Robert J. Bartz

Certifi ed Wireless Technology SpecialistOffi cial Study Guide

The Offi cial Study Guide for Exam PW0-070 from CWNP®

CWTS™

Includes Real-World Scenarios, Hands-On Exercises, and Leading-Edge Exam Prep Software Featuring:

• Hundreds of Sample Questions

• Electronic Flashcards

• Case Studies and Demo Software

Prepare for the Certifi ed Wireless Technology Specialist (PW0-070) exam with this new offi cial Study Guide from CWNP. This comprehensive resource covers everything you need to know about Wi-Fi technology: standards and certifi cations, infrastructure and client hardware and software, RF fundamentals,site surveying and installation, applications, support, troubleshooting, security, and compliance. Inside you’ll fi nd:

• Full coverage of all exam objectives in a systematic approach, so you can be confi dent you’re getting the instruction you need for the exam

• Practical hands-on exercises to reinforce critical skills

• Real-world scenarios that put what you’ve learned in the context of actual job roles

• Challenging review questions in each chapter to prepare you for exam day

• Exam Essentials, a key feature in each chapter that identifi es critical areas you must become profi cient in before taking the exam

• Case studies and demo software on the CD to further facilitate your learning

• A handy tear card that maps every offi cial exam objective to the corresponding chapter in the book, so you can track your exam prep objective by objective

Look inside for complete coverage of all exam objectives.

SERIOUS SKILLS.

Exam PW0-070

Offi cial Study Guide

Offi cial Stu

dy G

uid

eC

WTS

™C

ertifi ed Wireless

Technology Specialist O

ffi cial Study Guide

Bartz

Exam PW0-070

A B O U T T H E A U T H O R

Robert J. Bartz, CWNA, CWSP, CWNT, has more than 20 years of experience as a practitioner, mentor, and classroom instructor. He is a technical trainer, consultant, and founder of Eight-O-Two Technology Solutions, LLC, a CWNP Premier Learning Partner and a leading network training and consulting company. He has attained many technical certifi cations over the years, including Novell MCNE and MCNI and Microsoft MCSE and MCT.

SYBEX TEST ENGINE: Test your knowledge with advanced testing software. Includes all chapter review questions and bonus exams.

ELECTRONIC FLASHCARDS: Reinforce your understanding with electronic fl ashcards.

The CD also includes case studies and demo software.

Study anywhere, any time, and approach the exam with confi dence.

ABOUT THE CWNP PROGRAMCWNP is the industry standard for vendor-neutral, enterprise WLAN certifi cations. The focus is to educate IT professionals in the technology behind all enterprise WLAN products and to enable these profession-als to manage wireless LAN enterprise infrastructures, regardless of the vendor solution utilized. CWNP is a privately held corporation based in Atlanta, Georgia. For more information, visit www.cwnp.com.

www.sybex.comCOMPUTERS/Certifi cation Guides

FEATURED ON THE CD

$49.99 US$59.99 CN

ISBN 978-0-470-43889-3

38893ffirs.indd 4 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

CWTSTM

Certified Wireless Technology Specialist

Official Study Guide

Robert J. Bartz

38893ffirs.indd 1 5/18/09 4:06:02 PM

Acquisitions Editor: Jeff KellumDevelopment Editor: Stef JonesTechnical Editors: Bryan Harkins and Marcus BurtonProduction Editor: Rachel McConlogueCopy Editor: Lunaea HouglandProduction Manager: Tim TateVice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard SwadleyVice President and Publisher: Neil EddeMedia Project Manager 1: Laura Moss-HollisterMedia Associate Producer: Angie Denny Media Quality Assurance: Josh FrankBook Designers: Judy Fung and Bill GibsonCompositor: Craig W. Johnson, Happenstance Type-O-RamaProofreader: Publication Services, Inc. Indexer: Nancy GuentherProject Coordinator, Cover: Lynsey StanfordCover Designer: Ryan Sneed

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-43889-3

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warran-ties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent pro-fessional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Web site is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Web site may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (877) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bartz, Robert J., 1959- CWTS : certified wireless technology specialist official study guide (PW0-070) / Robert J. Bartz. — 1st ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-43889-3 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-470-43889-4 (pbk.) 1. Wireless LANs—Examinations—Study guides. 2. Telecommunications engineers—Certification—Study guides. I. Title. II. Title: Certified wireless technology specialist official study guide (PW0-070). TK5105.78.B37 2009 621.384076—dc22 2009010840

TRADEMARKS: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and the Sybex logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. CWTS is a trademark of CWNP, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respec-tive owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

38893ffirs.indd 2 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

Dear Reader,

Thank you for choosing CWTS: Certified Wireless Technology Specialist Official Study Guide. This book is part of a family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.

