blottingtechniques-Southern, Northern and Western blotting. Different types of sequencing, Microarray, MALDI andTOF.

5. IMMUNOTECHNIQUES AND RADIOACTIVETECHNIQUES Total Hrs 06

Immunodiagnostics-ELISA, sandwich ELISA, Immuno enzyme ssays(IEA),Immunofluorescence (IFA)-theory,equipment and applications. Sources of Radiation, Radioisotopes-basics and applications in biology.Autoradiography, Geiger–Muller counter, Scintillation counting, Radiotracers, Radioimmunoassay (RIA).Total Hours Taught 45

Text book (s) :1. Willard, H.H. and Merit, L. L., I”nstrumental Methods of Analysis”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,

1999.2. Wilson, K and Walker, J., Practical Biochemistry, Cambridge University Press, USA, 1988.

Reference(s) :1. Ewing, G.W, “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis”, Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi, 1995.2. Robert D. Braun, “Introduction to Instrumental Analysis”, Phrama Book Syndicate, Adithiya Art Printers,

Hyderabad, 1987.3. Upadhya, K., Upadhya, A. and Nath, N., “Biophysical Chemistry”, Himalaya Publishing House, New

Delhi, 2007.


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Semester I

Course Code Course NameHours / Week Credit Maximum marks

L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT 107 BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERINGLABORATORY 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of this course, the students would have gained knowledge in BiochemicalEngineering by giving practical knowledge in laboratory level. Purification sedimentation andseparation of biomolecules are imparted to the students at PG level.

Any Eight experimentsS.No. Name of Experiments Total Hrs

1. Isolation of proteolytic organism from soil samples. 32. Evaluation of parameters in Monad model for growth of microorganisms. 33. Evaluation of enzyme Kinetic parameters by Michaelis Menten Model. 34. Media optimization by Plackette Burman design. 35. Utilities of bioreactor operation. 36. Determination of optimal pH for enzyme activity. 37. Determination of optimal temp for enzyme activity. 38. Effect of substrate concentration on biomass yield. 39. Immobilization and hydrolysis of casein immobilized enzyme. 3

10. Solvent extraction techniques for product recovery. 3Total hours to be taught 301. Inamdar, S.T.A., “Biochemical Engineering Principles and Concepts”, 2nd Edition, PHI learning Pvt.Ltd,

New Delhi, 2009.2. Pauline M.Doran, Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Academic Press, London, USA, 1995.


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Semester I

Course Code Course NameHours / Week Credit Maximum marks

L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT 108 ADVANCED GENETICENGINEERING LABORATORY 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of this course, the students would have learnt basic of library construction andanalysis of recombinants and some of the advanced techniques used in Genetic Engineeringthat would help them to take up a project in Genetic Engineering.

Any Eight experimentsS.No. Name of Experiments Total Hrs

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from Bacteria. 32. PCR amplification of specific gene and analysis by agarose gel

electrophoresis. 3

3. Preparation of plasmid from pBluescript transformed E.coli DH5α and gelanalysis. 3

4. Restriction digestion of vector and insert with BamH1 and Sau3A1 and gelanalysis. 3

5. Vector and Insert ligation. 36. Transformation in E.coli DH5 α.

Blue white screening of the recombinants. 3

7. Plasmid isolation and confirming recombinant by PCR and RE digestion. 38. RFLP analysis of the recombinant DNA. 39. RAPD analysis and phylogenetic tree construction. 3

10. Isolation of total RNA from bacteria and cDNA synthesis. 3Total hours to be taught 30Lab Manual1. Sambrook, J. and Russsel, D.W., “Molecular cloning – A laboratory manual”, Third edition, Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring harbor, New York, USA, 2001.


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Semester II


10 PBT 201 COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 3 1 0 4 50 50 100

Objective(s)To develop skills in inter disciplinary of the applications of computers in biotechnology andlearn about the biological databases, computer programming in PERL and Machine learningtechniques.

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Total Hrs 6Introduction to computational biology and bioinformatics, Applications of bioinformatics, Computer and itscomponents, Hardware basics: Processor, motherboard slots/cards, bus parallel and serial ports, variousstorage devices, Network – Protocols (OSI, TCP/IP and FTP models) media and topology (Tree, star, bus andring).

2. DATABASES AND SEARCHING ALGORITHMS Total Hrs 9Biological databases – Introduction and Functions, Dot matrix analysis, Dynamic Programming – Needleman –Wunsch algorithm and Smith – Waterman algorithm, Scoring Matrices – PAM, BLOSUM and GONNET,Heuristic methods of database searching- FASTA and BLAST family of programs.

3. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS Total Hrs 9Multiple Sequence Alignment – SP method, CLUSTALW and Iterative methods, SAGA, Motifs and theirapplications, Phylogenetic Analysis- Molecular clock Theory, Jukes – Cantor and Kimura’s model, Distancemethods – UPGMA, Fitch-Margolish and Neighbourhood joining, Character based methods – Maximumparsimony and Maximum Likelihood , Bootstrapping Technique.

4. MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 12Functional, Structural and comparative genomics, Hidden Markov Models, Neural Nets, Decision trees andtheir application in computational biology, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene finding, shotgun DNA assembly,Protein secondary structure prediction.

5. INTRODUCTION TO PERL AND APPLICATIONS OFBIOINFORMATICS Total Hrs 9

Introduction to PERL variables, Data types, arrays and hashes, File handling, Types and functions of variousMicroarray such as DNA microarrays, Oligonucleotide microarray, cDNA microarray, Introduction andapplications of System Biology.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Bryan Bergeron, “Bioinformatics Computing”, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.2. Baldi, P. and Brunak, S., “Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach”, 2nd Edition, MIT Press,

2001.Reference(s) :

1. Gusfield, Dan, “Algorithms on strings Trees and sequences”, 1st Edition, Cambridge University Press,UK, 2005.

2. Baxevanis, A.D. and Oullette, B.F.F., “A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins”, 2nd

edition, John Wiley, Singapore, 2002.3. Mopunt, D.W., “Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Press, USA, 2001.


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Semester II


10 PBT 202 BIOSEPARATION TECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course, the student would have learnt about, methods to obtain purifyvarious types of compounds and purification and characterization of various types ofbioproducts in large scale level.

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOSEPARATION Total Hrs 08Downstream processing steps, characteristics of biological mixtures, physico chemical basis of bioseparation.Downstream processing economics: strategies for initiation of the project, estimation of capital and operatingcost. Process design criteria. Cost cutting strategies. Process design criteria for byproduct: process designrequirements, process design criteria for low value high volume products and high value low volume products.

2. PRIMARY SEPARATION AND PRODUCTIDENTIFICATION Total Hrs 10

Cell disruption-Homogeniser, dynomill -principle, factors affecting disruption, batch and continuous operation.Cell disruption by chemical methods; biomass (and particulate debris) separation techniques- flocculation andsedimentation. Pretreatment and stabilization of bioproducts. Theory of batch filtration, plate and frame filterpress, leaf filter and continuous filtration.

3. PRODUCT CONCENTRATION AND RECOVERY Total Hrs 10Solid liquid separation- microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis and centrifugation -theory and design for scale up operation. Liquid- liquid extraction-theory and practice with emphasis onAqueous two phase extraction, reverse micelle extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Solid-liquidextraction- Precipitation techniques using salt, organic solvents and polymers.

4. PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 09Distillation: Principle of distillation, types of distillation- extractive distillation, steam distillation. Theory, practiceand selection of media for-Gelfiltration, Ion exchange, Hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase chromatography,Affinity chromatography-Metal affinity, dye affinity, immunosorbent affinity chromatography, high pressure /performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) & high pressure / performance thin layer chromatography. Scaleup criteria for chromatography. Electrophoresis.

