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Insecticidal virus
for control of
Codling Moth larvae
Active ingredient:
Codling moth granulosis virus
• Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV)
• Natural pathogen of codling mothOcclusion
body (OB)
Nucleocapsid
Granulin
protein
Glycoprotein
envelope
Viral
DNA
• Virus is produced in mass-reared codling moth larvae
• Formulated as aqueous suspension concentrate
• Highly specific to codling moth
• No effect on beneficials, wildlife, livestock, or users
• Listed by OMRI and NOP for use in organic production
• Registration in all major apple & pear producing states
Product: Cyd-X Carpovirusine ViroSoft CP4
Company Certis USA Sumitomo BioTepp
AI Conc. (OB* per liter) 3.3 1013 1 1013 4 1013
Rate (fl. oz. per acre) 1 – 6 13.7 3.2
Rate (OB* per acre) 1 – 6 1012 4 1012 4 1012
CpGV Products Registered with the
US EPA (2005)
*OB = occlusion bodies
• Virus must be ingested by larvae to cause
infection
• Once in gut, virus penetrates cells and begins
to replicate
• LD50 is 1 or 2 virus particles per larva
(Cyd-X contains about One Trillion per ounce!)
• Modes of transmission:
- Horizontal: Infected larva dies, releasing new
virus that can infect other larvae
− Vertical: Female that survives a sublethal
infection as a larva can be pass virus on to her
offspring
− Latent infection: Virus lies “dormant” in host,
until stress causes outbreak (e.g. overwintering)
Biology & Mode of Action of CpGV
Fat body of healthy larva
Fat body infected with CpGV
Healthy CM larva Larva killed by CpGV
Symptoms of CpGV Infection (Laboratory)
Larva probably infected as late
instar or with low dose
Failed entry
(“sting”)
Larva infected
as early instar
Symptoms of CpGV Infection (Field)
Control of Codling Moth Larvae on Delicious Apple (2003)Investigator: Dr. Helmut Riedl, Oregon State University
Location: Hood River, OR
0
20
40
60
80
100
Untreated
control
CYD-X
3 oz
Entrust
2 oz
Guthion
2 lb
CM
Inju
ries p
er
100 f
ruit
Stings
Entries
All sprays initiated 250 DD after biofix.
Cyd-X applied weekly, Entrust & Guthion 4 times in 400 gpa.
Four single tree replicates/treatment
(+ 32 oz
NuFilm 17)CER-2003-081
• Virus must be ingested by larva to initiate infection.
• Larva continues to feed until virus replicates enough
to kill it (can require several days).
• Neonate larvae wander after hatching to seek fruit
(usually within 1-2 days).
• Most don’t eat until they enter fruit (may drink water
droplets and sample foliage).
• Don’t ingest skin when making entry hole.
• Virus picked up on body and mouthparts will
contaminate feeding site & infect larva when it starts
to feed.
• Target hatching eggs and wandering larvae
Infection route & application timing:
Codling
moth egg
Phenology of the Codling MothSource: L. Gut & J. Wise
Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-154*
* Available online at http://www.msue.msu.edu/epubs/pestpubs/E154/18-CodlingMoth.pdf
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
0 250 1000 1300 2100
Degree-days (Base 50°F) after Biofix
Blo
om
egg
layinghatch
larvaeadults
CYD-X application periods
Environmental persistence
• CpGV can persist for years in soil, leaf litter, etc.
• Half-life is approx. 2 days in sunlight
• Longer persistence (7 days +) on shaded foliage
• Common recommendation: reapply after 7-8 sunny days
• Two sprays at ½ rate will give longer protection than 1 spray at full rate
• Spraying late afternoon or early evening better than morning
0
1
2
3
0 1 3 7 10 14
Untreated check
3 oz/Acre
6 oz/Acre
Days between application and bioassay of fruit
Liv
e la
rvae p
er
fruit
Residual Activity of CYD-X on ApplesInvestigator: Dr. L. Lacey, USDA-ARS
Location: Yakima, WA, 2003
Five larvae confined on apples picked 1 to 14 days after application.
Usage Recommendations
• Application rate
− 1 to 6 fluid ounces per acre (label)
− 3 oz/acre is typical rate
• 2 - 4 applications per larval generation
• Time 1st application at 0-5% egg hatch (200 – 250 DD
after biofix)
• 2nd application 7-14 days later OR at peak egg hatch
• Subsequent applications at 7-14d intervals if needed
• Use sufficient water to attain thorough coverage
Usage Recommendations for CYD-X (cont’d)
• Natural UV protection
“Whole” virus product, not artificially “purified”
No chemical additives or residues
• UV protection can be enhanced to some extent
Pinolene-type stickers, Humic acid, Powdered skim milk, Molasses
• Feeding stimulant may help more than UV screen
Sugar or molasses (5 to 7 lb/Acre)
• Compatible with other orchard pest management tactics
Excellent fit with pheromone-based mating disruption
Tank mix with most insecticides/fungicides/acaricides
Do not mix low rates (< 4 oz/Acre) with copper fungicides
Keep pH between 5 and 8
Storage Stability of CYD-X
• Study conducted by Dr. L.
Lacey of USDA-ARS in
Yakima, WA
• Stored at constant
temperature.
• Samples pulled every 3 mo.
• Diluted to 2 ppm for bioassay
against 1st instar CM larvae.
• Equivalent to 1 fl. oz. in
16,000 gal water, 40X more
dilute than lowest likely rate.