Sybex was founded in 1976. More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to produc-ing consistently exceptional books. With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new standard for the industry. From the paper we print on to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the best books available.

I hope you see all that reflected in these pages. I’d be very interested to hear your com-ments and get your feedback on how we’re doing. Feel free to let me know what you think about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at nedde@wiley.com, or if you think you’ve found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com. Customer feedback is critical to our efforts at Sybex.

Best regards,

Neil Edde Vice President and Publisher Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley

38893ffirs.indd 3 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

To my mother Kathryn, who taught me and my 11 brothers and sisters the

meaning of hard work, honesty, and loyalty. At 86 years young she is still a

great inspiration to me. I want to say thanks, Mom.

38893ffirs.indd 4 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank my wife, Jeannie, and two young adult children, Ashley and Jason, and to say how much I appreciate the support I received during the writing process of this book. This book was a huge task that took hundreds of hours and kept me locked away for days at a time. They made completing this project much easier for me because of their sup-port, patience, and understanding.

I would also like to thank all the people at Sybex who helped with the creation of this book, including Acquisitions Editor Jeff Kellum, Production Editor Rachel McConlogue, Copy Editor Lunaea Hougland, Editorial Assistant Connor O’Brien and Editorial Manager Pete Gaughan. I owe all these individuals a ton of gratitude for their patience while work-ing with me on this project, including having to deal with a few unexpected delays.

A very special thanks goes to the Development Editor Stef Jones for all her hard work in helping me with the editing, organization, and suggestions that allowed me to complete this book and still maintain my sanity. Her knowledge, expertise, and attention to detail were an enormous help to me.

The Technical Editor of this book is Bryan Harkins. I want to thank Bryan for his timely reviews, comments, and suggestions that helped make this book a valuable reference source for sales and technical support people. His years of experience as a technical trainer, engi-neer, and security specialist were a great contribution in creating a book I hope you will enjoy reading.

I would like to thank the thousands of students who have taken the time to attend the net-working classes I was given the opportunity to teach. Educating, mentoring, and entertaining so many of these individuals gave me the inspiration and motivation to author this book.

Of course, this book would not exist if it were not for the people at CWNP. This group of individuals I have known for many years includes Kevin Sandlin, Scott Williams, Devin Akin, and Scott Turner as well as some of the newer members of the team, Cary Chandler, Marcus Burton, Trish Bruce, Abbey Cole, and all the others. They have realized the need for vendor-neutral wireless LAN training and certification and have done a great job of building a brand over the years that is now known worldwide.

Finally, a thank you to all the manufacturers, vendors, organizations, and individuals that provided the subject matter, allowing me the technology and tools needed to write this book.