5. FINAL POLISHING AND CASE STUDIES Total Hrs 08Freeze drying, spray drying and crystallization. Purification of cephalosporin, aspartic acid, RecombinantStreptokinase, Monoclonal antibodies, Tissue plasminogen activator, Taq polymerase, Insulin.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Mishra Neeraj, Neeraj Mishra, Akhilesh Dubey, “Bioseparation Technology”, CRC Press, 2011

2. Prasad, N.K., “Downstream Process Technology-A New Horizon in Biotechnology”, Prentice Hall ofIndia, New Delhi, 2012.

Reference(s) :

1. Belter P.A, Cussler E.L, and Wei Shou Hu, Bioseparation – Downstream Processing for Biotechnology,Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2011.

2. B.Sivasankar, “Bioseparations: Principles and Techniques”, Phi Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2009.


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K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2010Department Biotechnology Program code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester II


10 PBT 203 PRINCIPLES OFNANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)Pre- requisite - Basic knowledge in Biotechnology at the end of the course, the students wouldhave gained extensive knowledge in nano structures, nano oncology and nano technologydevices.

1. INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY ANDNANOPARTICLES

Total Hrs. 9

Introduction to Nanotechnology, Need of quantum mechanics, Nanobiology concepts- definition, BiologicalNanoobjects- Topology of DNA-protein-lipid assembly-Biological networks, Nanoparticles- types and properites-fullerenes- carbon nano tubes-quantum dots- nano core- nano shells- nano composites,2. SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS Total Hrs 9

Nanomaterials-Preparation-Top down and bottom up approach- Physical methods-Ball milling- Plasma arcing –Laser abalation method, Chemical method - Sol-gels-Chemical vapour deposition- Electrodeposition, Biologicalmethods.. Biological Methods of Synthesis: Use of bacteria, fungi, Actinomycetes for nanoparticle synthesis,Magnetotactic bacteria for natural synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles; Mechanism of formation; Viruses ascomponents for the formation of nanostructured materials; Synthesis process and application, Role of plants innanoparticle synthesis3. MOLECULAR NANOTECHNOLOGY Total Hrs. 9

Atoms by inference, Electron microscopes – Scanning electron microscope- Modern transmissionelectron microscope, Scanning Probe microscopy – atomic force microscope – scanning tunneling microscope,nano manipulator, FTIR, XRD and Dip pen nanolithography, Nano tweezers.4. NANOBIOMETRICS Total Hrs. 9

Introduction, Lipid as nanobricks and mortar- lipid structure- Self assembled monolayers- Self-organisingsupramolecular structures, Bacterial S-layer proteins,Nanoscale motors- Biological computing based onbacteriorhodopsin- ion channels as sensors, DNA: using DNA to build nano-cubs and higes- DNA as smartglue- DNA as nanowires - DNA computers,5. APPLICATION OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Total Hrs. 9

Application of Nano Biotechnology in medicine - Biocompatible inorganic devices- implant coatings, stents,seeds, Drug delivery- cancer treatment, Bioconjugated silica nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications- Dyedoped – Biofunctionalization of silica nanoparticles- Cellular labeling/detection, DNA analysis, small molecules-protein interactions-microarray and genome chips- nano biosensors and nano biochips.

Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith and Michelle Simmonsoms, Nanotechnology Basic

science and emerging technologies, Overseas Press India Private Limited, New Delhi, India, 2005.2. Niemeyer C. M. and Mirkin C. A., 2004 Nanobiotechnology – Concepts, applications and perspectives.

Wiley VCH Publishers, New Delhi, India, 2004.Reference(s) :1. Rosenthal, S.J. and Wright, D.W., “Nanobiotechnology Protocols in Methods in Molecular Biology

Series”, Humana Press, USA, 2007.2. Ralph, S. Greco, Fritz B. Prinz and Lane, R., “Nanoscale Technology in biological systems”, Smithm

CRC Press, California, USA, 2005.3. Handbook of Nanostructured Biomaterials and their Applications in Nanobiotechnology – Hari

SinghNalwa O.V.Salata. Journal of nanoBiotechnology 2004.


17

K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2010Department Biotechnology Program code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Semester II


10 PBT 204 INDUSTRIAL BIOPHARMACEUTICALTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)

By understanding of the composition and technology of biopharmaceutical drug Production,and development and use of the gene therapy, students will expand their theoreticalknowledge and understanding of therapeutically effects as well as of undesired side effects ofbiopharmaceuticals.

1. BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES Total Hrs. 9Bioequivalence and its determination- study design for the assessment of bioavailability and bioequivalence-factors influencing bioavailability and bioequivalence- Statistical concepts in estimation of bioavailability andbioequivalence-Software used in biopharmaceuticals - pharmacokinetics study and their significance.2. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL MECHANISM OF ACTION Total Hrs 9

Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics: Compartmental models- Absorption- Mechanism and path ways of drugabsorption-absorption rate constant-absorption half life Distribution- Physiological influence of drug distribution-protein binding of drug- determination of protein binding sites- clinical significance of drug protein binding-Apparent volume of distribution and its determination- Elimination- Over all apparent elimination rate constantand half life -Concept of clearance- Organ clearance, total clearance, hepatic clearance, gut wall clearance andrenal clearance-toxicity studies.3. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Total Hrs. 9

Fundamentals of controlled drug delivery systems -Design, fabrication, evaluation and applications of controlledrelease systems- Implantable therapeutic systems-Bioadhesive drug delivery systems-Proteins and peptidedrug delivery-Liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles and polymeric micelles -Drug targeting: Concepts anddrug carrier systems-Approaches to active drug targeting- Monoclonal antibodies-Targeting to particluar organsand targeting to neoplastic diseases.4. BIOPHARMACEUTICALS MANUFACTURING Total Hrs. 9

Manufacturing of parenteral products-GMP Manufacturing-international pharmacopeia-design and layout ofmanufacturing facility-clean rooms-sterile water production-general principles of cleaning-decontamination-sanitation -packaging instructions-validation-cell banking-upstream processing of prokaryotic and eukaryoticcell culture methodologies -acid based biopharmaceuticals-gene therapy- protein based biopharmaceuticals-interleukins-interferons-tissue plasminogen activators-recombinant therapeutic proteins-recombinanthormones-nucleic acid-based biopharmaceutical products-Quality control and practice.5. BIOPHARMACEUTICALS QUALITY ASSUARANCE Total Hrs. 9

The role of FDA (food and drug administration process)-role of centre for biological evaluation and research(CBER)-role of center for drug evaluation and research (CDER)-their role in biopharmaceutical productionprocess-GMP (good manufacturing practice)-GLP (good laboratory practice)-SOP(standard operatingprocedures)-MHRA ACT (medicinal and health related authority-UK act)-Global harmonization of regulatoryaffairs-European medicine evaluation agency (EMEA)-Indian pharmacopeia (IP)-United states pharmacopeia(USP).Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Olive Kaiser,Rainer Muller, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Drug Discovery and Clinical Application, Wiley

VCH publisher, 2004.2. Watson WH Freeman and company N.Y. Recombinant DNA 2nd edition Holtzbrinck Publishers, 191992.

Reference(s) :1. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, second edition. Crommelin J.A., Sindelar R.D. Routledge-

Taylor&Francis,London, New York, 2003.


18


Semester II


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT 205 BIOSEPARATIONTECHNIQUES LABORATORY 0 0 3 2 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course, the student has gained the knowledge to perform various techniquesused in Bioseparation and how to make a finished project at laboratory level.

Any Eight experimentsS.No Name of Experiments Total Hrs

1. Cell Disruption and Cell Separation by Sonication method. 32. Separation of biomolecules by Centrifugation techniques. 33. Design of thickener area by Sedimentation. 34. Solid –Liquid separation by filtration technique. 35. Extraction by Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium method. 36. Experiment on solvent Leaching. 37. Separation of plant pigments by Column Chromatography. 38. Ethanol estimation by Gas Chromatography method. 39. Immobilization of enzymes. 3

10. Freeze drying of biological samples by Lyophilization. 3Total hours to be taught 30Reference(s) :

1. Jenkins, R.O., “Product Recovery In Bioprocess Technology – Biotechnology By Open LearningSeries”, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 1992.

2. Belter, P.A., Cussler E.L. and Wei-Houhu, A., “Bioseparations – Downstream Processing ForBiotechnology”, Wiley Interscience Pub. USA, 1988.


