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DAILY LIFE IN THE GILDED AGE
1877-1900CHAPTER 16
What political, social, and economic issues did the nation face during the late 1800s?
SEGREGATION AND SOCIAL TENSIONS SECTION 1
How were the civil rights of certain groups in America undermined during the years after Reconstruction?
Vocabulary: Jim Crow laws poll tax Booker T. Washington literacy test W.E.B. Du Bois Ida B. Wells grandfather clause Las Gorras Blancas
Segregation and Social Tensions
African Americans Lose Freedoms Main Idea: After the election of 1876, southern governments enacted various measures aimed at disenfranchising, or taking away the voting rights of, African Americans. These governments enacted Jim Crow laws that kept blacks and whites segregated, or apart.
African Americans Oppose Injustices
Main Idea: African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Although they did not always agree on strategies, they were united in their determination to “never turn back” until they had equality.
Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination
Main Idea: During the same time that Jim Crow arose in the South, Chinese immigrants faced racial prejudice on the West Coast. Yet the Court upheld the Chinese Exclusion Act and several other discriminatory measures.
Mexican Americans Struggle in the West
Main Idea: Like African Americans and Asian Americans, Mexican Americans struggled against discrimination in the latter decades of the nineteenth century.
THE WORLD OF JIM CROWTHE WORLD OF JIM CROWPOST-RECONSTRUCTION DISCRIMINATION
Voting restrictions:
-poll tax (24th Amendment)
-grandfather clauses Segregation – system
of legal segregation (Jim Crow Laws)
Plessy v. Ferguson: ruled that segregation was legal as long s the separate facilities provided for blacks were equal to those for whites
Violence
-lynching-mob’s illegal seizure and execution of a person
Conditions in the North decline
-de facto discrimination
-riots in the North
BOOKER T. WASHINGTONBOOKER T. WASHINGTON Born into slavery Founded Tuskegee
Institute in Alabama in 1881
Taught to put aside equality and concentrate on economic security (vocational skills)
Hoped to win white acceptance later
Wrote Up From Slavery
W.E.B. DU BOISW.E.B. DU BOIS First African
American to earn a Ph.D. fro Harvard
Helped found the Niagara Movement
Rejected Washington’s message
Wanted political and social equality and civil rights now
Associated with the NAACP
Wrote The Souls of Black Folk
IDA B. WELLSIDA B. WELLS School teacher in
TN who spoke out against lynching
Whites ran her out of town
She wrote describing the “southern horrors” of legalized murder
AFRICAN AMERICANS AFRICAN AMERICANS RESIST DISCRIMINATIONRESIST DISCRIMINATION
NAACP– National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
African American achievement: -National Urban League, 1911 -National Negro Business League -Madam C.J. Walker
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AGAINST CHINESECHINESE
Racial prejudice in on the West Coast San Francisco established Asian school Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886: ruling sided
with Chinese immigrant, allowing him to operate a laundry
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MEXICANSMEXICANS
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo guarantee Mexican-American property rights
Many lost their land “Santa Fe Ring” Las Gorras Blancas: group that targeted
property of large ranch owners
WOMEN IN THE LATE 1800SWOMEN IN THE LATE 1800S Debate over women’s equality Women wanted to vote, control their
property and income, and have access to higher education and professional jobs
Some believed that public roles would destroy women’s femininity
NEW WOMEN, NEW IDEANEW WOMEN, NEW IDEAS
How should women dress and behave? Shorter hair; raised hemlines
Courting and marriage customs changed – dating
Right to vote National Women Suffrage Association Susan B. Anthony arrested for trying to vote in NY
WOMEN’S WORK IN THE WOMEN’S WORK IN THE HOMEHOME
Technology freed many women to pursue work
Department stores Rural free delivery (RFD) Mail-order catalogs
WOMEN’S WORK OUTSIDE THE WOMEN’S WORK OUTSIDE THE HOMEHOME
Few women had supervisory jobs Most were single Domestic work – servants Volunteering – gave women experience
in speaking, writing, and financial skills
HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION EXPANDSEXPANDS
Many new colleges opened
Leland Stanford-Stanford University
Women and higher education-coeducation increased
African Americans- most attended black colleges
NEW FORMS OF NEW FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENTENTERTAINMENT
Popular Amusements in the Late 1800s -Vaudeville -Sports -Newspapers -Magazines and popular fiction
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES CHALLENGES
SECTION 2
Why did the political structure change during the Gilded Age?
Vocabulary: spoils system civil service Pendleton Civil Service Act gold standard
Political and Economic Challenges
Balance of Power Creates Stalemate
Main Idea: Between 1877 and 1897, party loyalties were so evenly divided that no faction or group gained control for any period of time. This made it very difficult to pass new laws.
Corruption Plagues National Politics
Main Idea: Grover Cleveland’s reputation for honesty was an exception. Many government officials routinely accepted bribes and offered jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications.
Economic Issues Challenge the Nation
Main Idea: The tariff and monetary policy were critical economic issues during the Gilded Age that sharply divided the Democrats and Republicans
OPPOSING POLITICAL PARTIESOPPOSING POLITICAL PARTIESRepublicans1. Tight money supply
backed by Gold (Gold Standard)
2. High tariffs3. Pensions for US Soldiers4. Government aid to
Railroads5. Strict limits on
immigration6. Enforcement of Blue
Laws
Republicans appealed to Bankers, Industrialists and Farmers
Democrats1. Increased money supply
backed by silver2. Lower tariffs 3. Higher farm prices4. Less government aid to
big business5. Fewer blue laws
Democrats appealed to “less privileged” of society
(Immigrants, laborers, southern planters, western farmers)
GROVER CLEVELAND AND THE GROVER CLEVELAND AND THE MUGWUMPSMUGWUMPS
Election of 1884 Republican Candidate – James Blaine
Still crooked Democrat - Grover Cleveland (baby?)
