D ISPENSATIONAL T · Editorial Committee Josh Bailey Patrick E. Belvill David E. Olander Charles...

JO

DT

JOURNAL of DISPENSATIONAL

THEOLOGY

cover photo courtesy of ThomasWilliams

April, 2012 Volume 16, Number 47

Editorial……………………………………………………….5

Considering Higher Criticism:The Relationship of Authenticity to Authority..............................7Christopher B. Cone

A Reexamination of Pharaoh’s Hard Heartwith regard to Egyptian Religion………………………..….....23Jerry M. Hullinger

Has the Church Misunderstood Paul?A Critical Look at the New Perspective on Paul…….….............41Gary E. Gilley

Did Jesus Truly Die?Death before Resurrection……..………..........................................57René A. López

Book ReviewsCrosby, Cindy, ed., Ancient Christian Devotional:A Year of Weekly Reading………………………..…………......90Day, Duane. God’s Establishment: What Happened…......….....85Demarest, Bruce. Satisfy Your Soul:Restoring the Heart of Christian Spirituality...................................92DeYoung, Kevin and Greg Gilbert. What Is the Mission of the Church: Making Sense of Social Justice, Shalom and the Great Commission..….....................................................................87Driscoll, Mark and Grace. Real Marriage, the Truthabout Sex, Friendship & Life Together…………….……..……81

Journal of Dispensational Theology

JODT (ISSN 1947-9492)

Volume 16, Number 47 (April 2012)

(formerly The Conservative Theological Journal)

Executive Editor General Editor

Christopher B. Cone Ron J. Bigalke

Book Review Editor

Gary E. Gilley

Editorial Committee

Josh Bailey Patrick E. Belvill

David E. Olander Charles Ray

The Journal of Dispensational Theology is published three times per year by

the Society of Dispensational Theology in cooperation with Tyndale

Theological Seminary as a means for conservative evangelical scholarship from a traditional dispensational perspective. Tyndale Theological Seminary, its

administration, or its faculty does not necessarily endorse all the interpretative

views represented by each of the respective authors.

Manuscripts and communications can be emailed to [email protected]. Authors of articles are expected to use A Manual for Writers by Kate L.

Turabian as the style manual. Please avoid formatting articles or using non-

standard fonts. Potential contributors are encouraged to peruse the most recent volume to observe submission guidelines or to view those specifics online.

Books for review should be sent to the address below

Editor, JODT

701 W. Pipeline Road Hurst, TX 76053

Change of address notification, subscriptions, and renewals can be submitted

online at www.tyndale.edu/journal.html or through written communication to

the above address.

Subscription Rates

United States non-Tyndale student: $25 per year

Foreign non-Tyndale student: $35 per year (includes Canada and Mexico) All subscriptions payable in United States currency

© Copyright 2012 by Tyndale Theological Seminary. Printed in the U.S.A. All

rights reserved. Materials in this publication may not be reproduced without

prior written permission. The editorial committee reserves the right to reject articles and advertisements for any reason whatsoever.

!

"#$%&'(!#)!*+,-.&,'/+#&'(!01.#(#23!4!!"#$%&'()'&!

"#$%&$%'!!

!

!"#$%&#'()))))))))))))))))))*))))****))))))*)))**))*+,,

-%./#"0&#.1,2#130&,-&#$#4#/56,

730,80('$#%./3#9,%:,;<$30.$#4#$=,$%,;<$3%&#$=**************************************************>,

!"#$%&'(")#*+,*!'-)!!

;,800?'5#.'$#%.,%:,@3'&'%3A/,2'&",20'&$,

B#$3,&01'&",$%,!1=9$#'.,80(#1#%.))))))))))))))))*))))*****CD,

.)##/*0,*1233$-4)#*,

2'/,$30,-3<&43,E#/<."0&/$%%",@'<(F,

;,-&#$#4'(,G%%H,'$,$30,I0B,@0&/904$#J0,%.,@'<())))**)))*********************KL,

56#/*7,*5$33)/**

M#",N0/</,7&<(=,M#0F,

M0'$3,O0:%&0,80/<&&04$#%.))**)))******************************************************+>,8)-9*:,*;<()=!

!!

(##)!*&+,&-'!

!

-&%/O=P,-#."=P,0"*P,"#$%&#'!()*%+'%,#!-&./'%/#,01!

"!2&,*!/3!4&&506!7&,8%#9))))))))))))))))))))**))))******QR,

,

M'=P,M<'.0*,:/8;+!<+',=0%+)>&#'1!4),'!?,@@&#&8A)))*)))***)***)*****S+,

,

M05'&0/$P,T&<40*,B,'%+36!2/C*!B/C01!

7&+'/*%#9!')&!?&,*'!/3!()*%+'%,#!B@%*%'C,0%'6****************************************************QC,

,

M0U%<.1P, V0J#., '.", W&01, W#(O0&$*,4),'! D+! ')&! E%++%/#! /3! ')&! ()C*$)1!

E,5%#9!B&#+&!/3!B/$%,0!FC+'%$&G!B),0/>!,#8!')&!:*&,'!(/>>%++%/#**)******S>,,

M&#/4%((P,E'&H,'.",W&'40*,7&,0!E,**%,9&G!')&!H*C')!

,=/C'!B&IG!J*%&#8+)%@!K!L%3&!H/9&')&*)))))*))))))))))))))SL,

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 5

./012*034!!

"#$!%&'()*+,&(*-!+.'+#/!0,+#!.$1*.)!+&!+#$!(*+'.$!&%!2&)3!#'4*(,+53!1&&)!*()!

$6,-3!*()!+#$!4$*(,(1!*()!)$/+,(5!&%!#'4*(!-,%$!*/!7&44'(,7*+$)!,(!87.,9+'.$!

9.&6,)$! *! :*/,7! 0&.-)6,$0! %&.! '()$./+*(),(1! +#$! 0&.-)! ,(! 0#,7#! &($! -,6$/;!

".'-53! +#$! %&'()*+,&(! %&.! *(5! 0&.-)6,$0! ,/! $9,/+$4&-&15;! <--! +.'+#! ,/! 2&)=/!

+.'+#3! *()! ,+! ,/3! +#$.$%&.$3! &:+*,($)! %.&4! +#$! ,(/9,.$)! *()! ,($..*(+!>&.)! &%!

2&);! 87.,9+'.$! ,/! %&'()*+,&(*-! %&.! )$+$.4,(,(1! +.'+#! :$7*'/$! ,+! ,/! :*/$)! ,(!

2&)=/!9$./&(;!"#$!2&/9$-!&%!?&#(3!%&.!,(/+*(7$3!,/!(&+$)!%&.!,+/!7-$*.!*(+,+#$/,/!

:$+0$$(! -,1#+! *()! )*.@($//;! "#$! %*7+! +#*+! /,(! $A,/+/! ,/! ,(),7*+,6$! &%! *!

7&..$/9&(),(1! /+*()*.)! &%! +.'+#! *1*,(/+! 0#,7#! +#*+! )*.@($//! ,/! 7&(+.*/+$);!

"#$!,44'+*:-$!(*+'.$!&%!2&)!,/!+#$!'-+,4*+$!:*/,/!%&.!*--!+.'+#!7-*,4/;!"#$!%*7+!

+#*+!2&)!#*/! 7&44'(,7*+$)! +.'+#! +&!#'4*(,+5! ,(),7*+$/! +#$! 7$(+.*-,+5!&%! +#$!

B,:-$;! <-+#&'1#! 4*(@,()! ,/! 7.$*+$)! ,(! +#$! ,4*1$! &%! 2&)3! *()! +#$! C*--!

)$6*/+*+$)!+#$!),.$7+!&($($//!*()!,(+,4*+$!%$--&0/#,9!+#*+!#'4*(,+5!#*)!0,+#!

+#$! D.$*+&.3! +#$! B,:-$! 7&44'(,7*+$/! +#$! +.'+#! +#*+! 2&)! '/$)! 1$($.*-! *()!

/9$7,*-!.$6$-*+,&(!+&!7&44'(,7*+$!+&!4*(@,();!>#$.$*/!+#$!1$($.*-!.$6$-*+,&(!

.$4,()/! 4*(@,()! +#*+! 2&)! $A,/+/3! /9$7,*-! .$6$-*+,&(! ,/! 2&)=/! ),/7-&/'.$! &%!

/9$7,%,7! +.'+#;! 8,(7$!2&)!#*/! 7&44'(,7*+$)! +.'+#! +&!#'4*(,+53! +#,/! ,(),7*+$/!

+#*+! #'4*(,+5! ,/! .$/9&(/,:-$! +&! -,6$! ,(! *77&.)*(7$! 0,+#! .$6$*-$)! +.'+#;! C&.!

$A*49-$3! ?&#(! EFGHIGJ! 7&44'(,7*+$/! +#*+! 7#&,7$/! 4*)$! ,(! +#$! 9.$/$(+! 0,--!

7'-4,(*+$! ,(! $6$.-*/+,(1! )$/+,(,$/;!K*(@,()!0,--! $,+#$.! .$7$,6$! +#$! L-,1#+M! &.!

.$4*,(! ,(! L)*.@($//;M! "#$! %*7+! +#*+! +#$.$! ,/! (&! ,(+$.4$),*+$! .$/9&(/$!

$49#*/,N$/!+#$!4*1(,+')$!&%!+#$!:,:-,7*-!.$6$-*+,&(;!"#$.$%&.$3!,+!,/!0,+#!1.$*+!

O&5!+&!:$1,(!+#,/!,//'$!&%!+#$!.'2#-63*'>*?$%()-%6&$'-63*@")'3'4/*0,+#!*(!*.+,7-$!

:5! +#$! 9.$/,)$(+! &%! "5()*-$! "#$&-&1,7*-! 8$4,(*.5! P! B,:-,7*-! Q(/+,+'+$! +#*+!

)$4&(/+.*+$/!+#$!.$-*+,&(/#,9!:$+0$$(!+#$!*'+#$(+,7,+5!&%!+#$!:,:-,7*-! +$A+!+&!

*'+#&.,+5;!?$..5!K;!R'--,(1$.!$A*4,($)!+#$!9#.*/$3!L+#$!#*.)$(,(1!&%!S#*.*&#=/!

#$*.+3M!%.&4!*(!#,/+&.,7*-!.$-,1,&'/!9$./9$7+,6$;!R'--,(1$.=/!7&(7-'/,&(!+#*+!2&)!

9.&6$)! L#,4/$-%! +&! :$! +#$! &(-5! 2&)M! /':/+*(+,*+$/! +#$! 7$(+.*-,+5! &%! 2&)=/!

.$6$-*+,&(;!T$*)$./!0,--!*99.$7,*+$!7&(/,)$.,(1!+#$!#*.)$(,(1!4&+,%3!*()!#&0!

,+! $49#*/,N$/! +#$! U&.)! */! L1.$*+$.! +#*(! *--! 1&)/;M!</! 87.,9+'.$! *-&($! .$6$*-/!

+#$!@,()!&%!+.'+#!($7$//*.5!%&.!/*-6*+,&(3!2*.5!V;!2,--$5!0.&+$!0,+#!*!9*/+&.*-!

7&(7$.(! *1*,(/+! +#$! ),/+&.+,&(! &%! :,:-,7*-! +.'+#! */! .$9.$/$(+$)! :5! +#$! W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-;!X%! 7&'./$3!&(-5!*! .,/$(!8*6,&.!7*(!*7+'*--5!/*6$;!T$(Y!<;!

UZ9$N!*.1'$)!7&(7-'/,6$-5!+#*+!?$/'/!),)!+.'-5!),$!'9&(!D*-6*.5=/!7.&//3!0#,7#!

,/! ,49&.+*(+! :$7*'/$!R,/! )$*+#! L,/! *! ($7$//*.5! 9.$-')$! +&! .,/,(1! 9#5/,7*--5;M!

"#$!$),+&./!&%!+#,/!.'2#-63!+.'/+!+#*+!5&'!0,--!*99.$7,*+$!*()!:$!$),%,$)!:5!+#$!

/+'),$/! #$.$,(! +#*+! $A9&'()! 87.,9+'.$! +.'+#/3! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! :,:-,&-&153!

+#$&-&15!9.&9$.3!/&+$.,&-&153!*()!D#.,/+&-&15;!

!T&(!?;!B,1*-@$3!K;<9&-;3!K;[,6;3!K;";8;3!S#;[;!

$),+&.\+5()*-$;$)'!


"2560/.*057!8078.*!"*010"069:!

1;&!*&<=%,#$';,>!#?!3@%;&$%,A,%B!%#!3@%;#C,%B!

!

";C,'%#>;&C!(D!"#$&!

?&#(! U&7@$! )$%+-5! ,)$(+,%,$)! +#$! 7$(+.*-! 9.&:-$4! &%! :,:-,7*-! *'+#&.,+5F! #$!

$A9-*,($)!+#*+! ,%!*--!&%!#&-5!0.,+! ,/!+&!:$!$]'*--5!7&(/,)$.$)!*/! ,(/9,.$)!&%!

2&)3! +#$(! +#$.$! ,/!4'7#! +&! :$! ]'$/+,&($)! .$1*.),(1! +#$! D#.,/+,*(! %*,+#^_!

#&0$6$.3!,%!,+!,/!(&+!+&!:$!/&!7&(/,)$.$)3!+#$(!+#$!*'+#&.,+5!&%!+#$!+$A+!4*5!

:$!]'$/+,&($)!*()!'-+,4*+$-5!'()$.4,($)3! *()! +#'/! +#$!D#.,/+,*(! %*,+#! ,/!

),/,(+$1.*+$);G!`',+$!*!9.&:-$4!,()$$)!+#*+!U&7@$!$A9-*,($);! Q%! +#$! +$A+! ,/!

(&+!*'+#&.,+*+,6$!+#$(!#$.4$($'+,7!$A$.7,/$/!*.$!]',+$!,(7&(/$]'$(+,*-!%&.!

*(5!9'.9&/$/!&+#$.!+#*(! -,+$.*.5!*99.$7,*+,&(;!"#$.$%&.$3! +#$!*'+#&.,+5!&%!

+#$!+$A+! ,/!7$(+.*-!*+! +#,/!9&,(+;!R&0!+#$(!)&$/!:,:-,7*-!7.,+,7,/4!,(%-'$(7$!

+#$!),/7'//,&(a!C'.+#$.4&.$3!0#*+! 7*(!:$! /*,)!&%! *'+#&.,+5! *%+$.! +#$! +$A+!

#*/!:$$(!/':4,++$)!+&!+#$!7.,+,7*-!9.&7$//$/a!

U&',/! >*--,/! @$$(-5! /'44*.,N$)! +#$! .,/$! &%! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/43!

&:/$.6,(1! 7&..$7+-5! +#*+! ,+! ),)! (&+! &.,1,(*+$! ,(! +#$! 4,()/! &%! 2$.4*(!

/7#&-*./3!:'+!,(/+$*)!$(O&5$)!*!4&.$!$7-$7+,7!1$($/,/;!R,/!7&44$(+/!+.*7$)!

9.&1.$//! %.&4! +#$! +0$-%+#! +&! +#$! $,1#+$$(+#! 7$(+'.53! *()! +#$,.!

+#&.&'1#($//! *()! 7&(7,/$($//!0*..*(+! +#$,.! %'--! .$9.$/$(+*+,&(! #$.$;! R$!

)$/7.,:$)!+#$!.,/$!&%!:,:-,7*-!7.,+,7,/4!*/!%&--&0/F!!

;! ;! ;! ),/+,(7+-5! %&.$/#*)&0$)! :5! *! 89*(,/#! ?$03! Q:(! VN.*3! +#$! 4&/+!

$4,($(+! :,:-,7*-! /7#&-*.! &%! +#$!K,))-$! <1$/3! %*.! :*7@! ,(! +#$! +0$-%+#!

7$(+'.5!<;[;!"#$!,)$*!0*/!+*@$(!'9!:5!+#$!V(1-,/#!/7#&-*.!R&::$/3!,(!

#,/!:&&@3!U$6,*+#*(3!9':-,/#$)!,(!_bE_^!:5!+#$!C.$(7#4*(!U!S$5.$.$3!

,(! #,/! :&&@! S.$I<)*4,+$/3! ,//'$)! ,(! _bEE^! *()! :5! +#$! ?$0,/#!

9#,-&/&9#$.! 89,(&N*3! &%! <4/+$.)*43! R&--*()3! ,(! ".*7+*+'/I

"#$&-&1,7&IS&-,+,7'/3!0#,7#! 7*4$!&'+! ,(!_bcd;! Q(! +#$!4$*(0#,-$! +#$!

C.$(7#4*(! U&',/! D*99$--'/! ,(! _bEd! 9':-,/#$)! #,/! D.,+,7*! 8*7.*3!

)$4&(/+.*+,(1! +#$! ,49$.%$7+! *()! %*--,:-$! 7&(),+,&(! &%! +#$! R$:.$0!

6&0$-!9&,(+/;!Q(!_bce3!T,7#*.)!8,4&(3!*(&+#$.!C.$(7#4*(3!9'+!%&.+#!*!

A*!"#$%&'(")#*+,*!'-)B*0,+,C,B*0,7D,B*@",?,B*E",?,B*(#)%$D)-&B*(#'>)%%'#*'>*+$F3)*

6-D* &")'3'4/B* @/-D63)* @")'3'4$G63* C)H$-6#/* I* +$F3$G63* J-%&$&2&)K* 6-DB* (6%&'#B*

@/-D63)*+$F3)*!"2#G"B*L&,*M'#&"B*@)N6%*

!_! V;! 8;! )$! B$$.3! $);3! @")* !'##)%('-D)-G)* '>* .'"-* ;'GO)3! e! 6&-/;! fXA%&.)F!

D-*.$()&(!S.$//3!_JcJg!GFcHeIE_;!G! ?&#(! K*./#*--3! .'"-* ;'GO)P* 8)%$%&6-G)B* 8)3$4$'-* 6-D* 8)%('-%$F$3$&/!

fD*4:.,)1$3!K<F!D*4:.,)1$!h(,6$./,+5!S.$//3!_JJHg!iHd;!

8 Higher Criticism

6&-'4$! $(+,+-$)! D.,+,7*-! R,/+&.5! &%! +#$! X-)! "$/+*4$(+3! /#&0,(1! +#*+!

+#$!K&/*,7!U*0!0*/!7&49,-$)!*()!$),+$)!7$(+'.,$/!*%+$.! +#$! +,4$!&%!

K&/$/;! Q(! _cEi! *99$*.$)! *! 0&.@! :5! </+.'73! *! C.$(7#! 0.,+$.3!

,)$(+,%5,(1!+#$!/&I7*--$)!?$#&6,/+!*()!V-&#,/+!)&7'4$(+/!,(!2$($/,/;!Q(!

_edd! 0*/! 9':-,/#$)! +#$! D.,+,7*-! T$4*.@/! &%! <-$A*()$.! 2$))$/3! *!

87&+7#4*(3!0#&!)$(,$)!+#$!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,9!&%!+#$!S$(+*+$'7#;!<()!

*-+#&'1#! 2$.4*(! /7#&-*./! ,(! +#$! (,($+$$(+#! 7$(+'.5! ),)! 4&.$! %&.!

:,:-,7*-! ,(+$.9.$+*+,&(! +#*(!),)! +#$! /7#&-*./! &%! &+#$.! 7&'(+.,$/3! +#$5!

0$.$! 4*+7#$)! ,(! 7.,+,7*-! *7'4$(! )'.,(1! +#*+! 9$.,&)! :5! T$(*(! &%!

C.*(7$3!D&-$(/&!&%!V(1-*()3!*()!j'$($(!&%!R&--*();i!

!

W&+*:-53! +0&! &%! +#$! $*.-,$.! 7.,+,7/! 7,+$)! :5! >*--,/! f6,N;! Q:(! VN.*! *()!

89,(&N*g3! :',-+! '9&(! $*.-,$.! +.*),+,&(/;! C.$)! 2;! B.*++&(! /'11$/+$)! +#$5!

:&..&0$)! %.&4! +#$! "*-4'),/+/3! L0#&! 7*--$)! *++$(+,&(! +&! /7&.$/! &%!

),/7.$9*(7,$/!*()!7&(+.*),7+,&(/!,(!+#$!X-)!"$/+*4$(+;MH!B.*++&(!9.&6,)$)!

*!/$.,$/!&%!$A*49-$/3!7,+,(1!&:/$.6*+,&(/!L:5!&($! +#*+! +#$! %-&&)!0*/!(&+!*!

0&.-)!7*+*/+.&9#$!:'+!-&7*-!,(!7#*.*7+$.3!:5!*(&+#$.!+#*+!K&/$/!*()!V-,O*#!

),)! (&+! */7$()! +&! #$*6$(3! *()! :5! *! +#,.)! +#*+! +#$! :,.)/!0#,7#! %$)! V-,O*#!

0$.$!#'4*(;ME!

Q(! +#$! (,(+#! 7$(+'.53! R,6,b! 7&(/,)$.$)! B,:-$! ),%%,7'-+,$/3! .$/&-6,(1!

/&4$!&%! +#$4! ,(! *(+,7,9*+,&(!&%! L.*+,&(*-,/+,7! $A$1$/,/;Mc!<(&+#$.! /7#&-*.3!

0#&/$! (*4$! ,/! '(@(&0(! :'+! 0#&/$! $-$6$(+#! 7$(+'.5! 0&.@! 87#$7+$.!

)$/7.,:$)3!1*6$!*++$(+,&(! +&!$6$.5!9$.7$,6$)!X-)!"$/+*4$(+!),/7.$9*(75;e!

"#$! $*.-,$.!"*-4'),/+/3! *()! +#$/$! +0&! -*+$.! +$A+'*-! 7.,+,7/! f,(! *)),+,&(! +&!

X.,1$(! *()! #,/! #$.4$($'+,7! *9&-&1$+,7/g3! )$4&(/+.*+$! +#*+! :,:-,7*-!

7.,+,7,/4! ,/! (&+! /,49-5! *! 4&)$.(! 7&(7$.(;! W&($+#$-$//3! 4&)$.(,+5! 1*6$!

,49$+'/! +&! /'7#! *! )$1.$$! &%! .$%,($4$(+! ,(! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! +#*+! +#$!

,(/9,.*+,&(! &%! +#$! +$A+k*()! 7&(/$]'$(+-5! ,+/! *'+#&.,+5! */! *! 4&.*-!

/'99&.+k#*/!:$$(!0,)$-5!)&':+$);!

! >.,+,(1! ,(! +#$! +0$-%+#! 7$(+'.53! <:.*#*4! Q:(! VN.*! ]'$/+,&($)!

K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,9! &%! +#$! S$(+*+$'7#! :*/$)! '9&(! .$+.&/9$7+,6$! -*(1'*1$!

+#*+! /$$4$)!0$--! :$5&()! +#$! 5$*./! &%!K&/$/=! -,%$+,4$;! <)),+,&(*--53! VN.*!

0*/!+#$!%,./+!+&!*//$.+!9-'.*-!*'+#&./#,9!&%!Q/*,*#3!7,+,(13!%&.!$A*49-$3!+#*+!

.$%$.$(7$/!+&!D5.'/!f*/! Q/.*$-=/!)$-,6$.$.g!7&'-)!(&+!#*6$!:$$(!9$(($)!:5!

i! U&',/! >*--,/3! L"#$! S*.*)&A! &%! K&)$.(! B,:-,7*-! D.,+,7,/43M! @")* +$F3$G63*

M'#3D!EG!f?'-5!_J_egF!HGIHi;!H! C.$)! 2;! B.*++&(3! LS.$7'./&./! &%! B,:-,7*-! D.,+,7,/43M! .'2#-63* '>* +$F3$G63*

;$&)#6&2#)!Ed!f_Ji_gF!_ed;!E!Q:,);!_ed;!b!"*-4'),/+!*/!7,+$)!:5!,:,);!_ed;!c!Q:,);!e!Q:,);!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 9 +#$! $,1#+#! 7$(+'.5! Q/*,*#;J! [$/9,+$! #,/! ]'$/+,&(,(1! &%! +#$! +$A+! ,(! +#$/$!

/9$7,%,7!.$1*.)/3!#$!#*)!1.$*+!.$/9$7+!%&.!,+3!7&(/,)$.,(1!,+!0&.+#5!&%!/+')5;!

R,/! 9.$7,/$! '()$./+*(),(1! &%! +#$! R$:.$0! -*(1'*1$! *--&0$)! #,4! +&! &%%$.!

7-*.,%,7*+,&(/!0#$.$!&+#$./!#*)!),%%,7'-+5^!+#,/!1*6$!#,4!/'7#!*!#,1#!)$1.$$!

&%!7.$),:,-,+5!+#*+!#$!,/!9$.7$,6$)!*/!#*6,(1!*!6,+*-!.$-*+,&(!:$+0$$(!*(7,$(+!

*()!4&)$.(!:,:-,7*-!/7#&-*./#,9;_d!

! R&::$/!.$/'4$)!+#$!),/7'//,&(!,(!_bE_!,(!+#$!+#,.+5I+#,.)!7#*9+$.!

&%! #,/! U$6,*+#*(3__! ,(! 0#,7#! #$! ]'$/+,&($)! +#$! *'+#&./#,9! &%! K&/$/;! R$!

),/7'//$)! *! %$0! /9$7,%,7! 7*/$/! 0#,7#! /$$4! +&! 7*/+! )&':+! '9&(! K&/$/=!

*'+#&./#,9! &%! +#$! "&.*#;! R$! 7,+$)! [$'+$.&(&45! iH3! 0#,7#! ,(7-')$/! +#$!

*77&'(+!&%!K&/$/=!)$*+#!f,;$;!#&0!#$!O&'.($5$)!'9!*!4&'(+*,(!+&!6,$0!+#$!

9.&4,/$)!-*()!0#,7#!#$!0*/!%&.:,))$(!%.&4!$(+$.,(1!)'$!+&!*!4&4$(+!&%!

.$:$--,&(3! #&0! #$! ),$)3! *()! #&0!2&)! ),/9$(/$)!0,+#!K&/$/=! :&)5! *()! ,+!

0*/!($6$.!),/7&6$.$)g;!R&::$/!*//$.+$)!+#*+!K&/$/!7&'-)!(&+!#*6$!0.,++$(!

#,/! &0(! )$*+#! *()! :'.,*-! *77&'(+;! R$! 7,+$)! 2$($/,/! _GFb!0#,7#! '/$/! +#$!

9#.*/$!L0#,-$!+#$!D*(**(,+$/!0$.$!,(!+#$!-*();M!['.,(1!K&/$/=!-,%$+,4$3!+#$!

D*(**(,+$/! 0$.$! (&+! ,(! +#$! -*()3! *()! ,+! 0*/! (&+! '(+,-! +#$! 7&(]'$/+! &%!

?&/#'*=/! )*5! +#*+! +#$5! :$1*(! +&! :$! .$4&6$)3! +#'/! R&::$/! )$7-*.$)! +#*+!

K&/$/! 7&'-)!(&+!#*6$!0.,++$(! +#,/!9*//*1$;!C'.+#$.4&.$3!W'4:$./!G_F_H!

.$%$.$(7$/!+#$!B&&@!&%!+#$!>*./!&%!+#$!U&.)3!0#,7#!R&::$/!.$7@&($)!+&!:$!

+#$!0.,+,(1/!&%!K&/$/3!*()!+#'/!W'4:$./!0*/!0.,++$(!*%+$.!K&/$/=!-,%$+,4$;!

R&::$/!),)!(&+! ,(+$()! +&!)$4&-,/#! +#$!*'+#&.,+5!&%! +#$! +$A+^!#&0$6$.3!#$!

,(),7*+$)!+#*+!*--!+#*+!K&/$/!,/!/*,)!+&!#*6$!/9&@$(!+#*+!#$!),)!,()$$)!/*53!

+#'/! +#$! +$A+! ,/!(&+!),/#&($/+3!K&/$/! O'/+!),)!(&+!*'+#&.!*--! +#*+! +.*),+,&(!

*//,1(/!+&!#,4;!

! >#,-$!R&::$/=!4&+,6$!0*/!(&+!+&!.$)$%,($!2&)3!B$($),7+!89,(&N*=/!

0*/;!R$!$49#*/,N$)!+#$!,44*($(7$!&%!2&)3!#&-),(1!+#*+!2&)!0*/!4&(,/+,7!

*()!,49$./&(*-3!*()!+#*+!#$!0*/!.$6$*-$)!,(!+#$!-*0/!&%!(*+'.$!*()!0*/!+&!

:$! '()$./+&&)! :5! .$*/&(;! 89,(&N*=/! 7.,+,7*-! 4$+#&)! ,/! *99*.$(+! ,(! #,/!

@#6G&6&2%*@")'3'4$G'*E'3$&$G2%! f_bcdg3! *()! ,/! 7#*.*7+$.,N$)!:5!*! +#.$$%&-)!

#$.4$($'+,7!9.&7$//3!0#,7#!*//'4$)!+#*+!/7.,9+'.$/!/#&'-)!:$!/+'),$)!,(!

+#$!/*4$!0*5!*/!0&'-)!(*+'.$F!,(!-,1#+!&%!.$*/&(;!L$#%&3!#$!%&7'/$)!'9&(!+#$!

-,(1',/+,7!*(*-5/,/!&%!+#$!+,4$!&%!0.,+,(13!0#,7#!,(6&-6$)!,(I)$9+#!*(*-5/,/!

&%! +#$! R$:.$0! +$A+! *()! )$6$-&94$(+/! ,(! +#$! R$:.$0! -*(1'*1$! ,+/$-%;!

C)G'-D3!#$!9.&4&+$)!+&9,7*-!*()!/5/+$4*+,7!&.1*(,N*+,&(/!&%!+#$!+$A+!'()$.!

#$*)$./3! /&! +#*+! */! ,(+$.-&7'+&./! ,(+$.9.$+! +#$5! #*6$! &+#$.! /,4,-*.! *()!

.$-*+$)!9*//*1$/!*6*,-*:-$!+&!+#$4;!L$-633/3!#$!7&(7$(+.*+$)!,(+$(/$-5!'9&(!

J!Q:,);!_e_;!_d!Q:,);!__! "#&4*/! R&::$/3! ;)Q$6&"6-3! $);! T,7#*.)! "'7@! fD*4:.,)1$F! D*4:.,)1$!

h(,6$./,+5!S.$//g!GbdIbe;!

10 Higher Criticism +#$!4$+#&)!&%!+$A+'*-!%&.4*+,&(;!"#$!%,(*-!9.&7$//!7&(/+,+'+$)!#,/!9.,4*.5!

*7#,$6$4$(+! ,(! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! */! #$! 7&(/,)$.$)! +#$! *'+#&.=/! 7&(+$A+3!

/$++,(13!4&+,6*+,&(3!-,4,+*+,&(3!$)'7*+,&(3!*()!*!4'-+,+')$!&%!&+#$.!%*7+&./;!

89,(&N*! 4*)$! +$A+'*-! %&.4*+,&(! *! 7.,+,7*-! /+$9! ,(! +#$! 9.&7$//! &%!

*/7$.+*,(,(1!0#*+!+#$!+$A+!4$*(+;!

! !</!*!.$/'-+!&%!#,/!,(6$/+,1*+,&(3!89,(&N*!.$O$7+$)!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,9!

:5! +*@,(1! ,(+&! 7&(/,)$.*+,&(! 0#*+! #$! 7&(/,)$.$)! .$+.&/9$7+,6$! 9*//*1$/!

*()! *(*7#.&(,/4;!R$! *//$.+$)! +#*+! +#$! S$(+*+$'7#3! ,(! *)),+,&(! +&! ?&/#'*!

*()! ?')1$/! 0$.$! +#$! 0&.@! &%! -*+$.! .$)*7+&./3! ,(7-'),(1! VN.*! +#$! /7.,:$;!

89,(&N*! -,@$0,/$! 7&(/,)$.$)! W$#$4,*#! +&! #*6$! :$$(! 9$(($)! 9&//,:-5! ,(!

+#$! /$7&()! 7$(+'.5! BD3! S.&6$.:/! +&! #*6$! :$$(! 9&/+I$A,-,73! D#.&(,7-$/! +&!

#*6$! :$$(! /&! '(.$-,*:-$! */! +&! :$! '()$/$.6,(1! &%! :$,(1! ,(7-')$)! ,(! +#$!

7*(&(3!?$.$4,*#!+&!#*6$!:$$(!+#$!9.&)'7+!&%!9-'.*-!*'+#&./#,93!?&:!+&!#*6$!

:$$(!,(,+,*--5!*!2$(+,-$!9&$43!*()![*(,$-!+&!#*6$!:$$(!,(*'+#$(+,7;_G!

! 89,(&N*! ,)$(+,%,$)!+0&!@,()/!&%!/7.,9+'.$/F!f_g!9.&9#$+,7! +#$&-&153!

0#,7#! 0*/! :$5&()! .$*/&(! *()! 7&'-)! :$! '()$./+&&)! &(-5! %.&4! +#$!

87.,9+'.$/! +#$4/$-6$/^!*()!fGg!(*..*+,6$3!&%!0#,7#!89,(&N*!0*/!)$7,)$)-5!

7.,+,7*-;! R$! 9$.7$,6$)! +#$! 0.,+$./! &%! (*..*+,6$! +&! #*6$! 1.*6$-5!

4,/7#*.*7+$.,N$)! 2&)! */! $//$(+,*--5! *! /$7&()*.5! 7*'/$! .*+#$.! +#*(! +#$!

,44$),*+$!$%%,7,$(+!7*'/$;!89,(&N*!*.1'$)!*1*,(/+!+#$!)'*-,/4!&%!2&)!*()!

(*+'.$3! /'11$/+,(1! +#$.$! 0*/! (&! ),7#&+&45! *()! (&! ),/+,(7+,&(F! 2&)! *()!

(*+'.$! *.$! &($;! "#$.$%&.$3! 89,(&N*! *-/&! *.1'$)! +#$.$! ,/! (&! :$1,((,(1! &.!

$()3! +#*+! ,/3! (&! +$-$&-&15! f,;$;! (&! 9'.9&/$! *()! (&! 7*'/$g3! *()! +#'/! #,/!

:,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! -$)! +&! f&.!0*/! :*/$)! '9&(g! *! /,1(,%,7*(+! .$)$%,(,+,&(! &%!

2&);!"*@,(1!,(+&!7&(/,)$.*+,&(!89,(&N*=/!7&(7-'/,&(/3!B.*++&(!7.$),+$)!#,4!

*/! #*6,(1! ,44$*/'.*:-$! ,49*7+! '9&(! +#$! 4&)$.(! '()$./+*(),(1! &%! +#$!

B,:-$3!9*.+,7'-*.-5!,(!#,/!)$4&(/+.*+,(1!L+#*+!+#$!B,:-$!,/!(&+!&($!:&&@!:'+!

4*(53! 7&4,(1! %.&4! ),%%$.$(+! 9$.,&)/! &%! #,/+&.5! *()! $A#,:,+,(1! ),%%$.$(+!

)$1.$$/!&%!,(/9,.*+,&(;M_i!

! 89,(&N*=/! 7&(7-'/,&(! +#*+! +#$! +$A+! ,/! (&+! '(,6&7*-! ,/! &%! 9*.+,7'-*.!

,49&.+*(7$!,(!+#$!7&(+$A+!&%!+#$!9.$/$(+!),/7'//,&(3!*()!,%!+#$!*.1'4$(+!,/!

+&!:$!4*)$! %&.!'(,6&7*-,+5!*()!7&(/$]'$(+-5! %&.! +#$!*'+#&.,+5!&%! +#$! +$A+3!

+#$(!89,(&N*=/!7.,+,7,/4/!7*((&+!:$!,1(&.$);!

! T,7#*.)!8,4&(!0.&+$!#,/!1$%&'$#)*!#$&$R2)*D)*S$)2N*@)%&6H)-&!%.&4!

S*.,/!,(!_bce3!0#,7#!#$!9':-,/#$)!*/!*!4&.$!7&49-$+$!6$./,&(!/$6$(!5$*./!

-*+$.;!R,/!!#$&$R2)!7&(/,/+$)!&%!+#.$$!:&&@/3!+#$!%,./+!0*/!*!:,:-,7*-!7.,+,7,/43!

%&7'/,(1! '9&(! ?$0,/#! #,/+&.,7*-! 4$+#&)/! *()! K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,9^! +#$!

/$7&()!0*/!*(!*77&'(+!&%!+#$!6*.,&'/!X-)!"$/+*4$(+!+.*(/-*+,&(/!f#$!.$-,$)!

'9&(! +#$! K*/&.$+,7! +$A+! *()! +#$! 2.$$@! 8$9+'*1,(+3! 9$.7$,6,(1! 9.$6,&'/!

_G!B.*++&(3!LS.$7'./&./!&%!B,:-,7*-!D.,+,7,/43M!_ei;!_i!Q:,);!_eH;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 11 R$:.$0!X-)!"$/+*4$(+!4*('/7.,9+/!/&!&:/7'.$!*/! +&!4*@$!%'36*CG#$(&2#6!

'(+$(*:-$g^! *()3! +#$! +#,.)! 0*/! *(! *77&'(+! &%! +#$! 4*O&.! X-)! "$/+*4$(+!

7&44$(+*+&./;!<)),+,&(*--53!#$!7&49-$+$)!+#.$$!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!7.,+,]'$/3!

:'+!%&.!*--!#,/!-*:&.!#,/!9.,4*.5!'(,]'$!*7#,$6$4$(+!0*/!,(!#,/!+#$&.5!+#*+!

+#.&'1#&'+!?$0,/#!#,/+&.5!+#$.$!0*/!*!+.*),+,&(!&%!#,/+&.,7*-!.$7&.),(1!*()!

*! 7&(+,('&'/! /'77$//,&(! &%! *((*-,/+/! 0#&! %'-%,--$)! +#,/! +*/@;! 8,4&(!

#59&+#$/,N$)! +#*+! ,+! 0*/! %.&4! +#,/! 1.&'9! +#*+! K&/$/! *()! &+#$.! :,:-,7*-!

0.,+$./!:&..&0$);_H!

! ?$*(!</+.'7!0.&+$!#,/!!'-T)G&2#)%*%2#*36*5)-U%)!,(!_cEi!+&!7&'(+$.3!

,(!9*.+,7'-*.3!R&::$/=!*()!89,(&N*=/!7.,+,]'$/!&%!:,:-,7*-!.$-,*:,-,+5;!</+.'7!

'/$)!7&(+$49&.*.5!4$+#&)/3! ,(7-'),(1!+#&/$!&%!V,7##&.(!*()!>,-#$-4!)$!

>$++$! f%*+#$.! &%! +#$! #,/+&.,7*-! 7.,+,7*-! /7#&&-g! ,(! &.)$.! +&! &%%$.! *! :,:-,7*-!

7.,+,7,/4! &%! #,/! &0(;! R$! %&7'/$)! '9&(! )&':-$+/! f.$+$--,(1/! &%! #,/+&.,7*-!

(*..*+,6$/g!*()!+#$!/+5-,/+,7!),/+,(7+,&(/!:$+0$$(!9*//*1$/!+#*+!(*4$)!2&)!

*/!lR>R!*()!+#&/$!+#*+!+,+-$)!#,4!V-&#,43!*()!7&(7-')$)!+#'/-5!+#*+!+#$.$!

0$.$! +0&! *'+#&./! &%! 2$($/,/! f&($! &%! 0#&4! 0*/! K&/$/g;_E! </+.'7=/!

7&(7-'/,&(/! 0$.$! %&.4*+,6$! %&.! >$--#*'/$(=/! )&7'4$(+*.5! #59&+#$/,/!

0#,7#!0&'-)!:$!%&.+#7&4,(1!&6$.!*!#'().$)!5$*./!-*+$.;!

! ?'-,'/! >$--#*'/$(! 9.&9&/$)! #,/! )&7'4$(+*.5! +#$&.5! ,(! #,/!

E#'3)4'H)-6*=2#*5)%G"$G"&)*J%#6)3%;!B*/$)!'9&(!</+.'7=/!7&(/,)$.*+,&(/!&%!

/+5-,/+,7! ),/+,(7+,&(/3! >$--#*'/$(=/! #59&+#$/,/! ,/! .$1*.)$)! */! +#$! ?V[S!

+#$&.53! *(!*7.&(54! %&.! +#$!),/+,(7+,6$!0.,+$./! +#*+!>$--#*'/$(!9$.7$,6$)!

+&!:$!,(6&-6$)!,(!+#$!,(,+,*-!+.*(/4,//,&(!&%!+#$!+$A+;!"#$!?!,/!%&.!+#$!?*#0,/+!

f?RmR!+#$!U*+,(,N$)!+.*(/-,+$.*+,&(!&%!lR>Rg3!+#$!V!,/!%&.!+#$!V-&#,/+3!+#$![!

,/!%&.!+#$![$'+$.&(&4,/+!&.!+#$!.$)*7+&.!f9$.#*9/!+#$!&($!.$/9&(/,:-$!%&.!

+#$!4*(5!)&':-$+/g3!*()!S!,/!%&.!+#$!9.,$/+-5!0.,+$.!0#&!9$(($)!U$6,+,7'/3!

$+7;! >*--,/! )$/7.,:$)! >$--#*'/$(=/! 7.,+,]'$! */! /&! ,(%-'$(+,*-! +#*+! LB,:-$!

/+')5!$6$.50#$.$!+&&@!*!($0!/+*.+;M_b!

! "#$.$%&.$3!R&::$/=! 7.,+,]'$/! %,()! +#$,.! %'-%,--4$(+! ,(!>$--#*'/$(=/!

+#$&.53!*()!'-+,4*+$-5!+#$!9.$/7.,9+,6$!6*-'$!&%!+#$!+$A+k:*/$)!'9&(!+#,/!

+#$&.5k*/! *(5+#,(1! 4&.$! +#*(! *! 7'-+'.*-! *()! f/&4$0#*+g! #,/+&.,7*-!

7&44$(+*.5!7*(!:$! -$1,+,4*+$-5!]'$/+,&($);!>#,-$! +#$!*99.&*7#!*(/0$./!

&($! */9$7+! &%! U&7@$=/! (&+,&(/3_c! ,(! /&! )&,(1! ,+! '-+,4*+$-5! '()$.4,($/! +#$!

_H!>*--,/3!L"#$!S*.*)&A!&%!K&)$.(!B,:-,7*-!D.,+,7,/43M!Hi;!_E!<(*!K;!<7&/+*3! LD&(O$7+'.$/! *()!89$7'-*+,&(/F! ?$*(!</+.'73!X:/+$+.,7/3!

*()! B,:-,7*-! D.,+,7,/4! ,(! V,1#+$$(+#! D$(+'.5! C.*(7$3M!7$4"&))-&"V!)-&2#/* C&2D$)%!

iE!f>,(+$.!GddGgF!GEcIEJ;!_b!>*--,/3!L"#$!S*.*)&A!&%!K&)$.(!B,:-,7*-!D.,+,7,/43M!Hb;!_c!V,+#$.!+#$!+$A+! ,/!7&49-$+$-5!*()!$]'*--5!,(/9,.$)!&.!(&+;!>$--#*'/$(=/!

+#$&.5! 7&(7-')$/! ,+! ,/! (&+3! *()! 7&(/$]'$(+-5! +*@$/! +#$! B,:-$=/! $+#,7*-! 6*-'$! %&.!

1.*(+$);!

12 Higher Criticism *'+#&.,+5! &%! +#$! +$A+;! K&.$&6$.3! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! *)6*(7$)! :$5&()!

>$--#*'/$(;!<1*,(/+!+#$!:*7@1.&'()!&%!>&.-)!>*.!Q3!>,--,/!,(+$.9.$+$)!+#$!

.&-$!&%!:,:-,7*-!7.,+,7,/4!,(!+#$!7&(+$A+!&%!/&7,*-!)$6$-&94$(+;!Q(!9*.+,7'-*.3!

>*--,/!.$1*.)$)!+#$!:,:-,7*-! +$A+k)$/9,+$! +#$!*--$1*+,&(/!*//$.+$)!*1*,(/+!

,+!:5!+#$!+$A+'*-!7.,+,7/k*/!*!%'()*4$(+*-!7&49&($(+!,(!+#$!)$6$-&94$(+!

