DIET-RELATED DISORDERS

TYPE-2 DIABETES

Diabetes is a condition in which the body is unable to control the level of glucose in the blood. Normally this control is managed by the action of the hormone insulin, which is made in the pancreas.

HOW DOES INSULIN WORK?

When glucose is released from the carbohydrates you eat, your

pancreas produces insulin, which enables your body cells to

take in glucose. While there is plenty of glucose available from

the meal, insulin works to promote the use of glucose as a fuel

and prevents your body from making new glucose or using fat or

protein as a fuel. Between meals, when there is no food in your

system, the level of insulin is low. This allows your body to use

stored fat and to make new glucose as needed. This keeps the

level of glucose in the blood fairly stable. As the blood glucose

level gets low, more glucose is made. As the blood glucose level

increases after eating, insulin acts to decrease it.

TYPE-2 DIABETES

In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin for normal control of the blood glucose level. This may be because the body has become insulin resistant.

Excess adipose tissue can interfere with the normal action of insulin, so obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. taken in and the amount used by the body cells.

View:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ivR4y03DE#t=136

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF DIABETES

Dizziness Shakiness Fainting Kidney failure Glaucoma Cateracts Ulcers Cardiovascular disease

DIET AND DIABETES

Avoid Foods High In Glycemic Index (GI): Foods that are made with refined, processed or simple carbohydrates can adversely affect blood sugar levels, and should be minimally consumed. Some examples include: White bread or white pasta Desserts made with refined flour Candy bars Doughnuts De-germed white rice Potatoes that are white and starchy

DIET AND DIABETES

Avoid Added Sugar: Processed foods with added sugar can also be harmful to blood sugar levels. Generally, it may be better to look for artificial sweeteners or sweet products labeled "no sugar added." Some examples include: Soft drinks Fruit juice cocktails Hot chocolate Table sugar Honey or maple syrup

DIET AND DIABETES

Avoid unhealthy fats: diabetics may be at a greater risk for strokes and heart diseases. Therefore, it would be a good idea to avoid: saturated fats trans-fats and hydrogenated oils

It is important to note that an intake of heart healthy fats, known as monosaturated and polysaturated fats, are different from the "unhealthy" fats above and should not be avoided. In fact, they are actually beneficial to heart health and help prevent stroke and cardiovascular diseases.

DIET AND DIABETES

Foods to look for: Beans: high in fiber, these legumes are

great sources of magnesium and potassium. Examples include kidney, pinto, navy or black beans.

Dark green, leafy vegetables: low in carbohydrates and high in antioxidants, examples include spinach, collard greens and kale.

Citrus fruits: oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes are rich in vitamin C and fiber.

DIET AND DIABETES

Foods to look for:

Sweet potatoes: they serve as great substitutes for regular potatoes for starches. Low in glycemic index, it is rich in vitamin A and fiber.

Berries: high in antioxidants, and can be a great ending to a meal as a dessert or a healthy snack. Strawberries, blueberries, blackberries and goji berries are some examples.

Tomatoes: versatile in flavor and use, they are high in vitamin C, vitamin E and iron.

DIET AND DIABETES

Foods to look for:

Oily fish: steamed healthily, these are high in omega-3 fatty acids, and are a nutritious addition to meals. One example would be salmon.

Whole grains: be sure to eat grains that still have the germ and bran intact, as they are high in magnesium, chromium, omega-3 fatty acids and folate. Examples include oatmeal, barley and rye bread.

Nuts and seeds: rich in healthy fats that are satisfying, they also have magnesium and fiber. Examples include flaxseeds and almonds.

DIET AND DIABETES

Foods to look for:

Fat free milk and yogurt: helps build strong bones and teeth. Many milk and yogurt products today are also fortified with vitamin D, a nutrient important to a healthy diet.

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to all the cells of your body. The blood carries the oxygen and nutrients that cells need to work properly, and this includes the cells of the heart itself, which receives blood via the coronary arteries (see diagram).

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Plaque is a fatty, fibrous material, containing cholesterol, that can collect on the walls of arteries, narrowing them and leading to hardening of the artery walls, or atherosclerosis. The coronary arteries are small and narrow so a build-up of plaque can constrict them (which causes severe chest pain or angina pectoris), or block them (causing a heart attack).

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Cholesterol is an insoluble lipid. It is transported through the body by lipoproteins — either high-density lipoproteins(HDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL). HDLs take cholesterol out of the body; LDLs are more likely to deposit the cholesterol along the walls of the blood vessels. This means that the ratio of HDL to LDL in the blood can affect the risk of plaque formation, with a lower ratio being associated with a higher risk.

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Factors that encourage a higher blood level of HDL include: physical activity the presence of oestrogen moderate alcohol intake (no more

than one to two standard drinks per day)

healthy weight (overweight and obese people tend to have a higher level of LDL).

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Factors that affect the development of cardiovascular disease include: age. Cardiovascular risk increases with age. Middle-

aged men and postmenopausal women are the most likely to be affected

gender. Although older men and women have similar cardiovascular risk, coronary heart disease is eight times more common in men than in premenopausal women.

heredity. A history of coronary heart disease in the family usually indicates an increased risk of developing the condition.

smoking. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots forming in blood vessels. It also affects the condition of the blood vessel walls so that cardiovascular risk is nearly three times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers.

DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Factors that affect the development of cardiovascular disease include: stress. An increased stress level has been

associated with heart attack risk. exercise. An increased level of physical activity

protects against cardiovascular disease. obesity. The heart has to work harder to pump blood

around a heavier body. Cardiovascular risk is 30 times higher for those who are in the obese weight range, due to this increased work by the heart, changes in blood pressure and higher levels of LDL.

nutrition. Diet can help modify cardiovascular risk, not just by controlling weight to prevent obesity, but also because it can help reduce LDL levels, blood pressure and the amount of fat in the blood.

ACTIVITY

1. Design and make a dessert that is appropriate for someone with diabetes. Analyse its nutritional value using computer software or food composition tables. Prepare the dessert, evaluate its acceptability and write a short report explaining what attributes make it suitable as part of a diabetic diet.

2. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation that could be used in an education session for people wanting to avoid atherosclerosis. Include a 7-day meal plan.