Independents (Mugwumps = important chief) believed Blaine too corrupt – added their support to Cleveland
Supported gov’t regulation of Railroads
REFORMING THE SPOILS REFORMING THE SPOILS SYSTEMSYSTEM
Rutherford B. Hayes Refused to use patronage Began to reform the Civil
Service Angered his own party He helped strengthen the
gov’t, but weakened the Republican Party
James A. Garfield Vice-President Chester Arthur Garfield Assassinated by
disappointed office seeker Assassination caused public
to want end of Spoils System
Chester Arthur Arthur was a part of
spoils system in NY He became a very
popular Chief Executive Pendleton Civil Service
Act 1883 Created Civil Service
Commission Classified gov’t jobs Tested applicants Could not be required to
give campaign funds Could not be fired for
political reasons
BUSINESS OF POLITICSBUSINESS OF POLITICS Laissez-faire Policies
“Hands Off” Without government
regulations – government has limited role in the economy
Strongest businesses will succeed and bring wealth to the entire nation
Big businesses favored tariffs, land-grants, subsidies
Payoffs from big businesses
Spoils System Elected officials
appointed friends and supporters to gov’t jobs
Gov’t jobs loaded with unqualified, dishonest employees
Ensured loyal supporters while running for office
REGULATING RAILROADSREGULATING RAILROADS Practices
Charging more for short distance than long Kept rates a secret charging different rates to different
people for same service These practices kept farmers and businesses from
predicting shipping costs Munn v. Illinois
Allowed states to regulate railroads (1st Attempt) Wabash Case
Overturned Munn v. Illinois – Federal Gov’t is only one that can regulate trade, not states
Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Regulated Railroads – rates be set, no special rates for
powerful customers, set up 1st regulatory board (Interstate Commerce Commission)
Failed because the ICC had to take them to court (won 1/16 cases)
DEPRESSION TO PROSPERITYDEPRESSION TO PROSPERITY Election of 1888
Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison Harrison won because of business support of tariffs Passed Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 Financial actions led to panic in 1893
Cleveland’s Second Term (1892) Panic of 1893 - Coxey’s Army Became unpopular – unemployment, repealed Sherman
Silver Purchase Act, sent Federal troops to stop Pullman Strike
McKinley Wins in 1896 Supported urban workers and the middle class Helped heal depression by lowering tariff and
strengthening the Gold Standard Assassinated
FARMERS AND POPULISMFARMERS AND POPULISMSECTION 3SECTION 3
What led to the rise of the Populist movement, and what effect did it have?
Vocabulary: Oliver H. Kelley Grange William McKinley Populist Party William Jennings Bryan
Farmers and Populism
Farmers Face Many Problems Main Idea: The farmers of the West and the South were willing to accept the difficulties of farm life. Yet, farmers discovered that other enormous obstacles stood in the way of realizing their dreams.
Farmers Organize and Seek Change
Main Idea: Farmers refused to accept their circumstances and created a network of organizations to address their problems, starting with the Granger movement.
The Populist Party Demands Reforms
Main Idea: The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances culminated with the formation of the Populist Party, or People’s Party, in 1892. The Populist Party spread rapidly, putting pressure on the two major political parties to consider their demands.
Economic Crisis and Populism’s Decline
Main Idea: In 1893, a four-year-long depression began that not only worsened conditions for already-suffering farmers, but for other Americans as well. The major parties failed to satisfactorily respond to the nation’s distress.
FARMERS’ COMPLAINTSFARMERS’ COMPLAINTS Decline in crop
prices Competition from
farmers in other countries
Complaints about the power of big business
The refusal of the government to help farmers
TARIFFS AND MONEY TARIFFS AND MONEY ISSUEISSUE
Tariffs protected farmers against farm imports, but hurt farmers because of raised prices of manufactured goods
Kept foreigners from earning American currency to buy American crops.
Inflation helps people in debt. Deflation helps people who lend money. 1873 went on the gold standard; called “gold
bugs” reduced the amount of money in circulation. Farmers wanted to increase the money supply.
Free silver: farmers wanted silver coined to increase the supply of money. Called “silverites”
FARMER PROTESTSFARMER PROTESTS The Grange: Patrons of
Husbandry, organized by Oliver H. Kelley
Helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured states to regulate businesses that farmers depended on like grain elevators and railroads
Farmers’ Alliances: A network of
alliances attacked monopolies such as the railroads
Wanted regulation of the railroads, more money in circulation, creation of state departments of agriculture, antitrust laws, and farm credit
INACTIVE GOVERNMENTINACTIVE GOVERNMENT Presidents lacked
power to take action.
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887: regulated the prices that railroads charged to move freight between states
Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the laws
THE POPULISTS (PEOPLE’S THE POPULISTS (PEOPLE’S PARTY)PARTY)
1. Increased circulation of money 2. Unlimited minting of silver 3. Progressive income tax 4. Government ownership of the
country’s communication and transportation systems
5. Called for an eight-hour work dayLegacy and Goals
Returned to the gold standard Crop prices rose and populism died; the
goals lived on, launching a new wave of reform
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN AND WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN AND THE “CROSS OF GOLDTHE “CROSS OF GOLD””
Election of 1896: Republicans ran
William McKinley Democrats ran
William Jennings Bryan after he gave an emotional speech, asking for free silver
McKinley won the election.