&%! *! ($0! /&7,*-! 7&(/7,&'/($//! 0#,7#! 0&'-)! /$+! *! 9.$7$)$(7$3! 6,*! *!

)$4&7.*+,7!4,()/$+!f.$4&6,(1!,(+$.9.$+,6$!9&0$.!%.&4!+#$!*'+&7.*75!*()!

1,6,(1! ,+! +&! +#$! 9$&9-$g3! %&.! +#*+! 0*.I+&.(! 1$($.*+,&(! +&! ! L4&6$! &(0*.)!

+#.&'1#! +#$! %-*4$/! &%! 0*.M_e! ,(+&! *! :.,1#+$.! $.*;!>*--,/=! &9+,4,/4! :$*./!

0,+#!,+!*(!,(+$.(*-!7&(+.*),7+,&(!+#*+!,/!(&+*:-$;!R$!/'11$/+$)!+#*+!&($!)&$/!

(&+! ($$)! &.+#&)&A5! :'+! L*! 7&(/$.6*+,/4! +#*+! 4*,(+*,(/! *--! +#$! .$-,1,&'/!

6*-'$/! $(/#.,($)! ,(! +#$! 87.,9+'.$/3M_J! 5$+! +#$! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! 0#,7#! #$!

-*')$)! 7.$*+$/! *! 7&(),+,&(! ,(! 0#,7#! +#$! :&'()*.,$/! :$+0$$(! +.'+#! *()!

%*-/,+5!,(!*!9.&9&/,+,&(*-!/$(/$!*.$!&:%'/7*+$)!*+!:$/+;!

>;!T;!"*5-&.!),*1(&/$)!+#$!9.&:-$43!*()!*++$49+$)!*!.$4$)53!*()!

,(!/&!)&,(1!.$*--5!&(-5!,--'/+.*+$)!+#$!9.&:-$4;!R$!/'11$/+$)3!L0$!/#&'-)!:$!

.$*)5!+&!*:*()&(!+#$!,()$%$(/,:-$!*()!+&!7&(7$(+.*+$!&'.!*++$(+,&(!&(!+#$!

$//$(+,*-! ]'*-,+,$/! &%! +#$! /*7.$)! &.*7-$/! */! +,4$! *()! .$/$*.7#! :.,(1! +#$4!

,(+&! %'--$.! .$-,$%;MGd! "*5-&.=/! *//$//4$(+! ,(6,+$/! /$6$.*-! ]'$/+,&(/;!>#,7#!

6*-'$/!/#&'-)!:$!4*,(+*,($)3!*()!0#,7#!),/7*.)$)a!>#,7#!*.$!,()$%$(/,:-$!

*()!0#,7#!*.$!$//$(+,*-a!>,+#&'+!*!9.&9&/,+,&(*-!*99.&*7#k/'7#!*/! +#*+!

$49-&5$)!:5!?*4$/!W*/#k+#,/!,/!*!]'$/+,&(!,49&//,:-$!+&!*(/0$.!0,+#!*(5!

7$.+*,(+5;! "*5-&.! /'11$/+$)! +#*+! :,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4! #*/! .$/'-+$)! ,(! +#$!

)$4,/$!&%!L+#$!:$-,$%!,(!6$.:*-!,(/9,.*+,&(3!+#$!,($..*(75!&%!+#$!B,:-$!,(!*--!

,+/!9*.+/!,(!/7,$(7$!*()!#,/+&.53!*()!,+/!,(%*--,:,-,+5!,(!4&.*-/!*()!.$-,1,&(3MG_!

*()!+#*+!:$++$.!7&(7$9+,&(/!&%!2&)!*.$!(&0!9&//,:-$;!

"*5-&.=/!&:/$.6*+,&(!.$9.$/$(+/!*!/'9.$4$!)$1.$$!&%!,(7&(/,/+$(75!

+#*+!.$]',.$/!*!1.$*+$.!)$1.$$!&%!%*,+#!+&!:$*.!+#*(!,/!.$]',.$)!%&.!*77$9+,(1!

+#$! -$1,+,4*75! &%! +#$! +$A+! */! *! 0#&-$;! R$! /'11$/+$)! +#*+! +#$! B,:-$! ,/! (&+!

.$6$-*+,&(! :'+! ,/! /,49-5! +#$! .$7&.)! &%! ,+;GG! R&0$6$.3! 0#$.$! )&$/! +#$!

.$6$-*+,&(!$()!*()!+#$!.$7&.)!:$1,(a!"*5-&.!*.1'$)!+#*+!+#&'1#!&-)! ,)$*/!

&%!0#*+! 7&(/+,+'+$/! /',+*:-$!0*..*(+! %&.! *'+#&.,+5! #*6$! 7$*/$)3!0#*+! #*/!

$4$.1$)!/#&'-)!,(/+,--!7&(%,)$(7$!,(!+#$!.$*)$.;!LQ(!/#&.+3!0$!7*(!/*5!+#*+!

.$7$(+! .$/$*.7#! #*/! :.&'1#+! ,(+&! #,1#! .$-,$%! f*g! +#$! B,:-$=/! '(,]'$!

/,1(,%,7*(7$! ,(! +#$! 7'-+'.*-! 9.&7$//3! f:g! +#$! ]'*-,+*+,6$! /'9$.,&.,+5! &%! +#$!

_e!>*--,/3!L"#$!S*.*)&A!&%!K&)$.(!B,:-,7*-!D.,+,7,/43M!HJ;!_J!Q:,);!HJ;!Gd! >;! T;! "*5-&.3! LB,:-,7*-! D.,+,7,/4! *()! K&)$.(! C*,+#3M! @")* .'2#-63* '>*

8)3$4$'-!Gi!fX7+&:$.!_JHigF!GGJ;!G_!Q:,);!Gid;!GG!Q:,);!Gi_;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 13 :,:-,7*-!-,+$.*+'.$!7&49*.*+,6$-53!*()!f7g!+#$!B,:-$!*/!*!:&)5!&%!/,(7$.$!*()!

6,+*-!)&7'4$(+/;MGi!

"#&'1#! #,/! +#.$$! ,)$*/! *.$! 7&44&(-5! #$-)3! +#$! ,//'$! &%! 0#$+#$.!

+#$!+$A+!,/!0&.+#5!&%!7&(%,)$(7$!.$4*,(/!),/9'+$)3!9$.#*9/!,(!9*.+!)'$!+&!*!

9$.6*/,6$! ,(*++$(+,&(! +&! )$+*,-! &(! +#$! 9*.+! &%! +$A+'*-I*'+#&.,+5I*9&-&1,/+/!

*/! ,--'/+.*+$)! %'.+#$.! :5! "*5-&.=/! 7'-4,(*+,(1! $A#&.+*+,&(F! L0$! 4'/+! :$!

7*.$%'-!+&!/#&0!+#*+!+#$!$//$(+,*-!+.'+#/!0#,7#!0$!:5!&'.!4$+#&)/!.$*7#!,(!

+#$! 87.,9+'.$/! 7*(! *()! 4'/+! :$! 4*)$! 4$*(,(1%'-! +&! &'.! 1$($.*+,&(;MGH!

h(%&.+'(*+$-5! %&.! "*5-&.=/! +#$/,/3! +#,/! 1$($.*+,&(k-,@$! *(5! &+#$.k4*5!

#*6$!),%%,7'-+5!*77$9+,(1!$//$(+,*-! +.'+#/! %.&4!*!/&'.7$!0#&/$!*99*.$(+-5!

(&(I$//$(+,*-! &($/! *.$! (&+! +.'+#/! 0#*+/&$6$.;! Q+! /$$4/3! +#$(3! &(-5!

7&(/,/+$(+! f7&(/,/+$(75! :$,(1! *(! ,49&.+*(+! *()! )$7,),(1! %*7+&.3! ,(! +#,/!

*'+#&.=/!$/+,4*+,&(g!+&!$,+#$.!*:*()&(!,)$*/!&%!.$6$-*+,&(!*-+&1$+#$.3!*()!

7&(/$]'$(+-5!+#$!&9+,4,/4!*()!$6$(!+#$!/'99&/$)-5!:$++$.!7&(7$9+,&(/!&%!

2&)! )$.,6$)! %.&4! +#$! +$A+! ,%! +#$! +$A+! ,+/$-%! ,/! )$6*-'$)3! *()! ),/4,//! +#$!

6*-'$/!$(/#.,($)!,(!+#$!+$A+!*/!(&+!:$,(1!/',+*:-5!0*..*(+$)!%.&4!+#$!+$A+3!

&.!*-+$.(*+$-5!+&!7&(/,)$.!+#$!+$A+!,(!*!(#$H6*>6G$)!4*(($.k,(+$.9.$+,(1!,+!

,(!+#$!4&/+!9-*,(!&.!(*+'.*-!/$(/$k*()!,(!.$/9&(/$3!&($!4*5!7&(/,)$.!+#$!

6*-'$!&%!+#$!7&(+$(+!:*/$)!'9&(!(&+!&(-5!+#$!,(),6,)'*-!9*.+/!:'+!*-/&!'9&(!

+#$! /'4! &%! +#&/$! 9*.+/;! 8'7#! *! 7&(/,)$.*+,&(! ,/! (&+! %&.$,1(! +&! +#&/$!

.$9.$/$(+$)! ,(! +#$! B,:-$3! *()! /$$4/! +&! :$! +#$! $A9$7+$)! .$/9&(/$! +#$!

0.,+$./!/&'1#+!%.&4!+#$,.!.$*)$./;GE!

"#$!+.'+#!+#*+!K&/$/!0.&+$!+#$!%,./+!%,6$!:&&@/3!%&.!$A*49-$3!,/!+#$!

.$9.$/$(+*+,&(!&%!+#$!B,:-$!,+/$-%!*()!,/!*++$/+$)!+&!:5!$*.-,$/+!,(+$.9.$+,6$!

+.*),+,&(;! ?&/#'*!eFi_IiG!),/+,(1',/#$/! :$+0$$(! +#$! -*0!&%!K&/$/! f6;! iGg!

*()!+#$!:&&@!&%! +#$! -*0!&%!K&/$/!f6;!i_g3!*/! +#$! -*0!1$($.*--5!.$%$.$(7$)!

+#$! $(+,.$! :&)5! &%! +#$! 7&6$(*(+*-! /+,9'-*+,&(/3! ,(7-'),(1! *--! /,A! #'().$)!

*()!+#,.+$$(!7&44*()4$(+/!f&")*H$=Q'&g3!*()!0*/!'/'*--5!.$9.$/$(+$)!:5!

+#$!%,./+!+$(;Gb!C&.4/!&%!+#$!9#.*/$!:&&@!&%!+#$!-*0!frp#s} hr*oTh^g!*.$!'/$)!/&4$! +0$(+5I&($! +,4$/! ,(! +#$! R$:.$0! B,:-$! f[$'+! GeFEe^! GeFb_^! GJFGd^!

idF_d^!i_FGH^!i_FGb^!?&/#!eFi_^!eFiH^!GiFb^!GHFGb^!G!j1/!_HFb^!GGFe^!GGF__^!

GiFGH^!G!D#.&(!_cFJ^!iHF_H3!_E^!W$#!eF_3!i3!_e^!JFig3!*()!(&+*:-5!+#$!+$.4!

)&$/! (&+! *99$*.! '(+,-! +#$! 7&(7-'),(1! 7#*9+$./! &%! K&/$/=! %,(*-! :&&@;! "#$!

Gi!Q:,);!GiJIHd;!GH!Q:,);!GHd;!GE!8$$!D#.,/+&9#$.!D&($3!E#'3)4'H)-6P*J-&#'D2G&'#/*W'&)%*'-*+$F3)*C&2D/*I*

@")'3'4$G63* 0)&"'D! fC&.+! >&.+#3! "nF! "5()*-$! 8$4,(*.5! S.$//3! Gddcg! ___I_e3!

0#$.$,(! ,+! ,/! *.1'$)! +#*+! +#$! #$.4$($'+,7! '+,-,N$)! ($*.-5! $A7-'/,6$-5! :5! :,:-,7*-!

7#*.*7+$./!0*/!*!9-*,(!&.!(*+'.*-!/$(/$!*99.&*7#;!Gb!S.&:*:-53!,+!0*/!+#,/!/#&.+$.!-,/+!+#*+!?&/#'*!0.&+$!&(!+#$!/+&($/!,(!+#$!

$6$(+/!&%!?&/#'*!e;!

14 Higher Criticism +$.4!,/!-*+$.!*99-,$)!:5!?$/'/!fK*.@!GdFGbg!0#$(!R$!.$%$.$(7$)!$6$(+/!,(!

VA&)'/!*/!:$,(1!7&(+*,($)!,(!+#$!:&&@!&%!K&/$/!fth'/ bivblw/ Mwu>sevw"g *()!

*/! L87.,9+'.$;M! ?$/'/! ),.$7+-5! .$7&1(,N$)! VA&)'/! f7%;!K*.@! cF_d! *()! VA&)!

GdF_G^! *-/&! K*.@! _GFGb! *()! VA&)! iFbg3! U$6,+,7'/! f7%;! K*++! eFH! *()! U$6!

_iFHJ^!_HFG%%;g3!W'4:$./!f7%;!?&#(!iF_H!*()!W'4:!G_FJg!*()![$'+$.&(&45!

f7%;!K*++!_JFcIe!*()![$'+!GHF_IHg!+&!:$!K&/*,73!*()!.$%$.$(7$)!2$($/,/!*/!

1$(',($!*()!-$1,+,4*+$-5!,(7-')$)!,(!+#$!R$:.$0!B,:-$;Gc!

W&+! &(-5! ),)! ?$/'/! 7&(/,)$.! 2$($/,/! 1$(',($3! :'+! R$! *-/&!

7&(/,)$.$)!,+!K&/*,7;!R$!.$%$..$)!+&!+#$!R$:.$0!B,:-$!*/!L+#$!U*0!&%!K&/$/!

*()!+#$!S.&9#$+/3!*()!+#$!S/*-4/M!fU'@$!GHFHH3!W<8Bg3!*!/+.'7+'.*-!9*.*--$-!

+&! +#$! K*/&.$+,7! +$A+! &%! @'#6"! f-*0g3! W)Q$X$H! f9.&9#$+/g3! *()! Y)&2Q$H!

f0.,+,(1/3!&%!0#,7#!S/*-4/!,/!+#$!%,./+!:&&@g;!<-/&3! ,(!U'@$!__FHJIE_3!?$/'/!

)$+*,-$)! *! 7#.&(&-&15! &%! 4*.+5.$)! 9.&9#$+/! %.&4! +#$! %&'()*+,&(! &%! +#$!

0&.-)! +&! +#*+! 9&,(+;!R$! .$%$.$(7$)!<:$-! */! +#$! %,./+! *()! o$7#*.,*#! */! +#$!

-*/+;! <:$-=/! )$*+#! &77'./! ,(! 2$($/,/! f+#$! %,./+! :&&@! &%! +#$! "*(*@#g! *()!

o$7#*.,*#=/! ,(! D#.&(,7-$/! f+#$! %,(*-! :&&@! &%! +#$! "*(*@#g;! Q+! /$$4/! .*+#$.!

7$.+*,(! +#*+! ?$/'/!'()$./+&&)! +#$!$(+,.$!R$:.$0!B,:-$! +&!:$!1$(',($3!*()!

+#$! ,(),6,)'*-! :&&@/! ,+! 7&(+*,($)! +&! :$! &.1*(,N$)! */! &($! &:/$.6$/! ,(! +#$!

K*/&.$+,7! +$A+;! R$! '()$./+&&)! +#*+! +#$! U*0! f&.! B&&@! &%! +#$! U*0g! &%!

K&/$/k+#$!"&.*#k0*/!:&+#!1$(',($!*()!K&/*,7;!

W$6$.+#$-$//3! 0#*+! &%! >$--#*'/$(=/! .$%,($)! 4'-+,I*'+#&.! +#$&.5a!

V4:-$4*+,7!&%!*(! ,(%-'$(+,*-! +.*),+,&(!&%!:,:-,7*-!/7#&-*./#,93!",4&+#5!U,(!

7#*--$(1$)! +#$! )&7'4$(+*.5! #59&+#$/,/! */! %*--*7,&'/! *()! '(0&.@*:-$;Ge!

Gc! ",4&+#5! U,(! 7*+*-&1'$)! ?$/'/=! *%%,.4*+,&(/! */! %&--&0/F! LR$! 7&(%,.4$)!

+#$!1$(',($($//!&%!+#$!%,./+!+0&!7#*9+$./!&%!2$($/,/!:5!+$/+,%5,(1!+&!+#$!7.$*+,&(!&%!

<)*4!*()!V6$!*/!*!#,/+&.,7*-! %*7+3! *()!(&+!*!45+#!&.! -$1$()! fK*++;!_JFHIb^!K*.@!

_dFEIJg;!>#$(!R$!.$:'@$)!+#$!/7.,:$/!*()!S#*.,/$$/3!R$!4$(+,&($)!p+#$!:-&&)!&%!

<:$-=! */! +#$!:$1,((,(1!&%! +#$! ?$0/=! 1',-+! fK*++;! GiFiEg;!R$! 7&(%,.4$)! +#*+!W&*#=/!

%-&&)!0*/!*!#,/+&.,7*-!)$/+.'7+,&(!fK*++;!GHFicIiJg!*()!+#$!)$6*/+*+,&(!&%!8&)&4!

*()! 2&4&..*#! */! 2&)=/! O')14$(+! fK*++;! __FGiIGHg;! R$! )$/7.,:$)! U&+=/! +,4$! ,(!

8&)&4!*()!+#$!O')14$(+!&%!#,/!0,%$!*/!*!#,/+&.,7*-!0*.(,(1!.$1*.),(1!+#$!-*/+!)*5/!

fU'@$!_cFGeIiGg;!!Q(!R,/!9.$*7#,(1!*()!+$*7#,(13!R$!&%+$(!/9&@$!&%!<:.*#*4!f?&#(!

eFicIHd3EbIEeg! *()! .$9$*+$)-5! R$! +$/+,%,$)! &%! <:.*#*43! Q/**73! *()! ?*7&:! fK*.@!

_GFGbg! *()! +#$,.! -,6$/! :$%&.$! 2&)! fK*++;! eF__^! GGFiGg;! "#$! *:&6$! .$%$.$(7$/!

,(),7*+$! +#*+! D#.,/+! +$/+,%,$)! +&! +#$! +.'+#%'-($//! &%! $//$(+,*--5! +#$! $(+,.$! :&&@! &%!

2$($/,/M! f",4&+#5! U,(3! 5)-)%$%P* :* +$F3$G63* @")'3'4/3! H+#! $);! fD*.4$-3! QWF! B,:-,7*-!

8+'),$/!K,(,/+.,$/!Q(+$.(*+,&(*-3!GddGg!GJIidg;!Ge! U,(=/! 7.,+,]'$! ,/! 9&+$(+! *()! 0&.+#5! &%! 7&(/,)$.*+,&(! #$.$F! L"#,/!

#59&+#$/,/!,/!%*.!%.&4!:$,(1!0&.@*:-$;!C&.!,(/+*(7$3!,(!7$.+*,(!?!9*//*1$/!pV-&#,43=!

0#,7#! ,/!7#*.*7+$.,/+,7!&%!V3! ,/!9.$/$(+! fiF_3!i3!E^!HFGE^!cFJ3!_b^!JFGc^!$+7;g3!*()! ,(!

7$.+*,(! V! *()! S! 9*//*1$/! pl*#0$#3q! 0#,7#! ,/! 7#*.*7+$.,/+,7! &%! ?3! ,/! %&'()! f_cF_^!

GGF__^! $+7;g;! Q(! &.)$.! +&! 7&6$.! +#,/! $4:*..*//,(1! /,+'*+,&(3! +#$! 7.,+,7/! 7'+! /&4$!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 15 >,+#!)$+*,-$)!7&(/,)$.*+,&(!&%! ,(+$.(*-!9.&:-$4/!0,+#!+#$!#59&+#$/,/3!U,(!

*.1'$)! +#*+! +#$! *(*-5+,7!4$+#&)! +#$! +$A+'*-! 7.,+,7/! 9'.9&.+! +&! '/$! ,/! (&+!

:$,(1! 7&(/,/+$(+-5! *99-,$)! +&! +#$/$! 9*//*1$/! *()! +#*+! *! 7&(/,/+$(+!

*99-,7*+,&(!&%!+#$!4$+#&)!0&'-)!(&+!9.&6,)$!+#$!:*/,/!%&.!+#$!4'-+,I*'+#&.!

7&(7-'/,&(;!2*.5!T$()/:'.1!7.,+,]'$)!+#$!+#$&.5!:*/$)!'9&(!+#$!*//$.+,&(!

+#*+!,+!%*,-/!+&!*77&'(+!%&.!7#,*/+,7!/+.'7+'.$!*()!&+#$.!9*.*--$-/!%&'()!,(!+#$!

+$A+3GJ! +#&'1#!K*.7! B.$++-$.3! 0#&! :$-,$6$/! T$()/:'.1=/! *//$.+,&(/! %*,-! +&!

*)$]'*+$-5! .$/&-6$! *--! +#$! ,//'$/! +#*+! +#$! 4'-+,I*'+#&./#,9! +#$&.5!

9.&9&/$/3! ),/4,//$)! #,/! *.1'4$(+;id! "#$! 0&.+#5! 7&(/,)$.*+,&(/! :5! :&+#!

0.,+$./!*.$!$4:-$4*+,7!&%!+#$!9.$/$(+!)$:*+$!.$1*.),(1!+#$!7&(7-'/,6$($//!

&%!+#$!4'-+,I*'+#&.!+#$&.53!+#*+!,/3!+#$!4*++$.!,/!'(.$/&-6$)!0,+#!.$1*.)!+&!

,)$(+,%5,(1!0#*+!,/!+#$!1$(',($!&'+7&4$!&%!+#$!7.,+,7*-!4$+#&);!

B$(O*4,(! K*N*.! '()$./+&&)! 2$($/,/! +&! :$! L*! 4&('4$(+*-!

#,/+&.,&1.*9#,7! 7&49&/,+,&(3! +#$! 9.&)'7+! &%! .,7#! *()! 6*.,$1*+$)!4*+$.,*-!

7&--$7+$)3!7&4:,($)3!*..*(1$)3!*()!0&.@$)!,(+&!&($!#*.4&(,&'/!+.*7+3!0,+#!

+#$!9'.9&/$!&%!9&.+.*5,(1!:&+#!+#$!:$1,((,(1/!&%!4*(@,()!*()!+#$!&.,1,(/!

&%! Q/.*$-! ,(! +#$! /9,.,+! &%! +#$! 4&(&+#$,/+,7! 7&(7$9+3! *()! 0,+#! *! ),)*7+,7!

*,4;Mi_!K*N*.3! (&+! '(-,@$!h4:$.+&! D*//'+&3! :*/$)! #,/! 7.,+,7,/4! &%!K&/*,7!

*'+#&./#,9!(&+!'9&(!-,+$.*.5!%&.4!:'+!'9&(!*!('4:$.!&%!#,/+&.,7*-!%*7+&./!

+#*+! #$! .$7&1(,N$)! */! *(*7#.&(,/4/! ,(! +#$! +$A+! *()! 0#,7#! #$! :$-,$6$)!

,(),7*+$)!*!4'7#!-*+$.!)*+$!+#*(!+#$!.&'1#-5!_Hdd!BDrBDV!)*+$!)$4*()$)!

6$./$/!*()! 7-*'/$/!&'+!&%! +#$,.! 7&(+$A+! *()!*//,1($)! +#$4! +&!*(&+#$.!)&7'4$(+;!

"#$5! 7'+! EFGJ! &'+! &%! S! *()! *//,1($)! ,+! +&! ?3! :$7*'/$! +#$! ),6,($! (*4$! pl*#0$#=!

f0#,7#!,/!+.*(/-*+$)!p+#$!UXT[=g!,/!9.$/$(+;!l$+!+#$5!-$%+!HFGE!,(!?!*-+#&'1#!pV-&#,4=!

,/! ,(! +#,/!6$./$;!"#$5!/$9*.*+$)!cF_b:!+#*+!#*/! pl*#0$#=! %.&4!+#$!4,)/+!&%!S!*()!

*//,1($)! ,+! +&! ?;!R&0$6$.3! +#$5! -$%+!JFGb!*()!_bF_i!'(),6,)$)! ,(! ?3! :'+!:&+#!#*6$!

pl*#0$#=! *()! pV-&#,4;=! 2$($/,/! G_F_! ,/! *! ),-$44*! +&! +#$! 7.,+,7/! :$7*'/$! :&+#!

7-*'/$/!#*6$!pl*#0$#;=!<77&.),(1!+&!+#$,.!+#$&.5!&%!p)&':-$+/=!+#$5!/#&'-)!/$9*.*+$!

+#$4;!l$+!*77&.),(1!+&!+#$,.!'/*1$!&%!),6,($!(*4$/!+&!)$/,1(*+$!),%%$.$(+!*'+#&./3!

+#$5!#*6$!+&!9-*7$!+#$!7&'9-$+/!+&1$+#$.;!"&!7'+!+#$!@(&+!+#$5!*//,1($)!G_F_*!+&!?!

*()! G_F_:! +&! S;! R&0! *:/'.)s! 2$($/,/! G_Fii!0*/! *//,1($)! +&! ?3! ),/.$1*.),(1! +#$!

9.$/$(7$! &%! pV-&#,4=! ,(! ii:;! 2$($/,/! GGF__3! _H! *.$! :&+#! *//,1($)! +&! V3! 5$+! :&+#!

#*6$! pl*#0$#;=! 2$($/,/! GeFG_! ,/! *//,1($)! +&! V3! 5$+! pl*#0$#=! ,/! *-/&! %&'()! +#$.$;!

"#$/$!$A*49-$/!*.$!/'%%,7,$(+!+&!/#&0!+#$!%*--*75!&%!+#,/!#59&+#$/,/M!f5)-)%$%3!GcI

Geg;!GJ! 2*.5! <;! T$()/:'.13! @")* 8)D6G&$'-* '>* 5)-)%$%! f>,(&(*! U*@$3! QWF!

V,/$(:.*'(3!_Jebg!_dH%%;!id! K*.7! B.$++-$.3! LT$()/:'.1=/! @")* 8)D6G&$'-* '>* 5)-)%$%3L! @")* .)Z$%"*

[26#&)#3/*8)Q$)Z!ce!f?'-5IX7+&:$.!_JecgF!__iI_J;!i_! B$(O*4,(!K*N*.3! L"#$!R,/+&.,7*-! B*7@1.&'()! &%! +#$! B&&@! &%! 2$($/,/3M!

.'2#-63*'>*W)6#*76%&)#-*C&2D$)%!Ge!f<9.,-!_JbJgF!cH;!

16 Higher Criticism ,(! +#$! +$A+! ,+/$-%;iG! R,/! +#$/,/! ,/! /$$4,(1-5! :*/$)! ,(! -*.1$! 9*.+! &(! *!

9.$/'99&/,+,&(!+#*+!+#$.$!,/!(&!f),6,($-5!,(/9,.$)g!9.&9#$+,7!'++$.*(7$!f,;$;!

+#*+! +#$! R$:.$0! 9.&9#$+/! 0$.$! (&+! /9$*@,(1! &(! 2&)=/! :$#*-%! *()! +#*+!

+#$.$! ,/!(&! -$1,+,4*+$!),6,($! .$6$-*+,&(g;!W&+$! +#$! %&--&0,(1!9#.*/$/!'/$)!

:5! K*N*.F! L,+! ,/! 0,+#,(! .$*/&(M! f'/$)! +0,7$gîi! L,+! ,/! +#$(! ,(! 9-*7$! +&!

*//'4$^MiH!LtXu($!4*53!*99*.$(+-53!*-/&!7&'(+!*4&(1!+#$/$;!;!;!^MiE!L,+!/$$4/!

+&!4$^Mib!L,(!45!6,$03!,+!,/!4'7#!4&.$!0,+#,(!.$*/&(^Mic!LtXu($!4*5!%,()!,(!

+#$! *77&'(+/;! ;! ;! ^Mie! *()3! L+#$.$! ,/! (&!($$)! ;! ;! ;! +&! *//,1(! ,+! *! -*+$.!)*+$;MiJ!

D&(O$7+'.$!/$$4/!+&!:$!*!/,1(,%,7*(+!,(%-'$(7$!,(!#,/!*//$.+,&(/;!

R$! *-/&! /'11$/+$)! +#*+! +#$! $+#(&1.*9#,7! /,4,-*.,+,$/! :$+0$$(!

2$($/,/! _b! *()! S/*-4! ei! f+#$! )*+$! &%! 0#,7#! #$! /*5/! ,/! .$*/&(*:-5!

'()$./+&&)!+&!:$!)'.,(1!+#$!$()!&%!+#$!9$.,&)!&%!+#$!?')1$/g!/'11$/+!*!-*+$.!

)*+$!%&.!2$($/,/;Hd!R$!(&+$)!+#*+!+#$!7#*.*7+$.,/+,7/!&%!+#$!?&/$9#!*77&'(+!

L*.$!/'7#!*/!+&!4*@$!'/!+#,(@!+#*+!+#$!+.*),+,&(/!*()!4&+,%/!O&,($)!+&1$+#$.!

,(!+#,/!/,(1-$!+*:-$*'! ;! ;! ;!0$.$!1,6$(!+#$,.!/&9#,/+,7*+$)!(&6$-,/+,7! -,+$.*.5!

%&.4! (&! $*.-,$.! +#*(! +#$! :$1,((,(1! &%! +#$! K&(*.7#5;MH_! S$.#*9/! 4&/+!

(&+*:-53! +#&'1#3! #$! *.1'$)! +#*+! +#$! 2$($/,/! HJF_d! :-$//,(1! &%! ?')*#!0*/!

(&+!9.&9#$+,73!:'+!+#*+!,+!0*/!*!-*+$.!)$6$-&9$)!*9&-&1$+,7!%&.!?')*#=/!.,1#+!

+&!.'-$!f*!.,1#+!+#*+!,/!9.&4,($(+-5!%$*+'.$)!*()!)$%$()$)!)'.,(1!+#$!$*.-5!

4&(*.7#5! 9$.,&)g;! >#,-$! +#,/! ,/! *! /,1(,%,7*(+! ,(/+*(7$! &%! *//'4$)!

*(*7#.&(,/4! f*/! +#$.$! /$$4/! (&! &+#$.! :*/,/! %&.! ,+! &+#$.! +#*(! +#$! (&(I

9.&9#$+,7!9.$/'99&/,+,&(g3!*/,)$!%.&4!+#$/$!('4$.&'/!)$%$(/$/!&%![*6,),7!

@,(1/#,93!K*N*.!7,+$)!/$6$.*-!*--$1$)!*(*7#.&(,/4/!,(!2$($/,/;!W&+*:-53!,(!

7&(+$A+3!4&/+!*.$!.$-*+$)! +&![*6,),7! .,1#+3!*()!&($!4,1#+!0&()$.! ,%! +#$/$!

0&'-)! :$! *(*7#.&(,/4/! *+! *--! ,%! [*6,),7! .,1#+! 0*/! ,()$$)! *! .$/'-+! &%!

9.&9#$+,7! '++$.*(7$;! W&($+#$-$//3! +#$/$! 0&'-)! ($$)! +&! :$! *)).$//$)! :5!

*(5!0#&!0&'-)! )$%$()! *(! $*.-5! )*+$! 7&(/,/+$(+!0,+#!K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,93!

*()!K*N*.!/'11$/+$)! f0,+#&'+3! ,(! +#,/! 7&(+$A+3! *(5!9*.+,7'-*.!$A9-*(*+,&(!

iG! K*N*.! 0.&+$3! LQ+! ,/! 0,+#,(! .$*/&(! +#*+! 2$($/,/! 0*/! 1,6$(! ,+/! &.,1,(*-!

0.,++$(!%&.4!)'.,(1!+#$!+,4$!0#$(!+#$![*6,),7!$49,.$!0*/!:$,(1!$/+*:-,/#$)3!*()!

+#*+! +#$! *)),+,&(/! *()! /'99-$4$(+/! &%! -*+$.! *'+#&./!0$.$! &(-5! ,(+$()$)! +&! #$-9!

:.,)1$! +#$! +,4$! 1*9! %&.! 7&(+$49&.*.5! .$*)$./3! *()! #*)! (&! )$7,/,6$! $%%$7+! &(! ,+/!

7&(+$(+/!&%!,+/!&6$.*--!7#*.*7+$.M!f,:,)g;!ii!Q:,);!iH!Q:,);!cE;!iE!Q:,);!cb;!ib!Q:,);!ic!Q:,);!cc;!ie!Q:,);!ce;!iJ!Q:,);!Hd!Q:,);!cJ;!H_!Q:,);!eGIei;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 17 &%!0#5g! +#*+! +#&/$!0#&!#*6$!*++$49+$)! +&!.$/&-6$! +#$/$! ,//'$/! ,(! -,1#+!&%!

6*.,&'/!$A+$.(*-!/&'.7$/!f/'7#!*/!<@@*),*(!/&'.7$/3!K*.,!)&7'4$(+/3!W'N,!

+*:-$+/3! *()! 6*.,&'/-5! )*+$)! V159+,*(! /&'.7$/g! #*6$! L1&($! +&&! %*.3MHG!

+#&'1#! #$! *)4,++$)! +#*+! +#$.$! ,/! L7$.+*,(-5! .&&4! %&.! +#&'1#+! *()!

.$7&(/,)$.*+,&(!&%!+#$!7&(%-,7+,(1!6,$0/!*/!+&!+#$!)*+,(1!&%!+#$!L9*+.,*.7#*-!

9$.,&)M! +&! +#$! %,./+3! /$7&()3! *()! +#,.)! ]'*.+$./! &%! +#$! /$7&()!4,--$((,'4!

B;D;MHi!

"&! /'4*.,N$3!K*N*.=/! 7&(7-'/,&(/! *.$!(&+!9.$/$(+$)!*/!($7$//*.53!

+#&'1#!#$!),)!f&%!7&'./$g!9.$%$.!+#$4!+&!+#$!*-+$.(*+,6$;!Q(!*(5!7*/$3!,+!,/!*+!

-$*/+! $6,)$(+! %.&4! K*N*.=/! 0.,+,(1! +#*+k*/! ,/! +#$! 7*/$! 0,+#! +#$! ?VS[!

#59&+#$/,/k+#$! -*+$I)*+$! +#$&.5! ,/! %*.! %.&4! *! 7$.+,+')$;! <-/&3! ,+! 0&'-)!

/$$4! +#*+! +#$! -*+$I)*+$! +#$&.5! *()! ?VS[! /$$4! :*/$)! '9&(! +#$!

9.$/'99&/,+,&(! +#*+! ),6,($! .$6$-*+,&(! *()! 9.&9#$+,7! '++$.*(7$! *.$! (&+!

-$1,+,4*+$!9&//,:,-,+,$/;!

S*'-!K,($*.!.$7&1(,N$)!7#*--$(1$/!%&.!:,:-,7*-!7.,+,7,/4!0,+#!.$1*.)!

+&!9.$/'99&/,+,&(/!*()!%,./+!9.,(7,9-$/;HH!K,($*.!/'11$/+$)3!]'&+,(1!D.&7$3!

+#*+!,(!+#,/!$9&7#!+#$!9.$6*,-,(1!%.*4$!&%!.$%$.$(7$3!+#*+!,/3!L+#$!#$*.+!*()!

:.*,(!f&%!.$7$(+!#,/+&.,&1.*9#5g! ;! ;! ;! ,/!(*+'.*-,/4;MHE!"#$!9.$I7&44,+4$(+!

+&!(*+'.*-,/4!9.&6,)$/!*!/$+!&%!1',)$-,($/!+#*+!7*((&+!:$!$*/,-5!),/7*.)$);Hb!

Q(!9*.+,7'-*.3!K,($*.! /'11$/+$)! +#*+! :,:-,7*-! #,/+&.,*(/! f%$0!&%!0#&4!*.$!

L*6&0$)! (*+'.*-,/+/MHcg! '+,-,N$! *! 4$+#&)! +#*+! ,/! )$6$-&9$)! %.&43! *()3! *+!

-$*/+3! ,49-,$/! (*+'.*-,/4;! >#*+! .$/'-+! +#$(! ,/! +&! :$! $A9$7+$)! %.&4! *!

(*+'.*-,/+,7*--5!:*/$)!4$+#&)a!D$.+*,(-5!+#$!+$(/,&(!:$+0$$(!*(!*//'4$)!

4$+*9#5/,7!*()!*!4$+#&)!+#*+!($1*+$/!+#$!4$+*9#5/,7!,/!(&+!7&()'7,6$!+&!*!

HG!Q:,);!cb;!Hi!Q:,);!HH! S*'-! 8;! K,($*.! &:/$.6$)3! L"#$! .$%-$7+,6$! #,/+&.,*(! 4'/+! 7&(/7,&'/-5!

&.,$(+! #,/! +$7#(,7*-! .$/$*.7#! 0,+#! *(! *.+,7'-*+$! p%.*4$! &%! .$%$.$(7$3=! *! 6,$0! &%!

#,/+&.5! 0#,7#! )$+$.4,($/! #,/! 9.$/'99&/,+,&(/3! )$%,($/! #,/! 4$+#&)! *()!

7,.7'4/7.,:$/! #,/! 7&(7-'/,&(/;! 8'7#! &.,$(+*+,&(! ,/! 9*.+,7'-*.-5! ,49&.+*(+! ,(! *(!

$9&7#!0#$(! 9$./9$7+,6$/! &%! +#&'1#+! /#,%+! /&! .*9,)-5;! V*7#! /'77$//,6$! 7#*(1$! ,(!

0&.-)I6,$0! /+,4'-*+$/! ($0! 7&(7$9+,&(/! &%! #,/+&.53! .*,/$/! ($0! ]'$/+,&(/! %&.! +#$!

#,/+&.,*(! +&! *(/0$.3! *()! 9.&6&@$/! ($0! *//*'-+/! '9&(! 9.$6*,-,(1! 4$+#&)&-&15M!

fLR&0!X:O$7+,6$! Q/!B,:-,7*-! D.,+,7,/43M! .'2#-63* '>*+$F3)* 6-D*8)3$4$'-! J! tW&6$4:$.!

_JH_uF!G_cg;!HE!Q:,);!G_e;!Hb! K,($*.! /'11$/+$)3! L"#$! #,/+&.,*(=/! %'(7+,&(! ,/! +&! $/+*:-,/#!

1$($.*-,N*+,&(/! *99-,7*:-$! *+! *--! +,4$/! *()! 9-*7$/;! "#$! +$/+! &%! #,/! 7&(7-'/,&(/! ,/!

+#$,.!9.$),7+,6$!*77'.*75;!W&6$-+53!9*.+,7'-*.,+53!:$7&4$/!*!/7*()*-;!D&(%.&(+$)!:5!

+#$! '(,]'$3! +#$! #,/+&.,*(! 7*(! &(-5! /+'++$.3! pQ+! 7*(=+! :$s=! "#'/! +#$! #,/+&.5! +#*+! ,/!

),7+*+$)!:5!*!(*+'.*-,/+,7!0&.-)I6,$0!$()/!:5!($1*+,(1!,+/$-%;M!fQ:,)g;!Hc!Q:,);!G_J;!

18 Higher Criticism #,1#!)$1.$$!&%!7&(/,/+$(75! ,(! +#$!$();!W$6$.+#$-$//3! ,+! ,/! +#,/! +$(/,&(! +#*+!

U&7@$!f%&.!$A*49-$g!*7@(&0-$)1$)!*/!9.$/$(+!,(!+#$!),/7'//,&(;!

D&(/,)$.,(13! %&.! $A*49-$3! +#$! [$'+$.&(&45! iH! *77&'(+! &%!K&/$/=!

)$*+#3! &($! 4*5! (&+$! +#*+! R&::$/! 9$.7$,6$)! +#,/! +&! :$! $6,)$(7$! *1*,(/+!

K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,9! &%! +#$! S$(+*+$'7#! */! *! '(,+3! 5$+! +#$.$! *.$! +0&!

9&//,:,-,+,$/!0&.+#5!&%! 7&(/,)$.*+,&(!*()!0#,7#!4*5!9.$/$(+!*! .$/&-'+,&(!

+&! +#$! ,//'$;! L$#%&3! ,%! +#,/! 0*/! ,()$$)! .$6$-*+,&(3! .*+#$.! +#*(! +#$! 4$.$!

9.&)'7+! &%! #'4*(! ,(6$(+,&(3! +#$(! +#$&.$+,7*--5! 2&)! 7&'-)! #*6$! ,(%&.4$)!

K&/$/! &%! 0#*+! 0&'-)! &77'.;! S.$),7+,6$! 9.&9#$75! f,%! /'7#! *! 9&//,:,-,+5! ,/!

*--&0$)g! *77&'(+/! %&.! ($*.-5! *! +#,.)! &%! +#$! R$:.$0! B,:-$! f,%! *! 9-*,(! &.!

(*+'.*-!/$(/$!#$.4$($'+,7!,/!7&(/,/+$(+-5!*99-,$)g;!"&!),/4,//!7*/'*--5!+#$!

9&//,:,-,+5! &%! ),6,($! .$6$-*+,&(! /$$4/! 4&.$! :*/$)! '9&(! (*+'.*-,/+,7!

9.$/'99&/,+,&(/! *()! *(! ,(+$(+,&(! +&! )$I45+#&-&1,N$! +#$! B,:-$! +#*(! ,(!

'(:,*/$)! +$A+'*-! 7.,+,7,/4;! C)G'-D3! (&($+#$-$//3! ,+! ,/! (&+! *! ($7$//,+5! %&.!

1$(',($($//!+#*+!K&/$/!0.&+$!#,/!&0(!&:,+'*.5;!"#$.$!4,1#+!#*6$!:$$(!*!

/$9*.*+$!0.,+$.! f9$.#*9/! ?&/#'*g! 0#&!0.&+$! +#$! [$'+$.&(&45! $9,-&1'$3!

*()! +#,/!0&'-)!(&+!($1*+$!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,9!&%! +#$!S$(+*+$'7#!*/!*!'(,+3!

4'7#! ,(! +#$! /*4$! 4*(($.! +#*+! ?$/'/=! .$%$.$(7$! +&! +#$! Y)&2Q$H! f+#$!

>.,+,(1/! /$7+,&(!&%! +#$!R$:.$0!B,:-$g! */! L+#$!S/*-4/M!),)!(&+! ,49-5! +#*+!

+#$! :&&@! &%! S/*-4/! 0*/! +#$! &(-5! 7&49&($(+! &%! +#$! Y)&2Q$H3! *()! ,(! +#$!

/*4$!4*(($.!+#*+!&($!4*5!.$%$.!+&!+#$!V9,/+-$! +&!+#$!T&4*(/!*/!S*'-,($3!

+#&'1#! ,+! 7-*,4/3! ,(! %*7+3! +&! #*6$! :$$(! 9$(($)! :5! "$.+,'/! f*/! S*'-=/!

$4*('$(/,/g!fT&4!_bFGGg;!"#$! ,(+$.(*-!$6,)$(7$!&%! +#$!R$:.$0!fX"g!*()!

2.$$@! fW"g! +$A+/! 7&(/,)$.$)! 7&--$7+,6$-5! -$*6$/! (&!)&':+! +#*+! ,%! +#$! +$A+/!

*.$!+#$4/$-6$/!1$(',($3!+#$5!*.1'$!%&.!1$(',($($//!*()!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,9!

&%!2$($/,/;!"#$!$*.-5!$A+$.(*-!$6,)$(7$!-,@$0,/$!,(+.&)'7$/!(&!)&':+;!

"#$! /$7&()I7$(+'.5! BD! 9/$')&$9,1.*9#,7*-! B&&@! &%! ?':,-$$/!

9.$/$(+/! *! 7.$*+,&(! *77&'(+! /,4,-*.! f+#&'1#! (&+! ,)$(+,7*-g! +&! +#*+! &%!

2$($/,/3! :'+! '(-,@$! 2$($/,/3! ?':,-$$/! 7&(+*,(/! *! 9.$%*7$! *%%,.4,(1! +#$!

*'+#&./#,9! &%! +#$! 7.$*+,&(! /+&.5;He! "#$! ?':,-$$/! *77&'(+! (&+! &(-5! *//$.+/!