19


Semester II


10 PBT 206TECHNICAL REPORTPREPARATION ANDPRESENTATION

0 0 2 0 100 00 100

Objective(s)To provide exposure to the students to refer, read and review the research articles in referredjournals and conference proceedings and to Improve the technical report writing andpresentation skills of the students.

Methodology

• Each student is allotted to a faculty of the department by the HOD• By mutual discussions, the faculty guide will assign a topic in the general / subject area

to the student• The students have to refer the Journals and Conference proceedings and collect the

published literature• The student is expected to collect at least 20 such Research Papers published in the

last 5 years• Using OHP/Power Point, the student has to make presentation for 15-20 minutes

followed by 10 minutes discussion• The student has make two presentations, one at the middle and the other near the end

of the semester• The student has to write a Technical Report for about 30-50 pages (Title page, One

page Abstract, Review of Research paper under various subheadings, ConcludingRemarks and List of References). The technical report has to be submitted to the HODone week before the final presentation, after the approval of the faculty guide

Execution

Week ActivityI Allotment of Faculty Guide by the HoDII Finalizing the topic with the approval of Faculty Guide

III-IV Collection of Technical papersV-VI Mid semester presentation

VII-VIII Report writingIX Report submission

X-XI Final presentation

Evaluation

100% by Continuous Assessment 2 Hrs/week

Component WeightagePhase -I Presentation 25 %Phase - II Presentation 25 %Report Preparation and Submission 30 %Final Presentation 20 %

Total 100 %


20


Semester III


10 PBT 301QUALITY CONTROL INBIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)The student would have learnt about the quality control aspects which are applied inBiotechnology. Through this knowledge the students practices the ideal methods withawareness.

1. ACCREDITATION IN ACADEMICS AND INDUSTRIES Total Hrs 08Definition of ISO - Types of ISO, Quality plan, Quality manual - Quality control, International standards,Accreditation Bodies, NAAC, NBA, ABET, Washington Accord etc. – Applications - Documentation of results –Audits (Internal and external) - Audit reports.

2. GLP, QA AND GMP Total Hrs 10Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) - Definition of GLP- Practicing GLP - Guidelines to GLP- Documentation ofLaboratory work - Preparation of SOPs - Calibration records - Validation of methods - Transfer of methods -Documentation of results – Audits - Audit reports, Quality Assurance (QA) -What is QA- Requirements forimplementing QA - QA concepts in ASU drug - Support work & documentation - Audit requirements PersonnelResponsibility in QA. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) - Definition of GMP - Requirements of GMPimplantation - Documentation of GMP practices - Regulatory certification of GMP - GMP in ASU Drugs - GMPin production of ASU drugs - Harmonization of SOP of manufacture - Audit for GMP compliances.

3. NABL Total Hrs 09National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibrating Laboratories (NABL) - Quality control – Applications -Documentation of results – Audits (Internal and external) - Audit reports - Calibration of equipment, glasswareitems and chemicals - Preparation of solvents and buffer solutions - Calibration records – Laboratory testingand accreditation -

4. IPR ISSUES OF NEW DRUGS Total Hrs 10IPR issues of new Drugs - Origin of WTO- WTO & Its implications ( for drugs) - IPR issues in ASU drugs -Patenting and IPR- Patenting & Registration of New Drugs - Patent acts with emphasis on Indian patent Act -US & European patent regulations - Requirements of Patent filing - Patent protection and Patent servicing -

Requirements for registering a new drug - Issues in registering new ASU drugs - Indian Drugs and CosmeticsAct - ICMR guideline - Registration requirements for a new drug - Guidelines regarding Bioanalytical studies -Introduction to foreign guidelines.5. APPLICATION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES Total Hrs 08

General considerations in quality of bioproducts (enzymes/vaccines/insecticides/r-DNA product etc.) such asmolecular identity – potency - purity and stability – toxicity - immunogenecity and consistency - Physical andbiological containment - facilities for experiments dealing with recombinant cells and viruses - General scientificconsiderations for assessing possible risks of viral/bacterial insecticides - recombinant organisms in large scaleproduction. Pros and cons of Genetically Modified Organisms.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Total Quality Environmental Management: An ISO 14000 Approach. Vasanthakumar N. Bhat, QuorumBooks, 1998.

2. ISO9000 for Better Business: Using ISO 9000 As a Foundation for Total Quality management Jack E.Small, Lanchester Press Inc, 1996.

Reference(s) :1. Bioprocess Monitoring and Control (Hanser Series in Biotechnology) Marie-Noelle Pons,John Wiley &

Sons Inc 1993.


21


Semester III


L T P C CA ES Total10 PBT 302 IPR AND BIOSAFETY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) To develop skills in management and entrepreneur issues related to biotechnology and learnabout biological safety while handling instruments.

1. INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYRIGHTS

Total Hrs 9

Types of IPR: Patents, Trademarks, Trade secrets, Copyright and Related Rights, Industrial Design, TraditionalKnowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of GMO’s IPR in R&D; IPRs relevance to Biotechnology,Case Studies.2. AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES Total Hrs 9

History of GATT & TRIPS Agreement; Madrid Agreement; Hague Agreement; WIPO Treaties; Budapest Treaty;PCT; Indian Patent Act 1970 & recent amendments.

3. BASICS OF PATENTS AND CONCEPT OF PRIORARTS Total Hrs 9

Introduction to Patents; Types of patent applications: Ordinary, PCT, Conventional, Divisional and Patent ofAddition; Specifications: Provisional and complete; Forms and fees, Invention in context of “prior art”; Patentdatabases; Searching International Databases; Country-wise patent searches (USPTO,EPO), PATENT Scope(WIPO), IPO, etc).4. PATENT FILING PROCEDURES Total Hrs 9

National, International Patents and PCT filing procedure; Time frame and cost; Status of the patentapplications filed; Precautions while patenting – disclosure/non-disclosure; Financial assistance for patenting -introduction to existing schemes, Patent licensing and agreement Patent infringement- meaning, scope,litigation, case studies5. INTRODUCTION OF BIOSAFETY Total Hrs 9

Introduction; Historical background; Introduction to Biological safety cabinets; Primary containment forBiohazards; Biosafety levels; Biosafety levels of specific microorganisms; Recommended Biosafety levels forinfectious agents and infected animals; Biosafety guidelines - Government of India; Definition of GMOs &LMOs; Roles of Institutional Biosafety committee, GMO applications in food and agriculture; Environmentalrelease of GMOs; Risk analysis; Risk assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview ofNational Regulations and relevant International Agreements including Cartegana protocol.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. BAREACT, Indian Patent Act, 1970. Acts and Rules, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,

2007.2. Kankanala, C., Genetic Patent Law & Strategy, 1st Edition, Manupatra Information Solution Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, 2007.Reference(s) :1. The law and strategy of Biotechnological patents by Sibley. Butterworth publications, USA. 2011.

2. Subbaram, N.R., “Handbook of Indian Patent Law and Practice “, S. Viswanathan Printers andPublishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1998.

3. Tzotzos, G.T., “Genetically modified organisms-A guide to Biosafety”, CAB International, Walling ford,U.K. 213p.1995


22


Semester III


L T P C CA ES TOTAL10 PBT 303 PROJECT WORK - PHASE I 0 0 12 2 100 00 100

Objective(s)To make the student understand the practical problem solving process in the industry. Tocollect review of literature from various national and international journals in the field ofBiotechnology.

Methodology

• Three reviews have to be conducted by the committee of minimum of three members one ofwhich should be guide

• Research problem should be selected

• Students have to collect about 20 research papers related to their work

• Report has to be prepared by the students as per the format

• Preliminary Implementation can be done if possible.

• Internal evaluation has to be done for 100 marks


23


Semester IV


L T P C CA ES TOTAL10 PBT 401 PROJECT WORK – PHASE II 0 0 40 10 50 50 100

Objective(s)To make the student understand the practical problem solving process in the Biotechnologyindustry. To impart the students to write R&D projects in Biotechnology fields to variousfunding agencies.