Aerohive – www.aerohive.com Stephen Philip and Adam Conway

AirMagnet – www.airmagnet.com Joe Kuo and Dilip Advani

Aruba Networks – www.arubanetworks.com Brad Day and Michael Tennefoss

Broadcom Corporation – www.broadcom.com

Cisco Systems – www.cisco.com

38893ffirs.indd 5 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

CompactFlash Association – www.compactflash.org

CWNP – www.cwnp.com Devin Akin and Marcus Burton

HP ProCurve (Colubris Networks) – www.procurve.com

IEEE – www.ieee.org

Intel – www.intel.com

L-com Global Connectivity – www.l-com.com Jim Corcoran

Linksys – www.linksys.com

MetaGeek – www.metageek.net Mark Jensen and Ryan Woodings

Motorola – www.motorola.com Tim Brophy and Bryan Harkins

Netgear – www.netgear.com

Network Stumbler – www.netstumbler.com

PCI-SIG – www.pcisig.com

PCMCIA Association – www.pcmcia.org Mary Hain, Hain Communications

Proxim Wireless – www.orinocowireless.com

Psiber Data Systems – www.psiber.com Bruce Nelson

SD Association – www.sdcard.org

TamoSoft – www.tamos.com Michael Berg

TerraWave Solutions – www.terrawave.com Jennifer Haltom

Trapeze Networks – www.trapezenetworks.com

USB Implementers Forum, Inc. – www.usb.org

Wi-Fi Alliance – www.wi-fi.org

WildPackets – www.wildpackets.com

Xirrus – www.xirrus.com Douglas Haider

38893ffirs.indd 6 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

About the AuthorRobert Bartz is a technical trainer and computer networking consultant. He is a graduate of California State University Long Beach, School of Engineering, with a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Technology. Prior to becoming a computer networking engineer and trainer, Robert was employed as an aerospace test engineer working with radar systems and satellite communications. He has attained many technical certifications over the years, including Master Certified Novell Engineer (MCNE), Certified Novell Instructor (CNI), Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE), Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT), CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator (CWNA), Certified Wireless Security Profes-sional (CWSP), and Certified Wireless Network Trainer (CWNT), to name a few. He has been involved with the CWNP program since its inception and has taught this technology to thousands of people from various industries and markets across the United States and abroad.

Robert is the founder of Eight-O-Two Technology Solutions, LLC, a computer network-ing technical training and consulting services company providing education and services to various organizations both local and around the country. He spends his spare time learning new technology, working outside, and enjoying the beauty of his surroundings at his home in Monument, Colorado. Robert hopes one day to semi-retire and be the proprietor of a neighborhood eating and drinking establishment in a warm sunny beach community. He can be contacted by e-mail at robert@eightotwo.com.

38893ffirs.indd 7 5/18/09 4:06:03 PM

Contents at a Glance

Foreword xxi

Introduction xxiii

Assessment Test xxxvi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 1

Chapter 2 Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 27

Chapter 3 Wireless LAN Client Devices 61

Chapter 4 Radio Frequency (RF) Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 95

Chapter 5 Access Methods, Architectures, and Spread Spectrum Technology 131

Chapter 6 WLAN Antennas and Accessories 159

Chapter 7 WLAN Terminology and Technology 205

Chapter 8 Planning a WLAN Site Survey 249

Chapter 9 Performing a WLAN Site Survey 283

Chapter 10 WLAN Security 337

Chapter 11 Troubleshooting and Maintaining Wireless Networks 381

Appendix About the Companion CD 421

Glossary 427

Index 445

38893ffirs.indd 8 5/18/09 4:06:04 PM

ContentsForeword xxi

Introduction xxiii

Assessment Test xxxvi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 1

Common WLAN Deployment Scenarios 3Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) 4Enterprise Deployments: Corporate Data Access

and End-User Mobility 4Extending Existing Networks with Wireless LAN 5Mobile Office and Public Wireless Hotspots 5Educational Institutions: Classroom Deployments 6Healthcare 7Last-Mile Data Delivery: Wireless ISP 7Industrial, Municipal, Law Enforcement, and

Transportation Networks 7Building-to-Building Connectivity 8

Radio Frequency Regulatory Domain Governing Bodies 9United States: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 10Europe: European Telecommunications Standards

Institute (ETSI) 11IEEE and Wireless LAN Standards 11

802.11 11802.11b 12802.11a 12802.11g 13802.11n 14Additional IEEE 802.11 Amendments 16

Interoperability Certifications 16Wi-Fi Alliance 17Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) Certification Overview 17Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA 2.0) Certification Overview 18Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM) Certification Overview 18Wi-Fi Multimedia Power Save (WMM-PS) Certification

Overview 19Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) Certification Overview 19

Summary 20

38893ftoc.indd 9 5/18/09 4:05:53 PM

x Contents

Key Terms 20Exam Essentials 21Review Questions 22Answers to Review Questions 26

Chapter 2 Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 27

OSI Model Basics 28Access Points (AP) 29

Autonomous Access Points 31Lightweight Access Points 38Mesh Access Points 38Wireless LAN Routers 40Wireless Bridges 42Wireless Repeaters 42Wireless LAN Controller/Switch 43

Power over Ethernet (PoE) 47Summary 51Exam Essentials 52Key Terms 53Review Questions 54Answers to Review Questions 58

Chapter 3 Wireless LAN Client Devices 61

PCMCIA 62Features of PCMCIA Cards 63Installation and Configuration of PCMCIA Cards 64