K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,93! :'+! *-/&! (*..*+$/! #&0! #$! 7*4$! +&! 0.,+$! +#$! 7.$*+,&(!

*77&'(+;!Q(!/,4,-*.!%*/#,&(3!S#,-&!&%!<-$A*().,*3!*!(&+*:-$!%,./+I7$(+'.5!<[!

?$0,/#! 9#,-&/&9#$.3! '()$./+&&)! 2$($/,/! +&! :$! &%!K&/*,7! &.,1,(3! $A+&--,(13!

%&.!$A*49-$3!+#$!9#,-&/&9#,7!9.&0$//!K&/$/!)$4&(/+.*+$)!,(!:$1,((,(1!#,/!

He! ?':,-$$/!GF_! .$*)/!*/! %&--&0/F! L<()! +#$!*(1$-!&%! +#$!9.$/$(7$! /9*@$! +&!

K&/$/! *77&.),(1! +&! +#$! 0&.)! &%! +#$! U&.)3! /*5,(1F! p>.,+$! *--! +#$! 0&.)/! &%! +#$!

7.$*+,&(3! #&0! ,(! /,A! )*5/! +#$! U&.)! 2&)! %,(,/#$)! *--! R,/! 0&.@/! *()! *--! +#*+! #$!

7.$*+$)3!*()!.$/+$)!&(!+#$!8*::*+#!)*5!*()!#*--&0$)!,+!%&.!*--!*1$/3!*()!*99&,(+$)!

,+! */! *! /,1(! %&.! *--!R,/!0&.@/=M! fT;!R;! D#*.-$/3! L<!W$0!".*(/-*+,&(! &%! +#$!B&&@!&%!

?':,-$$/;!S*.+!Q3M!@")*.)Z$%"*[26#&)#3/*8)Q$)Z!b!fX7+&:$.!_eJigF!_ecg;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 19 -*0/!0,+#!*!7.$*+,&(!*77&'(+;HJ!"&!'()$./+*()!+#*+!S#,-&!.$7&1(,N$)!K&/*,7!

*'+#&./#,9! ,/! ,49&.+*(+! (&+! O'/+! */! *! 7&(/$]'$(7$! &%! #,/! 9#,-&/&9#,7*-!

*//$//4$(+!&%!K&/$/=!4&+,6*+,&(/3!:'+!*-/&!:$7*'/$!S#,-&!0*/!*!9,&($$.!&%!

:,:-,7*-! 7.,+,7,/4;! R$! 0*/! *(! ,49&.+*(+! )$6$-&9$.! &%! +#$! *--$1&.,7*-!

#$.4$($'+,73!0#,7#!#$!'+,-,N$)!%.$]'$(+-5!,(!&.)$.!+&!.$/&-6$!*/9$7+/!&%!+#$!

+$A+!+#*+!#$!9$.7$,6$)!+&!:$!,(7&(/,/+$(+!0,+#!+#$!R$--$(,/+,7!9#,-&/&9#5!&%!

#,/! +,4$;! S#,-&3! ,+! 0&'-)! /$$43! ),)! (&+! 7&(/,)$.!K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,9! +&! :$!

+.&':-$/&4$! 0#*+/&$6$.;! X(! +#$! 7&(+.*.53! #$! 7&(/,)$.$)! ,+! +&! :$! *(!

,49&.+*(+!%*7+3!*()!&($!+#*+!7&(($7+$)!7&/4&-&15!0,+#!$+#,7*-!+#$&.5;!

"#&'1#! #,/! &:O$7+,6,+5! */! *! #,/+&.,*(! #*/! :$$(! ]'$/+,&($)3Ed!

?&/$9#'/! (&($+#$-$//! &%%$./! *(! ,49&.+*(+! %,./+I7$(+'.5! <[! ?$0,/#!

9$./9$7+,6$!&(!4*(5!*/9$7+/!&%!Q/.*$-=/!#,/+&.5;!R$!),/7'//$)!f/,4,-*.-5!+&!

S#,-&g!K&/$/=!'(,]'$!*99.&*7#!+&!-$1,/-*+,&(3!.$7&1(,N,(1!+#$!*7'4$(!0,+#!

0#,7#!K&/$/!),.$7+$)!4,()/!+&!2&)!:$%&.$!),.$7+,(1!*++$(+,&(!+&!-*0/;E_!R$!

*-/&! /9&@$! &%! +#$! 7.$*+,&(! *77&'(+! */! :$,(1! $(+,.$-5! K&/*,7;EG! Q(!

HJ! S#,-&! 7&44$(+$)F! LB'+! K&/$/! ;! ;! ;! 4*)$! +#$! :$1,((,(1! &%! #,/! -*0/!

$(+,.$-5! :$*'+,%'-3! *()! ,(! *--! .$/9$7+/! *)4,.*:-$3! ($,+#$.! *+! &(7$! )$7-*.,(1!0#*+!

&'1#+!+&!:$!)&($!&.!+#$!7&(+.*.53!(&.!f/,(7$!,+!0*/!($7$//*.5!+&!4&'-)!:$%&.$#*()!

+#$! ),/9&/,+,&(/! &%! +#&/$!0#&!0$.$! +&! '/$! #,/! -*0/g! ,(6$(+,(1! %*:-$/! #,4/$-%! &.!

*)&9+,(1! +#&/$!0#,7#!#*)!:$$(! ,(6$(+$)!:5!&+#$./;!<()!#,/! $A&.),'43! */! Q! #*6$!

*-.$*)5! /*,)3! ,/!4&/+! *)4,.*:-$^! $4:.*7,(1! +#$! 7.$*+,&(! &%! +#$!0&.-)3! '()$.! +#$!

,)$*! +#*+! +#$! -*0!7&..$/9&()/! +&! +#$!0&.-)!*()! +#$!0&.-)! +&! +#$! -*03! *()! +#*+! *!

4*(!0#&!,/!&:$),$(+!+&!+#$!-*03!:$,(13!:5!/&!)&,(13!*!7,+,N$(!&%!+#$!0&.-)3!*..*(1$/!

#,/!*7+,&(/!0,+#!.$%$.$(7$! +&! +#$! ,(+$(+,&(!&%!(*+'.$3! ,(!#*.4&(5!0,+#!0#,7#! +#$!

0#&-$! '(,6$./*-!0&.-)! ,/! .$1'-*+$);! ;! ;! ;! 8,(7$3! +#$(3! +#,/!0&.-)! ,/! 6,/,:-$! *()! +#$!

&:O$7+!&%!&'.!$A+$.(*-!/$(/$/3!,+!%&--&0/!&%!($7$//,+5!+#*+!,+!4'/+!#*6$!:$$(!7.$*+$)^!

&(!0#,7#!*77&'(+!,+!0*/!(&+!0,+#&'+!*!0,/$!9'.9&/$!+#*+!#$!.$7&.)$)!,+/!7.$*+,&(3!

1,6,(1!*!6$.5!6$($.*:-$!*77&'(+!&%!2&);!;!;!;!<()!#$!/*5/!+#*+!+#$!0&.-)!0*/!4*)$!,(!

/,A! )*5/;! ;! ;! ;M! fS#,-&3! LX(! +#$! D.$*+,&(3M! ,(! @")* M'#O%* '>* E"$3'3! $);! D;! [;! l&(1$!

tS$*:&)53!K<F!R$().,7@/&(3!_JJiu!ig;!Ed! C&.! *! +#&.&'1#1&,(1! ),/7'//,&(! &%! ?&/$9#'/=! *9&-&1$+,7! )$/,1(/3! /$$!

U&',/!R;! C$-)4*(3! L?&/$9#'/=! S&.+.*,+! &%!K&/$/3M!@")* .)Z$%"*[26#&)#3/* 8)Q$)Z! eG!

f?*('*.5I<9.,-!_JJGgF!GeEIiGe;!E_!?&/$9#'/!0.&+$3!LW&0!0#$(!K&/$/!0*/!)$/,.&'/!+&!+$*7#!+#,/!-$//&(!+&!

#,/! 7&'(+.54$(3! #$! ),)! (&+! :$1,(! +#$! $/+*:-,/#4$(+! &%! #,/! -*0/! *%+$.! +#$! /*4$!

4*(($.!+#*+!&+#$.!-$1,/-*+&./!),)^!Q!4$*(3!'9&(!7&(+.*7+/!*()!&+#$.!.,+$/!:$+0$$(!

&($!4*(!*()!*(&+#$.3!:'+!:5!.*,/,(1!+#$,.!4,()/!'90*.)/!+&!.$1*.)!2&)3!*()!#,/!

7.$*+,&(!&%!+#$!0&.-)^!*()!:5!9$./'*),(1!+#$43!+#*+!0$!4$(!*.$!+#$!4&/+!$A7$--$(+!

&%!+#$!7.$*+'.$/!&%!2&)!'9&(!+#$!$*.+#M!fC-*6,'/!?&/$9#'/3*:-&$R2$&$)%*'>*&")*.)Z%3!,(!

@")*M'#O%*'>*.'%)("2%3!+.*(/;!>,--,*4!>#,/+&(!tS$*:&)53!K<F!R$().,7@/&(3!_Jecu!

LS.$%*7$3M!G_g;!EG! ?&/$9#'/!7&44$(+$)!:.,$%-53! LQ!/#*--!(&0!:$+*@$!45/$-%! +&! +#$!#,/+&.5!

:$%&.$! 4$3! *%+$.! Q! #*6$! %,./+! 4$(+,&($)! 0#*+! K&/$/! /*5/! &%! +#$! 7.$*+,&(! &%! +#$!

20 Higher Criticism /'44*.,N,(1! 6$./$I:5I6$./$! +#$! 2$($/,/! _! 7.$*+,&(! *77&'(+3! ?&/$9#'/!

*//$.+$)!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,9!(&! -$//! +#*(! %&'.! +,4$/! fLK&/$/!/*,)3M!_;_;GJ^!

LK&/$/!/*5/3M!_;_;ii^!LK&/$/!;!;!;!:$1,(/!+&!+*-@!9#,-&/&9#,7*--53M!_;_;iH^!*()3!

LK&/$/!/*5/!%'.+#$.3M!_;_;icg;Ei!

?&/$9#'/3! S#,-&3! *()! +#$!B&&@!&%! ?':,-$$/! .$9.$/$(+! $*.-5! $A+$.(*-!

$6,)$(7$! 7&49-$4$(+,(1! +#$! :,:-,7*-! *//$.+,&(/! &%! K&/*,7! *'+#&./#,9! &%!

2$($/,/3! *()! +#$5! *.$! (&+! ,(7&(/,/+$(+! 0,+#! 4&.$! .$7$(+! 6,$0/;! K&/$/!

K*,4&(,)$/!f+0$-%+#!7$(+'.5g3!%&.!$A*49-$3!0*/!'(*9&-&1$+,7!*:&'+!K&/*,7!

*'+#&./#,9;!R$!,(7-')$)3!*/!&($!&%!#,/!"#,.+$$(!S.,(7,9-$/3!+#$!%&--&0,(1F!LQ!

:$-,$6$!0,+#! 9$.%$7+! %*,+#! +#*+! +#$! $(+,.$!"&.*#! +#*+!0$!#*6$!(&0! ,/! +#*+!

0#,7#! 0*/! 1,6$(! +&! K&/$/;MEH! X($! 4*,(/+.$*4! 7&(+$49&.*.5! ?$0,/#!

$(757-&9$),*!*.1'$/!,(!%*6&.!&%!/,(1'-*.!*'+#&./#,9!*()!7#*--$(1$/!7$.+*,(!

9.$4,/$/!&%!+#$!)&7'4$(+*.5!#59&+#$/,/3! ,(7-'),(1!*--$1$)!*(*7#.&(,/4/3!

#,/+&.,&1.*9#,7!9.,(7,9-$/3! *()!)&':-$+/;EE! C'.+#$.4&.$3! +#$! $(757-&9$),*!

),.$7+-5!7&'(+$./!+$A+'*-!7.,+,7,/4!&(!/$6$(!9&,(+/F!f_g!+#$.$!,/!(&!$A+$.(*-!

9.&&%!&%! 7&49,-*+,&(^! fGg! ,(+$.9.$+*+,&(/!&%! /&I7*--$)! ,(+$.(*-! $6,)$(7$! +&!

+#*+! $()! ,/! L'(/+*:-$! *()! )$7$9+,6$^M! fig! +#$! 9.&7$//! -$*),(1! +&! +#$!

7&49,-*+,&(!7&(7-'/,&(!,/!7&49-$A!:$5&()!7&(/,/+$(75^!fHg!$6$(!,%!*--$1$)!

7&(+.*),7+,&(/! *()! .$9$+,+,&(/! $A,/+$)3! +#$5! 0&'-)! (&+! 9.&6$! 9-'.*-!

*'+#&./#,93!O'/+!*/!+#,/!9.&7$//!*99-,$)!+&!&+#$.!/,(1-$!*'+#&.!0&.@/!0&'-)!

:$! 4$+! 0,+#! $]'*-! %*,-'.$^! fEg! +#$! +#$&.5! ,/! '(($7$//*.5! *()! :*/$)! &(!

4'-+,9-$! 4,/'()$./+*(),(1/! &%! ,)$*/3! +$()$(7,$/3! *()! +#$4$/^! fbg!

*.1'4$(+/!:*/$)!&(!6*.,*+,&(/!&%!-*(1'*1$!*.$!7,.7'-*.^!*()3!fcg!$A$1$+,7*-!

4,/#*()-,(1!,/!($7$//*.5!%&.!+#$!7&49,-*+,&(!'()$./+*(),(1;Eb!

! "#&'1#!+#$!,(+$.(*-!*()!$A+$.(*-!$6,)$(7$!9.$/$(+$)!#$.$!4*5!(&+!

/*+,/%5!/&4$!.$*)$./!&%! +#$!7$.+*,(+5!&%!K&/*,7!*'+#&./#,93!9$.#*9/! +#$.$!

#*/!:$$(!/#&0(!$(&'1#!$6,)$(7$! +&!0*..*(+! .$*/&(*:-$!7&(/,)$.*+,&(!&%!

+#$! 4$.$! 9&//,:,-,+5! +#*+! 2$($/,/! ,/! 1$(',($-5! K&/*,7;! Q%! +#$! .$*)$.! ,/!

0,--,(1!+&!1.*(+!+#,/!4'7#3!+#$(!+#$!9&//,:,-,+5!+#*+!+#$!+$A+!9.&6,)$/!/&4$!

0&.-)3! 0#,7#! Q! %,()! )$/7.,:$)! ,(! +#$! /*7.$)! :&&@/! *%+$.! +#$! 4*(($.! %&--&0,(1M!

f,:,);!Gbg;!Ei!?&/$9#'/3!:-&$R2$&$)%3!_;_;GJIic;!EH! K&/$/! K*,4&(,)$/3! !'HH)-&6#/* '-* &")* 0$%"-6"B* @#6G&6&)* C6-")D#$-3!

+.*(/;!C.$)!T&/($.!fW$0!l&.@F!8$9#$.I!R$.4&(!S.$//3!_Je_g!7#;!__3!9.,(7,9-$!e;!!EE!L<(*7#.&(,/4/!/'7#!*/!6*.,&'/!7.,+,7/!*--$1$!,(!2$($/,/!)&!(&+!,(!.$*-,+5!

$A,/+^!*()!+#$,.!*//'49+,&(!,/!:*/$)!&(!*!4,/'()$./+*(),(1!&%!+#$!#,/+&.,&1.*9#,7!

9.,(7,9-$/!&%!+#$!:&&@;!;!;! ;!W&.!*.$!+#$.$!*(5!.$9$+,+,&(/!&.!'(($7$//*.5!)&':-$+/M!

fB$((&!?*7&:!*()!V4,-!R,./7#3!L2$($/,/3!"#$!B&&@!&%M!t*.+,7-$!&(-,($u!t@")*.)Z$%"*

7-G/G3'()D$63! _J_G3! *77$//$)! id! ?*('*.5! Gd_du! *6*,-*:-$! %.&4!

#++9Frr000;O$0,/#$(757-&9$),*;7&4r*.+,7-$/rbEedI1$($/,/I+#$I:&&@I&%g;!Eb!Q:,);!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 21 :,(),(1! $+#,7*-! %&'()*+,&(! .$4*,(/;! Q%! (&+3! +#$(! +#$! ),/7'//,&(! ($$)/!

9.&1.$//! (&! %'.+#$.3! */! +#$! B,:-$! 0&'-)! &%%$.! (&+#,(1! &%! *(5! .$*-! $+#,7*-!

6*-'$! :$5&()! 0#*+! &($! 4,1#+! $A9$7+! %.&4! *! %*:-$! &.! *! -$1$();! </! Q/**7!

<:.*6*($-! *.1'$)3! ,%! +#$! :,:-,7*-! +$A+! f*()! +#$! "&.*#! ,(! 9*.+,7'-*.g! ,/!

9.$/'4$)!+&!:$!*'+#&.,+*+,6$3! +#$(! ,+!4'/+!:$!:$-,$6$)! ,(! ,+/!$(+,.$+5!*()!

(&+!)&':+$);Ec!

"&!*//$.+!+#*+!+#$!2$($/,/!*77&'(+!,/!(&+!1$(',($!.$]',.$/!+#*+!&($!

),/4,//! ,+/! $+#,7*-! 7&(+.,:'+,&(! */! *'+#&.,+*+,6$;! "#$.$%&.$3! ,%! &($! 0&'-)!

),/7'//! +#$! :&&@! */! 9&+$(+,*--5! *'+#&.,+*+,6$3! &($!4'/+! 7&(/,)$.! ,+! */3! *+!

-$*/+3!('&)-&$633/! 1$(',($3! *()! ,%! &($! 7*((&+!*//$(+! +&! +#,/!9&+$(+,*-,+5! f*+!

-$*/+g3! &($! 4*5! .$-5! '9&(! D*--,7&++=/! 0*.(,(1! (&+! +&! 4,//! +#$! 9&,(+! +#*+!

4*(5! ?$0/! *()! D#.,/+,*(/! 7&(/'-+! +#$! :,:-,7*-! +$A+! %&.! $+#,7*-! 1',)*(7$;Ee!

X($!0,--!%,()3!+#$(3!+#*+!+#$!+$A+!,/!$,+#$.!$+#,7*--5!*'+#&.,+*+,6$3!&.3!*+!-$*/+3!

*! /,1(,%,7*(+! ('4:$.! &%! 9$&9-$! 9$.7$,6$! +#*+! ,+! ,/k0#$+#$.! 0,+#! 9.&9$.!

0*..*(+! &.! (&+k*()! +#&/$! 9$&9-$! 0,--! /$$@! +&! %&--&0! +#$! 4$*(,(1%'-!

*)6,7$! %&'()! 0,+#,(! ,+/! 9*1$/;! </! R$(.5! K&..,/! .$4,()$)! #,/! .$*)$./3!

2$($/,/! ,/! +#$! %&'()*+,&(! &%! *--! +#$! :,:-,7*-! :&&@/3! *()! ,/! +#'/! +#$! 4&/+!

7.,+,7*-! 9&.+,&(! &%! +#$! :&&@! L+#*+! #*/! $A$.+$)! +#$! 1.$*+$/+! ,(%-'$(7$! &(!

#,/+&.5!&%!*(5!:&&@!$6$.5!9.&)'7$);MEJ !

Ec! <:.*6*($-! /'11$/+$)3! L,+! ,/! (&+! 9.&9$.! +&! 9&/+'-*+$! 9.,(7,9-$/! %&.! +#$!

),6,($! "&.*#3! (&.! %&'()*+,&(/! ,(! +#$! 4*++$.! &%! :$-,$%/3! %&.! 0$! *.$! &:-,1*+$)! +&!

:$-,$6$! $6$.5+#,(1! +#*+! ,/! 0.,++$(! ,(! +#$! "&.*#;!>$! *.$! (&+! 9$.4,++$)! +&! )&':+!

$6$(! +#$! /4*--$/+! +#,(1! ,(! ,+;! ;! ;! ;M! fQ/**7! <:.*6*($-3! E#$-G$(3)%* '>* L6$&"B* 8'%"*

:H6-6"3!+.*(/;!K$(*7#$4!j$--($.!tXA%&.)F!U,++4*(!U,:.*.5!&%!?$0,/#!D,6,-,N*+,&(3!

Gdddu_JEg;!Ee! ?;! B*,.)! D*--,7&++! .$4,()$)! #,/! .$*)$./F! LD&(+$49&.*.5! ?$0/! *()!

D#.,/+,*(/3!/$*.7#,(1!%&.!4$*(,(1%'-!*)6,7$!*:&'+!#&0!+&!-,6$!,(!+#$!0&.-)!,(!0#,7#!

+&)*5!+#$5!%,()!+#$4/$-6$/3!0,--!7&(/'-+!+#$!B,:-$!*()!0,--!,($6,+*:-5!9&()$.!0#*+!

+#$5!.$*)!f,(! +.*(/-*+,&(g! ,(! -,1#+!&%! +#$,.!7&(+$49&.*.5!7&(7$.(/3! +#$,.!9$./&(*-!

$A9$.,$(7$3!*()!+#$,.!&0(!-&7*-$M!fL2$($/,/!T$6,/,+$)F!K'.,*(!K'/,(1/!&(!+#$!U5((!

>#,+$3!?.;![$:*+$3M!7-Q$#'-H)-&63*1$%&'#/*8)Q$)Z!_H!t89.,(1I8'44$.!_JJduF!eEg;!EJ! R$(.5! K;! K&..,/3! @")* 5)-)%$%* 8)G'#DP* :* CG$)-&$>$G* 6-D* ?)Q'&$'-63*

!'HH)-&6#/*'-*&")*+''O*'>*+)4$--$-4%!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!B*@$.3!_Jcbg!_c;!


3!*..E390531025!2F!G83*328H6!83*/!8.3*1!

I018!*.73*/!12!.7JG1035!*.407025!

!

K&CCB!9D!8@<<,$L&C!!

>#$(! &($! .$*)/! +#$! 9#.*/$! L+#$! #*.)$(,(1! &%! S#*.*&#=/! #$*.+3M! #,/+&.,7!

,4*1$/! *.,/$! .$1*.),(1! +#$! )$:*+$/! :$+0$$(! <'1'/+,($rS$-*1,'/3!

D*-6,(r<.4,(,'/3! U'+#$.rV.*/4'/! ,(! *)),+,&(! +&! 7'..$(+! )*5! ),/7'//,&(/!

.$1*.),(1!+#$!+$(/,&(!&%!2&)=/!/&6$.$,1(+5!*()!4*(=/!%.$$!0,--;!>#,-$!+#,/!,/!

*(! ,49&.+*(+! ,//'$3_! ,+! ,/! +#$! 4&)$/+! %244)%&$'-! &%! +#,/! *.+,7-$! +#*+! +#,/!

+#$&-&1,7*-! 7&(+.&6$./53!0#,-$! #*6,(1!4$.,+! ,(! +#$! *.$(*! &%! +#$&-&153! #*/!

*7+'*--5!&:/7'.$)!+#$!.$*-!/,1(,%,7*(7$!&%!+#$!#*.)$(,(1!4&+,%!,(!+#$!VA&)'/!

(*..*+,6$;! Q+! ,/! +#$!9'.9&/$!&%! +#,/!/+')5!+&!$A*4,($!S#*.*&#=/!#*.)!#$*.+!

%.&4! *! .$-,1,&'/! .*+#$.! +#*(! *! +#$&-&1,7*-! 9$./9$7+,6$! ,(! *(! *++$49+! +&!

),/7&6$.! 0#*+! +#,/! 0&'-)! #*6$! 4$*(+! ,(! +#$! _E+#! 7$(+'.5! BD! V159+,*(!

/$++,(1;G!

A*.)##/*0,*1233$-4)#B*@",0,B*@",?,B*(#'>)%%'#*'>*+$F3)B*E$)DH'-&*J-&)#-6&$'-63*

\-$Q)#%$&/B*M$-%&'-VC63)HB*W'#&"*!6#'3$-6*

!_!X($! ,/! .$4,()$)!&%! +#$! %.'/+.*+,&(!$A9.$//$)!:5!U'+#$.!0,+#! .$1*.)! +&!

V.*/4'/=!/$$4,(1!%*,-'.$!+&!1.*/9!+#$!,49&.+*(7$!&%!+#$!,//'$!0#$(!#$!0.&+$!+#*+!

,+!,/!(&+!,..$-,1,&'/3!,)-$3!&.!/'9$.%-'&'/!%&.!*!D#.,/+,*(!+&!@(&0!0#$+#$.!&.!(&+!#,/!

0,--! #*/! *(5+#,(1! +&! )&! ,(! 4*++$./! 9$.+*,(,(1! +&! /*-6*+,&(! fK*.+,(! U'+#$.3! @")*

+'-D64)* '>* &")* M$333! +.*(/;! R$(.5! D&-$! t2.*()! T*9,)/F! B*@$.3! _Jeiu! idg;! C&.! *!

#$-9%'-! ),/7'//,&(! &%! #*.)$(,(1! ,(! +#$! X-)! "$/+*4$(+! %.&4! *! +#$&-&1,7*-! *()!

+$A+'*-! 9$./9$7+,6$3! /$$! T&:$.+! B;! D#,/#&-4! ?.;3! L[,6,($! R*.)$(,(1! ,(! +#$! X-)!

"$/+*4$(+3M!+$F3$'&")G6*C6G#6*_Ei!fX7+&:$.k[$7$4:$.!_JJbgF!H_dIiH^!*()3!?&#(!

S,9$.3!@")*.2%&$>$G6&$'-*'>*5'D!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!B*@$.3!_JJig;!G!Q+!,/!*%%,.4$)!+#*+!+#$!VA&)'/!S#*.*&#!0*/!<4$(#&+$9!QQ;!C&.!/'99&.+!&%!

+#,/! )*+$! /$$F! 2-$*/&(! <.7#$.3! :* C2#Q)/* '>* ]3D* @)%&6H)-&* J-&#'D2G&$'-! fD#,7*1&F!

K&&)53!_JcHg!Gi_^!?&#(![*6,/3!0'%)%*6-D*&")*5'D%*'>*74/(&!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!B*@$.3!

_Jebg! iHIiJ^! ?&/$9#! C.$$3! :#G"6)'3'4/* 6-D* +$F3)* 1$%&'#/! f>#$*+&(F! 87.,9+'.$!

S.$//! S':-,7*+,&(/3! _Jebg! Jd3! JeIJJ^! V'1$($! K$..,--3! Y$-4D'H* '>* E#$)%&%! f2.*()!

T*9,)/F! B*@$.3! _Jecg! bi^! *()3! >,--,*4! 8#$*3! L<4$(#&+$9! QQ! */! S#*.*&#! &%! +#$!

VA&)'/3M! +$F3)* 6-D* C(6D)* _b! f89.,(1! GddigF! H_IE_;! "#$.$%&.$3! +#$! +,4$! &%! +#$!

VA&)'/!0&'-)!#*6$!&77'..$)!)'.,(1!+#$!W$0!j,(1)&4!9$.,&)!&%!+#$!_e+#!*()!_J+#!

)5(*/+,$/! )'.,(1! 0#,7#! +,4$! V159+! 9.&:*:-5! $(O&5$)! ,+/! 4&/+! ,(%-'$(+,*-! .&-$!

fU$&(!>&&)3!:*C2#Q)/*'>*J%#6)3X%*1$%&'#/!t2.*()!T*9,)/F!o&()$.6*(3!_Jcdu!__dI_G^!

*()3! D-5)$! ";! C.*(7,/7&3! L"#$! VA&)'/! ,(! Q+/! R,/+&.,7*-! 8$++,(13M! C'2&"Z)%&)#-*

.'2#-63* '>* @")'3'4/! Gd! tC*--! _JccuF! _dI__g;! C&.! *(! &6$.6,$0! &%! +#$! ),6,/,&(/! &%!

V159+,*(! #,/+&.53! /$$! >,--,*4! <-:.,1#+3! L#'H* &")* C&'-)* :4)* &'* !"#$%&$6-$&/!

fB*-+,4&.$F! "#$! ?&#(/!R&9@,(/! S.$//3! _JHdg! __iI_e^! *()3! 2$&.1$! 8+$,()&.%%! *()!

24 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart

*+,&-,.,/!0&/,01-1234&5!67-/23.8&

29&*+,&:0!-3,;&.!//!*1<,&&

"#$%&!'()*+%#,!-./%(%0,=&

!

1;&!0M>#C%=$A&!#?!*&<,L,#$!

*

Q%! &($! ,/! +&! '()$./+*()! *(7,$(+! V159+3! &($! 4'/+! '()$./+*()! *(7,$(+!

V159+,*(!.$-,1,&(;!W$6$.!#*/!+#$.$!:$$(!*!7,6,-,N*+,&(!0#,7#!.$6&-6$)!4&.$!

*.&'()! ,+/! .$-,1,&'/! ,)$*/! +#*(! ),)! V159+;! K&(+$+! /+*+$)! 0$--! +#*+! L+#$!

V159+,*(/!0$.$!+#$!4&/+!/7.'9'-&'/-5!.$-,1,&'/!&%!4*(@,();!"#$5!.$1*.)$)!

+#$! 1&)/! */! +#$! &0($./! &%! +#$! $(+,.$! '(,6$./$! *()! +#$! %&'(+! &%! *--!

9.&/9$.,+53! *0*.$! &%! *--! #'4*(! )$/,.$/! *()! 7*9*:-$! *+! *(5! 4&4$(+! &%!

+*@,(1!*!#*()!,(!4&.+*-!*%%*,./;ME!

&

&

j$,+#! 8$$-$3!M")-* 74/(&* 823)D* &")* 76%&! fD#,7*1&F! h(,6$./,+5! &%! D#,7*1&! S.$//3!

_JEcg!GcHIcE;!i!Q+!/#&'-)!:$!/+*+$)!*+!+#$!&'+/$+!+#*+!+#,/!/+')5!0,--!.$1*.)!+#$!9-*1'$/!+&!

#*6$! :$$(! *! ),.$7+! *()! 4,.*7'-&'/! ,(+$.6$(+,&(! :5! +#$! #*()! &%! 2&);! 8'7#! *!

/+*+$4$(+! 4'/+! :$! 4$(+,&($)! :$7*'/$! 4*(5! 1,6$! *! (*+'.*-,/+,7! $A9-*(*+,&(! &%!

+#$4! fQ*(! >,-/&(3! 7N'D2%P* @")* @#2)* C&'#/* +)"$-D* &")* +$F3$G63* :GG'2-&! t8*(!

C.*(7,/7&F! R*.9$.! P! T&03! _JeEu! __EIGc^! S,$..$! K&(+$+3! 74/(&* 6-D* &")* +$F3)!

fS#,-*)$-9#,*F! C&.+.$//3! _Jbeg! JHI_dd^! 2.$+*! R&.+3! L"#$! S-*1'$/! &%! V159+3M!

^)$&%G"#$>&* >2#* D$)* 63&&)%&6H)-&3$G")* M$%%)-%G"6>&! bJ! t_JEcuF! eHI_di^! ?&$-! B-&7@3!

L"#$! "$(! S-*1'$/! &%! V159+3M! 8)3$4$'2%* 7D2G6&$'-! c_! t_JcbuF! E_JIGb^! *()3! j;! <;!

j,+7#$(3!:-G$)-&*]#$)-&*6-D*]3D*@)%&6H)-&!t[&0($./!2.&6$3!QUF!Q(+$.m*./,+53!_Jbbu!

_EcIEe;!D&49*.$!+#$!%,($!0&.)/!&%!['.#*4F!L"#$!$%%$7+!&%!l*#0$#=/!:-&0!,/!+#*+!

+#$! W,-$! +'.(/! ,(+&! :-&&)! (&+! ,(+&! 4'))5! &.! *-1*$I-*)$(! *()! +#'/! .$)I-&&@,(1!

0*+$.! +#$! p(*+'.*-,/+,7=! 7&44$(+*+&./! ($6$.! +,.$! &%! /'11$/+,(1;!>$! /,49-5!4'/+!

($6$.!-&/$!/,1#+!&%!+#$!%*7+!+#*+!+#$!4,1#+5I*7+!(*..*+,6$/!*.$!+#$&-&1,7*-!*77&'(+/3!

(&+! 9#$(&4$(&-&1,7*-! .$9&.+/;! l*#0$#! /+.'7@! +#$! W,-$3! *()! ,(/+*(+*($&'/-53!

:$%&.$! +#$! $5$/! &%! S#*.*&#! *()! #,/! 7&'.+3! ,+! 7#*(1$)! ,(+&! :-&&);! >#*+$6$.! +#$!

),%%,7'-+,$/!/'7#!*(!*//$.+,&(!4*5!9&/$! %&.! +#$!.$*)$./!&%!*(&+#$.!*1$3! +#$5!4'/+!

(&+! :$! *--&0$)! +&! ),%%'/$! &.! $6$(! +&! *-+$.! 0#*+! +#$! +$A+! *7+'*--5! /*5/3! %&.! +#*+!

,($6,+*:-5!$,+#$.!&:/7'.$/!&.!.$4&6$/!$(+,.$-5!+#$!.$*-!9&,(+!&%!+#$!(*..*+,6$!,(!+#$!

%,./+!9-*7$M!f?&#(!['.#*43!7N'D2%!t>*7&F!>&.)3!_Jecu!Jcg;!H! C&.! *(! $A7$--$(+! /'.6$5! &%! V159+,*(! .$-,1,&(3! /$$! U$&(*.)! U$/@&3!

LV159+,*(! T$-,1,&(3M! ,(! @")* 7-G/G3'()D$6* '>* 8)3$4$'-3! _E! 6&-/;3! $);! U,()/*5! ?&($/!

fW$0!l&.@F!K*74,--*(3!_Jecg!EFicIbJ;!E! S,$..$! K&(+$+3! 7Q)#/D6/* ;$>)* $-* 74/(&! fS#,-*)$-9#,*F! h(,6$./,+5! &%!

S$((/5-6*(,*!S.$//3!_Je_g!GcH;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 25 1;&!"#M><&N,%B!#?!*&<,L,#$!

*

2,6$(!+#$!%*7+!+#*+!.$-,1,&(!/&!9$.4$*+$)!$6$.5!*.$*!&%!+#$!7'-+'.$3!+#$.$!,/!

*!)$1.$$!&%!%.'/+.*+,&(!,(!*++$49+,(1!+&!%,()!/&4$!7&#$/,&(!,(!+#$!/5/+$4;!

"#$.$%&.$3! ,+! ,/! ,49&.+*(+! +&! .$*-,N$! *+! +#$! &'+/$+! +#*+! +#,/! .$-,1,&(! ,/! *!

7&49-$A!*()!/$$4,(1-5!7&(+.*),7+&.5!7&--$7+,&(!&%!*!4'-+,+')$!&%!1&)/!*()!

1&))$//$/;!"#$!7&49-$A,+5! ,/! %'.+#$.! 7&49&'()$)!:5! +#$! %*7+/! +#*+! +#$/$!

1&)/! *()! 1&))$//$/! 0$.$! .$9.$/$(+$)! ,(! 4*(5! %&.4/3! */! 0$--! */! :$,(1!

.$/9&(/,:-$! %&.!4*(53! &%+$(! &6$.-*99,(13! *.$*/! &%! .$/9&(/,:,-,+5;! [$m.,$/!

(&+$)3!L+#$!.$-,1,&(!&%!*(7,$(+!V159+!,/!*!6*/+!-*:5.,(+#,($!/':O$7+;!K'7#!&%!

+#$! .$-,1,&'/! -,+$.*+'.$! *99$*./! */! *! #&)1$9&)1$! &%! #$+$.&1$($&'/!

7&(%-,7+,(1! /+*+$4$(+/;! Q(! 1$($.*-3! +#$! .$-,1,&(! 4*5! :$! )$/7.,:$)! */! *!

7&49-$A!9&-5+#$,/4;Mb!Q(!*!/,4,-*.!4*(($.3!D$.(5!&:/$.6$)F!

!Q+! ,/! ,49&//,:-$! +&! /@$+7#! *! 9,7+'.$! &%! *! :$-,$%!0#,7#! ,/! '(,%&.4! *()!

-&1,7*-! ,(! *--! ,+/! )$+*,-/3! *()! 6*-,)! %&.! +#$!0#&-$! &%! V159+3! %&.! /'7#! *!

'(,%&.4!:$-,$%!($6$.!$A,/+$);!"#$!V159+,*(!.$-,1,&(!,/!(&+!+#$!7.$*+,&(!

&%! *! /,(1-$! +#,(@$.3! :'+! *(! &'+7&4$! &%! -&7*-! 9&-,+,7*-! *()! 7'-+'.*-!

),6$.1$(7$/! *()! +#$.$!0*/! ($6$.! *! /+.&(1! $(&'1#! %&.7$! ,(! V159+! +&!

$-,4,(*+$! *--! -&7*-! :$-,$%/! &.! +&! '(,+$! +#$4! ,(! *! 1$($.*-! +#$&-&1,7*-!

/5/+$4;c!

!

</!,(+,4*+$)!:5!D$.(53!9*.+!&%!+#$!.$*/&(!%&.!+#$!7&49-$A,+5!&%!+#$!/5/+$4!

0*/! +#$! %*7+! +#*+! */! 9$&9-$! $4,1.*+$)! %.&4! &($! 7,+5! +&! *(&+#$.3! +#$5!

:.&'1#+! +#$,.! -&7*-! 1&)/! 0,+#! +#$4! *()! $.$7+$)! ($0! /#.,($/! %&.! +#$,.!

0&./#,9;!X%+$(+,4$/3!+#$!1&)!&%!*!9*.+,7'-*.!-&7*-$!1*,($)!*!.$9'+*+,&(!%&.!

/&4$!/9$7,*-!9&0$.!)'$!+&!*!/'99&/$)!4,.*7'-&'/!7'.$!&.!,(+$.6$(+,&(;e!

!

1;&!7#O'!#?!%;&!*&<,L,#$!

*

Q+!*99$*./!+#*+!+#$!1.$*+!(*+,&(*-!)$,+,$/!0$.$!+#&'1#+!+&!:$!&%!+#$!#,1#$/+!

.*(@;!"#$/$!0$.$!7&/4,7!1&)/!0#&!9.$/,)$)!&6$.!+#$!%&.7$/!&%!(*+'.$!/'7#!

b! D*.-! [$m.,$/3! LV159+3! U*()! &%3M! ,(! @")* ^'-D)#Q6-* E$G&'#$63* +$F3)*

?$G&$'-6#/3!$);!K$..,--!"$(($5!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!o&()$.6*(3!_Jcbg!Gib;!c! ?*.&/-*6! D$.(53! :-G$)-&* 74/(&$6-* 8)3$4$'-! fU&()&(F! R'+7#,(/&(=/!

h(,6$./,+5! U,:.*.53! _JEGg! iJ;! C&.! *(! $A+$()$)! ),/7'//,&(! &%! +#,/! /$$4,(1!

7&(+.*),7+&.5! (*+'.$! &%! V159+,*(! .$-,1,&(3! /$$! R$(.,! C.*(@%&.+3!:-G$)-&* 74/(&$6-*

8)3$4$'-!fW$0!l&.@F!R*.9$.!P!T&03!_Jb_g!iIe;!e!8+$,()&.%%!*()!8$$-$3!M")-*74/(&*823)D*&")*76%&B!_iH^!D#*.-$/!C;!S%$,%%$.3!

74/(&*6-D*&")*7N'D2%*f2.*()!T*9,)/F!B*@$.3!_JbHg*G_;!

26 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart */!+#$!/'(3!4&&(3!/@53!*,.3!*()!0*+$.;J!C&--&0,(1!+#$/$!(*+,&(*-!1&)/!0$.$!

+#$!4*(5! -&7*-!1&)/!0#,7#!$*7#!9*.+,7'-*.!7&44'(,+5!6$($.*+$);!"#&'1#!

-&0$.! ,(! .*(@3! +#$/$! -&7*-! 1&)/! 0$.$! :$-,$6$)! +&! ,(%-'$(7$! $6$.5)*5!

9$./&(*-! -,%$! 4&.$! +#*(! ),)! +#$! (*+,&(*-! )$,+,$/;_d! B$/,)$/! (*+,&(*-! *()!

-&7*-!1&)/3!+#$!9$&9-$!:$-,$6$)!,(!5$+!&+#$./;!S%$,%%$.!.$4*.@$)F!

!Q(! *)),+,&(! +&! +#$! ('4$.&'/! 7,+5! 1&)/3! *(! *(7,$(+! V159+,*(! 0*/!

7&(7$.($)!0,+#! *!4'-+,+')$! &%! -$//$.! 1&)/3! )$4&(/! *()! /9,.,+/!0#&!

4,1#+! $,+#$.! #$-9! &.! ,(O'.$! 4*(;! "#$.$! 0$.$! 1&)/! 0#&! *//,/+$)!

0&4$(!,(!7#,-):,.+#3!1&)/!&%!+#$!#&'/$#&-)3!*()!+#$!1&)/!&%!#*.6$/+;!

Q(! +,4$/! &%! ,--($//3! /9,.,+/! 9.&6,)$)! #$*-,(13! *()! &+#$./! 0$.$!

9*.+,7'-*.-5!*7+,6$!,(!+,4$!&%!0*.;__!

!

</! ,%! +#,/!0$.$!(&+!$(&'1#3!*(5!&:O$7+!0#,7#!*//,/+$)! +#$!*6$.*1$!4*(! ,(!

#,/!)*,-5!($$)/!4,1#+!:$7&4$!#,/!1&);_G!

!

*+,&62.*,4*&5,*>,,.&*+,&-284&!.8&-28&

!"#$! /+*1$! %&.! +#$! 7&(%.&(+*+,&(! :$+0$$(! 2&)! *()! +#$! 9*(+#$&(! &%! V159+!

0*/!/$+!0#$(!S#*.*&#!*/@$)!K&/$/F! L>#&! ,/! +#$!U&.)! +#*+! Q! /#&'-)!&:$5!

J!<(1$-*!S;!"#&4*/3!74/(&$6-*5'D%*6-D*0/&"%*fU&()&(F!8#,.$!S':-,7*+,&(/3!

_Jebg!_J;!_d>&&)3!C2#Q)/*'>*J%#6)3X%*1$%&'#/B*__i;!__! S%$,%%$.3! 74/(&* 6-D* &")* 7N'D2%B* GG;! 8$$! *-/&! T&:$.+! 8+,$1-,+N3! L<(7,$(+!

T$7&.)/! *()! +#$! VA&)'/! S-*1'$/3M! +$F3$G63* :#G"6)'3'4/* 8)Q$)Z* _i!

fW&6$4:$.r[$7$4:$.! _JecgF! Hb3! He^! *()3! ?&#(! R*5$/! *()! ?;! K*A0$--! K,--$.3!

J%#6)3$&)*6-D*.2D6)-*1$%&'#/*fS#,-*)$-9#,*F!>$/+4,(/+$.3!_Jccg!_JJ;!_G!C&.!+#.$$!$A*49-$/!&%!)*,-5!-,%$!,(!0#,7#!*!9$./&(!,/!#$-9$)!:5!*!L1&)M!

0#$.$! *! 4$4&.,*-! ,/! $.$7+$)! &(! ,+/! :$#*-%3! /$$! ?;! B;! B'.53! 8;! <;! D&&@3! *()! C;! V;!

<)7&7@3! $)/;3! !6HF#$D4)* :-G$)-&* 1$%&'#/B* c! 6&-/;! fD*4:.,)1$F! <+! +#$! h(,6$./,+5!

S.$//3!_JGeg*GF_EJ,* Q+! ,/! *-/&! /,1(,%,7*(+! +#*+! +#.&'1#&'+! +#$!4*N$!&%! +#$/$!1&)/3!

%&'.! 4*O&.! +#$4$/! $4$.1$)! ,(! 0#,7#! +#$! 9$&9-$! /*0! +#$! ),6,($! *+! 0&.@;! "#$!

+#$4$/!0$.$!7.$*+,&(3!%$.+,-,+53!.$/'..$7+,&(3!*()!@,(1/#,9;!Q49&.+*(+-53!*--!&%!+#$/$!

0$.$!7#*--$(1$)!:5!l*#0$#!,(!+#$!9-*1'$/!f2*.5!84,+#3!L"#$!D&(7$9+!&%!2&)r"#$!

