Date post: | 24-Jun-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | institute-for-transport-studies-its |
View: | 689 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Institute for Transport StudiesFACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
Cycle to Work scheme – Weekend
Warriors or Daily Commuters?Scottish Transport Applications & Research Conference
Wednesday 21 May 2014
Anne Clarke James Laird Jeremy Shires
UK cycling context
UK cycling: a journey
through time and space…
2% of trips made by bike in the UK in 2008 (and 2012)
Bicycle usage fell from over 14 billion miles annually in 1949 to around 3 billion miles annually by the 1970s and then remained fairly static
CAR USE
BIKE USE
How the C2W scheme works
• Salary sacrifice
• 12-18 months repayment
• Payments deducted before tax and
National Insurance
• Final payment to transfer ownership
• 25% saving for basic rate tax payers
• >50% use should be for commuting
About the data
• York and Leeds
• 6 public sector employers (2 in York, 4 in Leeds)
• Online survey (35 questions)
• Survey dates: June/July 2013
• 254 responses
• Respondents accessed the scheme ~2010-2012
Who uses the scheme?
N=254
23%
30%
47%
Cycle to Work scheme users
Did not own a bikealready
Owned a bike butcycledinfrequently/ never
Owned a bike andcycled regularly
53% of respondents reported no weekly cycling before using the scheme
Impacts – propensity to cycle
92% of respondents cycled to work after using the scheme
96% of respondents cycled weekly (all trip purposes)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
49%
35%
8%8%
Proportion of scheme users who cycled to work at
different frequencies after using the scheme
Not cycling to work
Less than 2 days per
week
2+ days per week
Every day
Impacts – propensity to cycle
78%
11%
3.5%8%
Do you use the bike purchased through the Cycle to Work scheme to cycle to
work?
Yes
Yes, with another means of transport
I use a different bike to commute
I don't cycle to work
Note: figures are subject to rounding
Impacts – propensity to cycle
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Before
After
*
*The before information for leisure cycling is an estimate
Impacts – car mileage reduction
19%
Existing cyclists
59%
Those who owned a bike but did no
cycling
51%
Those who did not own a bike
Average mileage reduction:35 miles per week = 1,820 miles per year
(22% of estimated average car mileage per annum)*
This ranged from a few miles to over 100 miles per week
for individual respondents
*DfT (2013). Statistical Release – National Travel Survey: 2012
Impacts – health
27% increase in the number of scheme users who are sufficiently active
(from 70% of all users to 89% of all users)
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme
CBA does not capture the main benefit of the scheme to
the user:
• A change to the purchase cost of a bicycle
Financial analysis plugs this gap
CBA includes:
• Changes in external costs
• The resource costs of the initiative
• Change to use cost through a policy initiative (none for C2W)
Approach:
Cost benefit analysis + financial analysis
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – financial analysis
(£000’s for all respondents over a ten-year appraisal period)
Employees: £35 income tax/NI savings£252 vehicle operating cost savings£33 car sales£300 fare savings-£135 bike purchases-£455 maintenance costs
£49 benefit overall
Employers:£20 NI savings-£17 opportunity cost of loan
£3 benefit overall
Government:-£55 income tax/NI losses-£72 fuel duty losses-£19 vehicle excise duty losses£60 extra VAT revenue
-£86 loss overall
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – financial analysis
Public transport providers:-£300 fare revenue losses
-£300 loss overall
Car industry:-£180 vehicle maintenance sales-£33 car sales
-£213 loss overall
Cycle to work scheme providers:£21 commission and final market value
£21 benefit overall
Cycle industry:£114 bike sales (minus commission fee)£455 bike maintenance sales
£569 benefit overall
(£000’s for all respondents over a ten-year appraisal period)
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – financial analysis
Winners and Losers
Cycle industry £569 benefit
Employees £49 benefit
Public transport providers £300 loss
Car industry £213 loss
Employers £3 benefit
Cycle to work scheme providers £21 benefit
Government £86 loss
(£000’s for all respondents over a ten-year appraisal period)
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – cost benefit analysis
Benefits
£485 in physical fitness benefits (society)
£253 in decongestion benefits (economy)
£41 in absenteeism benefits (economy)
£23 in National Insurance savings (economy)
£14 in greenhouse gases (environmental)
~£5 from other marginal external costs (noise, local air quality, infrastructure)
Disbenefits
£385 in fare revenue losses (economy)
£61 in income tax and National Insurance losses (public accounts)
£23 in Vehicle Excise Duty (public accounts)
£21 in accidents (safety)
£14 in indirect taxation (fuel duty and VAT)
(£000’s for all respondents over a ten-year appraisal period)
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – cost benefit analysis
Cost benefit analysis summary
BCR is 3.5: The scheme represents high value for money for government
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – discussion of findings
� Could funding be better spent elsewhere?
� High level of cycle ‘funding’ through the scheme
� Would alternatives be better?
� Does not specifically target those who most need to become more active
� Does activity substitution need to be accounted for
in appraisal of active travel schemes?
� Results showed many scheme users replaced other physical activity with cycling
Appraising the Cycle to Work
scheme – summary and conclusions
� The C2W scheme significantly increases cycling levels
� Overall impact is reduced by high uptake from existing
cyclists (around half of users)
� Users are ‘weekend warriors’ and ‘daily [or less frequent]
commuters’
� The C2W scheme also encourages cycling for other trip
purposes
� Overall represents good value for money for government
References
Statistics
Slide 2
Goodwin, P. 2013. Get Britain Cycling: Report from the Enquiry and DfT. 2013. National Travel Survey 2012
Keep, M. 2013. Road cycling: statistics, Standard Note SN/SG/06224, House of Commons Library
Pictures
• http://www.10portmansquare.com/10portmansquare.html
• http://brompton.com/pages/9035
• http://dclibrary.org/node/30577
• http://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2014/02/new-guidelines-double-dose-recommended-physical-activity-adults
• http://www.psdgraphics.com/3d/gold-pound-symbol/
• http://www.myriadonline.co.uk/products.php?id=3806&name=Weighing%20Scales%20with%20Brass%20Weights
• http://www.teach-ict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/A2_G063/332_designing_systems/perception/miniweb/pg4.htm
• http://www.eweek.com/c/a/IT-Infrastructure/Why-Facebooks-NewGen-Data-Center-Leads-by-Example-692707/
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/children_shealth/10116733/Child-obesity-hospital-admissions-quadruple.html
• http://www.cityjoggingtours.co.uk/our-jogging-tours.html
• http://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/jul/30/hmrc-treasury-select-committee
• http://www.adventurecycling.org/resources/bicycle-travel-awards/