Methodology

• Three reviews have to be conducted by the committee of minimum of three members and oneamong them should be the guide

• Each review has to be evaluated for 100 marks

• Attendance is compulsory for all reviews. If a student fails to attend review for some validreasons, one or more chances may be given.

• The student should publish the paper preferably in the journals/conferences.

• Final review will be conducted by the committees that consist of minimum of three membersone among them should be the guide (if possible include one external expert examiner withinthe college).

• The report should be submitted by the students around at the end of May.•


24


Elective I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E11 ENVIRONMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) To develop skills of the students in the area of Environmental Biotechnology and itsprerequisite for PG studies in Biotechnology.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Total Hrs 9Sources of Pollution, Air Pollution, Acid rain, Effect of Air pollution, Control measures of air pollution, WaterPollution, waste water treatment, Control measures of water pollution, Physio-chemical properties of wastewater such as BOD, COD, Dissolved oxygen and micro and macro elements.2. SOIL FORMATION Total Hrs 9Ecosystem, Adaptation of flora and fauna, Formation of soil, Physical and chemical process of soil formation,Pedogenesis, Factors affecting soil formation, Soil characteristics, Active factors for soil formation, Soilclassification, Soil complex and its properties, Soil organic matter, Humus formation and importance of humicacid.3. SOIL MICROBIOLOGY Total Hrs 9Microbial flora of Soil, Microbial Growth kinetics, Ecological adaptations of Microorgnaisms, Soil enzymes(Phosphatase, Cellulase, Urease and Dehydrogenase) and theirrole in nature, Soil microbial population andtheir importance. Bioleaching4. BIODEGRADATION OF CHEMICALS Total Hrs 9Introduction to pesticides, fungicides and weedicides, Effects of pesticides, fungicides and weedicides on theenvironment such as soil, water and air, Degradation of pesticides, fungicides and weedicides, Simplearomatics-Chlorinated Polyaromatic Petroleum Products, Surfactants, Biodegradation of pesticides, fungicidesand weedicides using microorganisms.5. BIOREMEDIATION OF CHEMICALS Total Hrs 9Bioremediation of oil spilled and salt affected Soils by using microorganisms and Plants, Role of Biologicalindicators in Bioremediation, Solid Waste management, Dairy, Pulp, Dye, Leather and Pharmaceutical wastemanagement, Biofertilizers for poor soil management, Biocontrol agents in pest and plant disease control.Total hours to be taught 45Text Book(s)1. Stainer, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheelis, M.L. and Painter, R.R., “General Microbiology”, Mc Millan

Publications, New Delhi, 1989.2. Foster, C.F. and John Ware, D.A., “Environmental Biotechnology”, Ellis Hon wood Ltd., Singapore, 1987.Reference(s) :1. Subba Rao, N.S., “Soil Microbiology”, Oxford & IBH Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.2. Karnely, D., Charbarty, K. and Omen, G.S., “Biotechnology and Biodegradation, Advances in Applied

Biotechnology”, Series I, Vol. 2, Golf Publishers Co, London, 1989.


25


Elective I


L T P C CA ES Total10 PBT E12 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILE 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) To develop skills of the students in the area of applied Biotechnology with reference to textiletechnology.

1. POLYMERIC MATERIALS Total Hrs 9Introduction – Origin, classification, formation of polymers – chain growth and step growth polymerization,copolymerization. Thermoplastics and thermosets. Micro structures in polymers – polymer length, molecularweight, amorphous and crystalline, thermal transitions in plastics. Physical basis of polymer processing –Liquids and viscosity, viscosity and polymer processing, shear stress in polymer system, non-newtonian flow,melt flow index.

2. DESIGN AND ENGINEERING OF NOVEL ENZYMES FORTEXTILE APPLICATIONS Total Hrs 9

Basic principles of recombinant (DNA) molecular cloning, Production of enzymes: Amylase, Cellulase andPectinase. Searching for efficient production systems, Enzyme engineering, Design and engineering of novelenzymes for textile applications, Advantages and limitations.

3. QUALITATIVEAND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEXTILEANCILLARIES Total Hrs 9

Identification of textile polymers – confirmation of different groups in the textile polymers – cellulose, protein,amide, ester – methods of analysis, Fastness characters of different dyes – Investigation of dyes. Analysis oftextile polymers in blends – chemicals for different polymers, methods – Density gradient method, solventmethod, X-ray method.4. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR MEDICAL TEXTILES Total Hrs 9

The application of polymer materials in medicine; Textiles in filtration, Filter fabric construction- Woven, needlefelt & knitted filter fabric. Waterproof breathable fabrics- Densely woven fabric, membranes, coatings,Membranes- Micro porous membrane, Hydrophilic membrane, Coatings-Microporous coating, Hydrophiliccoatings, Performance of waterproof breathable fabrics. Medical textiles, Fibres used, Classification of medicaltextiles, Nonimplantable materials, wound dressings, bandages and plasters.5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Total Hrs 9

Waste water characteristics. Waste water treatment objectives, methods and implementation considerations.Recycling of effluents. Identification and reduction of pollution sources in textile wet processing. Pollutioncontrol in man-made fibre industry. Analysis of textile processing effluents – colour, odor, pH, total solids,suspended solids, total dissolved solids, BOD, COD, total alkalinity, chloride, sulphates, calcium and chromium.Tolerance limits for effluents. Bio-degradability of textile chemicals and auxiliaries.Total hours to be taught 45Text Book(s)

1. Gupta V.B. and Kothari K.K., “Man-Made Fibres Production, Processing, structure, properties andapplications ", vol. I and II, Department of Textile Technology, IIT, New Delhi, 1988.

2. Vaidya, A.A., “Production of Synthetic Fibres ", Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1988.Reference(s) :

1. Mark, H.F., Atlas S.M. and D.Certia.E., “Man-Made Fibres-Science and Technology ", Vol.I to III,Interscience Publishers, New York, 1987.


26

K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2010

Department Biotechnology Programme Code &Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Elective I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E13 APPLICATION OF STEMCELL RESEARCH 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) To make the student gain knowledge in stem cell basics, growing of somatic and embryonicstem cells under laboratory condition, differentiation of stem cells and application of stem cells.

1. FUNDAMENTALS OF STEM CELL BIOLOGY Total Hrs 9Introduction to stem cells, Embryogenesis-Developmental stages, Definition of stem cell, Historicalperspectives – origin of life, Chronology of major events in the history of stem cell research, Goals of stem cellresearch, Identifying stem cells, Stem cell potentials, Unique properties of stem cells, Plasticity, stem cellmarker2. TYPES OF STEM CELLS Total Hrs 9

Germ Line Stem Cell:Introduction to Germ cell development in vivo, Male Germ Cells, Embryonic Germ Cells,Gametes derived from embryonic stem cells, Are artificial gametes functional, Benefits of Embryonic StemCells-derived gametes and Embryonic Stem Cells: Current hESCs Culture Systems, Isolation, Propagation andCharacterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Spontaneous Differentiation of hESCs and Adult stem Cell:Phenotypic and functional properties of Adult stem cells, Implications of Adult stem cell dysfunctions in diseasedevelopment, Adult stem cell differentiation-transdifferentiation. Adult stem cell types and their therapeuticapplications.3. STEM CELL CULTURE Total Hrs 9

Culturing of stem cells, isolation of stem cells from blastocysts, Mouse embryonic stem cells, Stem cellpreparation from various species, Characterization and identification of stem cells, Organization and goodaseptic technique in the human embryonic stem cell laboratory, Derivation of human embryonic stem cells instandard and chemically defined conditions, Blastocyst preparation, Cryopreservation4. APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELLS Total Hrs 9

Common applications of stem cells, Applications of human embryonic stem cells in drug discovery, Stem cellsas a therapy for diabetes, Parkinson & Alzheimer’s disease, Neurological, heart disease, spinal cord injuries,burns, Roll of stem cells in human Genetics, Germ cells and artificial gametes production, animal models,Cancer stem cells: the enemy within cancers, Spinal cord regeneration, Gene therapy, stem cell based drugdiscovery, drug screening and toxicology.5. STEM CELL BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING Total Hrs 9

Basic principles and components of tissue engineering, Cell types and sources, metabolic requirements ofcells, Connective tissues, Reconstruction of epithelial or endothelial surface, bioreactor design on tissueengineering, Microcarrier based system, tissue engineering of liver and other important organs. Recentadvances in Tissue engineering, Therapeutic applications.Total hours to be taught 45Text Book(s)1. Deb, K.D. and Totey, S.M., “Stem cells basics and applications” Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi, 2009.2. John R.W. Master, “Animal cell culture - A practical approach” Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004.