2&)/! */! j,(1! ,(! +#$! <(7,$(+! W$*.! V*/+! *()! +#$! B,:-$3M! @#$-$&/* .'2#-63* i! t89.,(1!

_JeGuF!GJg;!X($!&%!+#$!,(+$.$/+,(1!%$*+'.$/!.$1*.),(1!V159+,*(!*.+!0*/!+#$!4*(($.!

,(! 0#,7#! +#$/$! 1&)/!0$.$! )$9,7+$)! ,(! ).*0,(1/! *()! /+*+'$/;! "#&4*/! $A9-*,($)3!

L1&)/!4,1#+!:$!)$9,7+$)!,(!+#$.,&4&.9#,7!&.!*(,4*-!%&.43!,(!*(+#.&9&4&.9#,7!&.!

#'4*(!%&.43!&.! ,(!*! +#$.,*(+#.&9,7!&.!#5:.,)! %&.4!0,+#!#'4*(!:&)5!*()!*(,4*-!

#$*);!"#$!$*.-5!*(,4*-!-,(@/!0$.$!+#$.$%&.$!.$+*,($)!$,+#$.!,(!+#$!1&)=/!/#*9$3!,(!

+#$!*++.,:'+$/!*//,1($)!+&!#,43!&.! ,(!#,/!*//&7,*+,&(!0,+#!7$.+*,(!*(,4*-/!)$$4$)!

+&!:$!/*7.$)!+&!#,4M!f"#&4*/3!74/(&$6-*5'D%*6-D*0/&"%B*__g;!8$$!*-/&3!R;!K;!",.*.)3!

@")*+''O*'>*&")*?)6D*fU&()&(F!8;!S;!D;!j;3!_J_dg!_de;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 27 #,/!6&,7$!+&!-$+!Q/.*$-!1&M!fVA&)!EFGga!"&!+#$!9&0$.%'-!S#*.*&#3!+#$!2&)!&%!

Q/.*$-!0*/!/,49-5!&($!1&)!*4&(1!4*(5!1&)/3!*()!7$.+*,(-5!,%!R$!),)!$A,/+3!

+#$! 2&)! &%! Q/.*$-! 0*/! ,(%$.,&.! +&! +#$! 1&)/! &%! V159+;! >&&)! (&+$)! +#$!

/,1(,%,7*(7$!&%!+#,/!]'$/+,&(;!

!"#,/! ]'$/+,&(! ,/! '()$./+*()*:-$! ,(! +$.4/! &%! /+*()*.)/! &%! )$,+5!

$6*-'*+,&(!*77$9+$)!,(!+#*+!)*5;!8,(7$!l*#0$#=/!9$&9-$!#*)!(&!-*()!&%!

+#$,.!&0(3!(&!*.453!*()!(&!,()$9$()$(+!/+*+'/3!S#*.*&#!+#&'1#+!+#*+!

V159+=/!1&)/!0$.$!4'7#!1.$*+$.;!B'+!2&)!0&'-)!(&+!-$+!+#,/!+#,(@,(1!

/+*();! ;! ;! ;! S$&9-$! :$-,$6$)! +#*+! +#$! )&4*,(! &%! +#$! 1&)/! &%! *! 7&'(+.5!

$A+$()$)! */! %*.! */! +#$! :&.)$./! &%! +#*+! 7&'(+.53! *()!4$*/'.$)! +#$,.!

/+.$(1+#!:5!+#$!/,N$!&%!,+3!+#$!6,7+&.,$/!&%!,+/!*.4,$/3!*()!+#$!)$1.$$!&%!

9.&/9$.,+5;_i!

!

"#$! 7&(%.&(+*+,&(!4&+,%! :$7&4$/! &($! &%! +#$!4*O&.! +#$4$/! ,(! +#$! 9-*1'$!

(*..*+,6$;!C&.!$A*49-$3!j5-$!0.&+$3!L+#,/!),/7.$),+,(1!&%!+#$!1&)/!&%!V159+!,/!

4*.@$)! *+! $6$.5! /+$9! &%! +#$! 9.&1.$//! &%! +#$! 9-*1'$/;M_H! R5*++! .$4*.@$)3!

L+#$!/+&.5!&%!+#$!9-*1'$/!,/!+#$!*77&'(+!&%!*!7&(%.&(+*+,&(!:$+0$$(!l*#0$#!

;!;!;!*()!+#$!1&)/!&%!V159+;M_E!C'.+#$.4&.$3!C.*(7,/7&!&:/$.6$)3!L+#$!7&(+$/+!

:$+0$$(!K&/$/!*()!S#*.*&#!0*/!9.,4*.,-5!*!7&(%-,7+!:$+0$$(!l*#0$#!*()!

+#$!1&)/!&%!V159+3!:$+0$$(!+#$!R$:.$0!%*,+#!*()!+#$!V159+,*(!.$-,1,&(;M_b!

"#$!7&(%-,7+! ,/!$6,)$(+!:5!+#$!.$9$*+$)!$49#*/,/!&%!l*#0$#!&(!R,/!),6,($!

(*4$! fVA&)! HFE^! bFG3! i3! c^! cF_bg^! ,+! ,/! *-/&! /$$(! :5! +#$! .$9$+,+,&(! &%! +#$!

9#.*/$!L"#$!V159+,*(/!/#*--!@(&0_c!+#*+!Q!*4!+#$!U&.)M!fVA&)!cFE^!eF_d3!_J^!

_i!>&&)3!C2#Q)/* '>* J%#6)3X%*1$%&'#/B*_Gc3!(&+$!bc^! *()3!S%$,%%$.3!74/(&* 6-D*

&")* 7N'D2%B* Hb;! 8$$! *-/&! ?&#(! 8*,-#*44$.3! @")* E)-&6&)2G"* 6%* W6##6&$Q)* f2.*()!

T*9,)/F!o&()$.6*(3!_JJGg!GHJ3!+#&'1#!#$!]'$/+,&($)!0#$+#$.!&.!(&+!+#$!V159+,*(!

7&(7$9+!&%!H6X6&!f+#$!0$--I:*-*(7$)!/5/+$4!&%!+#$!'(,6$./$!0#,7#!0*/!4*,(+*,($)!

:5!+#$!9#*.*&#g!,/!,(!6,$0!fGEGIEig;!_H! K;! 2;! j5-$3! LS-*1'$/3! &%! V159+3M! ,(! J-&)#-6&$'-63* C&6-D6#D* +$F3)*

7-G/G3'()D$63!H!6&-/;3!$);!?*4$/!X..!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!V$.)4*(/3!_Jedg!HFGHdb;!_E! ?;! S#,-,9! R5*++3! !'HH)-&6#/* '-* 7N'D2%* fU&()&(F! K*./#*--3! K&.1*(! P!

87&++!U+)3!_Jc_g!JJ;!_b! C.*(7,/7&3! L"#$! VA&)'/! ,(! Q+/! R,/+&.,7*-! 8$++,(13M! _i3! _E^! /$$! *-/&!

[&'1-*/! C&A3! L"#$! W,(+#! S-*1'$F! <(! VA$1$+,7*-! W&+$3M! .'2#-63* '>* &")* :H)#$G6-*

:G6D)H/* '>* 8)3$4$'-* HE! f?'($! _JccgF! G_J^! 8+,$1-,+N3! L<(7,$(+! T$7&.)/! *()! +#$!

VA&)'/!S-*1'$/3M!He^!*()3!S%$,%%$.3!74/(&*6-D*&")*7N'D2%B*i_;!_c!>#$(!2&)!/*,)!+#$!V159+,*(/!0&'-)!L@(&0M!+#*+!R$!,/!+#$!U&.)3!+#,/!),)!

(&+!4$.$-5!4$*(! +#$5!0&'-)! @(&0!*:&'+!R,43! %&.! +#,/! 7&'-)! /,49-5!9'+!R,4!*/!

&($! 1&)! *4&(1! 4*(5;! T*+#$.3! */! B.'$11$4*((! &:/$.6$)3! +#$! ,)$*! &%! +#$! +$.4!

L@(&0M! ,/! +#*+! +#$5! 0&'-)! .$7&1(,N$! &.! *(/0$.! +&! R,4! f>*-+$.! B.'$11$4*((3!

LS#*.*&#!*/!m*//*-F!<!8+')5!&%!*!S&-,+,7*-!K$+*9#&.3M!!6&"'3$G*+$F3$G63*[26#&)#3/*Ec!

t?*('*.5!_JJEuF!iEIicg;!

28 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart JF_H3!_b3!GJg;!C'.+#$.4&.$3!,(!+#$!/&(1!&%!+#$!.$)$$4$)!*%+$.!+#$!7.&//,(1!

&%! +#$!T$)!8$*3! +#$!9$&9-$!)$7-*.$)!L0#&! ,/! -,@$!'(+&!+#$$3!X!U&.)!*4&(1!

+#$! 1&)/M! fVA&)! _EF__ga! C,(*--53! ?$+#.&! /9&@$! +&! K&/$/! *:&'+! +#$!

)$-,6$.*(7$!%.&4!+#$!V159+,*(/!*()!7&(%$//$)3!LW&0!Q!@(&0!+#*+!+#$!U&.)!

,/! 1.$*+$.! +#*(! *--! 1&)/! fVA&)!_eF__g;! "#$! 7&(%.&(+*+,&(! *-/&! /$.6$)! */! *!

.$4,()$.!+&!Q/.*$-!&%!+#$!1.$*+($//!&%!+#$,.!2&);!</!*!7&(/$]'$(7$!&%!+#,/3!

+#$5! 0$.$! +&! @$$9! +#$! S*//&6$.! */! *! 4$4&.,*-! &%! +#$,.! )$-,6$.*(7$! *()!

6,7+&.5! 0.&'1#+! :5! l*#0$#! fVA&)! _GF_Hg;_e! "#&'1#! -$(1+#53! ?*4,$/&(=/!

0&.)/!)$/7.,:$)!+#,/!7&(%-,7+!0$--;!!

"#$5! t+#$! 9-*1'$/u! 4'/+! #*6$! 9.&)'7$)! *! 9.&%&'()! /$(/*+,&(!

*4&(1/+!,(+$--,1$(+!*()!.$%-$7+,(1!&:/$.6$./3!0#&!7&'-)!(&+!%*,-!+&!/$$!

+#$!2&)! &%! +#$!R$:.$0/! *//$.+,(1! #,/! /'9.$4*75;! ;! ;! ;! Q+!0*/! *1*,(/+!

+#,/! 4&(/+.&'/! /5/+$4! &%! ,)&-*+.53! +#$! /&'.7$! &.! +#$! +59$! &%! *--!

#$*+#$(!0&./#,9! ,(! /'77$$),(1! *1$/3! +#*+! +#$!4&4$(+&'/! 7&(+$/+! ,(!

V159+! 0*/! 0*1$);! ;! ;! ;! Q+! ,/! ,(! +#,/! 0*53! */! )$4&(/+.*+,(1! +#$! '++$.!

#$-9-$//($//! *()! ,(/,1(,%,7*(7$! &%! +#$! 1&)/3! +#*+! +#$! +.'$! 7#*.*7+$.!

*()!)$/,1(!&%!+#&/$!9-*1'$/!*.$!+&!:$!/$$(;!"#$/$!4,.*7-$/!;!;!;!%&.4$)!

*!1.*()!.$-,1,&'/!+.,'49#!0#$.$!+#$!4*O$/+5!&%!2&)!0*/!6,(),7*+$)!,(!

+#$!9.$/$(7$!&%!*!9$&9-$!%&.$4&/+!,(!+#$!.*(@!&%!7,6,-,N*+,&(;_J!

!

"#$!9'.9&/$!&%!+#,/!/$7+,&(!#*/!:$$(!+&!1,6$!*!6$.5!1$($.*-!)$/7.,9+,&(!&%!

V159+,*(! .$-,1,&(3!0#,7#!0,--! #$-9! ,(!4*@,(1!:$++$.! /$(/$! &%! +#$! /9$7,%,7/!

1,6$(!,(!+#$!($A+!/$7+,&(;!

_e! ['.#*4! /'11$/+$)! +#*+! +#$! ('4:$.! &%! +#$! 9-*1'$/! 0*/! %&.! +#,/! 6$.5!

9'.9&/$;!R$!0.&+$!+#*+!S#*.*&#!0*/!9.$6$(+$)!%.&4!:$-,$6,(1!/&!+#*+!Q/.*$-!7&'-)!

7&4$!+&!*!%'--!:$-,$%;!L"#$!4,1#+5I*7+!*77&'(+/!*.$!0.,++$(!%.&4!%*,+#!+&!%*,+#;!"#$5!

0$.$!7&49,-$)!+#*+!+#$!1$($.*+,&(/!&%!Q/.*$-!+&!7&4$!4,1#+!@(&0!+#*+!l*#0$#!,/3!

*()! /&! @(&0! *-/&! +#$! .$)$49+,&(! &%! $A&)'/3! 0#*+$6$.! +#$,.! :&()*1$M! f?&#(!

['.#*43!7N'D2%B!JJI_ddg;!_J!T&:$.+!?*4,$/&(3!:*!'HH)-&6#/P*!#$&$G63B*7N()#$H)-&63B*6-D*E#6G&$G63B*i!

6&-/;! f2.*()! T*9,)/F! V$.)4*(/3! _Jceg! _FideIi_i;! D&(/$]'$(+-53! ,+! ,/! $*/5! +&!

'()$./+*()!0#5!(&!V159+,*(!.$7&.)/!4$(+,&(!+#$/$!9-*1'$/;!<-,(1!$A9-*,($)3!L+#$!

9$&9-$/!&%!+#$!*(7,$(+!W$*.!V*/+!@$9+!#,/+&.,7*-!.$7&.)/!+&!,49.$//!+#$,.!1&)/!*()!

*-/&! 9&+$(+,*-! $($4,$/3! *()! +#$.$%&.$3! .*.$-53! ,%! $6$.3! 4$(+,&($)! )$%$*+/! &.!

7*+*/+.&9#$/;! T$7&.)/! &%! ),/*/+$./! 0&'-)! (&+! $(#*(7$! +#$! .$9'+*+,&(! &%! +#$!

V159+,*(/! ,(! +#$!$5$/!&%! +#$,.!1&)/3!(&.!4*@$! +#$,.!$($4,$/!4&.$!*%.*,)!&%! +#$,.!

4,-,+*.5!4,1#+M!fD#*.-$/!<-,(13!74/(&*6-D*+$F3)*1$%&'#/P*L#'H*76#3$)%&*@$H)%*&'*_```*

+,!,* t2.*()! T*9,)/F! B*@$.3! _Je_u! _dig;! B.,1#+! *-/&! 7&44$(+$)F! L"#*+! V159+,*(!

.$7&.)/!)&!(&+!4$(+,&(!,+!,/!(&+!/'.9.,/,(1;!W&+!&(-5!0$.$!S#*.*&#/!'(*77'/+&4$)!

+&!7$-$:.*+$!.$6$./$/3!:'+!*(!*%%*,.!,(6&-6,(1!&(-5!*!9*.+5!&%!.'(*0*5!/-*6$/!0&'-)!

#*6$! :$$(! *-+&1$+#$.! &%! 4,(&.! /,1(,%,7*(7$M! f?&#(! B.,1#+3! :* 1$%&'#/* '>* J%#6)3*

tS#,-*)$-9#,*F!>$/+4,(/+$.3!_JEJu!__Gg;!


*+,&4:,61916&/,01-1234&5!67-/23.8&29&*+,&:0!-3,&.!//!*1<,&&

"#$! 9'.9&/$! &%! +#$! %&--&0,(1! ),/7'//,&(! ,/! +&! 9.&6,)$! /&4$! /9$7,%,7!

:*7@1.&'()! ,(%&.4*+,&(! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! *(7,$(+! V159+,*(! .$-,1,&(! 0#,7#!

0,--!%'.+#$.!,--'4,(*+$!+#$!/,1(,%,7*(7$!&%!S#*.*&#=/!#*.)!#$*.+;!

!

12.!3%4%,%+)!05!+2.!62#70#2!

&

X($!&%!+#$!.$7'..,(1!,(7,)$(+/!,(!+#$!9-*1'$!(*..*+,6$!,/!+#$!*99$*.*(7$/!&%!

K&/$/!*()!<*.&(!:$%&.$!S#*.*&#!f:$-,$6$)!+&!:$!<4$(#&+$9!QQgGd!*()!+#$!

$A7#*(1$!*4&(1!+#$4;!Q+!0&'-)!:$!),/+.$//,(1!$(&'1#!+&!/+*()!:$%&.$!+#$!

4&(*.7#!&%! +#$!1.$*+$/+!$49,.$!&(!$*.+#!0,+#!*(!'(9&9'-*.!.$]'$/+;!<))!

+&!+#,/!+#$!%*7+3!#&0$6$.3!+#*+!#$!0*/!(&+!7&(/,)$.$)!+&!:$!&(-5!*!4*(3!&.!

$6$(!*!4$.$!.$9.$/$(+*+,6$!&%!+#$!1&)/3!:'+!#,4/$-%!),6,($;!Q+!,/!(&!0&()$.!

+#*+! K&/$/! )$6,/$)! /$6$.*-! $A7'/$/! +&! *6&,)! +#,/! 7&(%.&(+*+,&(;! "#$!

S#*.*&#!0*/!:$-,$6$)! +&!:$! +#$! ,(7*.(*+,&(! *()!9*+.&(!&%! +#$! %*-7&(I1&)!

R&.'/3! *()! +#$.$%&.$! *! 1&)! ,(! #,/! &0(! .,1#+;G_! Q(! *)),+,&(3! #$! 0*/! *-/&!

7&(/,)$.$)!+&!:$!+#$!9#5/,7*-!/&(!&%!+#$!/'(I1&)!T$;GG!

! "#$! S#*.&*#=/! *--$1$)! ),$+5! ,/! %'.+#$.! ,--'/+.*+$)! :5! *! .$7&.)$)!

9.*5$.!+&!T$!&%!T*4$/$/!QQQ!f/$7&()!@,(1!&%!+#$!Gd+#![5(*/+5g!,(!0#,7#!#$!

9.*5$)!LQ!*4!5&'.!/&(3!0#&4!5&'.!+0&!*.4/!:.&'1#+! %&.+#;!l&'!#*6$!/$+!

4$!'9!*/!/&6$.$,1(!&6$.!$6$.5!-*();!C&.!4$!5&'!#*6$!4*)$!9$.%$7+,&(!&(!

$*.+#;!Q!9$.%&.4!5&'.!)'+5!,(!9$*7$;MGi!<(!V159+,*(!9&$4!%'.+#$.!7&(%,.4/!

+#$!),6,($!*++.,:'+$/!&%!+#$!S#*.*&#;!!

!

Gd! C,($1*(! &:/$.6$)! +#*+! $6$(! ,(! #,/! 5&'+#3! <4$(#&+$9! QQ! ),/+,(1',/#$)!

#,4/$-%! :5! #,/! /+.$(1+#! *()! 6*-&.;! R$! 0*/! '(/'.9*//$)! ,(! .&0,(13! *.7#$.53! *()!

#&./$4*(/#,9;! C'.+#$.4&.$3! L0#$(! +#$! 1.$*+! 0*..,&.=/! 4'445! 0*/! %&'()! ,(!

_eJe! ,(! +#$!m*--$5!&%! +#$!j,(1/!*+!"#$:$/3!#,/! %*4&'/!:&03!0#,7#!#$!:&*/+$)!(&!

&+#$.!4*(!7&'-)!).*03!0*/!/+,--!:$/,)$!#,4;! Q+!:&.$! +#$! ,(/7.,9+,&(! p/4,+$.!&%! +#$!

7*6$)0$--$./3! &6$.+#.&0$.! &%! j'/#3! #*7@,(1! '9! +#$,.! 7,+,$/k+#$! 2.$*+! >*--! &%!

V159+3! S.&+$7+&.! &%! #,/! /&-),$./M! f?*7@! C,($1*(3! ;$4"&* >#'H* &")* :-G$)-&* E6%&*

tS.,(7$+&(F! S.,(7$+&(! h(,6$./,+5! S.$//3! _JEJu! _dGIdi^! %&.! %'.+#$.! $A9-&,+/! &%!

<4$(#&+$9!QQ3!/$$!8+$,()&.%%!*()!8$$-$3!M")-*74/(&*823)D*&")*76%&B*be%%;g;!G_!D$.(53!:-G$)-&*74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B!iG^!S%$,%%$.3!74/(&*6-D*&")*7N'D2%B!G_;!GG!8;!T;!j;!2-*(6,--$3!?6$3/*;$>)*$-*:-G$)-&*74/(&*fU&()&(F!2$&.1$!T&'+-$)1$!

P! 8&(/3! _Jidg! _Ji;! S,$..$!K&(+$+! *-/&! 7&44$(+$)F! L"#$! @,(1! 0*/! 7$.+*,(-5! %*.!

*:&6$! &.),(*.5! 4&.+*-/;! Q(! &%%,7,*-! /+$-*$! #$! 0*/! &%+$(! 7*--$)! -)&)#* -)>)#3! +#$!

9$.%$7+! 1&);! <! 7&'.+,$.! $6$(! )$/7.,:$)! #,4! */! -)&)#* 66B* +#$! 1.$*+! 1&)M! f7&)#-63*

74/(&*tW$0!l&.@F!"#$!W$0!<4$.,7*(!U,:.*.53!_JbHu!Ecg;!Gi!S,$..$!K&(+$+3!7Q)#/D6/*;$>)*$-*74/(&B*_Ji;!


R$!,/!S$.7$9+,&(!0#,7#!,/!,(!f4$(=/g!#$*.+/3!

<()!#,/!$5$/!/$*.7#!&'+!$6$.5:&)5;!

R$!,/!T$3!:5!0#&/$!:$*4/!&($!/$$/3!

R$!,/!&($!0#&!,--'4,($/!+#$!"0&!U*()/!4&.$!+#*(!

+#$!/'(!),/7;!

R$!,/!&($!0#&!4*@$/!+#$!-*()!1.$$($.!+#*(!f)&$/g!

*!#,1#!W,-$3!

%&.!#$!#*/!%,--$)!+#$!"0&!U*()/!0,+#!/+.$(1+#!*()!

-,%$;GH!

!

</! *! 1&)3! +#$! S#*.*&#! 0*/! *:-$! +&! 7&44'(,7*+$! 0,+#! *--! &%! +#$! 1&)/;!

D&(/$]'$(+-53! #$! :$7*4$! +#$! #,1#! 9.,$/+! &%! $6$.5! 7'-+3! *()!0*/! +#$! /&-$!

&%%,7,*(+! ,(! +#$! +$49-$! .,+'*-/! '(-$//! )$-$1*+$)! +&! &+#$.! 9.,$/+/;! R$! 0*/!

+#$.$%&.$! +#$! -,(@! :$+0$$(! +#$!0&.-)! *()! +#$! 1&)/! *()! 1&))$//$/;GE! W&+!

&(-5! ),)! +#$! S#*.*&#! #*6$! +#$/$! .$-,1,&'/! )'+,$/3! #$! *-/&! #*)! /&7,*-! *()!

9&-,+,7*-!)'+,$/!:$7*'/$!&%!#,/!9&/,+,&(;!84,+#!$A9-*,($)3!L/,(7$!+#$!S#*.*&#!

0*/! ),6,($3! @,(1/#,9! ,(! V159+! .$4*,($)! *! 7#*(($-! +#.&'1#! 0#,7#! +#$!

9&0$./!&%!(*+'.$!%-&0$)!,(+&!+#$!:&)5!9&-,+,7!+&!:.,(1!#'4*(!$()$*6&.!+&!

%.',+,&(;!"#'/! +#$!4*,(+$(*(7$!&%!(*+'.$!*()!7,6,-,N*+,&(!0$.$!)$9$()$(+!

&(! +#$!@,(1;MGb!"#$!L),6,(,+5!&%! +#$!S#*.*&#M!7*(!*-/&!:$!$A9-*,($)!:5! +#$!

V159+,*(! :$-,$%! ,(! 0&.-)! &.)$.;! "#$5! :$-,$6$)! +#*+! 06,6,&* .$9.$/$(+$)!

0&.-)!&.)$.!*()!0*/!$/+*:-,/#$)!,(!9.,4$6*-!+,4$^!,+!0*/!+#&'1#+!+#*+!+#,/!

&.)$.! 0&'-)! 9.$6*,-! .$1*.)-$//! &%! *)6$./$! 7,.7'4/+*(7$/! /,(7$! ,+! 0*/!

9.,4*.,-5!*7+'*-,N$)!:5!S#*.*&#!0#&!0*/!),6,($-5!]'*-,%,$);!B-$$@$.!(&+$)!

+#$!/,1(,%,7*(7$!&%!+#,/!.$/9&(/,:,-,+5;!

!"#&'1#!/$6$.*-!9#*.*&#/!'()&':+$)-5!0$.$!1',-+5!&%!*:'/$!&%!9&0$.!;!

;!;!+#$5!0$.$!!*--!7&(/7,&'/!&%!+#$!#$*65!.$/9&(/,:,-,+5!0#,7#!+#$5!#*)!

+&!:$*.;!C&.!,+!0*/!+#$,.!&:-,1*+,&(!+&!$/+*:-,/#!K*;*;+!,(!+#$,.!@,(1)&4!

:5!*!1&&)!*()!0,/$!1&6$.(4$(+;!;!;!;!C&.!+#*+!.$*/&(!+#$!9#*.*&#!*-/&!

*7+$)!*/!#,1#!9.,$/+;!B$,(1!*!/&(!&%!*!1&)!#$!7&'-)!4$),*+$!:$+0$$(!

#$*6$(!*()!$*.+#;Gc!

!

!

GH! ?;! B;! S.,+7#*.)3! $);3! :-G$)-&* W)6#* 76%&)#-* @)N&%3! i.)! $);* fS.,(7$+&(F!

S.,(7$+&(!h(,6$./,+5!S.$//3!_JbJg!Hi_!GE!"#&4*/3!74/(&$6-*5'D%*6-D*0/&"%B*Gb;!C&.!*!)$/7.,9+,&(!&%! +#$! +$49-$!

*()!,+/!.,+'*-/3!/$$!j*.&-!K5/-,0,$73!7$4"&))-&"*?/-6%&/*+)>'#)*&")*:H6#-6*E)#$'D*

f"#$!W$+#$.-*()/F!V;!?;!B.,--3!_JeEg!bI_G;!Gb!2*.5!84,+#3!L"#$!D&(7$9+!&%!2&)r"#$!2&)/!*/!j,(1!,(!+#$!<(7,$(+!W$*.!

V*/+!*()!+#$!B,:-$3M!GJ;!Gc! D-**/! ?&'7&! B-$$@$.3! L"#$! S*++$.(! &%! +#$! <(7,$(+! V159+,*(! D'-+'.$3M!

W2H)-*_G!f_JbEgFcJIed^!/$$!*-/&3!C.*(@%&.+3!:-G$)-&*74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B*Hi;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 31 12.!8#79!8.#7+!05!62#70#2!

&

X($! &%! +#$! :$/+! @(&0(! 4&+,%/! &%! +#$! 0#&-$! $A&)'/! *77&'(+! ,/! +#$!

#*.)$(,(1Ge!&%!S#*.*&#=/!#$*.+;GJ!"#$!7&(7$9+!,/!(&.4*--5!),/7'//$)!%.&4!*!

+#$&-&1,7*-! 9$./9$7+,6$! )$*-,(1! 0,+#! ),6,($! /&6$.$,1(+5! *()! #'4*(!

.$/9&(/,:,-,+5! 0#,7#! /$$@/! +&! *(/0$.! +#$! ]'$/+,&(F! 0#&! ,(,+,*+$)! +#$!

#*.)$(,(1!9.&7$//a!"#$!*/9$7+!&%!#*.)$(,(1! ,/!(&+!1$.4*($!+&!+#,/!/+')53!

#&0$6$.3!+#$.$!,/!*!('%%$F3)!7'-+,7!:$-,$%!+#*+!%&.4/!+#,/!,)$*;!

!

1;&!9B%;!#?!2',C,'!

!

Q+!0*/!:$-,$6$)! +#*+!X/,.,/3! *!1&&)!@,(13!0*/!@,--$)!:5!#,/!0,7@$)!:.&+#$.!

8$+#!0#&! ),/4$4:$.$)! #,/! :&)5! *()! /7*++$.$)! +#$! 9*.+/! &6$.! +#$! $*.+#;!

"#$! /,/+$.! *()! 0,%$! &%! X/,.,/! fQ/,/g! %&'()! #,/! .$4*,(/! *()! $.$7+$)! *!

4&('4$(+! &6$.! $*7#! 9*.+;! >#$(! +#$,.! /&(! R&.'/! 1.$0! +&! 4*+'.,+53! #$!

*6$(1$)!+#$!)$*+#!&%!#,/! %*+#$.!:5!0,((,(1!*!6,7+&.5!&6$.!8$+#;!K*1,7*--53!

#$!0*/!*:-$!+&!:.,(1!X/,.,/!:*7@!+&!-,%$;!X/,.,/!:$7*4$!f*4&(1!&+#$.!+#,(1/g!

+#$! O')1$!*()! .'-$.!&%! +#$!'()$.0&.-);!"#$!V159+,*(! %&'()! /&-*7$! ,(! +#,/!

45+#! %&.! ,+! 1*6$! +#$! *77&'(+! &%! &($! 0#&! #*)! *++*,($)! -,%$! *%+$.! )$*+#;!

"#$.$.%&.$3! +#$5! +&&! #*)! +#$! #&9$! &%! ,44&.+*-,+53! %&.! X/,.,/! 7&'-)! 1,6$!

$+$.(*-! -,%$! +&! &+#$./! :$7*'/$! #$! #*)! :$$(! 4*)$! ,(7&..'9+,:-$! *()!

,44&.+*-;id!

!

1;&!8=<<!#?!K@OLM&$%!

!

C.&4! +#,/! 1$($.*-!45+#! &%! X/,.,/3! +#$.$! )$6$-&9$)! *! .*+#$.! /&9#,/+,7*+$)!

:$-,$%! ,(! +#$! O')14$(+! &%! +#$! )$*)^! ,+! 0*/! #$-)! +#*+! +#$! )$7$*/$)!0&'-)!

Ge!T&:$.+!D#,/#&-4!?.;!,/!7&..$7+!+#*+!+#$!S,$-!/+$4!,/!'/$)!,(!+#,/!,(/+*(7$!

0,+#! *! %*7+,+,6$! ('*(7$! 0,+#! +#$! ,)$*! &%! L+&! 4*@$! .,1,)3! '(5,$-),(13! .$/&-'+$3!

/+'::&.(M!fL[,6,($!R*.)$(,(1!,(!+#$!X-)!"$/+*4$(+3M!H_Eg^!+#,/!/$(/$!0,--!:$!/$$(!

+&!7&..$/9&()!(,7$-5!0,+#!+#$!.$-,1,&'/!:*7@1.&'()!&%!+#,/!7&(7$9+;!GJ!C&.!*!),/7'//,&(!&%!+#$!L#$*.+3M!/$$!2.$1&.5!j;!B$*-$3!L<(!VA$1$+,7*-!*()!

"#$&-&1,7*-!D&(/,)$.*+,&(!&%!+#$!R*.)$(,(1!&%!S#*.*&#=/!R$*.+!,(!VA&)'/!HI_H!*()!

T&4*(/!J3M!@#$-$&/*.'2#-63*E!f<'+'4(!_JeHgF!_iGIii;!id! C.*(7,/7&3! L"#$! VA&)'/! ,(! Q+/! R,/+&.,7*-! 8$++,(13M! _E^! V;! <;! B')1$3!@")*

5'DX%* '>* &")* 74/(&$6-%P* '#* C&2D$)%* $-* 74/(&$6-* 0/&"'3'4/* * fW$0! l&.@F! [&6$.!

S':-,7*+,&(/3! _JbJg! _H_^! *()3! l6$/! D*4:$.%&.+3! LU$! 87*.*:$$! )*(/! -=V159+$!

<(7,$(($3M!8)Q2)* D)* 3X1$%&'$#)* D)%* 8)3$4$'-%*GdH! f<((Y$! _JecgF! iIHb;! B$%&.$! &($!

/7&%%/!*+!+#,/!-&1,73!,+!,/!,(+$.$/+,(1!+&!.$4$4:$.!+#*+!+#$!D#.,/+,*(!.$-,1,&(!:*/$/!,+/!

#&9$!&(!X($!:$7*'/$!R$!7&(]'$.$)!)$*+#;!"#$!&(-5!),%%$.$(7$3!&%!7&'./$3!,/!+#*+!,(!

+#$!&($!7*/$!+#,/!.$*--5!&77'..$)3!#&0$6$.!+#$!-&1,7!,/!+#$!/*4$;!

32 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart $(+$.!*!1.$*+!#*--!&%!O')14$(+!&.!.,1#+$&'/($//;!Q(!*!/&.+!&%!:*-7&(5!,(!+#,/!

#*--!0$.$!/$*+$)! %&.+5I+0&!*//$//&.!1&)/;i_!"#$!)$7$*/$)! +'.($)! +&! +#$/$!

1&)/! *()! .$9$*+$)! +#$! LW$1*+,6$! D&(%$//,&(;MiG! "#$! W$1*+,6$! D&(%$//,&(!

0*/!*! -,/+!&%!6*.,&'/!7.,4$/!*()!/#&.+7&4,(1/!0#,7#!+#$!)$7$*/$)!)$(,$)!

#*6,(1!7&44,++$)!)'.,(1!#,/!$*.+#-5!-,%$;!"#$!9$./&(!0&'-)!.$9$*+!/&4$!&%!

+#$!%&--&0,(1F!

!Q!#*6$!(&+!:-*/9#$4$)!*!1&);!

Q!#*6$!(&+!4*)$!*(5&($!/,7@;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!4*)$!*(5&($!0$$9;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!@,--$);!

Q!#*6$!(&+!)$%,-$)!45/$-%;!

Q!#*6$!($,+#$.!,(7.$*/$)!&.!),4,(,/#$)!+#$!1.*,(I4$*/'.$;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!/$$(!$6,-;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!)$%*4$)!*!/-*6$!+&!#,/!/'9$.,&.;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!7&44,++$)!$6,-!*1*,(/+!4$(;!

Q!#*6$!(&+!7&44,++$)!/,(!,(!+#$!9-*7$!&%!+.'+#;!

Q!9'+!(&!7#$7@!&(!+#$!0*+$.!,(!,+/!%-&0;!

!

i_!C&.!*!)$/7.,9+,&(!&%!+#,/!0#&-$!.,+'*-!&%!O')14$(+3!/$$!B')1$3!@")*5'D%*

'>* &")* 74/(&$6-%P* '#* C&2D$)%* $-* 74/(&$6-* 0/&"'3'4/B* _HGI_HH^! "#&4*/3! 74/(&$6-*

5'D%*6-D*0/&"%B*E_^!<-$A*().$!K&.$+3! J-* &")*@$H)*'>* &")*E"6#6'"%* *fU&()&(F!"#$!

j(,7@$.:&7@$.!S.$//3!_J__g!GibIic^!*()3!K&(+$+3!7&)#-63*74/(&B*idi;!iG! "#$! W$1*+,6$! D&(%$//,&(! 0*/! 9*.+! &%! 7#*9+$.! _GE! &%! +#$! +''O* '>* &")*

?)6D! f"#&4*/3! 74/(&$6-* 5'D%* 6-D* 0/&"%B* E_g;! @")* !'>>$-* @)N&%B* @")* +''O* '>* &")*

?)6DB**()!@")*+''O*'>*56&)%B*,(!*)),+,&(!+&!+#$!0#&-$!%'($.*.5!-,+$.*+'.$!&%!V159+!

,/!-,+$.*+'.$!.$1*.),(1!+#$!V159+,*(/=!%$*.!&%!)$*+#3!9*.+,7'-*.-5!,4*1,($)!O')14$(+!

,(!+#$!*%+$.-,%$!fC.*(@%&.+3!:-G$)-&*74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B*__cg;!K&.$+!&:/$.6$)!+#*+!+#$!

9'.9&/$! &%! +#$! +''O* '>* &")* ?)6D* L,/! +&! 1,6$! +#$! @$5! +&! +#$! $//$(+,*-! 9.&:-$4/3!

7&(7$.(,(1!1&)/!*()!4$(3!*()!+&!4$$+!+#$!0,/#$/!&%!+#$!)$6&'+!/&'-/!0#&!#'(1$.!

%&.! .$-,1,&'/!:$-,$%3! *.$! 7'.,&'/! *:&'+! +#$,.! &.,1,(3! *()! %'--! &%! *(A,$+5! 7&(7$.(,(1!

+#$,.!&0(!)$/+,(5M!fK&.$+3!J-*&")*@$H)*'>*&")*E"6#6'"%3!GiJg;!Q+!,/!(&!0&()$.3!+#$(3!

*/!K&.$+!7&(+,('$)F!L+#$!4'44,%,7*+,&(!&%!,(('4$.*:-$!7&.9/$/!*()!+#$!7&'(+-$//!

9*95.'/!/7.&--/3!7*--$)!@")*+''O*'>*&")*?)6D!-*,)!($*.!+#$4!%&.!+#$,.!9.&+$7+,&(!,(!

$6$.5!V159+,*(!($7.&9&-,/;! ;! ;! ;!"#$.$!0*/! +#$.$%&.$3!/-,99$)! ,(+&! +#$!7&--$7+,&(!&%!

+#$!($7$//*.5!+$A+/;!;!;!;!"#,/!+''O*'>*&")*?)6D!,/!%&'()!:5!+#$!+#&'/*()/!)$9&/,+$)!

($*.!+#$!4'44,$/M!f,:,);!G_eI_J3!GG_g;!K&.$+=/!&:/$.6*+,&(/!*.$!,(!@$$9,(1!0,+#!

+#$! %*7+! +#*+! +#$! +&4:/!0$.$! %,--$)!0,+#!&:O$7+/!0#,7#!0&'-)! /'99&/$)-5! *,)! +#$!

)$*)! ,(! +#$,.! +.$@! +#.&'1#! +#$! *%+$.-,%$! f7%;! S%$,%%$.3! 74/(&* 6-D* &")* 7N'D2%B* Geg;!

B$/,)$/!%&&)!*()!).,(@3!%'.(,+'.$!*()!&+#$.!($7$//,+,$/!&%!-,%$3!>&&)!(&+$)!+#*+!,(!

$*.-5! )*5/! $6$(! /$.6*(+/! 0$.$! /-*,(! *()! 9-*7$)! :$/,)$! +#$,.! 4*/+$.=/! :&),$/!

f>&&)3!C2#Q)/*'>*J%#6)3X%*1$%&'#/B*__ig;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 33 "#$!7&(%$//,&(!$()$)!:5!+#$!)$7$*/$)!.$9$*+,(13!LQ!*4!9'.$sM!%&'.!+,4$/;ii!

<-/&!,(!+#$!R*--!&%!?')14$(+!0*/!*!9*,.!&%!/7*-$/!/,4,-*.!+&!+#*+!0,+#!0#,7#!

+#$! V159+,*(! 0*/! *7]'*,(+$)! ,(! )*,-5! -,%$;! Q(! &($! 9*(! &%! +#$! /7*-$/! +#$!

9$./&(=/!#$*.+!0*/!9-*7$)!/,(7$! ,+!0*/!+#&'1#+!+&!.$9.$/$(+!+#$!+#&'1#+/3!

*7+,&(/3! *()! 7&(/7,$(7$! &%! +#$! 9$./&(;iH! Q(! +#$! &+#$.! 9*(! 0*/! 9-*7$)! *!

%$*+#$.!0#,7#! .$9.$/$(+$)! +.'+#! *()! O'/+,7$;! Q%! +#$! #$*.+!0*/! #$*65!0,+#!

/,(3!+#$!/7*-$/!0$.$!+,99$)!*()!+#$!9$./&(!0*/!7&()$4($);!R&0$6$.3!,%!+#$!

#$*.+!4*,(+*,($)!*(!$]',-,:.,'4!0,+#! +#$! %$*+#$.3! +#$!9$./&(!0*/!9*//$)!

,(+&!$+$.(*-!-,%$;!"#&+#3!+#$!/7.,:$!&%!+#$!1&)/3!/+&&)!:5!+#$!/7*-$)!+&!.$7&.)!

+#$!.$/'-+/;iE!X(! +#$!/+*()*.)!:*-*(7$!&%! +#$!/7*-$/!/*+!*!)&1I#$*)$)!*9$3!

0#&!0*/!+#$!7&49*(,&(!&%!"#&+#;!"#$!O*7@*-I#$*)$)!1&)!<(':,/!$A*4,($)!

+#$! 9&,(+$.! +&!4*@$! 7$.+*,(! +#*+! +#$! :$*4!0*/! $A*7+-5! :*-*(7$);! <-/&! :5!

+#$!/7*-$/!0*/!+#$!#*-%!7.&7&),-$3!#*-%!#,99&9&+*4'/!<4*,+!0#&!0&'-)!+'.(!

,+/!O*0/!+&0*.)!X/,.,/!*()!*/@!9$.4,//,&(!+&!)$6&'.!+#$!($07&4$.;ib!<%+$.!

+#$! 0$,1#,(1! &%! +#$! #$*.+3! <(':,/! 0&'-)! .$-*5! +#$! .$/'-+! +&! "#&+#! 0#&!

0&'-)! .$7&.)! +#$! .$/'-+/! *()! )$7-*.$! +&! X/,.,/F! L"#$! )$7$*/$)! #*/! :$$(!

0$,1#$)!,(!+#$!:*-*(7$^!+#$.$!,/!(&!0.&(1!,(!#,4^!#,/!#$*.+!,/!,(!*77&.)*(7$!

0,+#! +.'+#3! +#$! :*-*(7$! ,/! $A*7+^! +#$.$! ,/! (&! )&':+^! *--! #,/! 4$4:$./! *.$!

9$.%$7+;Mic!"#$!)$7$*/$)!0&'-)!+#$(!:$!1.*(+$)!$+$.(*-!-,%$!:5!X/,.,/;!!

!

1;&!8=CO&$,$L!#?!%;&!8&=C%!

!

</!*! +#,(@,(1!V159+,*(! .$%-$7+$)!&(!#,/! $6$(+'*-! *99$*.*(7$! ,(! +#,/! 1.$*+!

#*--! :$%&.$! +#$! 1&)/! *()!*! .*6$(&'/!4&(/+$.!0,+#! O*0/! *1*9$3! +#$.$!0*/!

ii!S.,+7#*.)B*:-G$)-&*W)6#*76%&)#-*@)N&%B*iH;!!iH!B')1$3!@")*5'D*'>* &")*74/(&$6-%B*_HG;!V;!<;!B')1$!7&44$(+$)! %'.+#$.3!

L+#$!#$*.+!0*/!(&+!&(-5! +#$!/$*+!&%! +#$!9&0$.!&%! -,%$3!:'+!*-/&! +#$!/&'.7$!&%!:&+#!

1&&)!*()!$6,-!+#&'1#+/^!*()!,+!/&4$+,4$/!+59,%,$)!+#$!7&(/7,$(7$;! Q+!0*/!1'*.)$)!

*%+$.! )$*+#! 0,+#! /9$7,*-! 7*.$3! *()! 0*/! 4'44,%,$)! /$9*.*+$-5M! f74/(&$6-* 064$G*

tW$0!l&.@F!h(,6$./,+5!B&&@/3!(;);u!GJg;!iE!m$.&(,7*!Q&(/3!74/(&$6-*0/&"'3'4/*fK,))-$/$AF!"#$!R*4-5(!S':-,/#,(1!

2.&'93! _Jbeg! eb;! D&(/,)$.$)! */! +#$! /7.,:$! &%! +#$! 1&)/3! "#&+#!0*/! *-/&! 7.$),+$)!

0,+#!#*6,(1!0.,++$(!0,+#!#,/!&0(!#*()!*--!&%!+#$!0,/)&4!&%!+#$!0&.-)!,(+&!%&.+5I

+0&! 6&-'4$/! fK*.1*.$+! K'..*53! @")* C(3)-D'#* &"6&* Z6%* 74/(&* tW$0! l&.@F!