ExpressCard 68Features of the ExpressCard 68Installation and Configuration of an ExpressCard 69

USB 1.0, USB 1.1, and USB 2.0 69Features of USB 70Installation and Configuration of USB Devices 71

CompactFlash (CF) Devices 73Features of CF Cards 73Installation and Configuration of a CF Card 74

Secure Digital (SD) 74Features of SDIO Cards 75Installation and Configuration of SDIO Cards 75

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) 75Features of PCI 76Installation and Configuration of PCI Cards 77

38893ftoc.indd 10 5/18/09 4:05:53 PM

Contents xi

Mini-PCI and Mini-PCIe (Mini-PCI Express) 79Features of Mini-PCI and Mini-PCIe Cards 79Installation and Configuration of Mini-PCI and

Mini-PCIe Cards 80Workgroup Bridges 81

Features of Workgroup/Client Bridges 82Installation and Configuration of Workgroup/Client Bridges 83

Client Device Drivers 83Client Utility Software 84

Manufacturer-Specific Client Utilities 85Third-Party Client Utilities 86

Summary 86Exam Essentials 87Key Terms 88Review Questions 89Answers to Review Questions 93

Chapter 4 Radio Frequency (RF) Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 95

Understanding Radio Frequency (RF) 96Wavelength 98Frequency 99Amplitude 100Phase 100Frequencies Used for Wireless LANs 101

Coverage and Capacity 104Coverage 105Capacity 108Channel Reuse and Co-location 109

RF Range and Speed 110Line of Sight 111Interference 112Environment: RF Behavior 114

Basic Units of RF Measurement 118Absolute Measurements of Power 118Relative Measurements of Power 119

Summary 122Exam Essentials 122Key Terms 123Review Questions 124Answers to Review Questions 128

38893ftoc.indd 11 5/18/09 4:05:53 PM

xii Contents

Chapter 5 Access Methods, Architectures, and Spread Spectrum Technology 131

Network Access Methods 132Detecting Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CD 133Avoiding Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CA 134Reserving Time for Data Transmission Using

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) 135Effects of Half Duplex on Wireless Throughput 135Narrowband vs. Spread Spectrum Communication 136

Spread Spectrum Technology 138Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 138Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 140High Rate/Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (HR/DSSS) 140DSSS and HR/DSSS Channels 141Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 143OFDM Channels 144Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO) 146MIMO Channels 147Co-location of HR/DSSS and ERP-OFDM Systems 147Adjacent-Channel and Co-channel Interference 148WLAN/WPAN Coexistence 148

Summary 150Exam Essentials 151Key Terms 152Review Questions 153Answers to Review Questions 157

Chapter 6 WLAN Antennas and Accessories 159

Basic RF Antenna Concepts 160RF Lobes 161Beamwidth 161Antenna Gain 163Passive Gain 164Active Gain 165Antenna Polarization 166

WLAN Antenna Types 167Omnidirectional Antennas 167Omnidirectional Antenna Specifications 168Semidirectional Antennas 170Highly Directional Antennas 181Highly Directional Antenna Specifications 182

38893ftoc.indd 12 5/18/09 4:05:53 PM

Contents xiii

RF Cables and Connectors 184Cable Types 184Cable Length 184Cable Cost 185Impedance and VSWR 186RF Connectors 186

Factors in Antenna Installation 187Addressing the Effects of Earth Curvature 187Antenna Placement 187Minimizing the Effects of Multipath Using

Antenna Diversity 188Combating Effects of Wind and Lightning on

Wireless Connections 190Lightning Arrestors 190Grounding Rods 191

Installation Safety 191Antenna Mounting 191

Pole/Mast Mount 192Ceiling Mount 193Wall Mount 194

Maintaining Clear Communications 194Visual Line of Sight 194RF Line of Sight 194Fresnel Zone 194

Summary 195Exam Essentials 196Key Terms 197Review Questions 198Answers to Review Questions 202

Chapter 7 WLAN Terminology and Technology 205

Wireless LAN Modes of Operation 206Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) 207Basic Service Set (BSS) 212Extended Service Set (ESS) 214

Connecting to a Wireless Network 216Frame Types 216Passive Scanning 217Active Scanning 218Authentication 219Association 223Deauthentication and Disassociation 224

38893ftoc.indd 13 5/18/09 4:05:54 PM