Reference(s) :1. Kursad, D. and Turksen, D., “Embryonic Stem cell” Humana Press, London, UK, 2002.

2. Stem cell and future of regenerative medicine. By committee on the Biological and Biomedicalapplications of Stem cell Research, Academic Press, California, USA, 2002.


27



Elective I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E14 MOLECULARPATHOGENESIS 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course, the students would have learnt about Host Parasite interactions, Hostdefense mechanisms and molecular mechanisms involved in Pathogenesis of diseases causedby E. coli and Vibrio cholerae.

1. OVERVIEW OF MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS Total Hrs 9Historical perspective - discovery of microscope, Louis Pasteur’s contributions, Robert Koch’s postulates, earlydiscoveries of microbial toxins, toxic assays, vaccines, antibiotics and birth of molecular genetics and modernmolecular pathogenesis studies, Various pathogen types and modes of entry.

2. HOST-DEFENSE MECHANISM AGAINST PATHOGENS Total Hrs 9Attributes & components of microbial pathogenesis, Host defense: skin, mucosa, cilia, secretions, physicalmovements, limitation of free iron, antimicrobial compounds, mechanism of killing by humoral and cellulardefense mechanisms, complements, inflammation process, general disease symptoms, Pathogenicadaptations to overcome the above defenses.

3. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS Total Hrs 9Virulence, virulence factors, virulence-associated factors and virulence lifestyle factors, molecular genetics andgene regulation in virulence of pathogens, Vibrio Cholerae: Cholera toxin, co-regulated pili, filamentous phage,survival E.coli pathogens: Enterotoxigenic E. coli, labile & stable toxins, Entero- pathogenic E.coli, cytoskeletalchanges, intimate attachment.

4. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Total Hrs 9Virulence assays: adherence, invasion, cytopathic, cytotoxic effects. Criteria & tests in identifying virulencefactors, attenuated mutants, molecular characterization of virulence factors, signal transduction & hostresponses

5. MODERN APPROACHES TO CONTROL PATHOGENS Total Hrs 9Classical approaches based on serotyping. Modern diagnosis based on highly conserved virulence factors,immuno & DNA-based techniques. New therapeutic strategies based on recent findings on molecularpathogenesis of a variety of pathogens, Vaccines - DNA, subunit and cocktail vaccines.Total hours to be taught 45Text Book(s)

1. Iglewski, B.H. and Clark, V.L., “Molecular basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis”, Academic Press, California,USA, 1990.

2. Peter Williams, Julian Ketley and George Salmond, “Methods in Microbiology: Bacterial Pathogenesis,Vol. 27”, Academic Press, California, USA, 1998.

Reference(s) :1. Recent reviews in Infect. Immun., Mol. Microbiol, Biochem. J., EMBO etc. 2005.2. Nester, Anderson, Roberts, Pearsall, Nester, “Microbiology: A Human Perspective”, McGraw-Hill, 3rd

Edition, 2001.3. Eduardo A. Groisman, Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Academic Press, California, USA, 2001.


28



Elective I


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E15 MEDICALBIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)

This syllabus is designed for biotech graduates who wish to further their careers in medicalbiotechnology by extending their current ideas and experiences in human physiology, disease,and applying knowledge in diagnosis and treatment in clinical aspects and also novel drugdiscovery in industry level.

1. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND HEALTHCARE Total Hrs 9Biotechnology in Healthcare-advancement of diagnosis-therapy-treatment-gene therapy-gene delivery- Therole of molecular genetics in investigation-diagnosis and design of potential therapies in relation to diabetes,cystic fibrosis, Muscular dystrophy-DNA based vaccines-antisense therapeutics-RNA based therapeutics-Enzyme therapy-Hormone therapy

2. CYTOKINES AND ANTIBODY ENGINEERING Total Hrs 9Cytokines-physiological role of cytokines-cytokines therapy-interferons-Mechanism of action-purification ofinterferons-interleukins-tumor necrosis factor-Monoclonal antibodies in therapy-Immunotherapy using MAB`s-Immunomodulation-Molecular pharming-transgenic animals

3. DRUG DESIGN AND DELIVERY SYSTEM Total Hrs 9Pharmacophore-structure based drug design-QSAR-based design-computer assisted design-drug designsoftwares-drug delivery carriers-protein delivery systems-DNA,RNA based drug delivery-controlled releasedrugs-chiral compounds-regenerative medicine-tissue engineering-stem cell therapy-nanomedicine.

4. PHARMACOGENOMICS Total Hrs 9Drug development and testing-Essential pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics-Drug receptor binding-drugreceptor interactions –agonist and antagonist actions-drug mechanism-elimination-therapeutical result-noveldrug delivery and targeting-immunoliposomes-nanotechnology- Few case study drugs for anti-inflammatories-antimicrobial-cancer chemotherapeutics-drugs of abuse-GIT diseases-cardiac and respiratory therapeutics-Clinical trial components and data management system

5. APPLIED MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOETHICS Total Hrs 9Molecular tools-DNA Sequencing-Nucleic acid hybridization-RFLP-PCR-western blotting-immunoassays-Bioinformatics tools and softwares-Contraception,fertility and infertility treatment-IVF( InVitroFertilization)-Human cloning-stem cells therapy-somatic gene therapy-Inheritable (germline) genetic modification-prenataland post natal diagnosis- Bioethical procedures involved in medical biotechnologyTotal hours to be taught 45Text Book(s)

1. Pratibha Nallari and V.Venugopal Rao,Medical Biotechnology, First edition, Oxford universitypress,2010,ISBN-0-19-569960-2

2. Pamela Greenwell, Michelle McCulley, Molecular Therapeutics: 21st century medicine, 1st

Edition,Sringer, 2008.3. George Patrinos and Wilhelm Ansorage, Molecular Diagnostics, 1st Edition, Academic Press, 2005.

Reference(s) :1. Betty Forbes, Daniel Sahm, Alice Weinfield, Bailey-Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 12th Edition,

Mosby. 2007.2. Primrose, S.B., Twyman, R.M. and R.W.Old, Principles of Gene Manipulation. 6th Edition,

S.B.University Press, 2001.


29


Elective II


10 PBT E21 MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course the students should have enough knowledge about the Marinemicrobes, Aquatic animals and biomedical importance of marine organisms.