R*0+#&.(!B&&@/3!_Jbiu!_b_g;!ib!K&.$+3!J-*&")*@$H)*'>*&")*E"6#6'"%B*GiE^!K&(+$+3!7Q)#/D6/*;$>)*$-*:-G$)-&*

74/(&B* idi;! C&.! &+#$.! 9&//,:-$! 9'(,/#4$(+/! /'7#! */! ).&0(,(13! /(*@$/! 0,+#!

4'-+,9-$! #$*)/3!0,(1/! *()! -&(1! -$1/3! *()! +#$! /-*'1#+$.:-&7@3! /$$! U$&(*.)! U$/@&3!

L[$*+#! *()! +#$! <%+$.-,%$! ,(! <(7,$(+! V159+,*(! "#&'1#+3M! ,(! !$Q$3$=6&$'-%* '>* &")*

:-G$)-&* W)6#* 76%&3! H! 6&-/;3! $);! ?*7@! 8*//&(! fW$0! l&.@F! D#*.-$/! 87.,:($.=/! 8&(/3!

_JJEg!iF_cbJ!ic!K&.$+3!J-*&")*@$H)*'>*&")*E"6#6'"%3!GibIic;!

34 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart &($! +#,(1! 0#,7#! +$..,%,$)! #,4;! Q(! /9,+$! &%! #,/! .$7,+*+,&(! &%! +#$! W$1*+,6$!

D&(%$//,&(3!#$!@($0!9$.%$7+-5!0$--!+#*+!#,/!7&(%$//,&(!0*/!(&+!7&49-$+$-5!

+.'$3! %&.! (&! &($! #*)! 9$.%$7+-5! *:,)$)! :5! *--! &%! +#$! /+*+$4$(+/;! "#$!

7&49*.,/&(! 0&'-)! :$! -,@$! /&4$&($! 7&(%$//,(1! +&! 2&)! +#*+! #$! #*)! (&+!

6,&-*+$)! +#$! "$(! D&44*()4$(+/! &.! +#$! 8$.4&(! &(! +#$! K&'(+;!

<77&.),(1-53! +#$.$! 0*/! *! %$*.! +#*+! ,(! /9,+$! &%! +#$! D&(%$//,&(3! +#$! #$*.+!

0&'-)! :$-,$! ,+/! &0($.! *()! :$! #$*65! ,(! +#$! /7*-$/! -$*),(1! +&! #,/!

7&()$4(*+,&(;!</!K&.$+!*//$.+$)F!L+#$!4&/+!,49-*7*:-$!*77'/$.!&%!4*(!,/!

+#$!#$*.+!0#&/$!*//$.+,&(/!7*((&+!:$!7&(+$/+$)3!#$!#,4/$-%3!#,/!&0(!#$*.+3!

0#,7#! ,/! %'--5! *0*.$! +#*+! &%+$(! #$! 6,&-*+$)! +#$! 4&.*-! -*0! +#*+! #$! @($0!

9$.%$7+-5;Mie!

! Q(!&.)$.!+&!*6$.+!+#,/!)*(1$.3!*!4*1,7!.,+'*-!0*/!)$6,/$)!+#*+!0&'-)!

1,6$!+#$!)$7$*/$)!9.&+$7+,&(!,(!+#$!0&.-)!+&!7&4$!:5!&6$.7&4,(1!+#$!%&.+5I

+0&! 1&)/! *()! +#$! .$*),(1! &%! +#$! /7*-$/;! ['.,(1! +#$! 9.&7$)'.$! &%!

4'44,%,7*+,&(3iJ!+#$!#$*.+!0*/!.$4&6$)!%.&4!+#$!:&)5!*()!.$9-*7$)!0,+#!

*!/7*.*:Hd!*4'-$+;H_!<(! ,(7*(+*+,&(!0*/!9.&(&'(7$)!&.!$6$(! ,(/7.,:$)!&(!

+#$!*4'-$+!+.*(/%$..,(1!4*1,7*-!9&0$./!+&!,+;!"#$!9.&7$//!0*/!)$/7.,:$)!:5!

B')1$F! L"#$! 0&.)/! &%! ,+! 0$.$! .$7,+$)! &6$.! *! #*.)3! 1.$$(! /+&($! /7*.*:3!

0#,7#!/#*--!:$!-*,)!,(!+#$!:.$*/+!&%!+#$!)$7$*/$)!0#$.$!+#$!#$*.+!&.),(*.,-5!

0&'-)!:$;!Q(!+#$!)$/7.,9+,&(!&%!+#$!*4'-$+/!0#,7#!+#$!V159+,*(/!'/$)3!:&+#!

+#$! /':/+*(7$!&%! +#$!*4'-$+!*()! +#$!0&.)/!0#,7#!0$.$! ,(/7.,:$)!'9&(! ,+!

9&//$//$)!4*1,7*-!9&0$./;MHG!D$.(5!&%%$.$)!+#$!%&--&0,(1!$A9-*(*+,&(;!

!D#*9+$.! id! &%! +#$! B&&@! &%! +#$! [$*)! ,/! *(&+#$.! ,(/+*(7$! &%! 1$++,(1!

*.&'()!+#$!$+#,7*-!.$]',.$4$(+/!&%!/,(-$//($//!,(!+#$!O')14$(+!&%!+#$!

ie!Q:,);!GEb;!iJ! C&.! *! ),/7'//,&(! &%! $4:*-4,(1! 9.&7$)'.$/3! /$$! Q&(/3! 74/(&$6-*

0/&"'3'4/B* _i_IiG^! *()3! 87&++! U*(1/+&(3! LV159+,*(! K'44,%,7*+,&(3M! +$F3$G63*

J332%&#6&'#*GJ!f8'44$.!GddigF!ce;!Hd!"#$!/7*.*:!0*/!*!:$$+-$!0#,7#!0*/!*//&7,*+$)!0,+#!+#$!-,%$!&%!+#$!/'(I

1&)! T$;! "#$! *//&7,*+,&(! #*)! *(! ,(+$.$/+,(1! :,&-&1,7*-! &.,1,(F! L<(7,$(+! V159+,*(/!

#*)!&:/$.6$)!+#*+!+#$!/7*.*:!:$$+-$!-*,)!,+/!$11!,(!)'(1!*()!+#$(!9'/#$)!,+!*.&'()!

&(! +#$! 1.&'()! '(+,-! ,+! :$7*4$! *! :*--;! "#$! V159+,*(/! ,4*1,($)! +#*+! +#$! :*--!

/54:&-,N$)! +#$! /'(!:$7*'/$! ,+!0*/! .&'()3! 1*6$!&%%!#$*+3! *()!0*/! +#$,.! /&'.7$!&%!

-,%$M! fT&:$.+! <.4&'.3! 5'D%* 6-D* 0/&"%* '>* :-G$)-&* 74/(&* tD*,.&F! "#$! <4$.,7*(!

h(,6$./,+5!,(!D*,.&!S.$//3!_Jecu!Gbg;!H_! <(! *4'-$+! 0*/! /&4$+#,(1! 7*..,$)! &.! 0&.(;! "#$! (*4$! 0*/! :.&*)-5!

*99-,$)! +&! *(5! @,()! &%! &.(*4$(+! &.! O$0$-.5! +&!0#,7#! /'9$.(*+'.*-! 9&0$./!0$.$!

*++.,:'+$)!fB')1$3!74/(&$6-*064$GB*GEg;!HG! Q:,);! ii^! /$$! *-/&! C.$)! >&&)3! LK&'.(,(1! &%! +#$! [$7$*/$)3M! +$F3$G63*

J332%&#6&'#* GJ! f8'44$.! GddigF! cG^! U$/@&3! L[$*+#! *()! +#$! <%+$.-,%$! ,(! <(7,$(+!

V159+,*(!"#&'1#+3M!iF_cbb;!


)$*)!:5!*!4*1,7*-!,(7*(+*+,&(^!+#,/!7#*9+$.!,/!*)).$//$)!+&!+#$!#$*.+3!

0#,7#! +#$! V159+,*(! #$-)! +&! :$! +#$! 4&/+! ,49&.+*(+! %*7+&.! 0#&/$!

%*6&'.!#*)!+&!:$!/&'1#+;!"#,/!#$!),)!0,+#!+#$!%&--&0,(1!0&.)/F!LX!45!

#$*.+! &%!45!4&+#$.3! X!45! #$*.+! &%!45!4&+#$.s! X!45! :.$*/+! &%!45!

%&.4/3! X! 45! :.$*/+! &%! 45! %&.4/s! ! 8+*()! (&+! %&.+#! *1*,(/+! 4$! */!

0,+($//3!7&4:*+!4$!(&+!,(!+#$!*//$4:-5!f&%!O')1$/g3!:$!(&+!#&/+,-$!+&!

4$!:$%&.$! +#$!j$$9$.! &%! +#$!B*-*(7$;M!"#,/! /9$--! ,/! %&'()! 7*.6$)!&(!

+#$!%-*+!:*/$/!&%!-*.1$!/+&($!*4'-$+/!+#$!'99$.!9*.+!&%!0#,7#!,/!7'+!,(!

+#$!%&.4!&%!*!/7*.*:;! ;! ;! ;! Q+!/$.6$)!*/!*!/':/+,+'+$!%&.!+#$!#$*.+!&%!+#$!

)$*)!*()!0*/3!+#$.$%&.$3!9-*7$)!&(!+#$!7#$/+!&%!+#$!4'445!&(!+&9!&%!

,+/!0.*99,(1/;Hi!

!

D&(/$]'$(+-53! +#,/! *%%,.4*+,&(!0*/! .$1*.)$)! */! *!4*1,7! /9$--! 0#,7#!0*/!

/'%%,7,$(+! +&! 9.$6$(+! +#$! #$*.+! %.&4! :$+.*5,(1! +#$! /&'-! *()! +#$.$:5!

)$7$,6,(1! +#$! ),6,($! O')1$/;HH! 8,(7$! ,+! 0&'-)! :$! (*+'.*-! %&.! +#$! #$*.+! +&!

7&(%$//! +&! /,(! *()! +#'/! :$7&4$! L#$*65M! *()! +,9! +#$! /7*-$/3! +#,/! /7*.*:!

4*1,7*--5! /'99.$//$)! +#,/! +$()$(75! &%! +#$! #$*.+;! "#$! /'99.$//,&(! &%! +#$!

#$*.+! 7*4$! +&!:$!@(&0(!*/! *! L#*.)$(,(1!&%! +#$!#$*.+;MHE!R$.4*((! /+*+$)!

+#,/!:$-,$%!0$--;!

!"#$!),/7.$9*(75!:$+0$$(!+#$!,(/,/+$)!,(7*-7'-*+$($//!*()!+#$!.$*-,+5!

,/!$/9$7,*--5!$A9.$//$)!0,+#!+#$!9.$/$(7$!&%!+#$!+0&!#$*.+/3!,(!0#,7#!

+#$! /+&($! #$*.+! ,/! $A9.$//-5! *)4&(,/#$)! +&! /'99.$//! +#$! (*+'.*-!

4&6$4$(+/!&%!+#$!%-$/#-5!#$*.+!,(!&.)$.!+&!.$7$,6$!*(!*7]',++*-!*()!+&!

/+*()! O'/+,%,$)! ,(! +#$! O')14$(+;! </! /'7#3! +#$! *.+,%,7,*--5! ,()'7$)!

#*.)($//!&%!+#$!#$*.+!#*/!+&!1&!*1*,(/+!+#$!+.'+#!,(!&.)$.!+&!6$.,%5!+#$!

#*.4&(5;! ;! ;! ;! Q+! 0*/! +#$! +*/@! &%! +#$! /+&($! #$*.+! +&! #$-9! +#$! '(.'-5!

Hi! D$.(53! :-G$)-&* 74/(&$6-* 8)3$4$'-B* JdIJ_^! /$$! *-/&3! C.*(@%&.+3! :-G$)-&*

74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B*__e;!",.*.)!%'.+#$.!7&44$(+$)!+#*+!+#,/!7#*9+$.!&%!+#$!B&&@!&%!

+#$! [$*)!0*/! +#$! L4&/+! ,49&.+*(+! &%! +#,/! /$.,$/;! ;! ;! ;! Q%! #$! .$9$*+/! +#$/$! 0&.)/!

*.,1#+!+#$!#$*.+!0,--!-,/+$(!+&!#,/!9.*5$.3!*()!0,--!:$!%&'()!+&!:*-*(7$!$A*7+-5!0,+#!

+.'+#3!+&!0$,1#!($,+#$.!+&&!#$*65!&.!+&&!-,1#+M!f@")*+''O*'>*&")*?)6DB*c_IcG3!_Geg;!HH!Q&(/3!74/(&$6-*0/&"'3'4/B*_iEIib;!HE!?;!o*()$$3!?)6&"*6%*6-*7-)H/*6GG'#D$-4*&'*:-G$)-&*74/(&$6-*!'-G)(&$'-%**

fU$,)$(F! V;! ?;! B.,--3! _Jbdg! GEJIbG^!<)&-%! V.4*(3!:*16-DF''O* '>* 74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-!

fU&()&(F! <.7#,:*-)! D&(/+*:-$! P! D&;3! _Jdcg! _HGIHi;! W&+$! *-/&! +#$! %&--&0,(1!

9*.*9#.*/$/! &%! +#$! 7&(7$9+F! L'(.$/9&(/,6$! +&! .$*/&(M! fW*#'4! 8*.(*3! @")* .EC*

@'#6"* !'HH)-&6#/P* 7N'D2%B* tS#,-*)$-9#,*F! "#$! ?$0,/#!S':-,7*+,&(! 8&7,$+53! _JJ_u!

Gig3! L+#$! #'4*(! *7+,&(! &%! .$/,/+*(7$M! fB.$6*.)! D#,-)/3! @")* +''O* '>* 7N'D2%*

tS#,-*)$-9#,*F!>$/+4,(/+$.3!_Jcbu!_cdg3!*()! L*!#$*65!#$*.+!0&'-)!:$!),%%,7'-+! +&!

/0*5M!f>,--,*4!S.&993!7N'D2%*_V_a!tW$0!l&.@F![&':-$)*53!_JJeu*iGig;!


7&.9&.$*-!#$*.+!/&!+#*+3!,(!/+.$(1+#!*()!#*.)($//!;!;!;!,+!0,--!:$!*:-$!+&!

%*7$!+#$!4&.*-!)$4*()/!&%!+#$!:$5&();Hb!

*+,&62..,6*12.&5,*>,,.&/,01-1234&+!/8,.1.-&

!.8&*+,&:0!-3,&.!//!*1<,&

&Q+!0*/!9.$6,&'/-5!/+*+$)!+#*+!+#$!+$A+!&%!VA&)'/!7&(%,.4/!+#*+!+#$!9'.9&/$!

&%!+#$!9-*1'$/!0*/!+&!)$4&(/+.*+$!+&!V159+!*()!Q/.*$-!+#*+!l*#0$#!0*/!+#$!

&(-5! +.'$! 2&);! "#$! 4$*(/! 0#,7#! 2&)! 7#&/$! +&! )&! +#,/! 0*/! +#.&'1#! *!

4&7@$.5! &%! +#$!0#&-$! V159+,*(! .$-,1,&'/! /5/+$4;! Q+! #*/! :$7&4$! 7&44&(!

@(&0-$)1$!+#*+!$*7#!9-*1'$!0*/!*(!*++*7@!*1*,(/+!/9$7,%,7!V159+,*(!)$,+,$/3!

:'+!0#*+!,/!&%+$(!4,//$)!,/!+#*+!,(!)&,(1!+#,/3!2&)!+&&@!/&4$+#,(1!+#*+!0*/!

1&&)! +&! +#$!V159+,*(/! *()! +'.($)! ,+! ,(+&! /&4$+#,(1!:*);!<! %$0!$A*49-$/!

0,--!/'%%,7$!:$1,((,(1!0,+#!+#$!W,-$!T,6$.;!"#$!W,-$!0*/!+#$!L#$*.+:$*+M!&%!

V159+3Hc! *()! +#$.$%&.$! 0*/! )$,%,$)3! *()! :$7*4$! &($! &%! +#$! $*.-,$/+! *()!

1.$*+$/+! 1&)/! 0#,7#! 0*/! $6$(! .$%-$7+$)! ,(! V159+,*(! #54(&-&15;He! >#$(!

S#*.*&#!0$(+!+&!+#$!0*+$.3HJ!,+!0*/!+'.($)!+&!:-&&)!0#,7#!.$/'-+$)!,(!+#$!

Hb!D,+$)!:5!2;!j,4:*--!B$*-$3!L"#$!VA&)'/!R*.)$(,(1!K&+,%!&%!lR>R!*/!*!

S&-$4,7M!f"#;K;!+#$/,/3![*--*/!"#$&-&1,7*-!8$4,(*.53!_Jcbg;!Hc![$m.,$/3!LV159+3!U*()!&%3M*GiE^!C.*(7,/7&3!L"#$!VA&)'/!,(! ,+/!R,/+&.,7*-!

8$++,(13M!c;!He!j5-$3!LS-*1'$/3!&%!V159+3M*HFGHdH^!/$$!*-/&3!",.*.)3!@")*+''O*'>*&")*?)6DB*

_Hd^! S.,+7#*.)3! :-G$)-&* W)6#* 76%&)#-* @)N&%B* icGIci! f%&.! +#$! #54(g3! *()! D$.(5!

,49&.+*(+-5! (&+$)! +#*+! +#$! W,-$! *-/&! #*)! *(! *//&7,*+,&(! 0,+#! X/,.,/;! X($! 45+#!

7&44'(,7*+$)!+#*+!0#$(!#,/!:&)5!0*/!/7*++$.$)3!*--!+#$!9,$7$/!-*()$)!,(!+#$!W,-$;!

<(&+#$.!/'11$/+$)!+#*+!#$!0*/!).&0($)!,(!+#$!W,-$;!>#,7#$6$.!0*/!4&/+!0,)$-5!

*%%,.4$)3! +#$.$!0*/!/+,--!*(!*//&7,*+,&(!fD$.(53!:-G$)-&*74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B*ibg;!"&!

/':/+*(+,*+$! +#,/! *//&7,*+,&(3! +#$! V159+,*(/! 6,$0$)! +#$! W,-$! */! #,/! :-&&)/+.$*4!

f[*6,/3!0'%)%*6-D*&")*5'D%*'>*74/(&3!_dGg;!"#$!1&)!0#&!0*/!4&/+!*//&7,*+$)!0,+#!

+#$!W,-$!0*/!R*9,!fB')1$3!@")*5'D%*'>*&")*74/(&$6-%B*HHg;!HJ!"#$!*7+,&(!0*/!9.&:*:-5!&(!+#$!&77*/,&(!&%!*!.$-,1,&'/!7$.$4&(5!&6$.!

0#,7#!#$!9.$/,)$)3!]',+$!9&//,:-5!&77'..,(1!&(!+#$!7&44$(7$4$(+!&%!+#$!*(('*-!

.,/$!&%!+#$!.,6$.!7*--$)!+#$!LT$)!W,-$!,(!?'($M!0#$(!7$.+*,(!.,+$/!0$.$!9$.%&.4$)!+&!

+#$!.,6$.!1&)!f?*4,$/&(!$+!*-;3!:*!'HH)-&6#/P*!#$&$G63B*7N()#$H)-&63B*6-D*E#6G&$G63B*

_FGJb^!R5*++3!!'HH)-&6#/*'-*7N'D2%B*_dEg;!Q+!0*/!7'/+&4*.5!+&!7*..5!+#$!0&&)$(!

/+*+'$!&%!*!1&)!,(!9.&7$//,&(!%.&4!+#$!-&7*-!+$49-$!+&!+#$!.,6$.!fS%$,%%$.3!74/(&*6-D*

&")* 7N'D2%B* GG^! 8+$,()&.%%! *()! 8$$-$3!M")-* 74/(&* 823)D* &")* 76%&B* _iJIHdg;! "&!

+*49$.!0,+#! +#$!W,-$!0*/! 6$.5! /$.,&'/! f*/! .$%-$7+$)! ,(! +#$!W$1*+,6$! D&(%$//,&(g!

*()!0*/!9'(,/#*:-$!:5!)$*+#!$6$(!*/!-*+$!*/!T&4*(!+,4$/!f",.*.)3!@")*+''O*'>*&")*

?)6DB*_i_g!*()!5$+!+#$!2&)!&%!Q/.*$-!),)!/&!+&!)$4&(/+.*+$!R,/! -*7@!&%!.$1*.)!%&.!

+#,/!1&);!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 37 )$*+#!&%!+#$!%,/#!,(!+#$!.,6$.!fVA&)!cFG_g;Ed!>#*+!0*/!),6,($!+&!+#$!V159+,*(!

7$*/$)!+&!:$!*!/&'.7$!&%!:-$//,(1;!R*9,!:.&'1#+!/+$(7#!,(/+$*)!&%!:-$//,(1;E_!

! <!/$7&()!$A*49-$!&%!2&)!7#*(1,(1!/&4$+#,(1!1&&)!,(+&!/&4$+#,(1!

:*)!#*/! +&!)&!0,+#! +#$!($A+!9-*1'$!&%! %.&1/;!C.&1/!0$.$!]',+$!9-$(+,%'-! ,(!

V159+!:'+!0$.$!(&+!6,$0$)!*/!/&4$+#,(1!-&*+#/&4$ÊG!#&0$6$.3!:$7*'/$!&%!

+#$,.! 7&'(+-$//! ('4:$./! 0$.$! .$1*.)$)! */! *! /54:&-! &%! %$.+,-,+53Ei! *()!

7&(/$]'$(+-53! +#$.$! 0$.$! *! ('4:$.! &%! +&*)! )$,+,$/! ,(! V159+3! +#$! 4&/+!

9&9'-*.!&%!0#,7#!0*/!R$]+EH!&%!0#&4!+#$! +&*)!0*/!*! +#$&9#*(5;! Q+! ,/!(&!

0&()$.!+#$(!+#*+!$6$(!+#$!,(6&-'(+*.5!/-*'1#+$.!&%!&($!&%!+#$/$!7.$*+'.$/!

0*/! 9'(,/#*:-$! :5! )$*+#;EE! </! 0,+#! +#$! 9.$6,&'/! 9-*1'$3! +#$! (*'/$*+,(1!

4'-+,9-,7*+,&(! &%! +#$/$! 7.$*+'.$/! 0*/! *(! *++*7@! &(! *! 1&)! &%! V159+;! W&+#!

/'11$/+$)3! L+#$! %.&13! ,(/+$*)! &%! *99$*.,(1! */! *! .$9.$/$(+*+,6$! &%! +#$!

Ed! K*(5! @,()/! &%! %,/#! ,(! +#$! W,-$! 0$.$! 0&./#,9$)3! +#$! 4&/+! ,49&.+*(+!

:$,(1! +#$!XA5.#5(7#'/;!B')1$!(&+$)! +#*+! ,+!0*/!/*7.$)! +#.&'1#&'+!V159+!*()! ,(!

/&4$!9-*7$/! ,+!0&'-)!(&+!:$!$*+$(;!"#$!S#*1.'/3!&.!$$-3!0*/!0&./#,9$)! ,(!h99$.!

V159+!0#$.$!4'44,%,$)!$$-/!#*6$!:$$(! %&'()! ,(!/4*--!/$9'-7#.*-!:&A$/!fB')1$3!

@")*5'D%*'>*&")*74/(&$6-%B*ieGIeig;!Q+!,/!*-/&!9&//,:-$!+#*+!+#$!0*+$.!*%%$7+$)!,(!+#$!

0&&)$(! :'7@$+/! *()! /+&($! O*./! ,/! /,1(,%,7*(+;! >#,-$! +#,/! 4*5! .$%$.! &(-5! +&! +#$!

$A+$(+!&%!+#$!9-*1'$3!,+!/#&'-)!(&+!:$!4,//$)!+#*+!L0&&)!*()!/+&($M!'/'*--5!/,1(,%5!

,)&-/! ,(! +#$! B,:-$! *()! +#$! V159+,*(! 9.,$/+/! 0&'-)! 0*/#! ,4*1$/! &%! +#$,.! 1&)/! ,(!

0*+$.! $6$.5! )*5! $*.-5! ,(! +#$!4&.(,(1;! S&//,:-5! $6$(! +#$!0*+$.! 9&'.$)! &6$.! +#$!

,)&-/!+'.($)!+&!:-&&)!fh;!D*//'+&3!:*!'HH)-&6#/*'-*&")*+''O*'>*7N'D2%*t?$.'/*-$4F!

"#$!K*1($/!S.$//3!_Jeiu!JJg;!E_! C&.! *(! $A7$--$(+! ),/7'//,&(! .$1*.),(1! +#$! (*+'.$! &%! +#$! )'9-,7*+,&(!

9$.%&.4$)!:5!S#*.*&#=/!4*1,7,*(/3!/$$![*6,/3!0'%)%*6-D*&")*5'D%*'>*74/(&B*eJIJG;!EG!Q:,);!_dc;!Ei! D*//'+&3! :* !'HH)-&6#/* '-* &")* +''O* '>* 7N'D2%B* _d_^! D$.(53! :-G$)-&*

74/(&$6-*8)3$4$'-B*GH;!EH!</!0,+#!&+#$.!V159+,*(!1&)/3!+#$.$!*.$!6*.,*(+!/9$--,(1/!/'11$/+$);!C&.!

+#,/!9*.+,7'-*.!&($3!,+!,/!*-/&!/9$--$)!R$@$+!&.!R$@*+;!8#$!0*/!:$-,$6$)!+&!#*6$!#*)!*!

.&-$! ,(! 7.$*+,&(3! +&!#*6$!*//,/+$)!0&4$(! ,(! 7#,-):,.+#3! *()! +&!#*6$! +#$! *:,-,+5! +&!

:$/+&0! -,%$! +#.&'1#! .$/'..$7+,&(! fD*//'+&3!:*!'HH)-&6#/*'-* &")*+''O*'>*7N'D2%B*

_d_^!j5-$3! LS-*1'$/3! &%! V159+3M! HFGHdH^!B')1$3!@")*5'D%* '>* &")*74/(&$6-%B*ice^!T;!

<-*(! D&-$3! 7N'D2%P* :-* J-&#'D2G&$'-* 6-D* !'HH)-&6#/* f[&0($./! 2.&6$3! QUF!

Q(+$.m*./,+5! S.$//3! _JeEg! J_^! <,-,(13! 74/(&* 6-D* +$F3)* 1$%&'#/3! _db^! R5*++3!

!'HH)-&6#/*'-*7N'D2%B*_de^!B')1$3!74/(&$6-*064$GB*bi;!EE! 2$&.1$! T*0-,(/&(3! LVA&)'/3M! ,(! 733$G'&&X%* !'HH)-&6#/* '-* &")* M"'3)*

+$F3)3! H! 6&-/;* f2.*()! T*9,)/F! o&()$.6*(3! _JEJg! _FG_H;! Q+! ,/! ,(+$.$/+,(1! +&! (&+$!

.$1*.),(1! +#$! %.&1! 7'-+! +#*+! L+#$! %.&13! */! *! /*7.$)! /54:&-3! /'.6,6$)! +#$!

),/*99$*.*(7$!&%! &-)!V159+,*(! .$-,1,&(;! U*49/!&%! $*.-5!D#.,/+,*(! +,4$!#*6$!:$$(!

%&'()! ,(! +#$! %&.4!&%! *! %.&13!:$*.,(1! +#,/! -$1$()F! pQ! *4! +#$! .$/'..$7+,&(=L! f",.*.)3!

@")*+''O*'>*&")*?)6DB*ebIecg;!

38 Pharaoh’s Hard Heart .$($0*-!&%!-,%$3!:$7&4$/!*!%$*.%'-!9-*1'$;MEb!D*//'+&!*6$..$)F!LS$(+*+$'7#*-!

(*..*+,6$! ,(+$()/! +&! 7&(6$5! +#*+! Q/.*$-=/! 2&)! *-&($! .'-$/! +#$! 0&.-)3! *()!

+#*+!R$!&(-5!:$/+&0/!&(!R,/!7.$*+'.$/3!*77&.),(1!+&!#,/!0,--3! +#$!9&0$.!&%!

%$.+,-,+53!*()!+#*+!+#$/$!%.&1/3!0#,7#!0$.$!7&(/,)$.$)!:5!+#$!V159+,*(/!*/!*!

/54:&-!&%!%$7'(),+53!7*(!:$!+.*(/%&.4$)3!,%!R$!/&!)$/,.$/!;!;!;!%.&4!*!+&@$(!&%!

:-$//,(1!+&!&($!&%!:-,1#+;MEc!

! D*//'+&=/!/+*+$4$(+!+#*+!+#$!%.&1!0*/!+.*(/%&.4$)!%.&4!*!L+&@$(!&%!

:-$//,(1!+&!&($!&%!:-,1#+M!,/!+#$!7&(/,/+$(+!+#$4$!.$1*.),(1!+#$!9-*1'$/!&(!

+#$!)'/+!&%!+#$!1.&'()3Ee!+#$!/0*.4/!&%!%-,$/3EJ!+#$!-,6$/+&7@3bd!+#$!:-,/+$./3b_!

+#$! #*,-! *()! -,1#+(,(13bG! -&7'/+/3! )*.@($//3bi! *()! +#$! /-*5,(1! &%! +#$!

Eb!K*.+,(!W&+#3!7N'D2%P*:*!'HH)-&6#/*fS#,-*)$-9#,*F!>$/+4,(/+$.3!_JbGg!

cE;!Ec!D*//'+&3!:*!'HH)-&6#/*'-*&")*+''O*'>*7N'D2%B*_d_;!Ee!8$$!B*.:*.*!>*+$./&(3!@")*5'D%*'>*:-G$)-&*74/(&*fW$0!l&.@F!C*7+/!&(!

C,-$! S':-,7*+,&(/3! _JeHg! __H^!K&(+$+3!7&)#-63* 74/(&B*_cc^! ?*4$/!R&%%4$,$.3! L"#$!

<.4! &%! 2&)! m$./'/! +#$! <.4! &%! S#*.*&#! ,(! +#$! VA&)'/! W*..*+,6$/3M! +$F3$G6* bc!

f_JebgF!ie_;!EJ![*6,/3!0'%)%*6-D*&")*5'D%*'>*74/(&B*__H^!R5*++3!!'HH)-&6#/*'-*7N'D2%B*

___;*bd! K'..*53! @")* C(3)-D'#* &"6&* Z6%* 74/(&B* _bG^! S%$,%%$.3! 74/(&* 6-D* &")*

7N'D2%B*GH^!?&#(!W;!X/0*-+3!L"#$!2&-)$(!D*-6$/!*()!+#$!V159+,*(!D&(7$9+!&%![$,+53M!

7Q6-4)3$G63*[26#&)#3/*HE!f?*('*.5kK*.7#!_JcigF!_iI_H;!b_! T&:$.+! 8+,$1-,+N3! L<(7,$(+! T$7&.)/! *()! +#$! VA&)'/! S-*1'$/3M! +$F3$G63*

:#G"6)'3'4/*8)Q$)Z*_i!fW&6$4:$.r[$7$4:$.!_JecgFHe^!Q&(/3!74/(&$6-*0/&"'3'4/B*

__eI_J^! D$.(53!:-G$)-&* 74/(&$6-* 8)3$4$'-B* Ed^! <.4&.3!5'D%* 6-D*0/&"%* '>* :-G$)-&*

74/(&B*_iiIiH;!bG! ?*4,$/&(! $+! *-;3! :* !'HH)-&6#/P* !#$&$G63B* 7N()#$H)-&63B* 6-D* E#6G&$G63B*

_FidiIdH^!>&&)3!C2#Q)/*'>*J%#6)3X%*1$%&'#/B*_GH^!?&#(![*6,/3!0'%)%*6-D*&")*5'D%*'>*

74/(&B* _Ge^! Q&(/3! 74/(&$6-* 0/&"'3'4/B* EE^! <-,(13! 74/(&* 6-D* +$F3)* 1$%&'#/B* _db^!

8+$,()&.%%!*()!8$$-$3!M")-*74/(&*823)D*&")*76%&B*_H_;!bi! ",.*.)3! @")* +''O* '>* &")* ?)6DB* _d_^! S.,+7#*.)3! ! :-G$)-&* W)6#* 76%&)#-*

@)N&%B* ibcIbe^!>*-+$.! B$5$.-,(3!W)6#* 76%&)#-* 8)3$4$'2%* @)N&%* 8)36&$-4* &'* &")* ]3D*

@)%&6H)-&*fS#,-*)$-9#,*F!>$/+4,(/+$.3!_Jceg!E^![*(,$-!T$)%&.)3!L"#$!K&(&+#$,/4!

&%! +#$! R$.$+,7! S#*.*&#F! S.$7'./&.! &%!K&/*,7!K&(&+#$,/4! &.! V159+,*(! <(&4*-5M!

+$F3$G63*:#G"6)'3'4/*8)Q$)Z*_i!fK*5r?'($!_JecgF!GH3!GE3!Gc^!8;!<;!B;!K$.7$.3!@")*

8)3$4$'-*'>*:-G$)-&*74/(&*fU&()&(F!U'N*7!P!D&;3!_JHJg!G_d^!8*4'$-!T&/$(:-*++3!L<!

T$%$.$(7$! +&! +#$! V159+,*(! 2&)! T$! ,(! +#$! T*::,(,7! D&44$(+*.,$/! &(! +#$! X-)!

"$/+*4$(+3M! .'2#-63* '>* +$F3$G63* ;$&)#6&2#)* bd! f_JH_gF! _eHIeE^! [;! ?;! >,/$4*(3!

E)'(3)%*'>*]3D*@)%&6H)-&*@$H)%*fXA%&.)F!<+!+#$!D-*.$()&(!S.$//3!_Jcig!eJ^![&'1-*/!

C&A3! L"#$!W,(+#!S-*1'$F!<(!VA$1$+,7*-!W&+$3M! .'2#-63*'>* &")*:H)#$G6-*:G6D)H/*'>*

8)3$4$'-*HE!f_JccgF!G_J;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 39 %,./+:&.(;bH! <1*,(3! ,(! $6$.5! 9-*1'$3! 0#*+! 0*/! 0&./#,9$)! *()! 7&(/,)$.$)!

1&&)!0*/!+'.($)!,(+&!*!7'./$!*()!/&4$+#,(1!:*);!

! 8,(7$!+#,/!,/!$//$(+,*--5!+#$!9*++$.(!&%!+#$!$(+,.$!(*..*+,6$3!,/!,+!(&+!

9&//,:-$3! +#$.$%&.$3! +#*+! +#$! /*4$! +#,(1! &77'..$)! 0,+#! +#$! #*.)$(,(1! &%!

S#*.*&#=/!#$*.+a!8&4$+#,(1!+#*+!0*/!1&&)!*()!0&'-)!-$*)!&($!,(+&!$+$.(*-!

-,%$!0*/! +'.($)! ,(+&! /&4$+#,(1! :*)! *()! *7+'*--5! -$)! ,(+&!4&.$! O')14$(+!

+#.&'1#!+#$!/'77$//,6$!9-*1'$/!*()!$6$(+'*--5!)$*+#!,(!+#$!T$)!8$*kO'/+!

+#$! &99&/,+$! &%! 0#*+! 0*/! :$-,$6$);! >#*+! 0*/! /'99&/$)! +&! -$*)! +&! (&!

7&(%$//,&(! &%! /,(3! $6$(+'*--5! -$*)! +&! 7&(%$//,&(! &%! /,(! fVA&)! JFGc3! iH^!

_dF_bI_cg;! 8'.$-53! +#,/! 4*)$! *! 4&7@$.5! &%! +#$! V159+,*(! /7#$4$! &%!

/*-6*+,&(;bE!

!

43??!/@&

&"#$!#*.)$(,(1!&%!+#$!S#*.*&#=/!#$*.+!,/!(&.4*--5!),/7'//$)!*/!*!+#$&-&1,7*-!

,//'$;!>#,-$!+#,/!,/!6*-,)3!+#,/!*.+,7-$!#*/!4*)$!+#$!/'11$/+,&(!+#*+!+#$!+.'$!

4$*(,(1! &%! +#$! VA&)'/! (*..*+,6$! f*+! -$*/+! ,(! +#$! X-)! "$/+*4$(+g!4*5! :$!

'()$./+&&)! :$++$.! ,%! $A*4,($)! %.&4! +#$! .$-,1,&'/! 9$./9$7+,6$! ,(! 6&1'$!

0#$(! +#$! $6$(+! &77'..$);! "&! &($! &%! +#$! 4&/+! .$-,1,&'/! /&7,$+,$/! +&! $6$.!

$A,/+3! 2&)!4*)$! ,+! 7-$*.! +#*+! #$!0&'-)! 9.&6$! #,4/$-%! +&! :$! +#$! &(-5! +.'$!

2&);!"#$!0*5!#$!),)!+#,/!0*/!:5!+'.(,(1!&:O$7+/!&%!6$($.*+,&(!,(+&!&:O$7+/!

&%! 7'./,(1! *()! ),/1'/+;! 2&)! +'.($)! +#$! $(+,.$! /5/+$4! L,(/,)$! &'+;M! Q(!

@$$9,(1!0,+#!+#,/!4&+,%3!+#$!#*.)$(,(1!&%!+#$!#$*.+!0*/!*7+'*--5!6,$0$)!*/!

/&4$+#,(1! +#*+!0*/!9&/,+,6$! ,(!V159+,*(!.$-,1,&(!:$7*'/$! ,+!0&'-)!$(*:-$!

+#$! )$7$*/$)! +&! *6&,)! O')14$(+! *--&0,(1! +#$4! +&! *++*,(! $+$.(*-! -,%$;!

R&0$6$.3!O'/+!*/!0,+#!+#$!9-*1'$/3!+#,/!.$-,1,&'/!7&(7$9+!0*/!*-/&!+'.($)!+&!

7'./,(1! ,(! +#*+! ,+! -$)!S#*.*&#! +&!4&.$! O')14$(+! *()!$6$(+'*-!)$*+#;!"#$!

0&.)/! &%! ?$+#.&! /9&@$(! +&!K&/$/! *.$! +.'$F! LW&0! Q! @(&0! +#*+! +#$! U&.)! ,/!

1.$*+$.!+#*(!*--!1&)/;M!

bH!D*//'+&3!:*!'HH)-&6#/*'-*&")*+''O*'>*7N'D2%B*_ii^!>*+$./&(3!@")*5'D%*

'>*:-G$)-&*74/(&B*Jd;!bE!"#$!-&(1$6,+5!&%!+#,/!7'-+!,/!,(7.$),:-$;!B.*()&(!&:/$.6$)3!L+#,/!X/,.,*(!

4&.+'*.5!7'-+'/!.$4*,($)!$%%$7+,6$!%&.!($*.-5!i3ddd!5$*./;!Q+!,/!,(!%*7+!+#$!-&(1$/+!

-,6$)!%*,+#!,(!+#$!#,/+&.5!&%!.$-,1,&(/;!Q+!0*/!*-.$*)5!0$--!$/+*:-,/#$)!:5!+#$!4,))-$!

&%!+#$!+#,.)!4,--$((,'43!*()!,+!0*/!/+,--!:$,(1!9.*7+,7$)!0#$(!+#$!9*1*(!7'-+/!0$.$!

/'99.$//$)!,(!%*6&'.!&%!D#.,/+,*(,+5!,(!+#$!%&'.+#!7$(+'.5!<;![;M!f8;!2;!C;!B.*()&(3!

L"#$! <%+$.IU,%$! ,(! <(7,$(+! V159+,*(! C*,+#! *()! S.*7+,7$3M! 7N('%$&'#/* @$H)%* cb!

t_JbHuF!G_Jg;!


836!18.!"8P*"8!906P5/.*6122/!G3P4Q!

3!"C,%,A=<!4##)!=%!%;&!5&-!G&C'>&A%,+&!#$!G=@<R!

!

7=CB!.D!7,<<&B!

!U*+$-53! +#$.$! #*6$! :$$(!('4$.&'/! *++*7@/! '9&(! 7*.),(*-! )&7+.,($/! &%! +#$!

%*,+#3!0#,7#!4&/+!D#.,/+,*(/!#*6$! 7&(/,)$.$)! /$7'.$! *()!'(+&'7#*:-$! %&.!

5$*./;!W*+#*(!B'/$(,+N!/'44*.,N$)!+#$!,//'$!0$--F!LQ+!/$$4/!-,@$!O'/+!*:&'+!

$6$.5! 4*O&.! )&7+.,($! &%! #,/+&.,7! D#.,/+,*(,+5! ,/! 7'..$(+-5! '()$.! *++*7@;!

"#$&-&15! 9.&9$.! %*7$/! +#$!X9$(I"#$,/4!)$:*+$^! :,:-,&-&15! ,/! /+,--! .$$-,(1!

%.&4! #,1#$.! 7.,+,7,/4^! *()! 9($'4*+&-&15! ,/! /9-,+! &6$.! +#$! D#*.,/4*+,7!

]'$/+,&(;! C&.! D#.,/+&-&15! +#$! ,//'$! ,/! +#$! -&.)/#,9! &%! D#.,/+^! %&.!

*(+#.&9&-&15!,+=/!D#.,/+,*(!9/57#&-&15^!*()!%&.!$77-$/,&-&15!,+=/!+#$!D#'.7#I

1.&0+#!4&6$4$(+;MG!

! W&+!$6$(!+#$!2&/9$-! ,/!/*%$!%.&4!*++*7@/!:5!+#&/$!0#&!7-*,4!+&!:$!

9*.+!&%!+#$!7#'.7#;!"#$!%&.$4&/+!:*++-$!:$,(1!0*1$)!*+!+#,/!4&4$(+!,/!0,+#!

.$1*.)!+&!/&+$.,&-&15;!V4$.1$(+!7#'.7#!-$*)$./!*.$!,(!+#$!%&.$%.&(+!*/!+#$5!

.$4&6$3! .$*..*(1$3! )$(53! *()! '()$.7'+! +#$! 1&/9$-! 4$//*1$! */! %&'()! ,(!

87.,9+'.$;i!V4$.1$(+!7#'.7#!-$*)$./!%,1#+!+#,/!:*++-$!-*.1$-5!&(!+#$!9&9'-*.!

%.&(+3! :'+!'()$.9,((,(1! +#$,.! 6,$0/! ,/! +#$! +#$&-&1,7*-! %.*4$0&.@!&%!0#*+!

#*/!:$$(!+$.4$)!+#$!LW$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-;M!8,4,-*.!+&!4&/+!(&6$-!*()!

7&49-,7*+$)! )&7+.,(*-! 9&/,+,&(/3! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! ,/! (&+!

4&(&-,+#,7;! m,$0/! *4&(1! -$*),(1! 7&49&($(+/! 6*.53! :'+! +#$.$! *.$! /&4$!

)$%,(,+$!%&'()*+,&(*-!:$-,$%/!+#*+!0,--!:$!*)).$//$);!

!

2/1-1.4&!

"#$! ,49$+'/! %&.! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! *99$*./! +&! :$! 6*.,&'/!

/$*.7#$/!%&.!+#$!L#,/+&.,7!?$/'/3M!0#,7#!0*/!,(,+,*+$)!:5!<-:$.+!87#0$,+N$.!

,(! +#$! $*.-5! +0$(+,$+#! 7$(+'.5;! 87#0$,+N$.! 0*/! *! -,:$.*-!

A* 56#/* 7,* 5$33)/B* 0,+,C,B* @",?,B* %)-$'#* (6%&'#B* C'2&")#-* S$)Z* !"6()3B*

C(#$-4>$)3DB*J33$-'$%*

*_! "#$! *.+,7-$! #$.$,(! &.,1,(*--5! *99$*.$)! ,(! +#$! %&--&0,(1F! @")* [26#&)#3/*

.'2#-63!Gc!f?'-5I8$9+$4:$.!Gddcg3!*()!,/!'/$)!0,+#!9$.4,//,&(;!G! W*+#*(! B'/$(,+N3! L>#*+! [,)! 8*,(+! S*'-! T$*--5! 8*5aM! t*.+,7-$! &(-,($u!

f2.*7$!B,:-$!D#'.7#!&%!<':'.(3! Gddb3! *77$//$)!_G! ?*('*.5!Gd_dg! *6*,-*:-$! %.&4!