• No significant loss if stored at
or below room temperature
(25°C).
% L
arv
al m
ort
alit
y
0
50
100
0 3 6 9 12
Storage time (months)
Storage temperature
-4°F (-20°C)
36°F (2°C)
77°F (25°C)
95°F (35°C)
Storage of CYD-X:“90 days below 90 degrees”
• No refrigeration required if used
within 3 months.
• Refrigerate any unused product
and use it first next season.
• Freezing won’t hurt the product.
• Certis keeps product refrigerated
until it is sold.
Source: “Managing Codling Moth with
Granulovirus and Spinosad” by K. Granger, J.
Brunner, & M. Doerr (Washington State Univ.)
Poster presentation, 2003 Wash. State Hort.
Assoc. meeting, Wenatchee, WA
http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/jfbhome/growerarticles/03-WSHAOrganicCMPoster-JFB.pdf
CpGV Use Strategy:
Damage Prevention vs.
Population Reduction
• Virus did not eliminate
damage but resulted in
fewer entries
• High level of delayed
mortality (reduction in
subsequent generation)
• CpGV applied against 1st
generation larvae
Corrugated
cardboard
Nylon net against birds
Figure: M. Baggiolini
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
damage larvae/tree
Charmillot et Pasquier, 2002
Transition to CpGV and Mating Disruption(Courtesy of M. Andermatt, Andermatt BioControl)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
10.5.
attract and kill
27.5.
fenoxycarbe
no
12.6.
attract and kill
26.6.
diflubenzuron
treatements 2.7.
phosalone
2.8.
phosmet8 x 100 ml 3 x 100 ml 1 x 100 ml 1 x 100 ml
28.7.
diflubenzuron
14.8. chlor-
pyrifosmethyl-- 4 x 50 ml 6 x 50 ml 5 x 50 ml
Isomate-C Plus
MADEX (CpGV)
CYD-X Program in
Organic Apples (2003)1st GV use
Source: Jay Brunner & Mike Doerr,
Washington State University
(http://entomology.tfrec.wsu.edu/
jfbhome/growerarticles/)
CYD-X Program in Organic Apples (2003)
Recommended CYD-X Program in
Conventional Orchard
• 2 to 4 applications against 1st larval generation
• Rotate/mix with other insecticide for more rapid knock-down if desired
– Example: Rimon (novaluron) as ovicide
• Switch to chemical insecticides for 2nd larval generation
• Tank-mix or rotate CYD-X for resistance management
• Population management
− Virus will reduce number of 2nd flight moths produced by 1st brood,
− Control of 2nd generation larvae will be easier
− Virus will shift injury from deep entries to stings
− Sting injury from 1st generation larvae is of lower economic impact
− Rely on chemical insecticides to prevent direct damage by 2nd generation
− Virus will reduce overwintering population
Stings Entries Live worms
Untreated control (no CM insecticides) 4.5 5.8 10.0 3.0
4 oz Assail 30SG (4X) alt. 16 oz Intrepid 2F (3X) 3.0 5.5 7.3 2.5
5 oz Assail 30SG (4X) alt. 16 oz Intrepid 2F (3X) 2.0 2.5 4.8 0.8
3 oz CYD-X (7X) alt. 5 oz SpinTor 2SC (4X) 1.5 3.3 3.3 1.0
2 lb Guthion 50WP (6X), 16 oz Intrepid 2F (1X) 2.0 2.0 3.3 1.0
20 oz Rimon 0.83EC (4X) alt. 6 oz Calypso 4SC (4X) 1.3 2.5 1.8 1.0
30 oz Rimon 0.83EC (4X) alt. 6 oz Calypso 4SC (4X) 0.3 3.0 0.8 0.5
Treatment*
6 September
20 July
Percent codling moth damage
Control of Codling Moth Damage on “Spur Rome” Apples (2006)Investigator: Dr. James Walgenbach, NC State University
Location: Dana, North Carolina
IND-2006-039
• Commercial orchard block (1.8 acres), 4 reps with 4-5 trees per plot.
• Initial CM application at 250 DD after biofix, except Rimon (100DD as ovicide).
• Airblast sprayer delivering 100 GPA.
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2-Jul 16-Jul 30-Jul 13-Aug 27-Aug 10-Sep 24-Sep
% a
pp
les w
ith
fra
ss
Isomate/CYD-X 0.5
Isomate/CYD-X 1.0
Conventional
5 larvae
1 larva
0 larvae
• 30 acre commercial orchard, 2nd year under
mating disruption and CYD-X.
• Isomate CM/OFM (twin tube) at 200/acre.
• CYD-X applied at 0.5 or 1.0 oz/acre by ARM (25
GPA/side), + 2 oz. pinolene sticker
• 5 applications per CM brood (10 total)
• Conventional program: Rotational program of
Guthion, Imidan, Intrepid (ARM)
• Isomate/Cyd-X program included other
insecticides for other pests (Assail, Avaunt,
Provado, etc.)
• Lowest damage and worm populations in block
that received only 5 oz. total CYD-X
• Infestation decreased in block treated at 1 ounce
despite 55% lower application rate than same
block in 2005 (10 oz vs. 22 oz total).
Control of Codling Moth in Apples with Mating Disruption & CpGV (2006)Investigator: Dr. Larry Hull, Penn State Univ. Fruit Research Center
Location: Arendtsville, Pennsylvania
CER-2006-010