1. INTRODUCTION TO MARINE MICROBES IN THEOCEAN

Total Hrs 9

Marine microbial diversity - Criterion Habitats -Presence of other organisms: Symbiotic, Free-living, Biofilm,Proximity to the ocean surface or sediments :Euphotic -Mesopelagic - Bathopelagic - Benthos (sediments)-Concentration of nutrients and required growth substrates: Oligotrophic, Mesotrophic , Eutrophic -interactions between marine microbes: symbiosis and pathogenesis: the abundance and distribution ofbacterial and viral pathogens - Metabolic capabilities of marine microbes: adapting to extreme environments2. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS Total Hrs 9

Shellfish and Crustacean Culture; Aquaculture- shrimps, edible mussels, pearl oyster, crabs; Fish Physiology -reproductive genetics: gynogenesis, androgensis, polyploidy, control of sex, artificial insemination, eye stalkablation - Development of Healthy Fish Diets, Disease Prevention in Fish, and GM fish and shellfish- Diseaseresistance in marine animals and DNA Vaccine development - gene banks, cryopreservation. Isolation andcharacterization of biosynthetic gene clusters3. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF MARINE ORGANISMS Total Hrs 9

Seafood Allergy: Clinical Symptoms, Immunological Mechanisms and Molecular Biology Marine Pharmacology:Pharmaceutical and Bioactive Natural Products -Microalgae as a Source of Bioactive Molecules- NewAntibiotics and Medicines from Marine Organisms- Potentialities in the treatment of Infectious Diseases,Cyanobacterial Biotechnology -The Secondary Metabolites.4. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOPROCESSING Total Hrs 9

Polymers & biomaterials: agarose, agar, alginates, carrageaas, chitin, chitosan, carotene, heparin, marineflavourants - environmentally friendly antifouling compounds Biopotential uses of halophilic organisms. Role ofhalophilic bacteria and artemia in salt purification.5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AQUATIC

BIOTECHNOLOGYTotal Hrs 9

Control of oil spills and bioremediation - viral therapy. -Genetically Engineered Marine Organisms :Environmental and Economic Risks and BenefitsTotal hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Attaway, D.H. and Zaborsky, O.R., “Marine Biotechnology”, Volume I, Pharmaceuticals and Bioactive

Natural Products. New York: Plenum. 1993.Reference(s) :1. Weber. P., "Abandoned seas: Reversing the decline", World Watch. Pharmaceuticals and Bioactive

Natural Products. New York: Plenum. 1993.2. Powers, D.A., "New frontiers in marine Biotechnology: Opportunities for the 21st century." In: Marine

Biotechnology in the Asian Pacific Region (eds). C. G. Lundin and R. A. Zilinskas. The World Bank andSIDA. Stockholm. 1995.


30

K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2010Department Biotechnology Programme code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Elective II


10 PBT E22 TISSUE ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course the students will have enough knowledge of Tissue Engineeringespecially human beings. In addition, To make the student gain knowledge in TissueEngineering and stem cell basics, growth conditions and application of Tissue Engineering.

1. INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE ENGINEERING Total Hrs 9Basic definition; current scope of development; use in therapeutics and in vitro testing2. STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF TISSUES: Total Hrs 9

Epithelial, connective; vascularity, lymph. Basic developmental biology3. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF TISSUES Total Hrs 9

Introduction to mass transfer, Diffusion of simple metabolites, Diffusion & reaction of proteins4. GENERAL ASPECTS OF CELLS IN CULTURE Total Hrs 9

Transport limits on 3D cultures, Cell-Matrix & Cell-Cell Interactions, cell migration and control of cell migration,Differential cell adhesion & tissue organization, Hormone & Growth Factor Signaling, Growth factor delivery intissue engineering, Scaffolds & tissue engineering - Basic properties, Basic transplantation immunology,Quantitative analysis of receptor-ligand binding, Applications of growth factors: EGF/angiogenesis5. STEM CELLS Total Hrs 9

Introduction, Hematopoiesis, Stem cells & bone , ES cells, Cell surface markers, FACS analysis, Basic woundhealing, Introduction to liver pathophysiology, Cell transplantation for liver tissue engineering. In vitroorganogenesis, Physiological modelsTotal hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Samuel, E., Lynch, L.L. and Be Roberts J. Geng, “Tissue Engineering”, Wiley Black well, Singapore,

2010.2. Bernard Prish, “Tissue-Engineering - Design, Practice and Reporting”, Woodhead publishing Ltd.

Cambridge UK, 2009.Reference(s) :1. Lanza, L. and Langer, P., “Principle and Applications of Tissue Engineering”, Wiley Black well,

Singapore, 2010.2. Atala, O.P. and Lanza, L. “Methods of Tissue Engineering”. Woodhead publishing Ltd. Cambridge UK,

2009.


31


Elective II


10 PBT E23 BIOSENSORS ANDTRANSDUCERS 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course the students will have enough knowledge of Biosensors andtransducers in various fields in Biotechnology.

1. ADSORPTION AND DIFFUSION Total Hrs 9Basics of adsorption, Diffusion of gases in liquid and solid foods. Moisture transfer in foods,Diffusion in porousfoods, Inter-phase moisture transport. Diffusion of aroma componentsApplications of diffusion and migration infood packaging, Flowcytometry, Immunotechniques – ELISA.

2. STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION AND ANALYSIS Total Hrs 9Principles and applications of the following: Microscope – Flourescence, Confocal, Phasecontrast, Electron(Scanning and Transmission) –Radio isotopic techniques-X ray diffraction, RIA, scintillation counter, GMcounter, Autoradiography. NMR, CD, IR, DSC. Spectrophotometry – Principle and application ofSpectrophotometer, Atomic absorbtion spectrophotometer – Spectrofluorimetry,

3. PURIFICATION TECHNIQUES Total Hrs 9Product purification - Chromatography – principles of chromatographic separations – gel filtration, reversedphase, hydrophobic interaction, ion-exchange, IMAC and bio-affinity chromatography, design and selection ofchromatographic matrices; modes of operation; design of large scale chromatographic separation processes;electrophoresis separation processes and alternative procedures

4. ENRICHMENT OPERATIONS Total Hrs 9Membrane based separations micro and ultra filtration theory, design and configuration of membraneseparation equipment, applications, precipitation methods (with salts, organic solvents, and polymers,extractive separations, aqueous two-phase extraction, supercritical extraction) in situ product removal,integrated bioprocess.

5. MEMBRANE FILTRATION Total Hrs 9Definitions; Reverse Osmosis (RO), Nano filtration (NF), Ultra filtration (UF) and Micro filtration (MF), Molecularweight cut off in each case. Membranes and their characteristics, Cross flow filtration; Configuration ofmembranes, membrane materials, Pumps and other membrane equipment. Applications in food industry,relative advantages and limitations.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Schneider, G.M., Stahl, E. and Wilke, G, “Extraction with Supercritical Gases”, Verlag ChemiePublishing, Basel, 2006.

2. Rakesh Singh and Rizwi, S.H., “Bioseparation Process in Foods”, Marcel Dekker Inc. Hong Kong, 2005.Reference(s) :

1. Brennen, K., “Food Engineering Operations”, Vol 1 and 2, Elsevier Publishing, The Netherlands, 2003.2. Jimmy, L. Humphry, K. and Keller, G.E., “Separation Process Technology”, McGraw Hill, New Delhi,

2003.3. Grandison, A.S. and Lewis, M.J., “Separation processes in the Food and Biotechnology industries

(Principles and applications)”, Woodhead publishing Ltd. Cambridge UK, 2009.


32


Elective II


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E24RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -ENGINEERING ANDMANAGEMENT STUDIES

3 0 0 3 50 50 100

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Total Hrs. 9Research methodology – definition, mathematical tools for analysis, Types of research, exploratory research,conclusive research, modeling research, algorithmic research, Research process- steps. Data collectionmethods- Primary data – observation method, personal interview, telephonic interview, mail survey,questionnaire design. Secondary data- internal sources of data, external sources of data.

2 SCALES AND MEASUREMENTS Total Hrs. 9Scales – measurement, Types of scale – Thurstone’s Case V scale model, Osgood’s Semantic Differentialscale, Likert scale, Q- sort scale. Sampling methods- Probability sampling methods – simple random samplingwith replacement, simple random sampling without replacement, stratified sampling, cluster sampling. Non-probability sampling method – convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling.

3 HYPOTHESES TESTING Total Hrs. 9Hypotheses testing – Testing of hypotheses concerning means (one mean and difference between two means -one tailed and two tailed tests), Concerning variance – one tailed Chi-square test.

4 SAMPLE TESTS Total Hrs. 9Nonparametric tests- One sample tests – one sample sign test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, run test forrandomness, Two sample tests – Two sample sign test, Mann-Whitney U test, K-sample test – Kruskal Wallistest (H-Test)

5 ANALYSIS AND REPORT Total Hrs. 9Introduction to Discriminant analysis, Factor analysis, cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, conjointanalysis. Report writing- Types of report, guidelines to review report, typing instructions, oral presentationTotal hours to be taught 45Reference(s):

1. Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology –Methods and techniques, New Age Publications, New Delhi,2009.