#++9Frr1.*7$:,:-$;&.1rV]',99,(1rW$0vGdS$./9vGd"#$&-&15vGdG;)&7;!i!8$$!2*.5!V;!2,--$53!L"#$!D#*--$(1$!&%!+#$!V4$.1,(1!D#'.7#3M!@")*[26#&)#3/*

.'2#-633!f<9.,-I?'($!GddbgF!_3!_cIGb;!

42 New Perspective on Paul 4,//,&(*.5r+#$&-&1,*(!0#&!7&(7-')$)!+#*+!?$/'/!#*)!+.,$)!:'+!%*,-$)!,(!R,/!

]'$/+! +&! .$/7'$! #'4*(,+5;! R$! %'.+#$.! )$(,$)! +#$! +.'/+0&.+#,($//! &%! +#$!

87.,9+'.$/;! Q(! 7&(+.*/+! +&! +#$! T$%&.4$./3! 87#0$,+N$.! :$-,$6$)! +#*+! +#$!

%&'()*+,&(! &%! S*'-,($! +#$&-&15! 0*/! (&+! O'/+,%,7*+,&(! :5! %*,+#3! :'+! D#.,/+I

45/+,7,/43! &.! 0#*+! #$! 7*--$)! L:$,(1! ,(! D#.,/+;M! ! X($! L1&+! ,(+&M! D#.,/+!

+#.&'1#! :*9+,/43! 87#0$,+N$.! 4*,(+*,($);! R$! 0*/! &($! &%! +#$! %,./+! +&!

*)6&7*+$! +#*+! S*'-=/! +#$&-&15!0*/! )$.,6$)! %.&4!#,/! ?$0,/#! .&&+/! *()!(&+!

%.&4! +#$!R$--$(,/+,7! 7'-+'.$;! "#$.$%&.$3! *77&.),(1! +&! 87#0$,+N$.=/!0*5! &%!

+#,(@,(13! S*'-=/! +#$&-&15! *()! +#$! .*::,(,7*-! +$*7#,(1/!&%! +#$! %,./+! 7$(+'.5!

0$.$!6$.5!4'7#!,(!#*.4&(5;!

T')&-%! B'-+4*((3! ,(! +#$! 4,)I_JEd/3! ,(+.&)'7$)! +#$! /$7&()!

)5(*4,7! ,(! +#,/! /$*.7#3! *.,/,(1! %.&4! /@$9+,7,/4! *()! -$*),(1! +&! /'7#!

4&)$.(!7#*--$(1$/!*/! +#$! ?$/'/!8$4,(*.;!W$6$.+#$-$//3!B'-+4*((!),%%$.$)!

%.&4! 87#0$,+N$.! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! O'/+,%,7*+,&(! f,+! 0*/! 7$(+.*-! +&! S*'-,($!

+#$&-&15g3! ?')*,/4! f?')*,/4! 0*/! *! 0&.@/I:*/$)! .$-,1,&(g3! *()! ,(%-'$(7$!

fS*'-!0*/!)$7,)$)-5!R$--$(,/+,7g;!

<! +#,.)! )5(*4,7! ,(! +#$! /$*.7#! %&.! +#,/! #,/+&.,7! ?$/'/!0*/! %&7'/$)!

'9&(! *++$49+,(1! +&! '()$./+*()! +#$! B,:-$! +#.&'1#! +#$! /+'),$/! &%! 8$7&()!

"$49-$! ?')*,/4! f$A+.*:,:-,7*-! '()$./+*(),(1! &%! ?')*,/4! %.&4!

*99.&A,4*+$-5! Gdd! BD! +&! <[! Gddg! *()! +#$! .*::,(,7*-! 0.,+,(1/! &%! +#*+!

9$.,&);!D#*--$(1,(1!B'-+4*((!0$.$!+#$&-&1,*(/!/'7#!*/!>,--,*4![;![*6,$/3!

V.(/+! j*/$4*((3! *()! j.,/+$.! 8+$()*#-3! 0#&! /*0! -,++-$! ),/*1.$$4$(+!

:$+0$$(!S*'-,($!+#$&-&15!*()!?')*,/4;!"#$,.!7&(+$(+,&(!0*/!+#*+!>$/+$.(!

+#,(@,(1!#*)!7.$*+$)!+#$/$!),%%$.$(7$/3!*()!7&(+.*.5!+&!B'-+4*((!*()!+#$!

T$%&.4$./3! +#$! ?')*,N$./! &%! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! +,4$/! +*'1#+! *! 1.*7$I:*/$)!

%*,+#!4'7#!-,@$!+#$!D#.,/+,*(,+5!S*'-!+*'1#+;!"#$.$%&.$3!0#$(!S*'-!7*4$!+&!

D#.,/+3! #$! ),)! (&+! $A9$.,$(7$! *! /9,.,+'*-! 7&(6$./,&(! :'+! *! 6&7*+,&(*-! 7*--;!

R,/!7*--!0*/!+&!+*@$!+#$!4$//*1$!+#*+!#,/!?$0,/#!:.&+#$./!*-.$*)5!#*)!+&!+#$!

2$(+,-$/3!0,+#!+#$!*)),+,&(!&%!+#$!U&.)/#,9!&%!?$/'/;!S*'-!0*/!*!?$0,/#!.*::,!

0#&! :$-,$6$)! ,(! ?$/'/! */! +#$! K$//,*#;! >#*+! &77'..$)! ($A+3! 0,+#! +#$!

9':-,7*+,&(!&%!V;!S;!8*()$./=!E623*6-D*E63)%&$-$6-* .2D6$%H3!#*/!:$$(!7*--$)!

L+#$!8*()$./!.$6&-'+,&(;M!W;!";!>.,1#+!/+*+$)!8*()$./=!9&/,+,&(!*/!/'7#F!!

?')*,/4! ,(! S*'-=/! )*5! 0*/! (&+3! */! #*/! .$1'-*.-5! :$$(! /'99&/$)3! *!

.$-,1,&(!&%! -$1*-,/+,7!0&.@/I.,1#+$&'/($//;! ;! ;! ;!"#$! ?$0!@$$9/! +#$! -*0!

&'+! &%! 1.*+,+')$3! */! +#$! 9.&9$.! .$/9&(/$! +&! 1.*7$! k! (&+3! ,(! &+#$.!

0&.)/3! ,(! &.)$.! +&! 4)&! ,(+&! +#$! 7&6$(*(+! 9$&9-$3! :'+! +&! %&6/! ,(;! ;! ;! ;!

?')*,/4! ;! ;! ;!0*/!*()! ,/!*!9$.%$7+-5!6*-,)!*()!9.&9$.! %&.4!&%!.$-,1,&(;!


S*'-=/!&(-5!7.,+,]'$!&%!?')*,/43!*77&.),(1!+&!8*()$./3!0*/!+#*+!,+!0*/!

p(&+!D#.,/+,*(,+5=!t,+*-,7/!,(!&.,1,(*-u;H!

!! "#$.$!*.$!&+#$.!)$6$-&9$./!*()!9.&4&+$./!&%!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!

&(! S*'-3! ,(7-'),(1! ?*4$/! ['((! &%! +#$! h(,6$./,+5! &%! ['.#*43! :'+! ,+! ,/!

,49&.+*(+! +&! (&+$! +#*+! *--! &%! +#$! *%&.$4$(+,&($)! /7#&-*./! 0&'-)! :$!

7&(/,)$.$)! -,:$.*-! ,(! +#$,.! +#$&-&15! *()! '()$./+*(),(1! &%! 87.,9+'.$;! "#$!

($A+!,(%-'$(7$!+&!7&(/,)$.!,/!W;!";!>.,1#+3!B,/#&9!&%!['.#*4!,(!+#$!D#'.7#!

&%!V(1-*()!*()!-$*),(1!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!/7#&-*.!f*'+#&.!&%!Hi!:&&@/g3!0#&!

7-*,4/! +&! :$! *(! $6*(1$-,7*-! *()! ,/! *77$9+$)!:5!4*(5! */! /'7#;!>.,1#+! #*/!

:$7&4$! +#$! 9.,4*.5!4$*(/! +#.&'1#!0#,7#! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-!

+$*7#,(1/! #*6$! ,(%-'$(7$)! +#$! $6*(1$-,7*-! 7#'.7#;! C&.! +#,/! .$*/&(3! ,(!

$A*4,(,(1! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-3! ,+! ,/! +#$!0.,+,(1/!&%!>.,1#+!0,+#!

0#,7#!&($!4'/+!,(+$.*7+3!9.,(7,9*--5!#,/!:&&@!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D,!

S#,-!?&#(/&(!/'44*.,N$)!0#*+!>.,1#+!*()!#,/!%&--&0$./!*.$!+$*7#,(1;!

!Q(! *! ('+/#$--3! +#$5! *.$! /'11$/+,(1! +#*+! +#$! *9&/+-$! S*'-! #*/! :$$(!

/$.,&'/-5!4,/'()$./+&&)3!*+!-$*/+!/,(7$!+#$!+,4$!&%!<'1'/+,($!*()!+#$!

S$-*1,*(!7&(+.&6$./53!:'+!$6$(!4&.$!/,(7$!+#$!+,4$!&%!U'+#$.!*()!+#$!

S.&+$/+*(+! T$%&.4*+,&(;! "#$5! 7-*,4! %,./+I7$(+'.5! ?')*,/4! #*/! *-/&!

:$$(! 4,/,(+$.9.$+$)! *()! 4,/7&(/+.'$)! :5! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! /7#&-*./!

%&.! #'().$)/! *()! #'().$)/! &%! 5$*./3! *()! +#$.$%&.$! +#$! 7#'.7#=/!

'()$./+*(),(1! &%! 0#*+! S*'-! 0*/! +$*7#,(1! ,(! T&4*(/! *()! 2*-*+,*(/!

#*/!:$$(!/$.,&'/-5!%-*0$)!*+!-$*/+!/,(7$!+#$!+,4$!&%!<'1'/+,($;E!

!

5!416&*,!6+1.-4&&

D&6$(*(+*-!(&4,/4!,/!*(!$49#*/,/!,(!+#$!+#$&-&15!&%!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!

&(! S*'-;! `'&+,(1! 8*()$./3! 2'5!>*+$./! 9.&6,)$)! +#$! %&--&0,(1! )$%,(,+,&(F!

LX($! $(+$./! +#$! 7&6$(*(+! :5! :*9+,/4;! ;! ;! ;! X(7$! &($! $(+$./! +#$! 7&6$(*(+3!

+#$(!4$4:$./#,9!9.&6,)$/!/*-6*+,&(;! ;! ;! ;!X:$),$(7$! +&!f&.!.$9$(+*(7$! %&.!

+#$! +.*(/1.$//,&(! &%g! *! /9$7,%,7! /$+! &%! 7&44*()4$(+/! @$$9/! &($! ,(! +#$!

7&6$(*(+*-!.$-*+,&(/#,93!0#,-$!.$9$*+$)!&.!#$,(&'/!+.*(/1.$//,&(!.$4&6$/!

&($!%.&4!4$4:$./#,9;Mb!

H! W;! ";! >.,1#+3!M"6&* C6$-&* E623* 8)633/* C6$D! f2.*()! T*9,)/F! V$.)4*(/3!

_JJcg!_eI_J;!E!S#,-!?&#(/&(3!L<![$%$(/$!&%!+#$!X-)!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-M!t*.+,7-$!&(-,($u!

fK&($.1,/43! GddJ3! *77$//$)! _H! ?*('*.5! Gd_dg! *6*,-*:-$! %.&4

#++9Frr000;4&($.1,/4;7&4r+#$+#.$/#&-)r*.+,7-$/r&(/,+$r($0w9;#+4-;!b! 2'5! S.$(+,//! >*+$./3! .2%&$>$G6&$'-* 6-D* &")* W)Z* E)#%()G&$Q)%* '-* E623!

fS#,--,9/:'.13!W?F!SPT!S':-,/#,(13!GddHg!b_;!

44 New Perspective on Paul

<77&.),(1! +&! 7&6$(*(+*-! (&4,/43! &($! ,/! *! :$($%,7,*.5! &%! +#$!

7&6$(*(+! +#.&'1#! +#$! 1.*7$! &%! 2&)3! *-+#&'1#! :*9+,/4! ,/! ($7$//*.5;! X($!

)&$/!(&+!$*.(!*!9-*7$! ,(! +#$!7&6$(*(+! +#.&'1#!0&.@/3! $A7$9+! +#$!0&.@!&%!

:*9+,/4;! R&0$6$.3! +&! 4*,(+*,(! &($=/! 9&/,+,&(! ,(! +#$! 7&6$(*(+! .$]',.$/!

&:$),$(7$!+&!+#$!-*0/!&%!+#$!7&6$(*(+;!]-)*)-&)#%*&")*G'Q)-6-&*F/*>6$&"B*F2&*

#)H6$-%* F/* Z'#O%,* ?*7@! R'1#$/! 0*/! 7&..$7+! 0#$(! #$! (&+$)F! L"#$!

/,4,-*.,+,$/! +&!T&4*(!D*+#&-,7! +#$&-&15!*.$!6$.5!/+.,@,(1;!T&4*(!D*+#&-,7!

+#$&-&15! +$*7#$/! +#*+! ,(%*(+! :*9+,/4! 9-*7$/! &($! ,(+&! +#$! p7&6$(*(+!

7&44'(,+5=! *()! */! -&(1! */! +#*+! 9$./&(! 7&(+,('$/! +&! &:/$.6$! +#$!

/*7.*4$(+/3! #$! 0,--! 9.$/$.6$! #,4/$-%! *()! :$! /*6$);! "#*+! ,/! -$1*-,/43!

/*-6*+,&(!:5!0&.@/;Mc!

!

62//,6*1.-&!&9!04,&/,9,/,.6,&&

"#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! 9.&9&($(+/! .$1*.)! +#$4/$-6$/! */! +#$! %,./+!

9$&9-$! /,(7$! +#$! $*.-5! 7#'.7#! %*+#$./! 0#&! #*6$! .,1#+-5! '()$./+&&)! S*'-!

*()! #,/! 4$//*1$;! "#$5! 4*@$! +#,/! *//$.+,&(! :$7*'/$! +#$5! 7&(+$()! +#*+!

:$-,$6$./! ,(! +#$! 9*/+! #*6$! '/$)! +#$! 0.&(1! .$%$.$(7$! +#.&'1#! 0#,7#! +&!

,(+$.9.$+! +#$!0&.)/!&%!S*'-3! *+! -$*/+! /,(7$!<'1'/+,($3! *()!$/9$7,*--5! /,(7$!

K*.+,(!U'+#$.;!?&#(!<.4/+.&(13!&(7$!*!)$%$()$.!&%!.$%&.4$)!+#$&-&153!0#&!

#*/! ,(! .$7$(+! 5$*./!:$7&4$!*(! *)#$.$(+! +&! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-3!

0.&+$F!!

U'+#$.! '()$./+&&)! S*'-=/! )$/7.,9+,&(! &%! +#$! ?$0/3! *()! +#$,.!

.$-*+,&(/#,9! +&! +#$! -*03! +#.&'1#! +#$! 1.,)! &%! #,/! 4$),$6*-! T&4*(!

D*+#&-,7! $A9$.,$(7$;! B5! +#,/! *99.&*7#! U'+#$.! /*0! ?')*,/4! */! *!

.$-,1,&(!&%!4$.,+3! *! .$-,1,&(! ,(!0#,7#!&($! $*.(/! /*-6*+,&(;! D&4,(1! +&!

.$/+!,(!+#$!1.*7$!&%!2&)!*-&($3!U'+#$.!:$-,$6$)!+#*+!S*'-=/!%,./+I7$(+'.5!

$A9$.,$(7$! 0*/! $//$(+,*--5! -,@$! #,/! &0(! /,A+$$(+#I7$(+'.5! &($;!

?'/+,%,7*+,&(!:5!1.*7$!+#.&'1#!%*,+#!0*/!.$*--5!($03!&.!*+!-$*/+!+#$!($0!

$-$4$(+!&%! +#$!1&/9$-! +#*+!#*)!(&+!:$$(!7-$*.! +&! ?$0/!&%! +#$!8$7&()!

"$49-$!9$.,&);! Q(!U'+#$.=/!6,$0!+#,/!1&/9$-!&%!1.*7$!0*/! +#$!7$(+.*-!

9&,(+! &%! #,/! $(+,.$! .$%&.4*+,&(! $%%&.+;! "#,/! ,/! 0#5! U'+#$.! /*,)3! L+#$!

+.'$!D#'.7#!/+*()/!&.!%*--/M!:5!+#,/!*.+,7-$3!/&-*!%,)$;e!

!

Q(!&+#$.!0&.)/3!U'+#$.!.$*)!#,/!&0(!$A9$.,$(7$! ,(+&! +#$!S*'-,($!$9,/+-$/;!

8,(7$! +#$! T&4*(! 7#'.7#! &%! +#$! /,A+$$(+#! 7$(+'.5!0*/! -$1*-,/+,7k/$$@,(1!

c! ?*7@! R'1#$/3! L"#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$=/! m,$0! &%! S*'-! *()! +#$! U*03M! @")*

06%&)#X%*C)H$-6#/*.'2#-63!_b!fC*--!GddEgF!GcG;!e! ?&#(! R;! <.4/+.&(13! L[&! 2&&)! S$&9-$! 2&! +&! R$*6$(aM! 8)>'#H6&$'-* I*

8)Q$Q63! f"#$!>$$@-5! K$//$(1$.3! _d! C$:.'*.5! Gddi3! *77$//$)! _! C$:.'*.5! Gd_dg!

*6*,-*:-$!%.&4!#++9Frr000;*7+i&(-,($;7&4r*.+,7-$/;*/9a7*+,)xe;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 45 /*-6*+,&(! +#.&'1#! 4$.,+k/&! U'+#$.! .$*/&($)! +#*+! ?')*,/4! )$/7.,:$)! ,(!

S*'-=/! $9,/+-$/! ),)! +#$! /*4$;! R&0$6$.3! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-!

-$*)$./#,9!*//'.$/!.$*)$./!+#*+!/'7#!0*/!(&+!+#$!7*/$;!"#$!7#'.7#!#*/!:$$(!

4,/'()$./+*(),(1!S*'-!%&.!4*(5!5$*./;!8&!0#*+!0*/!S*'-!.$*--5!/$$@,(1a!

!

/!61!0&/,62.6101!*12.&&

>.,1#+! ,(/,/+$)3! L?'/+,%,7*+,&(3! ,(! 2*-*+,*(/3! ,/! +#$! )&7+.,($! 0#,7#! ,(/,/+/!

+#*+!*--!0#&!/#*.$!%*,+#!,(!D#.,/+!:$-&(1!*+!+#$!/*4$!+*:-$3!(&!4*++$.!0#*+!

+#$,.! .*7,*-!),%%$.$(7$/3! */! +&1$+#$.! +#$5!0*,+! %&.! +#$! %,(*-! 7.$*+,&(;MJ! Q+! ,/!

:$7*'/$! -$1*-,/4! 0*/! /'99&/$)-5! (&+! &(! L+#$! +*:-$M! %&.! %,./+I7$(+'.5!

?')*,/4!+#*+!S*'-!*99*.$(+-5!),)!(&+!),/7'//!+#$!,//'$!&%!#&0!&($!,/!/*6$)3!

:'+!.*+#$.!0#&!:$-&(1/!L*+!+#$!/*4$!+*:-$;M!C&.!2$(+,-$/!+&!:$!*77$9+$)!,(!

+#$!/*4$!7&6$(*(+!7&44'(,+53!,+!0&'-)!:$!($7$//*.5!%&.!?$0,/#!:$-,$6$./!

+&! *:/+*,(! %.&4! +#$,.! -*0/! 7&(7$.(,(1! %&&)/3! 7,.7'47,/,&(3! *()! #&-5! )*5/!

*()! 0$-7&4$! 2$(+,-$/! &(! $]'*-! +$.4/;! "#$! L:*)1$M! f*! %*6&.,+$! W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-!+$.4g!&%!7&44'(,+5!4$4:$./#,9!4'/+!:$!/#,%+$)!%.&4!

@&/#$.!-*0/!+&!:*9+,/43!%*,+#3!*()!&:$),$(7$!+&!D#.,/+;!

<77&.),(1!+&!S*'-3!O'/+,%,7*+,&(!,/!4&.$!7&(7$.($)!0,+#!$77-$/,&-&15!

+#*(!/&+$.,&-&15;!Q(!&+#$.!0&.)/3!S*'-!0*/!(&+!.$*--5!7&(7$.($)!*:&'+!+#$!

,(),6,)'*-=/!/+*(),(1!:$%&.$!2&);!R,/!7&(7$.(!0*/!0,+#!.$1*.)!+&!+#$!/+*+'/!

&%! 2$(+,-$/! 0#&! 0$.$! O&,(,(1! +#$! ?$0/! ,(! +#$! 7&6$(*(+! 7&44'(,+5;! S*'-!

*:*()&($)! :&'()*.5! 4*.@$./! %&.! +#&/$! ,(! +#$! 7&44'(,+5! f+#$! 7#'.7#gF!

:*)1$/!+#*+!+$--!0#&!,/!L,(3M!(&+!.$]',.$4$(+/!%&.!1$++,(1!L,(;M!Q+!,/!:$7*'/$!

+#&/$!0#&!9.*7+,7$)!?')*,/4!0$.$!*-.$*)5!,(!+#$!7&6$(*(+!7&44'(,+53!/&!

/*5! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! /7#&-*./3! +#*+! +#$! &(-5! ,//'$! ,/! #&0! +&!

,(+$1.*+$!2$(+,-$/!,(+&!+#$!*-.$*)5I$/+*:-,/#$)!7&44'(,+5;!

!

4,62.8&*,?:0,&A38!14?&!

V//$(+,*-!+&!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-!+#$&-&15!,/!V;!S;!8*()$./=!+#$/,/!+#*+!

+#$! ?')*,/4!&%!S*'-=/!)*5!f&%+$(!.$%$.$(7$)!*/!8$7&()!"$49-$! ?')*,/4!&.!

S*-$/+,(,*(! ?')*,/4g!0*/! (&+! *! /$-%I.,1#+$&'/3!4$.,+I:*/$)! .$-,1,&(;! U&(1!

:$%&.$! +#$! T$%&.4*+,&(3! <'1'/+,($! #*)! )$%$()$)! +#$! %*,+#! *1*,(/+!

S$-*1,*(,/43!0#,7#!+*'1#+!+#*+!/*-6*+,&(!0*/!&:+*,($)!+#.&'1#!0&.@/;!"#$!

T$%&.4$./3!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!9.&9&($(+/!7-*,43!.$*)!+#$,.!/+.'11-$!0,+#!

D*+#&-,7,/4!,(+&!+#$!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!+$A+/!*()!*//'4$)!+#$!9.*7+,+,&($./!&%!

?')*,/4!0$.$! */! S$-*1,*(! */!4$),$6*-! D*+#&-,7/;! "#$! T$%&.4$./! $]'*+$)!

J!>.,1#+3!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D3!_GG;!

46 New Perspective on Paul /,A+$$(+#I7$(+'.5!T&4*(!+#$&-&15!0,+#!S$-*1,*(,/4!*()!-,(@$)!:&+#!0,+#!

8$7&()!"$49-$!?')*,/4;!

"#$.$%&.$3!,(!+#$!4,()/!&%!U'+#$.3!D*-6,(3!*()!+#$!&+#$.!T$%&.4$./3!

S*'-! *)).$//$)! %,./+I7$(+'.5! S$-*1,*(,/4! %&'()! ,(! ?')*,/4!4'7#! */! +#$5!

0$.$!*)).$//,(1!,+!,(!T&4*(,/4;!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!-$*)$./!7&(+$()!+#*+!+#$!

T$%&.4$./! 4,/.$*)! S*'-! */! *! 7&(/$]'$(7$! &%! +#,/! %*'-+5! 7&(($7+,&(!

:$+0$$(!?')*,/4!*()!S$-*1,*(,/4;!C&.!+#,/!.$*/&(3!,+!,/!:$-,$6$)!+#*+!S*'-!

),)!(&+!/&!4'7#!*/!$6$(!*)).$//!-$1*-,/43!%&.!S*-$/+,(,*(!?')*,/4!0*/!(&+!

*! -$1*-,/+,7! .$-,1,&(;! W$0!S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! /7#&-*./! /*5! +#*+!0#$(! +#$!

9.,4*.5! .*::,(,7*-! 0.,+,(1/! *.$! /+'),$)! +#$5! 5,$-)! *! 6$.5! ),%%$.$(+!

'()$./+*(),(1! &%! ?')*,/4! +#*(! +#*+! &%! +#$! T$%&.4$./! *()! $6*(1$-,7*-/;!

>#*+!+#$/$!0.,+,(1/!5,$-)!,/!7&6$(*(+*-!(&4,/4!*/!)$/7.,:$)!9.$6,&'/-5F!*!

.$-,1,&(!,(!0#,7#!&($!$(+$./!+#$!7&6$(*(+!:5!+#$!1.*7$!&%!2&)!:'+!/+*5/!,(!

+#$!7&6$(*(+!+#.&'1#!&:$),$(7$;!

T$/9&(),(1! +&! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-! +$*7#,(1/! ,/!(&+!$*/5;!

"#$.$! ,/!4'7#!),/*1.$$4$(+! $6$(!:5! /7#&-*./!0#&! *.$! .$*),(1! +#$! /*4$!

+$A+/;! Q(+$.9.$+*+,&(/!&%! +#$! +$A+/! *.$!(&+! $*/5! *()!6*.5!0,)$-5^! +#$! /+*+$!

*()!)*+$!&%!+#$!+$A+/!*.$!&%+$(!'(7$.+*,(^!4*(5!.*::,(,7*-!)&7'4$(+/!0$.$!

0.,++$(!,(!+#$!+#,.)!+&!%,%+#!7$(+'.53!:'+!*.$!:$,(1!'/$)!+&!,--'/+.*+$!?$0,/#!

+$*7#,(1!,(!+#$!%,./+!7$(+'.5;_d!

"#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! 4,/.$9.$/$(+/! 0#*+! $6*(1$-,7*-/!

+$*7#;! W&! &($! ,/! +$*7#,(1! +#*+! $,+#$.! D*+#&-,7,/4! &.! S*-$/+,(,*(! ?')*,/4!

0$.$!S$-*1,*(!,(!+#$!/$(/$!+#*+!+#$5!0$.$!$(+,.$-5!0&.@/I:*/$)!.$-,1,&(/^!

.*+#$.3! +#$5!:&+#!0$.$!/$4,IS$-*1,*(3!4$*(,(1! +#*+! +#$5!:&+#! +*'1#+! +#*+!

/*-6*+,&(! f0#*+$6$.! +#*+!4,1#+!4$*(! +&! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-g! ,/!

:*/$)! '9&(! +#$! 1.*7$! &%! 2&)! *()! *77$9+$)! :5! %*,+#! ,(! *)),+,&(! +&!0&.@/;!

B&+#!T&4$!*()!?')*,/4!0$.$!/$4,IS$-*1,*(3!+#*+!,/3!2&)!)&$/!R,/!9*.+!*()!

+#$! .$/+! ,/! +#$! .$/9&(/,:,-,+5! &%! #'4*(,+5! f*-/&! @(&0(! */! /5($.1,/4g;!

D&(/$]'$(+-53! +#,/! 4$*(/! +#*+! 8*()$./! *()! +#$! &+#$./! )&! (&+! +.'-5!

'()$./+*()!-$1*-,/4;!V6$(!*/!+#$5!7-*,4!+#*+!?')*,/4!,/!(&+!-$1*-,/+,73!+#$5!

9.&6,)$!]'&+$/! %.&4!.*::,(,7*-! /&'.7$/!)$4&(/+.*+,(1! +#*+! ,+! 7-$*.-5! ,/;__!

V6$(! +#$! )$%,(,+,&(! &%! 7&6$(*(+*-! (&4,/43! */! 1,6$(! :5! 8*()$./3! ,/! *!

/5($.1$+,73!*()!+#'/!-$1*-,/+,73!)$%,(,(1!&%!?')*,/4;!

"#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-!9-*7$/!4&.$!7&(%,)$(7$!,(!.*::,(,7*-!

/&'.7$/!+#*(!,(!+#$!W$0!"$/+*4$(+;!"#$!T$%&.4$./!,(!+#$!9*/+3!,(!*)),+,&(!

+&! 4&)$.(! $6*(1$-,7*-/3! #*6$! 4*)$! +#$,.! 7&(7-'/,&(/! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&!

?')*,/4! 9.,4*.,-5! %.&4! 87.,9+'.$;! Q+! ,/! ,49&//,:-$! +&! /+')5! +#$! W$0!

"$/+*4$(+!*()!(&+!7&(7-')$!+#*+!%,./+I7$(+'.5!?')*,/4!,/!7-$*.-5!-$1*-,/+,7;!

_d! 8$$! C;! [*6,)! C*.($--3! L"#$!W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-F! Q+/! B*/,7! "$($+/3!

R,/+&.53!*()!S.$/'99&/,+,&(/3M!@")*06%&)#X%*C)H$-6#/*.'2#-63!_b!fC*--!GddEgF!GGd;!__!8$$!>*+$./3!.2%&$>$G6&$'-*6-D*&")*W)Z*E)#%()G&$Q)%3!HGIEc;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 47 <7+/!_iFieIiJ3!U'@$!_eF_H3!2*-*+,*(/!GF_b3!*()!T&4*(/!iFGd!*()!JFidIiG!

0&'-)!:$!),%%,7'-+!+&!.$%'+$;!X($!0&'-)!#*6$!+&!0&()$.!0#*+!/&!),/+'.:$)!

?$/'/! .$1*.),(1! +#$! S#*.,/$$/! +#*+!R$!0&'-)! 9.&(&'(7$! +#$4!#59&7.,+$/!

0#&!*))$)!+#$,.!+.*),+,&(/!+&!+#$!>&.)!&%!2&)!,%3! ,(!%*7+3!+#$5!*()!R$!#*)!

:$$(!:*/,7*--5!7&44'(,7*+,(1!/,4,-*.-5;!

>,--,*4! B*..,7@! &%%$.$)! +#$! %&--&0,(1! 7.,+,]'$! &%! ?')*,/43! */!

*(*-5N$)! ,(! +#$!B&&@!&%!2*-*+,*(/;! LD&(/,)$.! +#$! %&--&0,(1! 7#*.*7+$.,/+,7/!

&%!S*'-=/!&99&/,+,&(FM!!

y! "#$5!9.$*7#!*!),%%$.$(+!f!;!;!;!&eterosg!1&/9$-!f_Fbg;!

y! "#$5!*.$!L),/+'.:,(1M!S*'-=/!7&(6$.+/!*()!L),/+&.+,(1M!#,/!1&/9$-!

4$//*1$!f_Fcg;!;!;!;!

y! "#$5!*.$!L%*-/$!:.$+#.$(M!f! ;! ;! ;!pseudadelfoig!/$$@,(1!:&()*1$!

.*+#$.!+#*(!%.$$)&4!fGFH^!EF_g;!

y! "#$5! :$-&(1$)! +&! +#$! L9*.+5! &%! +#$! 7,.7'47,/,&(M! f! ;! ;! ;! tous ek

peritomhs3!GF_Gg;!

y! "#$5! 7&49$-! 2$(+,-$! D#.,/+,*(/! +&! -,6$! -,@$! ?$0/! f! ;! ;! ;! ta eqnh anagkazeis ioudaizein3!GF_Hg;!;!;!;!

y! "#$5!7*'/$!2*-*+,*(!:$-,$6$./!+&!:$!/9$--:&'()!*()!).*0(!*0*5!

%.&4!+#$!1&/9$-!fiF_g;!

y! "#$!2$(+,-$/!4'/+!*77$9+!+#$,.!$+#,7!;!;!;!+&!:$!/*6$)!fHF_c!;!;!;!g;M_G!!B*..,7@! 7&(+,('$)3! LS*'-=/! *(+*1&(,/+/!0$.$!(&+! /,49-5! %,./+I7$(+'.5! ?$0/!

0,+#!*!1.*7$!9$./9$7+,6$!9.*7+,7,(1!/&I7*--$)!p7&6$(*(+*-!(&4,/4=!(&.!0$.$!

+#$5! pL.,1#+! 0,(1M! ?$0,/#! D#.,/+,*(/;=! D-$*.-53! +#$5! 0$.$! %,./+I7$(+'.5!

$($4,$/! &%! +#$! %*,+#! *()! &99&($(+/! &%! +#$! 1&/9$-! ,(! 9*.+,7'-*.;M_i! S#,-!

?&#(/&(! /'44*.,N$)! +#$! $6*(1$-,7*-! 9&/,+,&(F! LQ(! %*7+3! ,%! 0$! *--&0! +#$!

1&/9$-! *77&'(+/! +&! ,(%&.4! &'.! '()$./+*(),(1! &%! +#$! S#*.,/$$/=! .$-,1,&(3!

.*+#$.!+#*(!/$--,(1!&'+!+&!+#$!/7#&-*./#,9!&%!V;!S;!8*()$./3!0$!H2%&!7&4$!+&!

+#$! 7&(7-'/,&(! +#*+! +#$! &-)! 9$./9$7+,6$! &%! %,./+I7$(+'.5! S#*.,/*,/4! ,/! +#$!

7&..$7+!&($;M_H!

!

*+,&-24:,0&!

K*.+,(! U'+#$.! /*,)! +#*+! +#$! 7#'.7#! /+*()/! &.! %*--/! &(! +#,/! &($! )&7+.,($F!

O'/+,%,7*+,&(!:5!%*,+#;!Q%!+#*+!,/!/&3!*()!7&(/$.6*+,6$!D#.,/+,*(/!+#.&'1#+&'+!

+#$! *1$/! #*6$! *1.$$)! 0,+#! U'+#$.3! +#$(! *(! $A*4,(*+,&(! &%! +#$! W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-=/! 1&/9$-! 4$//*1$! /#&'-)! :$! ,(/+.'7+,6$;! Q(! L&-)$.!

_G!>,--,*4![;!B*..,7@3!L"#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!*()!p>&.@/!&%!+#$!U*0=3M!@")*

06%&)#X%*C)H$-6#/*.'2#-63!_b!fC*--!GddEgF!Ge_;!_i!Q:,);!_H!?&#(/&(3!L<![$%$(/$!&%!+#$!X-)!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-M!t&(-,($u;!

48 New Perspective on Paul +#$&-&153M! W;! ";! >.,1#+! +$--/! .$*)$./3! Lp+#$! 1&/9$-=! ,/! /'99&/$)! +&! :$! *!

)$/7.,9+,&(!&%!#&0!9$&9-$!1$+!/*6$)3M!&.!#&0!LD#.,/+!+*@$/!&'.!/,(!*()!0$!

#,/!.,1#+$&'/($//3M_E!&.!/&4$+#,(1!/,4,-*.;!<77&.),(1!+&!>.,1#+3!+#,/!,/!(&+!

0#*+! S*'-! 4$*(+! :5! +#$! 1&/9$-;! "#$! 1&/9$-! ,(/+$*)! ,/! L+#$! (*..*+,6$!

9.&7-*4*+,&(!&%!j,(1! ?$/'/;M_b! S*'-! *((&'(7$)3! L?$/'/! ,/! @,(13! (&+! &(-5!&%!

Q/.*$-! :'+! &%! *--! +#$!0&.-);M_c! 8*,)!0,+#! 1.$*+$.! 7-*.,+53! L"#$! 1&/9$-! ,/! +#$!

*((&'(7$4$(+!+#*+!?$/'/!,/!U&.)!k!U&.)!&%!+#$!0&.-)3!U&.)!&%!+#$!7&/4&/3!

U&.)!&%!+#$!$*.+#3!&%!+#$!&N&($!-*5$.3!&%!0#*-$/!*()!0*+$.%*--/3!&%!+.$$/!*()!

+&.+&,/$/;M_e!

>#,-$!(&!+#,(@,(1!D#.,/+,*(!0&'-)!)$(5!+#$!-&.)/#,9!&%!D#.,/+!&6$.!

*--! +#,(1/3!0#$(! +#$!1&/9$-! ,+/$-%!:$7&4$/! +#$!4$//*1$!&%! -&.)/#,9! .*+#$.!

+#*(! +#$!4$//*1$!&%! .$)$49+,&(!*()! O'/+,%,7*+,&(3! +#$.$!0,--!($7$//,+*+$!*!

/$,/4,7! 7#*(1$! ,(!'()$./+*(),(1!0#5! ?$/'/! 7*4$!*()!),$)3! *()!0#*+! +#$!

7#'.7#! ,/! +&! 9.&7-*,4! */! *! .$/'-+;! >.,1#+! -$%+! (&! )&':+! .$1*.),(1! #,/!

)$/,.$/F!

!</! /&&(! */! 0$! 1$+! +#,/! .,1#+! 0$! )$/+.&5! *+! *! /+.&@$! +#$! ),/*/+.&'/!

),7#&+&45!+#*+!#*/!$A,/+$)!,(!9$&9-$=/!4,()/!:$+0$$(!L9.$*7#,(1!+#$!

1&/9$-M! &(! +#$! &($! #*()! *()!0#*+! '/$)! +&! :$! 7*--$)! -&&/$-5! L/&7,*-!

*7+,&(M! &.! L/&7,*-! O'/+,7$M! &(! +#$! &+#$.;! S.$*7#,(1! +#$! 1&/9$-!4$*(/!

*((&'(7,(1!?$/'/!*/!U&.)!&%!+#$!0&.-)^!*()! ;! ;! ;!0$!7*((&+!4*@$!+#*+!

*((&'(7$4$(+! 0,+#&'+! /$$@,(1! +&! :.,(1! +#*+! -&.)/#,9! +&! :$*.! &6$.!

$6$.5!*/9$7+!&%!+#$!0&.-);!;!;!;!Q+!,/!:.,(1,(1!+#$!0#&-$!0&.-)!'()$.!+#$!

-&.)/#,9!&%!D#.,/+;_J!

!

X%! +#$!4*(5! +#,(1/!0.&(1!0,+#!>.,1#+=/!)$%,(,+,&(!&%! +#$!1&/9$-3! +0&!*.$!

7.'7,*-;!L$#%&3!,+!+.*(/%$./!+#$!%&7'/!&%!2&)=/!9$&9-$!%.&4!+#$!9.&7-*4*+,&(!&%!

.$)$49+,&(!+&!/&7,*-!$(#*(7$4$(+!&%!+#$!9-*($+;!C&.3!*/!>.,1#+!/+*+$)3!#,/!

1&/9$-! ,/! (&+! 4$.$-5! +#$! *((&'(7$4$(+! +#*+! ?$/'/! ,/! U&.)! f0#,7#! ,/!

/&4$+#,(1! +.'$! :$%&.$! +#$! 7.&//g3! :'+! +#$! .*--5,(1! 9&,(+! %.&4! 0#,7#! +#$!

7#'.7#! ,/! +&! L:.,(1! +#$! 0#&-$! 0&.-)! '()$.! +#$! -&.)/#,9! &%! D#.,/+;M! "#$!

7#'.7#=/!4*()*+$!'()$.!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!,/!(&+!+&!.$/7'$!9$&9-$!L%.&4!

+#$!9&0$.!&%!)*.@($//!*()!7&(6$5$)!'/!,(+&!+#$!@,(1)&4!&%!+#$!8&(!&%!R,/!

-&6$3! ,(!0#&4!0$!#*6$! .$)$49+,&(! +#.&'1#!R,/!:-&&)3! +#$! %&.1,6$($//!&%!

/,(/M!fD&-!_F_iI_Hg;!<77&.),(1!+&!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-3!+#$!7#'.7#=/!

4*()*+$! ,/! +&! .$/7'$! +#$! 9-*($+! *()! '-+,4*+$-5! +&! 7.&0(! D#.,/+! */! U&.)!

_E!>.,1#+3!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D3!H_;!_b!Q:,);!HE;!_c!Q:,);!Ei;!_e!Q:,);!_EiIEH;!_J!Q:,);!_EHIEE;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 49 &6$.!*--! $*.+#-5! /5/+$4/!*()! /+.'7+'.$/;!2&)=/!9$&9-$! *.$! +&! $/+*:-,/#! +#$!

@,(1)&4! +#*+! D#.,/+! :$1*(! f0#,7#! ,/! 7$.+*,(-5! *! L@,(1)&4! (&0M!

9$./9$7+,6$!%&'()!,(!9&/+4,--$((,*-,/43!+#*+!,/3!+#$!@,(1)&4!,/!(&0!*()!+#$!

D#.,/+,*(=/! .$/9&(/,:,-,+5! ,/! +&! *)6*(7$! +#$! @,(1)&4! +&! +#$! 9&,(+! 0#$.$!

D#.,/+!7*(!)$7-*.$!@,(1/#,9!&6$.!+#$!$*.+#!*()!'-+,4*+$-5!.$,1(!,(!9$./&(g;!

"#$! /&7,*-! *1$()*! ,/! $6$(!4&.$! $6,)$(+!0#$(!6,+*-! */9$7+/! &%! +#$!

+.'$!1&/9$-! *.$!$,+#$.!4,(,4,N$)!&.! $-,4,(*+$)!*-+&1$+#$.;!"#$.$%&.$3! +#$!

%)G'-D!7&(7$.(!,/!$6$(!4&.$!/$.,&'/3!%&.!,(!$-$6*+,(1!+#$!/&7,*-!*1$()*3!+#$!

.$)$49+,&(! *1$()*! ,/! )$6*-'$);! D&(/,)$.! +#$! *--I,49&.+*(+! )&7+.,($! &%!

O'/+,%,7*+,&(3! %&.! $A*49-$;! D&(/$.6*+,6$! D#.,/+,*(/! #*6$! *1.$$)! +#*+!

O'/+,%,7*+,&(! ,/! )$%,($)! */! D#.,/+! %&.1,6,(1! *()! .$4&6,(1! 9$./&(*-! /,(! :5!

1.*(+,(1! 2&)=/! .,1#+$&'/($//! fG! D&.! EFG_g;! "#$!W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-!

.$O$7+/! +#,/! )$%,(,+,&(! *()! .$9-*7$/! ,+! 0,+#! D#.,/+=/! $/7#*+&-&1,7*-! 6,7+&.5!

%&.!+#$!(*+,&(!&%!Q/.*$-;!>.,1#+!$A9-*,($)F!

!L?'/+,%,7*+,&(M!,/!*!-*0I7&'.+!+$.43!*()!,(!,+/!?$0,/#!7&(+$A+!,+!.$%$./!+&!

+#$!1.$*+$/+!-*0/',+!&%!*--F!+#*+!0#,7#!0,--!+*@$!9-*7$!&(!+#$!1.$*+!)*5!

0#$(! +#$! +.'$! 2&)! O')1$/! *--! +#$! (*+,&(/3! 4&.$! 9*.+,7'-*.-5! +#$!

(*+,&(/! +#*+! #*6$! :$$(! &99.$//,(1! Q/.*$-;! 2&)! 0,--3! *+! -*/+3! %,()! ,(!

%*6&'.!&%!#,/!9$&9-$F!#$!0,--! O')1$! +#$!9*1*(!(*+,&(/!*()! .$/7'$!#,/!

+.'$! 9$&9-$;! L?'/+,%,7*+,&(M! +#'/! )$/7.,:$/! +#$! 7&4,(1! 1.$*+! *7+! &%!

.$)$49+,&(!*()!/*-6*+,&(3!%))-*>#'H*&")*('$-&*'>*Q$)Z!&%!+#$!7&6$(*(+!

fQ/.*$-! ,/! 2&)=/! 9$&9-$g! &(! +#$! &($! #*()! *()! +#$! -*0! 7&'.+! &(! +#$!

&+#$.!f2&)=/!%,(*-!O')14$(+!0,--!:$!-,@$!*!1.$*+!-*0I7&'.+!/7$($3!0,+#!

Q/.*$-!0,((,(1!+#$!7*/$g!t,+*-,7/!,(!&.,1,(*-u;Gd!

!S#,-!?&#(/&(!&%%$.$)!+#$!%&--&0,(1!/'44*.5F!!

h-+,4*+$-53!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!),6$/+/!+#$!1&/9$-!&%!k!&.!)&0(9-*5/!

k!$6$.5!/,1(,%,7*(+!*/9$7+!&%!/&+$.,&-&15;!"#$!4$*(/!&%!*+&($4$(+!,/!

-$%+! 6*1'$! ,(! +#,/! /5/+$4^! +#$! ,//'$/! &%! 9$./&(*-! /,(! *()! 1',-+! *.$!

9*//$)!&6$.!*()!:.'/#$)!*/,)$;!"#$!1&/9$-!:$7&4$/!*!9.&7-*4*+,&(!&%!

6,7+&.53!9$.,&);! Q(!&+#$.!0&.)/3! +#$!1&/9$-!&%! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$! ,/!

)$7,)$)-5!(&+!*!4$//*1$!*:&'+!#&0!/,(($./!7*(!$/7*9$! +#$!0.*+#!&%!

2&);! Q(! %*7+3! +#,/!1&/9$-!/*5/! -,++-$!&.!(&+#,(1!*:&'+!9$./&(*-!/,(!*()!

%&.1,6$($//3! ,(),6,)'*-! .$)$49+,&(3! *+&($4$(+3! &.! *(5! &%! +#$! &+#$.!

1.$*+! /&+$.,&-&1,7*-! )&7+.,($/;! 8&+$.,&-&15! ,/! #*.)-5! *! 7&(7$.(! &%! +#$!

W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! k! $6$(! 0#$(! +#$5! *.$! )$*-,(1! 0,+#! +#$! 1&/9$-!

4$//*1$;G_!

!

Gd!Q:,);!ii;!G_!?&#(/&(3!L<![$%$(/$!&%!+#$!X-)!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-M!t&(-,($u;!

50 New Perspective on Paul "#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! :$7&4$/! $6$(! 4&.$! 7&49-,7*+$)! %&.3! */! +#$! W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$! -$*)$./! /$$@! +&! %&/+$.! +#$,.! ($0! 9$./9$7+,6$/3! ,+! ($7$//,+*+$/!

+#*+! +#$5! 7#*(1$! +#$! 4$*(,(1! &%! $6$.5! ,//'$! +#*+! *%%$7+/! +#$! /':O$7+! &%!

O'/+,%,7*+,&(;!"#$5!:$1,(!0,+#!+#$!7&6$(*(+!:$7*'/$!+#$!9.,4*.5!,//'$!0,+#!

+#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! ,/! :$,(1! ,(! +#$! 7&6$(*(+;! X%! 7&'./$3! +#,/! 9.$/$(+/!

/$6$.*-! ]'$/+,&(/3! %&.$4&/+! &%! 0#,7#! ,/! #&0! )&$/! &($! $(+$.! ,(+&! +#$!

7&6$(*(+a! <4*N,(1-53! 7&(/,)$.,(1! +#$! 7&6$(*(+=/! ,49&.+*(7$! ,(! +#$!

/5/+$43! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$! 9.&9&($(+/! )&!(&+! -,@$! +&! *)).$//! #&0!&($!

/#*.$/!,(!+#$!7&6$(*(+;!>.,1#+3!#&0$6$.3!&%%$.$)!*!+#.$$%&-)!9.&7$//F!L+#$5!

7&4$! +&! :$-,$6$! +#$!4$//*1$^! +#$5! O&,(! +#$!D#.,/+,*(! 7&44'(,+5! +#.&'1#!

:*9+,/43!*()!:$1,(!+&!/#*.$!,(!,+/!7&44&(!-,%$!*()!,+/!7&44&(!0*5!&%!-,%$;!

"#*+!,/!#&0!9$&9-$!7&4$!,(+&!.$-*+,&(/#,9!0,+#!+#$!-,6,(1!2&);MGG!

"#$.$%&.$3! 9$&9-$! *.$! +&! :$-,$6$! +#$! 4$//*1$! *:&'+! ?$/'/3! *()!

.$4$4:$.! ,+! ,/! (&+! *! 4$//*1$! &%! .$)$49+,&(! fD#.,/+! )5,(1! %&.! 9$./&(*-!

/,(/g! :'+! *! 4$//*1$! &%! -&.)/#,93! *! :$-,$%! +#*+! ?$/'/! ,/! U&.)3! 0#,7#! ,/!

%&--&0$)! :5! :*9+,/4! *()! O&,(,(1! +#$! 7#'.7#;! X(7$! ,(! +#$! 7&6$(*(+3! */!

*-.$*)5!/+*+$)3!&($!.$4*,(/!,(!+#$!7&6$(*(+!+#.&'1#!&:$),$(7$;!8&4$3!/'7#!

*/!8*()$./3!*99*.$(+-5!4*)$!+#,/!*!4,(,4*-!-$6$-!&%!&:$),$(7$3!/*5,(1!+#*+!

&(-5! *! L.$('(7,*+,&(! &%! 2&)! *()! #,/! 7&6$(*(+! 7*(! 9'+! &($! &'+! &%! +#$!

7&6$(*(+;MGi!

>#,-$! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$! 1,6$/! ,(/,(7$.$! .$/9$7+! +&! %*,+#3! ,+! 7*(!

.$*),-5!:$!/$$(!+#*+!'-)*)-&)#%*&")*G'Q)-6-&*F/*>6$&"*(32%*Z'#O%*bF6(&$%HcB*$%*

%2%&6$-)D*$-*&")*G'Q)-6-&*F/*$-Q'3Q)H)-&*$-*&")*G"2#G"B*6-D*$%*H6$-&6$-)D*$-*

&")*G'Q)-6-&*F/*'F)D$)-G),*X($!7*(!'()$./+*()!0#5!4*(5!.$1*.)!+#$!W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-!*/!4$.$-5!*!+#,(-5!),/1',/$)!9*+#!+&!T&4$;!h()$.!W$0!

S$./9$7+,6$!+#$&-&153!*!+#$&-&15!+#*+!#*/!(&!7.$)$(7$!,(!%'36*>$D)B!*--!0#&!

7-*,4! +#$! -&.)/#,9! &%! D#.,/+3! 0#$+#$.! D*+#&-,73! S.&+$/+*(+3! &.! /&4$+#,(1!

$-/$3!L:$-&(1!+&1$+#$.!,(!+#$!&($!%*4,-5;MGH!

Q(! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$3! O'/+,%,7*+,&(! #*/! (&+#,(1! +&! )&! 0,+#!

/*-6*+,&(! *()! $6$.5+#,(1! +&!)&!0,+#! +#$! 7#'.7#3! &.! 7&44'(,+5;![$7-*.,(1!

+#*+! +#$! $6*(1$-,7*-! 7#'.7#! #*/! 4,/.$*)! 2*-*+,*(/! %.&4! *(7,$(+! +,4$/3!

>.,1#+!*//'.$)!#,/!.$*)$./!+#*+!#$!*()!#,/!7&4.*)$/!#*6$!),/7&6$.$)!0#*+!

S*'-!.$*--5!4$*(+F!

!"#$! 9.&:-$4! #$! *)).$//$/! ,/F! /#&'-)! #,/! $AI9*1*(! 7&(6$.+/! :$!

7,.7'47,/$)!&.!(&+;!;!;!a!Q+!#*/!+&!)&!]',+$!&:6,&'/-5!0,+#!+#$!]'$/+,&(!

&%! #&0! 5&'! D)>$-)* &")* ()'(3)* '>* 5'DF! *.$! +#$5! +&! :$! )$%,($)! :5! +#$!

:*)1$/! &%! ?$0,/#! .*7$3! &.! ,(! /&4$! &+#$.!0*5;! ;! ;! a! t>u#&! :$-&(1/! +&!

GG!>.,1#+3!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D3!__bI_c;!Gi!>*+$./3!.2%&$>$G6&$'-*6-D*&")*W)Z*E)#%()G&$Q)%3!He;!GH!>.,1#+3!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D3!_Ee;!


<:.*#*4=/!%*4,-5;! ;! ;! ;!?'/+,%,7*+,&(3!,(!2*-*+,*(/3!,/!+#$!)&7+.,($!0#,7#!

,(/,/+/!+#*+!*--!0#&!/#*.$!%*,+#! ,(!D#.,/+!:$-&(1!*+!+#$!/*4$!+*:-$3!(&!

4*++$.!0#*+!+#$,.!.*7,*-!),%%$.$(7$/3!*/!+&1$+#$.!+#$5!0*,+!%&.!+#$!%,(*-!

($0! 7.$*+,&(;! ;! ;! ;! ?'/+,%,7*+,&(! ,/! (&+! #&0! /&4$&($! F)G'H)%! *!

D#.,/+,*(;! Q+! ,/! +#$! )$7-*.*+,&(! +#*+! +#$5! "6Q)* F)G'H)! *! D#.,/+,*(!

t,+*-,7/!,(!&.,1,(*-u;GE!

!

Q(! &+#$.! 0&.)/3! L,+! 0*/! (&+! /&! 4'7#! *:&'+! p1$++,(1! ,(=3! &.! ,()$$)! *:&'+!

p/+*5,(1!,(=3!*/!*:&'+!p#&0!5&'!7&'-)!+$--!0#&!0*/!,(=;!Q(!/+*()*.)!D#.,/+,*(!

+#$&-&1,7*-! -*(1'*1$3! ,+! 0*/(=+! /&! 4'7#! *:&'+! /&+$.,&-&15! */! *:&'+!

$77-$/,&-&15^!(&+!/&!4'7#!*:&'+!/*-6*+,&(!*/!*:&'+!+#$!7#'.7#;MGb!<77&.),(1!

+&!>.,1#+3!S*'-!0*/!(&+!$6$(!7&(7$.($)!0,+#!+#$!0&.@/I/*-6*+,&(!,//'$^!#$!

0*/! 7&(7$.($)! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! .*7,*-! $]'*-,+5! ,(! +#$! 7&44'(,+5;! ?$0,/#!

D#.,/+,*(/! 0$.$! ,(/,/+,(1! +#*+! 2$(+,-$! :$-,$6$./! +*@$! +#$! L:*)1$/M! &%!

?')*,/4!,(!&.)$.!+&!O&,(!+#$!7&44'(,+5^!S*'-!),)!(&+!/*5!+#*+!?')*,/4!0*/!

0.&(13! :'+! +#*+! +#$! L:*)1$/M! #*6$! 7#*(1$);! h()$.! +#$! &-)! 7&6$(*(+3! +#$!

:*)1$/!0$.$! 7,.7'47,/,&(3! ),$+*.5! -*0/3! *()! 8*::*+#! @$$9,(1^! '()$.! +#$!

($0! 7&6$(*(+3! ,+! ,/! :$-,$%! ,(! +#$! -&.)/#,9! &%! +#$! K$//,*#3! :*9+,/43! *()!

O&,(,(1! +#$! 7&44'(,+5;! <--! 0#&!4$$+! +#$/$! +#.$$! 7.,+$.,*! :$-&(1! L*+! +#$!

/*4$!+*:-$;M!

<77&.),(1!+&!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$3!+#$!<9&/+-$!S*'-!),)!(&+!$A9.$//!

7&(7$.(!0,+#!.$1*.)!+&!+#$!/':O$7+!&%!/*-6*+,&(!,(!#,/!$9,/+-$/!:$7*'/$!+#*+!

/':O$7+!0*/!(&+!*!4*O&.! ,//'$;!S*-$/+,(,*(! ?')*,/4!0*/!(&+!*!4$.,+I:*/$)!

.$-,1,&(3! *()3! +#$.$%&.$3! +#$! <9&/+-$! 0*/! (&+! 0*/+,(1! #,/! +,4$! 7&..$7+,(1!

+#$,.! +#$&-&15;! S*'-=/! 7&(7$.(! 0*/! +#$! :*..,$./! @$$9,(1! ?$0,/#! :$-,$6$./!

*()!2$(+,-$!:$-,$6$./! %.&4!9*.+,7,9*+,(1! ,(!*!/,(1-$!7&44'(,+5;!>#*+!#*)!

+&!:$!7#*(1$)!0*/!(&+!+#$!4$*(/!&%!/*-6*+,&(!:'+!+#$!L:*)1$/M!&%!/*-6*+,&(!

,(!&.)$.! +#*+! %&--&0$./!&%!D#.,/+!0&'-)!@(&0!0#&!0*/! ,(! +#$!7&44'(,+5;!

S*'-! 7#*(1$)! +#$! L:*)1$/M! %.&4! ?$0,/#! "&.*#I@$$9,(13! $/9$7,*--5!

7,.7'47,/,&(3! ),$+*.5! -*0/3! *()! 8*::*+#I@$$9,(13! +&! %*,+#3! :*9+,/43!

&:$),$(7$! +&! +#$! 7&6$(*(+3! *()! 7&6$(*(+! 7&44'(,+5! ,(6&-6$4$(+;! "#$!

7#'.7#!0&'-)!(&!-&(1$.!:$!),6,)$)!:5!.*7,*-!-,($/3!:'+!0&'-)!:$!'(,+$)!:5!

+#$!($0!L:*)1$/;M!

"#$.$%&.$3! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! ($1*+$/! +#$! )&7+.,($! &%! %'36* >$D)!

*()!),/+&.+/!:,:-,7*-!/&+$.,&-&15!:5!9&.+.*5,(1! ,+!*/!*!/$4,IS$-*1,*(3! %*,+#I

9-'/I#'4*(I4$.,+I:*/$)!.$-,1,&(;!"#$!),/+&.+,&(! ,/! +#$! ,)$(+,7*-!$..&.! +#$!

T$%&.4$./! .$7&1(,N$)! *()! :*++-$);! C*.! %.&4! 1$++,(1! ,+! 0.&(13! +#$!

T$%&.4$./!0$.$!$A*7+-5!.,1#+!:$7*'/$!+#$5!/*0!,(!T&4*(!D*+#&-,7,/4!+#$!

GE!Q:,);!_Gd3!_G_3!_GG3!_GE;!Gb!Q:,);!__J;!

52 New Perspective on Paul /*4$!$..&.!+#$5!.$7&1(,N$)!,(!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!?')*,/43!+#*+!,/3!:&+#!:$,(1!

/$4,IS$-*1,*(;!

"#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! /5/+$4! /+*()/! &.! %*--/! &(! ,+/!

'()$./+*(),(1!&%!8$7&()!"$49-$!?')*,/4;!Q%!+#$!?')*,/4!&%!S*'-=/!)*5!0*/!

*77$9+*:-$!+&!2&)3!&(-5!,(!($$)!&%!4,(&.!*)O'/+4$(+/!+&!*77&44&)*+$!+#$!

7&4,(1! &%! +#$,.! K$//,*#3! +#$(! D#.,/+,*(/! #*6$! 4,/'()$./+&&)! S*'-! %&.!

7$(+'.,$/;! Q(!+#$!.*::,(,7*-!0.,+,(1/3! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!/7#&-*./!.$1*.)!

%,./+! 7$(+'.5! ?')*,/4! */! *! 1.*7$I:*/$)3! (&(I-$1*-,/+,7! .$-,1,&(! 0#,-$3! */!

*-.$*)5! /+*+$)3! &+#$.! /7#&-*./! '/,(1! +#$! /*4$! )&7'4$(+/! ),/*1.$$;!

R&0$6$.3!+#$!%,(*-!*.:,+.*+&.!/#&'-)!:$!+#$!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!,+/$-%;!

V6$(! *! 7*/'*-! .$*),(1! +#.&'1#! +#$! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! .$6$*-/! *!

7&49-$+$-5! ),%%$.$(+! (&+,&(! &%! ?')*,/4k$/9$7,*--5! +#$! -$*)$./! 0,+#,(!

?')*,/4k+#*(! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-! 9&.+.*5/;! ?&#(! +#$! B*9+,/+!

7*--$)!+#$!-$*)$./!&%!?')*,/4!*!L:.&&)!&%!6,9$./M!fK*++!iFcg;!?$/'/!)$/7.,:$)!

+#$,.! .,1#+$&'/($//! */! ,(%$.,&.! *()! +&-)! R,/! *'),$(7$3! L'(-$//! 5&'.!

.,1#+$&'/($//!$A7$$)/!+#$!.,1#+$&'/($//!&%!+#$!/7.,:$/!*()!S#*.,/$$/3!5&'!

0,--!:5!(&!4$*(/!$(+$.!+#$!@,(1)&4!&%!#$*6$(M!fK*++!EFGdg;!

"#$! 2&/9$-/! .$7&.)! ('4$.&'/! 7&(%-,7+/! :$+0$$(! ?$/'/! *()! +#$!

?$0,/#! .$-,1,&'/! -$*)$./! fV;! S;! 8*()$./!),/4,//$)! +#$!&($/! %&'()! ,(!K*.@!

GF_IiFb^!K*.@!c^!*()3!K*++#$0!_E!:5!)$(5,(1!+#$!#,/+&.,7*-!*77'.*75!&%!+#$!

2&/9$-/g;! Q(! K*++#$0! Gi3! ?$/'/! 9.&(&'(7$)! $,1#+! 0&$/! f&.! O')14$(+/g!

'9&(!+#$!S#*.,/$$/3!0#,7#!#*.)-5!*99$*./!+&!.$9.$/$(+!L*--!+#,(1/!0$--M!,(!

%,./+!7$(+'.5! ?')*,/4;!"#$!U&.)!$6$(! +&-)! +#$!S#*.,/$$/! +#*+! +#$5!0$.$!&%!

+#$,.! %*+#$.! +#$!)$6,-! f?&#(!eFHHg;Gc!X($!0&'-)! %,()!),%%,7'-+5! +&! %,()!$6$(!

&($! 9&/,+,6$! $(7&'(+$.! &.! )$/7.,9+,&(! &%! ?$0,/#! .$-,1,&'/! -$*)$./! ,(! +#$!

2&/9$-/^! ,+! 0*/! +#$/$! 6$.5! .$-,1,&'/! -$*)$./! 0#&! -$)! +#$! 9$&9-$! ,(!

7.'7,%5,(1!+#$,.!&0(!K$//,*#;!Q(!*!/,4,-*.!4*(($.3!+#.&'1#&'+!+#$!B&&@!&%!

<7+/3! &($! %,()/! +#$! /*4$! *)#$.$(+/! +&! ?')*,/4! .$O$7+,(1! +#$! 1&/9$-! *()!

9$./$7'+,(1!D#.,/+,*(/;!

"#,(1/!)&!(&+!,49.&6$!%&.!?')*,/4!,(!+#$!V9,/+-$/;!8&!7&(6,(7$)!*.$!

+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!+#$&-&1,*(/!+#*+! ?')*,/4!0*/!*77$9+*:-$!+&!2&)!+#*+!

+#$5! .$1*.)!S*'-=/![*4*/7'/!T&*)!$A9$.,$(7$!*/!*! 7*--3! (&+! *! 7&(6$./,&(;!

S*'-!),)!(&+!7#*(1$!.$-,1,&(/!/&!4'7#!*/!#$!7#*(1$)!#,/!%&7'/;Ge!R&0$6$.3!

+#*+! ,/! (&+! #&0! S*'-! '()$./+&&)! +#$! $A9$.,$(7$;! R$! *77'/$)! +#$! ?$0/! &%!

:$,(1!+#&/$!0#&!#*)!7*'/$)!+#$!(*4$!&%!2&)!+&!:$!:-*/9#$4$)!*4&(1!+#$!

2$(+,-$/! fT&4! GF_cIGHg;! R$! /*,)! +#$5! %*,-$)! ,(! +#$,.! 9'./',+! &%!

.,1#+$&'/($//! :$7*'/$! +#$5! ),)! (&+! 9'./'$! ,+! :5! %*,+#! fT&4!JFidIiGg;!R$!

Gc! T&:$.+! "#&4*/3! LR$.4$($'+,7/! &%! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! &(! S*'-3M!@")*

06%&)#X%* C)H$-6#/* .'2#-63! _b! fC*--!GddEgF!GJJIidd;!"#&4*/=! $A7$--$(+! /$7+,&(!&(!

+#,/!/':O$7+!#*/!:$$(!9*.*9#.*/$);!Ge!>*+$./3!.2%&$>$G6&$'-*6-D*&")*W)Z*E)#%()G&$Q)%3!Gb;!

JOURNAL OF DISPENSATIONAL THEOLOGY – April 2012 53 *77'/$)! +#$4!&%!9.$*7#,(1!*!),%%$.$(+! 1&/9$-! *()! 7'./$)! +#$4! %&.! ,+! f2*-!

_FbIJg;!S*'-!7*--$)!+#$4!%*-/$!:.$+#.$(!L0#&!7*4$!,(!:5!/+$*-+#!+&!/95!&'+!

&'.!-,:$.+5!0#,7#!0$!#*6$!,(!D#.,/+!?$/'/M!f2*-!GFHg;!Q(!S#,-,99,*(/!iFGI__3!

+#$!<9&/+-$!.$7&'(+/!#,/!$%%&.+/!0#,-$!,(!?')*,/4!*/!&%!*:/&-'+$-5!(&!6*-'$!

,(!1*,(,(1!+#$!.,1#+$&'/($//!&%!2&)!+#.&'1#!D#.,/+;!

"#$! '()$./+*(),(1! &($! .$7$,6$/! ,(! +#$! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! &%! %,./+!

7$(+'.5!?')*,/4!,/!&%!*!.$-,1,&(!+#*+!#*)!4&.9#$)!%.&4!+#$!+$*7#,(1/!&%!+#$!

X-)!"$/+*4$(+!+&!:$7&4$!*!/5/+$4!&%!4$.,+I:*/$)!-$1*-,/4!.$9'),*+$)!:5!

?$/'/! *()! S*'-;! "#*+! /&4$! &%! +#$! .*::,(,7*-! 0.,+,(1/! )$4&(/+.*+$! %*,+#!

:$,(1!*!7&49&($(+!&%! ?')*,/4!)&$/!(&+!/,1(,%,7*(+-5!7#*(1$! +#$!9.&:-$4;!

C*,+#!9-'/!0&.@/!,/!$//$(+,*--5!+#$!/*4$!#$.$/5!*/!0&.@/!*-&($;!B&+#!?$/'/!

*()! S*'-! 7&()$4($)! %,./+! 7$(+'.5! ?')*,/4! :$7*'/$! ,+! ),)! (&+! +$*7#!

/*-6*+,&(!:5!1.*7$!*-&($!+#.&'1#!%*,+#!*-&($!,(!D#.,/+!*-&($;!8&4$#&0!+#$!

W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!4,//$/! +#$! %*7+! +#*+! L,%! +#$! ?$0/! ,(! +#$! %,./+! 7$(+'.5!#*)!

$A#,:,+$)! +#$! /9,.,+'*-,+5! )$4*()$)! :5! +#$! X"3! +#$5! 0&'-)! (&+! #*6$!

.$O$7+$)! +#$!K$//,*#! *()! +#$5!0&'-)! (&+! #*6$! :$$(! O')1$)! :5! $A,-$! *()!

),/9$./,&(;MGJ!

!

?146,00!.,234&<1,>4&!.8&826*/1.,4&

&Q(! &.)$.! +&! 4*@$! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! L0&.@3M! ,+! :$7&4$/! ($7$//*.5! +&!

.$)$%,($!&.!)$(5! %'()*4$(+*-!)&7+.,($/!&%! +#$! %*,+#;!C&.!$A*49-$3!>.,1#+!

9.&6,)$)! +#,/!)$%,(,+,&(! %&.! &")* #$4"&)'2%-)%%* '>*5'DF! LC&.! *! .$*)$.!&%! +#$!

8$9+'*1,(+3! +#$!2.$$@!6$./,&(!&%! +#$! ?$0,/#! /7.,9+'.$/3! p+#$! .,1#+$&'/($//!

&%! 2&)=! 0&'-)! #*6$! &($! &:6,&'/! 4$*(,(1F! 2&)=/! &0(! %*,+#%'-($//! +&! #,/!

9.&4,/$/3!+&!+#$!7&6$(*(+;!;!;!;!2&)=/!.,1#+$&'/($//!,/!+#'/!7&1(*+$!0,+#!#,/!

+.'/+0&.+#,($//!&(!+#$!&($!#*()3!*()!Q/.*$-=/!/*-6*+,&(!&(!+#$!&+#$.;Mid!"#$!

)$%,(,+,&(!,/!.$9.$/$(+*+,6$!&%!0#*+!>.,1#+!)&$/;!<7+'*--5!#$!:$-,$6$/!+#*+!

+#$! $6*(1$-,7*-! 7#'.7#! #*/! (&+! '()$./+&&)! +#$! $49#*/,/! &%! 87.,9+'.$! ,(!

('4$.&'/!0*5/;!W&+!&(-5!0*/!S*'-!(&+!9.,4*.,-5!,(+$.$/+$)!,(!+#$!)&7+.,($!

&%!/*-6*+,&(3i_!:'+!*-/&!+#$!7#'.7#!f,(!1$($.*-g!#*/!4,/'()$./+&&)F!

!

y! ?')*,/4îG!

y! +#$!9'.9&/$!&%!+#$!7&6$(*(+îi!

y! +#$!)$%,(,+,&(!&%!O'/+,%,7*+,&(îH!

GJ!B*..,7@3!L"#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!*()!p>&.@/!&%!+#$!U*0=3M!GJ_;!id!>.,1#+3!M"6&*C6$-&*E623*8)633/*C6$D3!Jb;!i_!Q:,);!iG;!iG!Q:,);!iG3!iE;!ii!Q:,);!ii;!iH!Q:,);!iiIiH;!

54 New Perspective on Paul

y! $/7#*+&-&15îE!

y! +#$!1&/9$-îb!

y! ,49'+*+,&(îc!

y! O'/+,%,7*+,&(!:5!%*,+#^!*()3ie!

y! $A7-'/,6,/4;iJ!!

!

h-+,4*+$-53! +#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! ,/! $7'4$(,7*-! ,(! (*+'.$;! B5! $-,4,(*+,(1!

*()! .$0&.@,(1! +#$! %&'()*+,&(*-! +.'+#/! &%! 87.,9+'.$3! +#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!

#*/!.$)'7$)!+#$!.$]',.$4$(+/!+&!:$7&4$!9*.+!&%!+#$!7&6$(*(+!7&44'(,+5!

+&!*!($:'-&'/!:$-,$%!,(!?$/'/3!:*9+,/43!*()!&:$),$(7$;!"#$!.$)'7+,&(!*--&0/!

%&.!*! /$+!&%!)&7+.,($/3!$/9$7,*--5! +#*+!&%! O'/+,%,7*+,&(3!0,+#! L0#,7#!D*+#&-,7!

*()! S.&+$/+*(+! 4,1#+! O'/+! :$! *:-$! +&! *1.$$! &(3! */! *! .$/'-+! &%! #*.)!

$7'4$(,7*-!$()$*6&'.!;!;!;!*()!0#,7#!)$7-*.$/!+#*+!*--!0#&!:$-,$6$!,(!?$/'/!

:$-&(1!+&1$+#$.!,(!+#$!&($!%*4,-5;MHd!</!*!4*++$.!&%!%*7+3!&($!#*/!+&!0&()$.!

,%!>.,1#+!f,(!#,/!$7'4$(,/4g!,/!7&(/,)$.,(1!+#$!-$1,+,4*75!&%!'(,6$./*-,/4;!

!"#$! 9&,(+! ,/! +#,/F! +#$! 7&6$(*(+! :$+0$$(! 2&)! *()! Q/.*$-!0*/! *-0*5/!

)$/,1($)!+&!:$!2&)=/!4$*(/!&%!/*6,(1! +#$!0#&-$!0&.-);! Q+!0*/!($6$.!

/'99&/$)! +&! :$! +#$!4$*(/!0#$.$:5! 2&)!0&'-)! #*6$! *! 9.,6*+$! -,++-$!

1.&'9!&%!9$&9-$!0#&!0&'-)!:$!/*6$)!0#,-$!+#$!.$/+!&%!+#$!0&.-)!0$(+!

+&!#$--!f0#*+$6$.!5&'!4$*(!:5!+#*+g;!"#'/3!0#$(!2&)!,/!%*,+#%'-!+&!+#$!

7&6$(*(+!,(!+#$!)$*+#!*()!.$/'..$7+,&(!&%!?$/'/!D#.,/+!*()!,(!+#$!0&.@!

&%!+#$!89,.,+3!,+!4*@$/!(&(/$(/$!&%!+#$!S*'-,($!1&/9$-!+&!,4*1,($!+#*+!

+#$! :$I*--! *()! $()I*--! &%! +#,/! &9$.*+,&(! ,/! /&! +#*+! 2&)! 7*(! #*6$!

*(&+#$.3!4$.$-5!),%%$.$(+3!9.,6*+$!-,++-$!1.&'9!&%!9$&9-$!0#&!*.$!/*6$)!

0#,-$!+#$!0&.-)!,/!7&(/,1($)!+&!+#$!7&/4,7!0*/+$I9*9$.!:*/@$+;H_!

!

T&:$.+!"#&4*/3!*+!+#$!$()!&%!#,/!*.+,7-$!&(!+#$!#$.4$($'+,7/!&%!+#$!

W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-3!&%%$.$)!*(!$A7$--$(+!/'44*.5!&%!+#$,.!+$*7#,(1/;!

!C,./+I7$(+'.5!?')*,/4!0*/!(&+!*!/*-6*+,&(I:5I0&.@/!.$-,1,&(;!;!;!;!h(+,-!

+#$!)$*+#!*()!.$/'..$7+,&(!&%!D#.,/+3!:5!6,.+'$!&%!2&)=/!$-$7+,&(3!*(5!

9#5/,7*-!)$/7$()*(+!&%!<:.*#*4!,/!*!4$4:$.!&%!+#$!7&6$(*(+!9$&9-$!*()!+#$.$:5!O'/+,%,$);!;!;!;!"#&/$!0#&!4*,(+*,(!+#$!7&6$(*(+*-!(&4,/4!

.$-*+,&(/#,9! :5! &:$),$(7$! *.$! +#$! &($/!0#&!0,--! :$! /*6$);! ;! ;! ;! S*'-!

iE!Q:,);!iH;!ib!Q:,);!HdIH_;!ic!Q:,);!JeIJJ;!ie!Q:,);!__iI_H;!iJ!Q:,);!_Ee;!Hd!Q:,);!H_!Q:,);!_bi;!


.$+*,($)!#,/!7&6$(*(+*-!(&4,/4!*%+$.!#,/![*4*/7'/!T&*)!$A9$.,$(7$;!;!

;!;!C.&4!+#*+!9&,(+!&(3!#,/!4,//,&(!0*/!+&!),/9$(/$!0,+#!7,.7'47,/,&(3!

/*::*+#! &:/$.6*(7$3! *()! ),$+*.5! .$/+.,7+,&(/! &%! +#$! K&/*,7! -*0! */!

:&'()*.,$/! +#*+! -,4,+$)! 0#&! 7&'-)! :$! *! 4$4:$.! &%! +#$! 7&6$(*(+!

9$&9-$;! ;! ;! ;! 2',-+! 0*/! (&+! $A9.$//$)! ,(! S*'-=/! 0.,+,(1/3! :'+! 0*/!

,(+.&)'7$)! :5! <'1'/+,($! *()! U'+#$.;! ;! ;! ;! ?'/+,%,7*+,&(! :5! %*,+#! *()!

,49'+$)! .,1#+$&'/($//! 0*/! .$*)! ,(+&! S*'-! :5! <'1'/+,($3! U'+#$.3!

>$/-$53!*()!D*-6,(!:$7*'/$!&%!+#$,.!7&(+$49&.*.5!/,+'*+,&(/;!;!;!;!C*,+#!

,/!(&+!+#$!4$*(/!&%!O'/+,%,7*+,&(!&.!&%!O&,(,(1!+#$!7&6$(*(+!7&44'(,+5^!

,+! ,/!.*+#$.!*!:*)1$!&%!7&6$(*(+!4$4:$./#,9;!X($! O&,(/!+#$!7&6$(*(+!

7&44'(,+5!+#.&'1#!0*+$.!:*9+,/4;! ;! ;! ;!C,(*-!O'/+,%,7*+,&(!,/!:*/$)!&(!

0&.@/! &%! &:$),$(7$! +&! +#$! K&/*,7! -*0! /&! +#*+! *(5! O'/+,%,7*+,&(! *!

9$./&(!$(O&5/!*+!9.$/$(+!,/!&(-5!9.$-,4,(*.5!*()!7*(!:$!.$6$./$);HG!

!

"#$! W$0! S$./9$7+,6$! 4&6$4$(+! &%%$./! +#$! *99$*-! &%! *! ($0! ,)$*! fS*'-=/!

7.,+,]'$! &%! ?')*,/4! #*/! :$$(!4,/'()$./+&&)g3! ,(! *)),+,&(! +&! +#$! &-)! ,)$*!

+#*+! /*-6*+,&(! 7&4$/! (&+! :5! 1.*7$! *-&($! +#.&'1#! %*,+#! *-&($3! :'+! *+! -$*/+!

9*.+,*--5!+#.&'1#!#'4*(!$%%&.+/;!"#$!+$49+,(1!*99$*-!+&!#'4*(,+5=/!+#,./+!

%&.!(&6$-+5!*()!+#$!*1$!&-)!9.,)$!,(!&($=/!&0(!/$-%!$%%&.+/!,/!*/!)*(1$.&'/!

*/!*(5!7'-+,7!+$*7#,(1!+#*+!,/!),//$4,(*+$);!

HG!"#&4*/3!LR$.4$($'+,7/!&%!+#$!W$0!S$./9$7+,6$!&(!S*'-3M!i_EI_b;!


/0/!K.6P6!1*P4J!/0.Q!

/&=%;!S&?#C&!*&'@CC&A%,#$!

!

*&$T!3D!4U>&V!

!

87#&(%,$-)!0.&+$3!LQ%!+#$!2&/9$-/!*%%&.)$)!'/!(&!*//,/+*(7$!0$!0&'-)!#*6$!

+&! ,4*1,($! #&0! ?$/'/! 7&(+.,6$)! +&! 1,6$! +#$! ,49.$//,&(! &%! )$*+#3! *()!

/'11$/+!*!0*5!,(!0#,7#!#,/!:&)5!7&'-)!#*6$!:$$(!/$7'.$)!:5!#,/!%.,$()/;!Q+!

,/!:5!(&!4$*(/!*!(&6$-!+#$&.5!+#*+!?$/'/!0*/!(&+!)$*)!0#$(!+*@$(!%.&4!+#$!

7.&//3!*()!/&4$!0,--!#*6$!,+!+#*+!#$!/':/$]'$(+-5!.$7&6$.$);!;!;!;!"#$.$!,/!(&!

7*'/$! +&!)&':+! +#$! 7.'7,%,A,&(!&%! ?$/'/3! &.! +#*+!#$!#*)! *(! *//,/+*(+! +&! *,)!

#,4!,(!#,/!:,)!%&.!/'.6,6*-;M_!The Jesus Family TombG!*()!@")!Lost Tomb of

Jesus3* 7-*,4! +#*+! ?$/'/! 0*/! .$/'..$7+$)! /9,.,+'*--5;! R&0$6$.3! /,(7$! +#$5!

7-*,4!+&!9&//$//! +#$!&//'*.5! +#*+!7&(+*,($)! ?$/'/=!:&($/3!0#5!),)!(&!&($!

9.&6,)$!+#$!7&.9/$!0#$(!+#$!),/7,9-$/!9.$*7#$)!R,/!9#5/,7*-!.$/'..$7+,&(aH!

"#*+! ?$/'/! .$*--5! ),$)! &(! +#$! 7.&//! ($$)/! +&! :$! $/+*:-,/#$)! %&.!

6*.,&'/!.$*/&(/;!Q%!?$/'/!),)!(&+!),$k0#,7#!,/!*!($7$//*.5!9.$-')$!+&!.,/,(1!

9#5/,7*--5k+#$.$!7*(!:$!(&!%&.1,6$($//!&%!/,(/!*()!$+$.(*-!-,%$!%&.!*--!0#&!

:$-,$6$! ,(! R,4! fT&4! bF_zGi^! _! D&.! _EF_GzGig;! C'.+#$.4&.$3! +#$! X-)!

"$/+*4$(+! U*0! ,--'/+.*+$)! +#$! ($7$//*.5! /#$)),(1! &%! :-&&)! ,(! &.)$.! +&!

%&.1,6$! /,(/! */! /$$(! ,(! ,+/! /*7.,%,7,*-! U$6,+,7*-! /5/+$4;! Q%! ?$/'/! %*@$)! R,/!

)$*+#3! +#$!D#.,/+,*(!4$//*1$! ,/!6&,)!*()!0&.+#-$//3!/,(7$! ?&#(!+$/+,%,$)!&%!

?$/'/3! LB$#&-)s! "#$! U*4:! &%! 2&)!0#&! +*@$/! *0*5! +#$! /,(! &%! +#$! 0&.-)sM!

f?&#(!_FGJ3!iG^!/$$!*-/&!2$(!iF_E^!S/!GG^!*()3!Q/*!EiF_z_Gg;!

A*8)-9*:,*;<()=B*@",0,B*E",?,B*>'2-D)#B*CG#$(&2#)*\-3'GO)D*0$-$%&#$)%K*(6%&'#B*

J43)%$6*+$F3$G6*W2)%&#6* L)B* ?6336%B* @)N6%K* 6-DB* 6DT2-G&* (#'>)%%'#* '>* 5#))O* 6-D*W)Z*

@)%&6H)-&*6-D*C(6-$%"*F$F3$G63*%&2D$)%*6&*!#$%Z)33*!'33)4)B*?6336%B*@)N6%*

!_!R'1#! ?;! 87#&(%,$-)3!@")*E6%%'Q)#*E3'&P*W)Z*;$4"&*'-* &")*1$%&'#/*'>* .)%2%!

fW$0!l&.@F!T*()&4!R&'/$3!_JbEg!_bizbE;!G! 8,47#*! ?*7&:&6,7,! *()! D#*.-$/! S$--$1.,(&3! @")* .)%2%* L6H$3/* @'HFP* @")*

?$%G'Q)#/B* &")* J-Q)%&$46&$'-B* 6-D* &")* 7Q$D)-G)* @"6&* !'23D* !"6-4)* 1$%&'#/! f8*(!

C.*(7,/7&F!R*.9$.3!Gddcg;!i! @")* ;'%&* @'HF* '>* .)%2%* )&7'4$(+*.5! f4*)$! :5! +#$! %*4&'/! ?*4$/!

D*4$.&(g!0*/!*,.$)!0&.-)0,)$!:5!+#$![,/7&6$.5!D#*(($-!&(!H!K*.7#!Gddc;!H!Q(!.$/9&(/$!+&!+#$!$..&($&'/!*()!4,/-$*),(1!*--$1*+,&(/!&%!+#$!:&&@!*()!

+#$! %,-43! +#,/! *.+,7-$! *99$*.$)! ,(! *!4&),%,$)! %&.4! ,(! 7#*9+$.!_i!&%! +#$! %&--&0,(1F!

T$(Y! <;! UZ9$N3! @")* .)%2%* L6H$3/* @'HF* 7N6H$-)DP* ?$D* .)%2%* 8$%)* E"/%$G633/d!

f89.,(1%,$-)3!KXF!G_/+!D$(+'.5!S.$//3!Gddeg!_JJIG_E;!

58 Death before Resurrection

X($!&%! +#$!:$/+I@(&0(!:&&@/!)$(5,(1! +#*+! ?$/'/!.&/$!:&),-5! %.&4!

+#$!1.*6$!,/!@")*E6%%'Q)#*E3'&3*:5!R'1#!?;!87#&(%,$-)3!0#,7#!#*/!/&-)!&6$.!*!

4,--,&(!7&9,$/!+#.&'1#&'+!+#$!5$*./;E!R$!*.1'$)!+#*+!?$/'/!),)!*--!R$!7&'-)!

+&! %'-%,--! +#$!X-)!"$/+*4$(+!9.&9#$7,$/! :'+! +#*+!R$!),)!(&+! ,(+$()! +&!),$;!

Q(/+$*)!R$!9-&++$)!+&!/'.6,6$!+#$!7.'7,%,A,&(;!"#&'1#!87#&(%,$-)=/!%,7+,&(*-!

E6%%'Q)#*E3'&*+#$&.5!0*/!*(*-5N$)!*()!%&'()!7&49-$+$-5!0*(+,(13b!+#,/!#*/!

(&+!/+&99$)!&+#$./!%.&4!4*@,(1!/,4,-*.!*--$1*+,&(/;!!

<(&+#$.!7&(/9,.*75!+#$&.5!)$(5,(1!?$/'/=!)$*+#!&(!+#$!7.&//!,/!@")*

.)%2%* !'-%($#6G/3* :5! V-4*.! T;! 2.':$.;! R$! 7-*,4$)3! L<! )$+*,-$)! *(*-5/,/!

/#&0/!+#*+!+#$!+$.4!'/$)!,(!+#$!2.$$@!&.,1,(*-!%&.!+#$!+#.'/+!&%!+#$!/&-),$.3!

-/%%)$-3! 4$*(/! *! -,1#+! /7.*+7#3! 9'(7+'.$! &.! /+*:! +&! +#$! /@,(3! (&+! *! +#.'/+!

0,+#! %'--! %&.7$3! -$+! *-&($! *! )$$9! 9$($+.*+,&(;! ;! ;! ;! V6$(!X.,1$(! f_eEzGEHg3!

0#&!),)! *7+'*--5! :$-,$6$! ?$/'/!0*/!)$*)! *+! +#$! +,4$!0#$(! +#$!:-&&)! *()!

0*+$.!7*4$!&'+!%.&4!+#$!0&'()/3!9&,(+$)!&'+!+#*+!7&.9/$/!)&!(&+!:-$$);Mc!

T$7$(+-5!:$/+I/$--,(1! *'+#&.!K,7#*$-!B*,1$(+! 7-*,4$)! ,(!@")* .)%2%*E6()#%F!

LS,-*+$! +&&@! /+$9/! +&! $(/'.$! +#*+! ?$/'/! 0&'-)! /'.6,6$;! R$! /9&@$! 0,+#! *!

4$4:$.! &%! +#$! 8*(#$).,(! *()! %.,$()! &%! ?$/'/3! +#$! 0$*-+#5! ?&/$9#! &%!

<.,4*+#$*;Me!

D&'-)!+#$/$!*--$1*+,&(/!:$!+.'$a!>*/!?$/'/!-,1#+-5!+&.+'.$)3!+#$.$:5!

4*@,(1!,+!9&//,:-$!%&.!R,4!+&!$()'.$!+#$!7.&//a![,)!R$!.$*--5!),$!&.!0*/!R$!

.$/'/7,+*+$)! ,(/+$*)! &%! .$/'..$7+$)a! R&0! )&$/! &($! )$*-! 0,+#! *(! $49+5!

+&4:3!&.!0*/!,+!(&+!$49+53!*%+$.!*--a!!!

!

!

!

E!R'1#! ?;! 87#&(%,$-)! ,/! *! B.,+,/#!B,:-$! /7#&-*.!0,+#! *! )&7+&.*+$! %.&4! +#$!

h(,6$./,+5!&%!2-*/1&0;!R$!#*/!0.,++$(!&6$.!%&.+5!:&&@/;!8$$!*-/&!R'1#!?;!87#&(%,$-)3!

:>&)#*&")*!#'%%!fU&()&(F!"*(+,6,+5!S.$//3!_Je_g;!!b!2*.5!2;!D&#$(3!L"#$!S*//&6$.!S-&+F!m$.),7+3!W&+!2',-+53M!5#6G)*@")'3'4$G63*

.'2#-63!_i!f>,(+$.!_JcGgF!iizHE^!2*.5!T;!R*:$.4*/3!@")*1$%&'#$G63* .)%2%P*:-G$)-&*

7Q$D)-G)*>'#*&")*;$>)*'>*!"#$%&!f?&9-,(3!KXF!D&--$1$!S.$//!S':-,/#,(13!_JJbg!bJzJJ;!c!V-4*.!T;!2.':$.3!@")* .)%2%*!'-%($#6G/P*@")*@2#$-*C"#'2D*6-D* &")*@#2&"*

6F'2&* &")* 8)%2##)G&$'-3! +.*(/;! R&-1$.! j$./+$(! *()! V-4*.! T;! 2.':$.! fK'(,7#F!