2. Panneerselvam, R., Research Methodology, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.


33


Department Biotechnology Programme Code & Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Elective II


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E25 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Total Hrs 9Research Methods Versus Methodology-Objectives of Research-Types of Research-Research Approaches-Criteria of Good Research-Hypothesisation-Selection of Topic2. DATA COLLECTION & COMPILING Total Hrs 9

Collection of Primary Data-Collection of Secondary Data-Interview method-Compiling a Working Bibliography-Evaluating Sources3. MECHANICS OF WRITING Total Hrs 9

Spelling-Punctuation-Abbreviations-Margins and Spacing – Heading and Title-Page Numbers-Corrections andInsertions4. DOCUMENTATION Total Hrs 9

Preparing the list of works cited - Citing Sources in the text- Endnotes and footnotes-Parenthetical References.5. PLAGIARISM Total Hrs 9

Definition – Forms of Plagiarism – Consequences of Plagiarism- Unintentional Plagiarism-CopyrightInfringement-Collaborative workTotal hours to be taught 45Reference(s):1. Joseph Gibaldi, “MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers’, Modern Language Association of

America, 20092. Wayne Goddard and Stuart Melville, “Research Methodology – An Introduction’, Juta and Company Ltd,

20043. Ranjit Kumar, “Research Methodology”, Sage Publications, 1999.


34


Elective II


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E26 BIOREACTOR DESIGN ANDANALYSIS 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge in designing bioreactorand its analysis. Moreover, mass and heat transfer energy conservation in different type of

bioreactors, reactor control and materials balance to understand operational concepts.1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS Total Hrs. 9

Type of fermentation, Measurement of microbial growth: Total cell number, Viable cell number, Cell dry weight,Absorbance, Packed cell volume, Viscosity, ATP, Heat evaluation, Specific growth rate, Product formation rate,Productivity, Chemostst theory, Dilution rate, Fed- batch culture.

2 MIXING AND MASS TRANSFER Total Hrs. 9Mass transfer: oxygen transfer, KLa measurement: Steady state, Dynamic methods, Correlation of KLa for

stirred tanks and Airlift reactors, Gas hold up, Liquid mixing, Characterization of agitation, Power consumption,Rheological properties: Newtonian and Non - Newtonian fluids, Laminar and turbulent shear, Shear in ALR.

3 DESIGN AND SCALE UP Total Hrs. 9Types of bioreactor: Stirred tank bioreactor, Airlift bioreactor, Heat transfer, Scale up of STB and ALR, ALRdesign: Construction, Hydrodynamics, Three phase flow, Mixing, Oxygen transfer: Isobaric and Non- isobaricmethod.

4 STRATEGIES FOR FERMENTATION CONTROL Total Hrs. 9The control loop, Analogue, Digital, PID, Time-proportioned control, Physical control: Temperature, Airflow,

Pressure, Agitation, pH, Dissolved oxygen, Fermented content, Feeding, Vent gas analysis, DDC, Estimation ofbiomass, Fault diagnosis.

5 PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL BIOREACTORS Total Hrs. 9Plant cells: Bioreactors, Requirements, Design, Operations, Characterization of cell suspensions, Alternative

culture for plant cells. Animal cells: Operation and design: Attached growth, Suspended growth, andImmobilized cell systems.Total hours to be taught 45Reference(s):1. Scragg. A.H., “Bioreactors in Biotectnology”, Ellis Horwood Limited,England,1991.2. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F.,”Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,

2003.Reference(s) :1. Bailey, J. and Ollis David, F. “Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering” Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,

1996.2. Stanbury, F.P., Whitaker, A. and Hall, S.G. “Principles of Fermentation Technology”, Aditya Books, Pvt,

Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.


35


Department Biotechnology Programme code &Name PBT : M.Tech., Biotechnology

Elective III


L T P C CA ES Total

10 PBT E31 BIOPROCESS MODELING ANDSIMULATION 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course the students will have enough knowledge of Bioprocess modelingand simulation with special reference to application in industries.

1. OVERVIEW OF FERMENTATION PROCESSES Total Hrs 9Overview of fermentation industry, general requirements of fermentation processes, basic configuration offermentor and ancillaries, main parameters to be monitored and controlled in fermentation processes.2. METABOLIC STOICHIOMETRY AND ENERGETICS Total Hrs 9

Stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation, elemental balances, degrees of reductionof substrate and biomass, available electron balances, yield coefficients of biomass and product formation,maintenance coefficients energetic analysis of microbial growth and product formation, oxygen consumptionand heat evolution in aerobic cultures, thermodynamic efficiency of growth3. REACTION KINETICS IN BIOPROCESS Total Hrs 9

Reaction kinetics for biological systems- M.M kinetics, enzyme deactivation kinetics; heterogenous reactions inbioprocessing- concentration gradients and reaction rates in solid catalysts, internal mass transfer inheterogenous reactions; Thiele modules - solid – liquid mass transfer correlations, minimizing mass transfereffects.4. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF BIOPROCESSES Total Hrs 9

Study of structured models for analysis of various bioprocess – compartmental models, models of cellularenergetics and metabolism, single cell models, plasmid replication and plasmid stability model. Dynamicsimulation of batch, fed batch, steady and transient culture metabolism.5. SIMULATION METHODS Total Hrs 9Simulation: Introduction, Iterative convergence methods like interval halving, Newton-Raphson and explicit

convergence methods. Numerical integration of ordinary differential equation and explicit numerical integrationalgorithm.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :1. Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F., “Bioprocess Engineering - Basic concepts”, Second Edition, Prentice Hall of

India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.2. Peter F. Stanbury, Stephen J. Hall and A. Whitaker, “Principles of Fermentation Technology”, Second

Edition, Butterworth – Heinemann, An Imprint of Elsevier Publications, The Netherlands, 2005.Reference(s) :1. Van den Akker, H.E.A., “Bioprocess technology: modeling and transport phenomena”, Biotol series, 6 th

Edition, An Imprint of Elsevier Publications, The Netherlands, 2005.2. William, L. Luyben, “Process modeling, Simulation and control for Chemical Engineering”, McGraw Hill

Publications, New Delhi, 2003.3. Bailey, J. and Ollis David, F., “Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering” Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,

1996.4 Pauline M.Doran, “Bioprocess Engineering Principles”, Third Reprint, Academic Press, California 2010.

Publications.


36


Elective III


L T P C CA ES Total10 PBT E32 METABOLIC ENGINEERING 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course, the student would have learnt about biosynthesis of primary &secondary metabolites, bioconversion etc and its relevance to Industrial applications.

1. INTRODUCTION Total Hrs 9Induction-Jacob monod model, catabolite regulation, glucose effect, camp deficiency, feed back regulation,regulation in branched pathways, differential regulation by isoenzymes, concerted feed back regulation,cumulative feed back regulation, amino acid regulation of RNA synthesis, energy charge, regulation, aminoacid regulation of RNA synthesis, energy charge, regulation, permeability control passive diffusion, activetransport group transportation.

2. SYNTHESIS OF PRIMARY METABOLITES Total Hrs 9Alteration of feed back regulation, limiting accumulation of end products, feedback, resistant mutants, alterationof permeability, metabolites.

3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES Total Hrs 9Precursor effects, prophophase, idiophase relationship, enzyme induction, feedback regulation, cataboliteregulation by passing control of secondary metabolism, producers of secondary etabolites

4. BIOCONVERSIONS Total Hrs 9Advantages of bioconversions, specificity, yields, factors important to bioconversion, regulation of enzymesynthesis, mutation, permeability, co-metabolism, avoidance of product inhibition, mixed or sequentialbioconversions, conversion of insoluble substances

5. REGULATION OF ENZYME PRODUCTION Total Hrs 9Strain selection, improving fermentation, recognizing growth cycle peak, induction, feed back repression,

catabolite repression, mutants resistant to repression, gene dosage.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Wang, D.I.C., Cooney, C.L., Demain, A.L., Dunnil, P., Humphery A.E., Lilly M.D., “Fermentation AndEnzyme Technology”, John Wiley and Sons., Singapore, 1980.

2. Stanbury, F.P., Whitaker, A. and Hall, S.G. “Principles of Fermentation Technology”, Aditya Books, Pvt,Ltd., New Delhi, 1997.

Reference(s) :1. Zubay G., “Biochemistry ", Macmillan Publishers, New Delhi, 1989.2. William, L. Luyben, “Process modeling, Simulation and control for Chemical Engineering”, McGraw Hill

Publications, New Delhi, 2003.


37


Elective III


10 PBT E33 GENOMICS ANDPROTEOMICS 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course the students should have the knowledge of the genome sequence,functional Genomics, proteomics and about the tools for proteomics.

1. STRUCTURAL GENOMICS Total Hrs 9Overview of genome; Genome sequence acquisition and analysis; comparative homologies, evolutionarychanges; SNPs; Genetic analysis: Linkage mapping and analysis; High resolution chromosome maps; Physicalmapping, YAC, BAC, Hybrid mapping strategies, microarrays; Sequence specific tags (SST), Sequence-taggedsites(STS), ISH, FISH, RFLP, RAPD.

2. DNA SEQUENCING Total Hrs 9Variations in sequencing methods: Ladder, Fluorescent, Mass Spectrometry, Shotgun, Transposon-mediated,etc); Automation Sequencing; Finding genes and mutations; Implications of DNA sequencing; Implications ofsequencing genomes.

3. FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS Total Hrs 9Construction and screening of cDNA libraries; PCR: variations in PCR; cDNA microarrays, gene disruptions,Yeast two-hybrid system, serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), SAGE Adaptation for Downsized Extracts(SADE); applications of DNA arrays, Pharmacogenomics.

4. PROTEOMICS Total Hrs 9Overview of sequence analysis: Databases, datamining, Sequence alignment; Algorithms in proteomics,Applications of Proteomics: proteome mining, protein expression profiling, protein-protein interactions, proteinmodifications; automation.

5. TOOLS FOR PROTEOMICS Total Hrs 92D Electrophoresis, IEF, HPLC, Protein digestion techniques; Mass Spectrophotometry: MALDI-TOF, Massanalyzers, Peptide Mass Fingerprinting; protein arrays.Total hours to be taught 45Text book (s) :

1. Liebler, D.C., “Introduction to Proteomics, Tools for the New Biology”, Humana Press, USA, 2002.2. Hunt, S.P. and Livesey, F.J., “Functional Genomics”, The Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000.

Reference(s) :1. Cantor, C.R., “Genomics”, John Wiley, Singapore, 1999.2. Westermier, R. and Naven, T, “Proteomics in practice, A laboratory manual of Proteome analysis”, John

Wiley-VCH, Singapore, 2002.


38


Elective III


10 PBT E34 CLINICAL RESEARCH ANDDATA MANAGEMENT 3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s) At the end of the course the students will have a complete knowledge of ethical guidelines,clinical trials and clinical researches.

1. ETHICAL GUIDELINES Total Hrs 9Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human guidelines – student of specific principles for chemicalevaluation – Human Genome project DNA banking – prenatal and postnatal diagnosis, treatment – principles inorgan transplantation-Antigen typing-IVF(In Vitro Fertilization)-Stem cell therapy

2. CILNICAL TRIALS AND DATA MANAGEMENT Total Hrs 9Clinical trial – protocol approval – Informed consent – responsibility of sponsor – investigator – ethicscommittee – types of clinical trials – structure & contents of clinical report. Data blinding & randomization – datamanagement – trial subjects – recruiting

3. CONTRACT RESEARCHES OUTSOURCING Total Hrs 9KPO(Knowledge process outsourcing) of Contract research – delivery model – CR Business environment – CRInformation research – Contract research – Regulatory affairs and contract research.

4. TECHNICAL PRESENTATION Total Hrs 9Technical presentation – clinical research, regulation affairs – clinical trials laboratories inIndia – Wet lab research-dry lab research-data collection-interpretation-marketing-present status – setting upclinical trial company – clinical research education and training in India – India as a site for conducting clinical –outsourcing trends-career opportunities in clinical trial research and management system.

5. MEDICAL CODING AND BILLING Total Hrs. 9Medical coding and Billing Introduction-ICD (International classification of diseases)-CPT (Current ProcedureTerminology codes)-HIPAA (Health information portability and acounting act)- HCPCS (Healthcare CommonProcedure Coding System)- CPC(Certified Professional Coder) – CPC-H (Certified Professional Coder-Hospital)- CPC-P (Certified Professional Coder-Payer)- CPC-P-A(Certified Professional Coder-Payer-Apprentice)- Difference Between Medical Coding, Medical Billing and Medical Transcription-Medical coding jobmarket in Buisness Process Outsourcing (BPO`s) companies-Starting own buisness sectors of medical codingand billing.Total Hours Taught 45

Text book (s) :1. ICMR, “Ethical guidelines for biological research on human subjects”, Indian council of Medical

Research Press, New Delhi, 2000.2. 2012 ICD-10-CM, Code Book diagnosis, code set to assist in ICD- 10 training and code clarification,

McGraw Hill Publications, New York, USA,2012.Reference(s) :1. Schedule Y., The Drug and Cosmetic Rule. “Requirements and guidelines for permission to import and/

or manufacture of new drugs for sale or to undertake clinical trials”. Government of India, New Delhi,1945.

2. Machin, D. and Fayers, P., “Randomized clinical trails – Design, Practice and Reporting”, Wiley Blackwell, Singapore, 2010.

3. Knut Schoeder, “The 10 minutes Clinical Assessment”, Wiley Black well, Singapore, 2010.


39


Elective III


10 PBT E35ENVIRONMENTALBIOREMEDIATIONTECHNOLOGY

3 0 0 3 50 50 100

Objective(s)At the end of the course the students will have the complete knowledge in the field ofbiodegradation technology. It will improve the skills to overcome the problems arising in thefield of biodegradation.

1. BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGY Total Hrs 9Introduction to Bioremediation, Types of Bioremediation, Bioremediation of surface soil and sludges,Bioremediation of subsurface material, In situ technologies, Ex-situ technologies, Phytoremediation,Bioaugmentation of naturally occurring microbial activities; Environmental modification - use of co-substrates,oxygen supplementation (Composting and aerobic bioreactors, in situ aeration).

2. MICROORGANISMS FOR BIOREMEDIATION Total Hrs 9General microbial strategies for initiating attack on xenobiotics - Biodegradation strategies for key classes ofcompounds - Factors affecting biodegradation; Biodegradation kinetics; Biodegradation Engineering &Modelling; Biocatalysis Enzymes and major reactions and its kinetics.

3. MOLECULAR APPROACH FOR BIOREMEDIATION Total Hrs 9Restriction endonucleases, techniques of restriction mapping-vectors-plasmid PBR 322 and Lambda phage,cosmid - construction of chimeric DNA, ligases, gene closing-Southern, northern and western blotting, dot andslot blots-construction of Genomic and cDNA libraries-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and gene cloning - useof genetically altered microorganisms for field biodegradation of hazardous materials.

4. BIODEGRADATION FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES Total Hrs 9Introduction - Hazardous wastes-biodegradation of Hazardous wastes - biological detoxification of cyanide -market for hazardous waste management-biotechnology applications to hazardous waste management -Source and Management Safety.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY Total Hrs. 9Environmental Nanotechnology Research - Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Heavy metals - NewBioremediation Technologies to Remove Heavy Metals and Radionuclides using Fe (III), Sulfate and SulfurReducing Bacteria - Bioremediation of Petroleum Sludge using Bacterial Consortium and Biosurfactant -Biofilms in Porous Media: Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations - Biosensor Technology formonitoring pollutants.Total Hours Taught 45

Text book (s) :1. S.N.Jogdand. S. N., Environmental biotechnology, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, India,1995.

Reference(s) :1. Baker, K.H.and Herson, D.S., Bioremediation McGraw Hill, New York, USA, 1994.2. Gupta, P.K. Biotechnology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi, India, 1997.

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