U*(1$(!*()!m$.-*13!_JJG^!.$9.,(+3!T&7@9&.+3!K<F!V-$4$(+3!_JJHg!GHJzEd;!e! K,7#*$-! B*,1$(+3! @")* .)%2%* E6()#%P* 7N('%$-4* &")* 5#)6&)%&* !'Q)#V\(* $-*

1$%&'#/! f8*(!C.*(7,/7&F!R*.9$.3!Gddbg!_Gb;! Q(!/'44*.53! +#$!4&.$!9&9'-*.!6,$0/!

+&)*5!*.$!0,)$!.*(1,(1F!L?$/'/!($6$.!),$)!&(!+#$!7.&//^!#$!0*/!7&(($7+$)!0,+#!+#$!

`'4.*(!7&44'(,+5^! /&4$&($!$-/$!7#*(1$)!#,/!4$//*1$! +&! %,+! +#$,.!&0(!)$/,.$/^!

#$!+.*6$-$)!+&!6*.,&'/!9*.+/!&%!+#$!0&.-)!)'.,(1!+#$!/&I7*--$)!p/,-$(+!5$*./=!&.!$6$(!

*%+$.!+#$!7.'7,%,A,&(M!fR*:$.4*/3!1$%&'#$G63*.)%2%3!bJg;!8$$!*-/&3!UZ9$N3*.)%2%*L6H$3/*

@'HF3!GEiIcE;!


A,434&*2/*3/,8&.,!/0@&>1*+1.&8,!*+&&

B$%&.$! ?$/'/! %*7$)! +#$! )$*+#! /$(+$(7$! &%! 7.'7,%,A,&(3! S,-*+$! #*)! R,4!

L%-&11$)r/7&'.1$)M! fK*++! GcFGb^! K*.@! _EF_E^! U'@$! GiFGE^! ?&#(! _JF_bg;!

V6$(!:$%&.$!:$,(1!%-&11$)3!?$/'/!'()$.0$(+!/,A!+.,*-/!*()!,(!/&4$!&%!+#$4!

R$!0*/!:$*+$(!+&!+#$!9&,(+!&%!)$*+#;!

!

*.40702P6!1*0346! 6AC,>%@C&!*&?&C&$A&'!

B$%&.$!<((*/!

B$%&.$!D*,*9#*/!

B$%&.$!+#$!8*(#$).,(!

?&#(!_eF_GI_H!

K*++#$0!GbFEcIbe!

K*++#$0!GcF_IG!

"0W04035!1*0346! 6AC,>%@C&!*&?&C&$A&'!

B$%&.$!S,-*+$!

B$%&.$!R$.&)!

B$%&.$!S,-*+$!

U'@$!_eFGeIie!

U'@$!GiFbI_G!

?&#(!_eFiJk_JFb!

!

B$%&.$! ?$/'/! $6$.! .$*7#$)! +#$! 7,6,-! +.,*-/! R$! 0*/! *-.$*)5! 9'(7#$)! *()!

/-*99$)! ,(!R,/! %,./+! .$-,1,&'/! +.,*-3J! *77&.),(1! +&!K*.@!_HFbE;! L"#$(! /&4$!

:$1*(!+&!/9,+!&(!R,43!*()!+&!:-,()%&-)!R,43!*()!+&!:$*+!R,43!*()!+&!/*5!+&!

R,43! pS.&9#$/5s=! <()! +#$! &%%,7$./! /+.'7@! R,4! 0,+#! +#$! 9*-4/! &%! +#$,.!

#*()/;M_d! >#$(! ?$/'/! 0*/! %,(*--5! 5,$-)$)! +&! +#$! T&4*(! 1'*.)/! +&! :$!

%-&11$)3! R$! 0*/! 9.&:*:-5! *-.$*)5! ,(! /&4$! 9#5/,7*-! 9*,(;! >#*+! 0*/! R,/!

7&(),+,&(!*%+$.!+#$!T&4*(!1'*.)/!%,(,/#$)a!

B$%&.$! *! 9$./&(! .$7$,6$)! *! T&4*(! $A$7'+,&(3! #$! 0*/! 1,6$(! *!

9.$-,4,(*.5! -$1*-! %-&11,(13! f*--! $A7$9+! 0&4$(3! T&4*(! /$(*+&./3! *()!

J! C&.! *(! *.+,7-$! /'44*.,N,(1! +#$! ,--$1,+,4*+$! */9$7+/! &%! ?$/'/=! +.,*-/3! /$$!

2*:.,$-! W;! U,/7#*@3! L_G! T$*/&(/! ?$/'/q! ".,*-! >*/! Q--$1*-F! S*.+! _M! t*.+,7-$! &(-,($u!

fE$336#3! K*.7#I<9.,-! Gdde3! *77$//$)! _! K*.7#! Gd_Gg! *6*,-*:-$! %.&4!

#++9Frr.71;&.1r9,--*.rdJdG99I+.O+0,;#+4-^!*()3!$D)H3!L_G!T$*/&(/!?$/'/q!".,*-!>*/!

Q--$1*-F! S*.+! GM! t*.+,7-$! &(-,($u! fE$336#3! K*5I?'($! Gdde3! *77$//$)! _! K*.7#! Gd_Gg!!

*6*,-*:-$!%.&4!#++9Frr.71;&.1r9,--*.rdJdi99I+.O+0,;#+4-;!_d! Kolafivzw3! 0#,7#! ,/! +.*(/-*+$)! L:$*+3M! 4$*(/! L+&! /+.,@$! 0,+#! *! %,/+M!

*()r&.! L+&! 7*'/$! 9#5/,7*-! ,49*,.4$(+;M! "#$! 0&.)! 7&(6$5/! 4'7#! 4&.$! /$6$.,+5!

+#*(! +&! L/-*93M!0#,7#! ,/! *! ),%%$.$(+!0&.)3!rJavpisma3!4$*(,(1! L*! :-&0! &(! +#$! %*7$!

0,+#! /&4$&($=/! #*()M! f>*-+$.! B*'$.3! >,--,*4! <.()+3! *()! C;! >,-:'.! 2,(1.,7#3! :*

5#))O*7-43$%"*;)N$G'-*'>* &")*W)Z*@)%&6H)-&*6-D*]&")#*76#3/*!"#$%&$6-*;$&)#6&2#)3!

.$6;! *()! $);! C.$)$.,7@! >,--,*4! [*(@$.3! i.)! $);! tD#,7*1&F! h(,6$./,+5! &%! D#,7*1&!

S.$//3!Gdddu!EEE3!JdHg;!

60 Death before Resurrection /&-),$./g;__! "#&'1#! K$-! 2,:/&(=/! 4&6,$! @")* E6%%$'-* '>* &")* !"#$%&! #*/!

R&--50&&)! $4:$--,/#4$(+/3! &($! &%! +#$! +#,(1/! 2,:/&(! 1&+! 7&..$7+! 0*/!

9$.#*9/!+#$!4&/+!1.'$/&4$!*()!:-&&),$/+!/7$($3!($A+!+&!+#$!7.'7,%,A,&(3!&%!

+#$! %-&11,(1!&%! ?$/'/;!T&4*(!1'*.)/!0&'-)! ,(%-,7+! O'/+! +#$!.,1#+!*4&'(+!&%!

9*,(! 0,+#&'+! @,--,(1! +#$! 6,7+,4! %*7,(1! 7*9,+*-! 9'(,/#4$(+;! m,7+,4/! 0$.$!

%&.7$%'--5! /+.,99$)! &%! +#$,.! 7-&+#$/! *()! +,$)! +&! *! 9&/+3! +#$(! +#$! 1'*.)/!

*)4,(,/+$.$)!&($!&%!+#$!4&/+!9*,(%'-!*()!7.'$-!/7&'.1,(1/!$6$.!,4*1,(*:-$;!

R$:.$0!-*0!),)!(&+!*--&0!4&.$!+#*(!Hd!-*/#$/3!:'+!+#$!T&4*(/!9-*7$)!(&!

-,4,+*+,&(! &(! +#$4! f[$'+! GEFig;! "#$! /7&'.1,(1! ,(/+.'4$(+! 0*/! 7*--$)! *!

%-*1.'43!0#,7#!0*/!/&4$+,4$/!7*--$)!+#$!D*+!&%!W,($!"*,-/!:$7*'/$! ,+!#*)!

(,($!9,$7$/!&%! -$*+#$.!0,+#!9,$7$/!&%!/#*.9!:&($/!*()!4$+*-!*++*7#$)!+#*+!

0&'-)!L1.$*+-5!-*7$.*+$!#'4*(!%-$/#M!f/$$!C,1'.$!_3!9;!cHg;_G!"#$!%&--&0,(1!]'&+*+,&(!)$/7.,:$/!1.*9#,7*--5!+#$!4$),7*-!$6,)$(7$!

/#&0,(1!+#$!1.'$/&4$!+&.+'.$!$()'.$)!:5!*!7.'7,%,A,&(!6,7+,4;!!

</! +#$! T&4*(! /&-),$./! .$9$*+$)-5! /+.'7@! +#$! 6,7+,4q/! :*7@!0,+#! %'--!

%&.7$3! +#$! ,.&(! :*--/! 0&'-)! 7*'/$! )$$9! 7&(+'/,&(/3! *()! +#$! -$*+#$.!

+#&(1/! *()! /#$$9! :&($/! 0&'-)! 7'+! ,(+&! +#$! /@,(! *()! 8':7'+*($&'/!

+,//'$/;! "#$(3! */! +#$! %-&11,(1! 7&(+,('$)3! +#$! -*7$.*+,&(/! 0&'-)! +$*.!

,(+&!+#$!'()$.-5,(1!/@$-$+*-!4'/7-$/!*()!9.&)'7$!]',6$.,(1!.,::&(/!&%!

:-$$),(1! %-$/#;! S*,(! *()! :-&&)! -&//! 1$($.*--5! /$+! +#$! /+*1$! %&.!

7,.7'-*+&.5!/#&7@;!"#$!$A+$(+!&%!:-&&)!-&//!4*5!0$--!#*6$!)$+$.4,($)!

#&0!-&(1!+#$!6,7+,4!0&'-)!/'.6,6$!&(!+#$!7.&//;!

<+! +#$! S.*$+&.,'43! ?$/'/! 0*/! /$6$.$-5! 0#,99$);! f<-+#&'1#! +#$!

/$6$.,+5!&%!+#$!/7&'.1,(1!,/!(&+!),/7'//$)!,(!+#$!%&'.!1&/9$-!*77&'(+/3!

,+! ,/! ,49-,$)! ,(! &($! &%! +#$! $9,/+-$/! t_! S$+$.! GFGHu;! <! )$+*,-$)! 0&.)!

/+')5! &%! +#$! *(7,$(+! 2.$$@! +$A+! %&.! +#,/! 6$./$! ,(),7*+$/! +#*+! +#$!

/7&'.1,(1! &%! ?$/'/!0*/! 9*.+,7'-*.-5! #*./#;g! Q+! ,/! (&+! @(&0(!0#$+#$.!

+#$! ('4:$.! &%! -*/#$/! 0*/! -,4,+$)! +&! iJ3! ,(! *77&.)*(7$! 0,+#! ?$0,/#!

-*0;! "#$! T&4*(! /&-),$./3! *4'/$)! +#*+! +#,/! 0$*@$($)! 4*(! #*)!

7-*,4$)! +&! :$! *! @,(13! :$1*(! +&! 4&7@! #,4! :5! 9-*7,(1! *! .&:$! &(! #,/!

/#&'-)$./3! *! 7.&0(! &%! +#&.(/! &(! #,/! #$*)3! *()! *! 0&&)$(! /+*%%! */! *!

__! T;! B'7@-,(3! L"#$! U$1*-! *()!K$),7*-! </9$7+/! &%! +#$! ".,*-! *()! [$*+#! &%!

D#.,/+3M! CG$)-G)* ;6Z! _d! f_JcdgF! _HzGb3! ]'&+$)! ,(! ?&#(! <(@$.:$.1! *()! [,--&(!

B'..&'1#/3!M"6&e%* &")* +$4* ?)63* 6F'2&* .)%2%d! fV'1$($3! XTF!R*.6$/+!R&'/$3! Gddcg!

_iE;!T&4*(!/&-),$.!)$/$.+$./!0$.$!*-/&!%-&11$);!_G! ?&#(! S;! K*++,(1-53! LD.'7,%,A,&(F! Q+/! X.,1,(! *()! <99-,7*+,&(! +&! D#.,/+M!

f"#;K;!+#$/,/3![*--*/!"#$&-&1,7*-!8$4,(*.53!_Jb_g!G_;!K*5&!C&'()*+,&(!#&-)/!+#$!

7&95.,1#+!%&.!+#$!9,7+'.$/;!<--!.,1#+/!+&!+#$/$!%,1'.$/!*99$*.!,(!+#$!%&--&0,(1!*.+,7-$3!

0#,7#! :$-&(1! /&-$-5! +&! K*5&! C&'()*+,&(/! *()! *.$! '/$)! :5! 9$.4,//,&(! &%! K*5&!

C&'()*+,&(! %&.! 4$),7*-! $)'7*+,&(! *()! .$/$*.7#F! >,--,*4! [;! V)0*.)/3! >$/-$5! ?;!

2*:$-3!*()!C-&5)!V;!R&/4$.3!LX(!+#$!S#5/,7*-![$*+#!&%!?$/'/!D#.,/+3M!.'2#-63*'>*&")*

:H)#$G6-*0)D$G63*:%%'G$6&$'-!GEE!fG_!K*.7#!_Jebg!_HEEzbi;!


/7$9+$.!,(!#,/!.,1#+!#*();!W$A+3!+#$5!/9*+!&(!?$/'/!*()!/+.'7@!#,4!&(!

+#$!#$*)!0,+#!+#$!0&&)$(!/+*%%;!K&.$&6$.3!0#$(!+#$!/&-),$./!+&.$!+#$!

.&:$! %.&4! ?$/'/q! :*7@3! +#$5! 9.&:*:-5! .$&9$($)! +#$! /7&'.1,(1!

0&'()/;_i!

!?&#(!S;!K*++,(1-5!&:/$.6$)!7&..$7+-53!L"#$!9#.*/$!p<()!+#$5!:.,(1!'(+&!+#$!

9-*7$!&%!2&-1&+#*=!fK*.@!_EFGG*g!0&'-)!*-/&!,(),7*+$!+#*+!D#.,/+3!'(*:-$!+&!

0*-@!'()$.!R,/!&0(!9&0$.3!#*)!+&!:$!-,+$.*--5!:.&'1#+!&.!:&.($!*-&(1!+#$!

9-*7$!&%!$A$7'+,&(;!"#'/3! +#$!.$6&-+,(1!*()!#&..,%5,(1!9.$I7.&//!/'%%$.,(1/!

0$.$!:.&'1#+!+&!*!7-&/$3!*()!+#$!7.'7,%5,(1!:$1*(M!f/$$!C,1'.$!G3!9;!cEg;_H!

Q(! 6,$0! &%! +#$/$! ,(+$(/$! /'%%$.,(1/! #&0! 7&'-)! *(5&($! *.1'$! +#*+!

?$/'/!/'.6,6$)!+#$!7.'7,%,A,&(a!

!

818&+,&/,!00@&81,B&!

8,(7$! /@$9+,7/! 7,+$! +#$! j&.*(! f8'.*#! HF_EcIEeg! */! $6,)$(7$! +#*+! ?$/'/!

4$.$-5!9.$+$()$)!+&!),$!&(!+#$!7.&//3!,+!,/!($7$//*.5!+&!,(6$/+,1*+$!0#$+#$.!

R$!*7+'*--5!),$);_E! Q%!R$!),)!(&+!),$3! +#$(!R$!4$.$-5!.$/'/7,+*+$)!*()!0*/!

(&+! .$/'..$7+$)^! +#*+! ,/! (&+3! #&0$6$.3! 0#*+! +#$! :,:-,7*-! .$7&.)/! *()!

$A+.*:,:-,7*-!*77&'(+/!7-*,4;!

!

"%:/%&#/!-.&079$!

!

"#$! 87.,9+'.$/! 9.$/$(+! /$6$.*-! %*7+/!0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! ?$/'/=! )$*+#;!L$#%&3! */!

*-.$*)5! (&+$)3! ?$/'/!0*/! 7.,+,7*--5! ,(O'.$)! :$%&.$! R$!0*/! 7.'7,%,$);! <%+$.!

_i! 8$$! L87&'.1,(1M! t&(-,($u! *6*,-*:-$! %.&4! #++9Frr+#$I

7.'7,%,A,&(;&.1r/7&'.1,(1;#+4{G;! "#$! 9,7+'.$! &%! +#$! +&.+'.$! ,(/+.'4$(+! *()!

9.&7$)'.$/!7&4$/!%.&4!+#$!-*++$.!/,+$3!*()!+#,/!0.,+$.!,/!,()$:+$)!+&!+#$!%&--&0,(1!

*'+#&./! %&.! +#$!0$:/,+$!0#$.$!+#$!]'&+*+,&(!*99$*./F!<(@$.:$.1!*()!B'..&'1#/3!

+$4*?)63*6F'2&*.)%2%3!_ib;!Q(+$.$/+$)!.$/$*.7#$./!*.$!$(7&'.*1$)!+&!6,/,+!+#$!/,+$!,(!

&.)$.!+&!/$$!+#$!7&49-$+$!)&7'4$(+*+,&(!.$1*.),(1!+#$!]'&+$;!_H!K*++,(1-53!LD.'7,%,A,&(F!Q+/!X.,1,(!*()!<99-,7*+,&(!+&!D#.,/+3M!ib;!_E! 8'.*#! HF_EcIEe! /+*+$/3! Lp>$! @,--$)! D#.,/+! ?$/'/! +#$! /&(! &%! K*.53! +#$!

K$//$(1$.!&%!<--*#=k:'+!+#$5!@,--$)!#,4!(&+3!(&.!7.'7,%,$)!#,43!:'+!/&!,+!0*/!4*)$!

+&!*99$*.!+&!+#$43!*()!+#&/$!0#&!),%%$.!+#$.$,(!*.$!%'--!&%!)&':+/3!0,+#!(&!f7$.+*,(g!

@(&0-$)1$3!:'+!&(-5!7&(O$7+'.$!+&!%&--&03!%&.!&%!*!/'.$+5!+#$5!@,--$)!#,4!(&+k(*53!

<--*#!.*,/$)!#,4!'9!'(+&!R,4/$-%^!*()!<--*#! ,/!VA*-+$)! ,(!S&0$.3!>,/$;M!W&+!&(-5!

*.$!+#$.$!1&&)!.$*/&(/!(&+!+&!*77$9+!/'7#!*!/+*+$4$(+!/'9$.%,7,*--53!:'+!$6$(!/'7#!

*(!,(+$.9.$+*+,&(!&%!+#,/!,/!#,1#-5!]'$/+,&(*:-$;!8$$![*6,)!>&&)3!L"#$!Q.&(5!&%!+#$!

`'.=*(M! t*.+,7-$!&(-,($u! f<(/0$.!K'/-,4/3!GG! ?'-5!Gdde3!*77$//$)!G!K*.7#!Gd_Gg!

*6*,-*:-$! %.&4! #++9Frr000;*(/0$.,(14'/-,4/;7&4rGdderdcr,.&(5I&%I

]'.*(/'.*#IH_EcI_Ee;#+4-;!

62 Death before Resurrection +#$! %-&11,(13! *! 7.&0(! &%! +#&.(/! 0*/! 9-*7$)! &(! R,/! #$*)3! 0#,7#! 4&/+!

7$.+*,(-5!,(+$(/,%,$)!+#$!:-$$),(1!fK*++!GcFGJg;!

C)G'-D3!:$/,)$/!:$,(1!,(!/$.,&'/!7&(),+,&(!:$%&.$!R$!0*/!9'+!&(!+#$!

7.&//3! ?$/'/! L/'%%$.$)! %,6$! 4*O&.! 0&'()/! :$+0$$(! (,($! ,(! +#$! 4&'.(,(1!

*()! O'/+!:$%&.$!/'(/$+!f7%;! tK*.@!_Eu!66;!GE3!iig;!C&'.!&%! +#$/$!0$.$!(*,-/!

'/$)! +&! %,A! R,4! &(! +#$! 7.&//;! >$! @(&0! %.&4! .$4*,(/! &%! S*-$/+,($!

7.'7,%,A,&(!6,7+,4/!+#*+!+#$/$!(*,-/!0$.$!%,6$!+&!/$6$(!,(7#$/!-&(1!*()!*:&'+!

+#.$$! $,1#+/! ,(7#! /]'*.$;M_b! "#$! @(,%$I/,N$! (*,-/!0&'-)! 7$.+*,(-5! .$/'-+! ,(!

)$*+#!f/$$!C,1'.$!i3!9;!cbg;_c!

@"$#D3!T&4*(!/&-),$./!7.'7,%,$)!7&(6,7+/!&%+$(;!"#$.$%&.$3!+#$!&))/!

&%!*--&0,(1!&($!+&!/'.6,6$!7.'7,%,A,&(!*.$!N$.&;! Q()$$)3! +#$5!4*)$!7$.+*,(!

+#*+! +#$! +0&! 7.,4,(*-/! 7.'7,%,$)! 0,+#! ?$/'/! 0$.$! )$*)! :5! :.$*@,(1! +#$,.!

-$1/3! 0#,7#! 0*/! ($7$//*.5! /,(7$! +#$! 8*::*+#! )*5! 0*/! *99.&*7#,(1! *()!

?$0,/#!U*0!),)!(&+!9$.4,+!*(5&($! +&! .$4*,($)!7.'7,%,$)!&6$.(,1#+! f[$'+!

G_FGGzGi^!K*.@!_EFHGg;!R&0$6$.3!0#$(! +#$!/&-),$./! L7*4$!+&! ?$/'/!7*4$!

+&! ?$/'/! *()! /*0! +#*+!R$!0*/! *-.$*)5! )$*)3! +#$5! ),)! (&+! :.$*@!R,/! -$1/M!

f?&#(!_JFiGziig;!B.$*@,(1!+#$!-$1/!7*'/$)!*!7.'7,%,A,&(!6,7+,4!+&!/'%%&7*+$!

/,(7$!#$!7&'-)!(&+!9'/#!#,4/$-%!'90*.)!+&!1$+!*,.!f/$$!C,1'.$!H3!9;!ccg;!

</!2*.5!T;!R*:$.4*/!)$/7.,:$)3!LQ+!0*/!+59,7*-!%&.!*!9$./&(!+&!#*(1!

&(!+#$!7.&//! %&.!)*5/;!R&0$6$.3!&(!&77*/,&(!0#$(!+#$!T&4*(/!)$/,.$)!+&!

/9$$)! '9! +#$! 9.&7$//! +#$5! 0&'-)! $49-&5! +#$! G#2#$>#64$2H3! +#$! *7+! &%!

:.$*@,(1! +#$! -$1/! 0,+#! *! #$*65! 7-':! &.! 4*--$+;! "#,/! 0&'-)! 9.$6$(+! +#$!

6,7+,4! %.&4! 9'/#,(1! '9! *()! $A#*-,(1;! "#$! 7*'/$! &%! )$*+#! %&.! *! 7.'7,%,$)!

6,7+,4!0*/!/,49-$k#$!7&'-)!(&+!:.$*+#$;M!>$.$! +#$!/&-),$./!4,/+*@$(! ,(!

+#,(@,(1! +#*+! ?$/'/! 0*/! )$*)a! L"#$! /&-),$./! #*)! /$$(! #'().$)/! &%! 4$(!

$A$7'+$)!:5!7.'7,%,A,&(;!Q+!0*/!.&'+,($!+&!@(&0!0#$(!+#$!6,7+,4!0*/!)$*);!

R$!0*/!(&+!9'/#,(1!'9!*(5!-&(1$.!%&.!*,.;M_e!

_b! W&.4*(! U;! 2$,/-$.! *()! T&(*-)! K;! B.&&@/3!M")-* CO)(&$G%* :%O! f2.*()!

T*9,)/F!B*@$.3!_JJdg!_Gdzid;!_c!W*,-/!&%!+#,/!/,N$!).,6$(!,(+&!+#$!0.,/+!L0&'-)!7.'/#!&.!/$.6$.!+#$!.*+#$.!

-*.1$! /$(/&.,4&+&.! 4$),*(! ($.6$;! "#$! /+,4'-*+$)! ($.6$! 0&'-)! 9.&)'7$!

$A7.'7,*+,(1! :&-+/! &%! %,$.5! 9*,(! ,(! :&+#! *.4/M! fV)0*.)/! $+! *-;3! LX(! +#$! S#5/,7*-!

[$*+#!&%!?$/'/!D#.,/+3M!_Hbdg;!_e!2*.5!T;!R*:$.4*/!*()!K,7#*$-!T;!U,7&(*3!@")*!6%)*>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*

'>* .)%2%! f2.*()!T*9,)/F!j.$1$-3! GddHg!_dG;!R$!(&+$)3! L"#$!4*(5!9#5/,7,*(/!0#&!

#*6$!/+'),$)!7.'7,%,A,&(!&6$.! +#$!5$*./!#*6$! ,(6*.,*:-5!7&(7-')$)!+#*+! +#$!4*O&.!

9.&:-$4! %*7$)! :5! 6,7+,4/! &%! 7.'7,%,A,&(! 0*/! :.$*+#,(13! &.! 4&.$! 9.$7,/$-5k

*/9#5A,*+,&(;!X(7$!&(!+#$!7.&//3!+#$!6,7+,4!0&'-)!0*(+!+&!+*@$!+#$!9.$//'.$!&%%!#,/!

(*,-$)!%$$+;!"&!)&!+#,/3!#$!0&'-)!*--&0!+#$!0$,1#+!&%!#,/!:&)5!+&!:$!#$-)!'9!:5!#,/!

(*,-$)! #*()/;! R&0$6$.3! ,(! +#,/! p)&0(=! 9&/,+,&(3! 7$.+*,(!4'/7-$/!0&'-)! :$! ,(! +#$!

,(#*-*+,&(! 9&/,+,&(3!4*@,(1! ,+! ),%%,7'-+! +&! $A#*-$;! "#'/3! +#$! 6,7+,4!0&'-)! #*6$! +&!

9'/#!'9!&(!#,/!9,$.7$)!%$$+!,(!&.)$.!+&!$A#*-$;!R&0$6$.3!+#$!%,./+!/$6$.*-!+,4$/!#$!


C'.+#$.4&.$3!+&!,(/'.$!+#*+!?$/'/!0*/!)$*)!+#$!1'*.)/!L9,$.7$)!R,/!

/,)$! 0,+#! *! /9$*.3! *()! ,44$),*+$-5! :-&&)! *()! 0*+$.! 7*4$! &'+M! f?&#(!

_JFiHg;!"#$!2.$$@!0&.)!nuvssw!fL9,$.7$)Mg!)&$/!(&+!.$%$.!+&!*!4$.$!L-,1#+!

/7.*+7#3! 9'(7+'.$! &.! /+*:! +&! +#$! /@,(3M! */! V-4*.! T;! 2.':$.! *.1'$);_J! "#$!

)$1.$$!&%!+#$!L/+*:M!)$9$()/!'9&(!+#$!)$/7.,9+,&(!1,6$(!,(!+#$!7&(+$A+!(&+!

+#$! 0&.)! ,+/$-%;Gd! Q(! +#,/! 7*/$3! +#$! 7&(+$A+! 7-$*.-5! *++$/+/! +&! ?$/'/=! )$*+#;!

S,-*+$! *-/&! 6$.,%,$)! +#,/! *77&.),(1! +&! +#$! :,:-,7*-! .$7&.);! LS,-*+$!4*.6$-$)!

+#*+!R$!0*/!*-.$*)5!)$*)^!*()!/'44&(,(1!+#$!7$(+'.,&(3!#$!*/@$)!#,4!,%!

R$! #*)! :$$(! )$*)! %&.! /&4$! +,4$M! fK*.@! _EFHHg;! "#$.$%&.$3! +#$! /+*::,(1!

0*/! )$$9! $(&'1#! +&! 9$($+.*+$! +#$! /@,(! *()! .'9+'.$! /&4$+#,(1! /,(7$!

*77&.),(1!+&!?&#(!L:-&&)!*()!0*+$.!7*4$!&'+M!f?&#(!_JFiHg!f/$$!C,1'.$!E3!

9;!ceg;!

"#.$$! 4$),7*-! )&7+&./! )$/7.,:$)! 0#*+! +#$! /9$*.! ),)! *()! +#$!

4$),7*-! .$/'-+/! &%! 0#*+! 9.&:*:-5! &77'..$);! LD-$*.-53! +#$! 0$,1#+! &%!

#,/+&.,7*-! *()!4$),7*-! $6,)$(7$! ,(),7*+$/! +#*+! ?$/'/!0*/! )$*)! :$%&.$! +#$!

0&'()!+&!R,/!/,)$!0*/!,(%-,7+$)!*()!/'99&.+/!+#$!+.*),+,&(*-!6,$0!+#*+!+#$!

/9$*.3!+#.'/+!:$+0$$(!R,/!.,1#+!.,:/3!9.&:*:-5!9$.%&.*+$)!(&+!&(-5!+#$!.,1#+!

-'(1! :'+! *-/&! +#$! 9$.,7*.),'4! *()! #$*.+! *()! +#$.$:5! $(/'.$)! #,/! )$*+#;!

<77&.),(1-53!,(+$.9.$+*+,&(/!:*/$)!&(!+#$!*//'49+,&(!+#*+!?$/'/!),)!(&+!),$!

&(! +#$! 7.&//! *99$*.! +&! :$! *+! &))/! 0,+#! 4&)$.(! 4$),7*-! @(&0-$)1$;MG_!

2.':$.! *-/&! *.1'$)! +#*+! 9$&9-$! )&! (&+! :-$$)! *%+$.! )$*+#;! R&0$6$.3! +#,/!

0.&(1-5!*//'4$/!?$/'/!0*/!)$*)!%&.!*!-&(1!+,4$;!?$/'/!0*/!9,$.7$)!,(!+#$!

L/*7M! /'..&'(),(1! +#$!#$*.+! +#*+! 7&(+*,(/!9-$(+5!&%!:-&&)! %&.! *!9$./&(! +&!

:-$$)!$6$(!,%!+#$!#$*.+!,/!(&+!9'49,(1!:-&&);GG!

L'2#&"3! *(&,(+,(1!*!:&)5!0,+#!*99.&A,4*+$-5!cE! +&!_dd!9&'()/!&%!

/9,7$/3!+#$(!0.*99,(1!,+!+,1#+-5!,(!L/+.,9/!&%!-,($(3M!*()!9-*7,(1!,+!,(!*!7&-)!

/-*:! +&4:I.&7@! 0&'-)! )$%,(,+$-5! 1'*.*(+$$! */9#5A,*+,&(! &.! /&4$! &+#$.!

%&.4!&%!)$*+#3!,%!,+!),)!(&+!&77'.!&(!+#$!7.&//;!Q4*1,($!+#$!/7$(*.,&!,%!?$/'/!

#*)! /'.6,6$)! +#$! 7.&//a! 8'7#! ,/! +#$! 9&.+.*,+! R*:$.4*/! 9.$/$(+$)! :5!

),)!+#,/!0&'-)!7*'/$!,(+$(/$!9*,(3!/,(7$!,+!0&'-)!7*'/$!+#$!(*,-!+&!+$*.!+#.&'1#!+#$!

%-$/#! ,(! +#$! %$$+! '(+,-! ,+! $(-&)1$)! ,+/$-%! *1*,(/+! &($! &%! +#$! :&($/;! "#'/3! +#$!

7.'7,%,A,&(!6,7+,4!0&'-)!:$!/$$(!9'/#,(1!'9!]',+$!&%+$(!*()!.$+'(,(1!+&!+#$!)&0(!

9&/,+,&(;!8$6$.!4'/7-$!7.*49/!*()!/9*/4/!0&'-)!*-/&!4*@$!:.$*+#,(1!*--!+#$!4&.$!

),%%,7'-+!*()!9*,(%'-M!f,:,);!_d_g;!8$$!*-/&3!V)0*.)/!$+!*-;3!LX(!+#$!S#5/,7*-![$*+#!&%!

?$/'/!D#.,/+3M!_Hb_;!_J!2.':$.3!.)%2%*!'-%($#6G/3!GHJ;!Gd!B*'$.!$+!*-;3!5#))O*7-43$%"*;)N$G'-3!beGzei;!G_!!V)0*.)/!$+!*-;3!LX(!+#$!S#5/,7*-![$*+#!&%!?$/'/!D#.,/+3M!_Hbi;!GG! ?&/#!K7[&0$--3!7Q$D)-G)* @"6&*?)H6-D%* 6* S)#D$G&P*1$%&'#$G63* 7Q$D)-G)%*

>'#* &")*!"#$%&$6-*L6$&"3!G!6&-/;! f8*(!B$.(*.),(&3!D<F!R$.$q/!U,%$!S':-,/#$./3!_JcGg!

_F_JezJJ;!

64 Death before Resurrection $A9-*,(,(1! -,:$.*-! /7#&-*.! [*6,)! C;! 8+.*'//=! 7.,+,]'$! *()! *-/&! )$7,/,6$-5!

.$%'+,(1!+#$!/0&&(!+#$&.5;!!

8+.*'//=! 4&/+! 7&(6,(7,(1! 9&,(+! 7&(7$.($)! ?$/'/=! 7&(),+,&(! '9&(!

.$*7#,(1!#,/!),/7,9-$/;!m$.5!%$0!0&'-)!)&':+!+#*+!#$!0&'-)!:$!,(!/*)!

9#5/,7*-! /#*9$3! -,49,(1! :*)-53! :-$$),(13! 9*-$! *()! 7-'+7#,(1! #,/! /,)$;!

R$!0&'-)!&:6,&'/-5!:$!,(!($$)!&%!9#5/,7*-!*//,/+*(7$!*()3!*+!*(5!.*+$3!

0&'-)!(&+!*99$*.!+&!:$!+#$!.$/'..$7+$)!*()!1-&.,%,$)!U&.)!&%!U,%$s!</!

8+.*'//!9&,(+$)!&'+3!+#$!),/7,9-$/!0&'-)!#*6$!1&($!%&.!*!)&7+&.=/!#$-9!

.*+#$.!+#*(!9.&7-*,4!?$/'/!+#$!.,/$(!8&(!&%!2&)s!8+.*'//!*//$.+$)!+#*+!

$6$(!,%!+#$!/0&&(!+#$&.5!0*/!7&(7$,6*:-$3!,+!/+,--!7&'-)!(&+!*77&'(+!%&.!

+#$!),/7,9-$/=!:$-,$%!,(!+#$!.,/$(!?$/'/;!8,(7$!+#$5!),)!9.&7-*,4!#,4!+&!

:$!+#$!.$/'..$7+$)!*()!1-&.,%,$)!U&.)3!+#$!/0&&(!+#$&.5!,/!(&+!*:-$!+&!

*77&'(+!%&.!+#$!%*7+/;Gi!

!

Q()$$)3! +#$.$! ,/! 4&.$! +&! @(&0!4&.$! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! ?$/'/=! :'.,*-!

+#*(!+#*+!&%!*(5!&+#$.!#,/+&.,7*-!%,1'.$!&%!+#$!9*/+;!>,-:'.!K;!84,+#!0.&+$3!

L>$! @(&0!4&.$! *:&'+! +#$! :'.,*-! &%! +#$! U&.)! ?$/'/! +#*(!0$! @(&0!&%! +#$!

:'.,*-!&%!*(5!/,(1-$!7#*.*7+$.! ,(!*--!&%!*(7,$(+!#,/+&.5;!>$!@(&0!,(%,(,+$-5!

4&.$! *:&'+! R,/! :'.,*-! +#*(! 0$! )&! +#$! :'.,*-! &%! *(5! X-)! "$/+*4$(+!

7#*.*7+$.3! &.! *(5! @,(1! &%! B*:5-&(3! S#*.*&#! &%! V159+3! *(5! 9#,-&/&9#$.! &%!

2.$$7$3! &.! +.,'49#*(+! D*$/*.;MGH! W$6$.+#$-$//3! &($! )&$/! (&+! %,()! *(5&($!

]'$/+,&(,(1! 0#$+#$.! +#$/$! ,(),6,)'*-/! ),$)3! *()! +#$! .$*/&(! ,/! :$7*'/$!

+#&/$!0#&!]'$/+,&($)!?$/'/=!)$*+#!@(&0!+#&/$!0#&!%&--&0$)!+#$/$!-$*)$./!

0$.$! (&+! 7-*,4,(1! +#$5! 0$.$! .$/'..$7+$);! "#$.$,(! -,$/! +#$! ,//'$3! (&+!

0#$+#$.! ?$/'/! ),$)! :'+! 0#$+#$.! R$! 0*/! :&),-5! .$/'..$7+$);! "#$.$%&.$3!

)$(5,(1! ?$/'/=! )$*+#! ,/! O'/+! *(&+#$.! 0*5! &%! .$%'+,(1! R,/! 9#5/,7*-!

.$/'..$7+,&(;!

S$&9-$!O'/+!),)!(&+!/'.6,6$!7.'7,%,A,&(;!L8'.6,6*-!&%!7.'7,%,A,&(!0*/!

'(@(&0(3! O'/+! */! /'.6,6,(1! +#$! %,.,(1! /]'*)3! +#$! $-$7+.,7! 7#*,.3! *! -$+#*-!

,(O$7+,&(3! &.! +#$! 1*/! 7#*4:$.! ,/! '(#$*.)! &%! +&)*5;! B$7*'/$! +#$! -*0! #*)!

)$7.$$)! +#$! 9.,/&($.=/! )$*+#3! $6$(! ,%! *! %,./+! *++$49+! %*,-$)3! 9.&7$)'.$/!

0&'-)! :$! .$9$*+$)! '(+,-! +#$! )$7.$$! 0*/! 7*..,$)! &'+;! B'+! )$*+#! %.&4!

7.'7,%,A,&(!0*/!*/!7$.+*,(!*/!*(5!4&)$.(!4$+#&)!&%!$A$7'+,&(;!"#$.$!0*/!

(&!$/7*9$;MGE!

*

Gi!R*:$.4*/3!1$%&'#$G63*.)%2%3!ci;!8$$![*6,)!C;!8+.*'//3!:*W)Z*;$>)*'>*.)%2%3!

G!6&-/;!fU&()&(F!>,--,*4/!*()!W&.1*+$3!_ebEg!GFHdez_G;!GH!>,-:'.!K;!84,+#3!@")#)>'#)*C&6-DP*!"#$%&$6-*:('3'4)&$G%!f2.*()!T*9,)/F!

B*@$.3!_JbEg!icdzc_;!GE! ?&#(! <(@$.:$.1! *()! ?&#(! >$-)&(3! @")* E6%%$'-* 6-D* &")* 7H(&/* @'HF!

fV'1$($3!XTF!R*.6$/+!R&'/$3!GddEg!HGzHi;!


';+7#:%:/%&#/!-.&079$!

!

<!('4:$.!&%! /&'.7$/!&'+/,)$! +#$!B,:-$! *-/&!*++$/+! +&! +#$! 7&44&(!T&4*(!

9.*7+,7$! &%! 7.'7,%,A,&(;Gb! "#$! 7.'$-! %&.4! &%! 9'(,/#4$(+! +#*+! 0*/! %,./+I

7$(+'.5!7.'7,%,A,&(!,/!*-/&!0$--!)&7'4$(+$)!:5!/7#&-*./;Gc!?&/$9#'/3!D,7$.&3!

"*7,+'/3! U'7,*(! &%! 8*4&/*+*3!K*.*! B*.I8$.*9,&(3! +#$! B*:5-&(,*(! "*-4')3!

*()!$6$(!7.,+,7*-!/7#&-*./!+$/+,%5!.$1*.),(1!?$/'/=!)$*+#;!

?&/$9#'/!0.&+$3!L<()!0#$(!S,-*+$3!*+!+#$!/'11$/+,&(!&%!+#$!9.,(7,9*-!

4$(!*4&(1/+!'/3!#*)!7&()$4($)!#,4!+&!+#$!7.&//3!+#&/$!+#*+!-&6$)!#,4!*+!

+#$!%,./+!),)!(&+!%&./*@$!#,43!%&.!#$!*99$*.$)!+&!+#$4!*-,6$!*1*,(!+#$!+#,.)!

)*53! */! +#$! ),6,($! 9.&9#$+/! #*)! %&.$+&-)! +#$/$! *()! +$(! +#&'/*()! &+#$.!

0&()$.%'-! +#,(1/! 7&(7$.(,(1! #,4^! *()! +#$! +.,:$! &%! D#.,/+,*(/3! /&! (*4$)!

%.&4!#,43!*.$!(&+!$A+,(7+!*+!+#,/!)*5;MGe!

"*7,+'/!)$/7.,:$)3!LW$.&!%*/+$($)!+#$!1',-+!t&%!+#$!:'.(,(1!&%!T&4$u!

*()! ,(%-,7+$)! +#$! 4&/+! $A]',/,+$! +&.+'.$/! &(! *! 7-*//! #*+$)! %&.! +#$,.!

*:&4,(*+,&(/3!7*--$)!D#.,/+,*(/!:5!+#$!9&9'-*7$;!D#.,/+'/3! %.&4!0#&4!+#$!

(*4$! #*/! ,+/! &.,1,(3! /'%%$.$)! +#$! $A+.$4$! 9$(*-+5! )'.,(1! +#$! .$,1(! &%!

",:$.,'/!*+!+#$!#*()/!&%!&($!&%!&'.!9.&7'.*+&./3!S&(+,'/!S,-*+'/;MGJ!

U'7,*(! &%! 8*4&/*+*3! *! 2.$$@! /*+,.,/+3! /+*+$)3! L"#$! D#.,/+,*(/3! 5&'!

@(&03! 0&./#,9! *! 4*(! +&! +#,/! )*5k+#$! ),/+,(1',/#$)! 9$./&(*1$! 0#&!

,(+.&)'7$)! +#$,.! (&6$-! .,+$/3! *()! 0*/! 7.'7,%,$)! &(! +#*+! *77&'(+;Mid! K*.*!

B*.I8$.*9,&(!/*,)3!LX.!t0#*+!*)6*(+*1$!7*4$!+&u!+#$!?$0/!:5!+#$!4'.)$.!&%!

+#$,.!>,/$!j,(13!/$$,(1!+#*+!%.&4!+#*+!6$.5!+,4$!+#$,.!@,(1)&4!0*/!).,6$(!

*0*5!%.&4!+#$4aMi_!

Gb!?&/$9#'/3!@")*.)Z$%"*M6#%!H;E_3!*()3!D,7$.&3!:46$-%&*S)##)%*G;E;bH!7,+$)!

:5! 2$.*.)! 8;! 8-&5*(3! @")* !#2G$>$N$'-* '>* .)%2%P* 1$%&'#/B* 0/&"B* L6$&"! fK,(($*9&-,/F!

C&.+.$//! S.$//3! _Jccg! _i;! 8$$! *-/&! K*.+,(! R$(1$-3! !#2G$>$N$'-! fS#,-*)$-9#,*F!

C&.+.$//!S.$//3!_Jccg!e;!Gc!8$$!R$(1$-3!!#2G$>$N$'-3!ezJ;!Ge! ?&/$9#'/3! @")* :-&$R2$&$)%* '>* &")* .)Z%* _e;bH! f_e;i;i;bHg! +*@$(! %.&4!

<77&.)*(7$!c;H!&%!+#$!$-$7+.&(,7!6&-'4$F!C-*6,'/!?&/$9#'/3!@")*M'#O%*'>*.'%)("2%P*

!'H(3)&)*6-D*\-6F#$D4)D3!+.*(/;!>,--,*4!>#,/+&(3!($0!'9)*+$)!$);!fS$*:&)53!K<F!

R$().,7@/&(3!_Jecg;!GJ!"*7,+'/3!:--63%*_E;HH!f<[!__Eg3!7,+$)!,(!R*:$.4*/!*()!U,7&(*3!!6%)*>'#*

&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%3!EJ;!id!U'7,*(!&%!8*4&/*+*3!@")*?)6&"*'>*E)#)4#$-)!__z_i!f<[!_Edz_cEg!7,+$)!

,(!,:,);!i_!"#$!+.*(/-*+,&(!,/! %.&4!<-$A*()$.!T&:$.+/3! ?*4$/![&(*-)/&(3!*()!<;!D;!

D&A$3! $)/;3!@")* :-&)VW$G)-)* !"#$%&$6-* ;$F#6#/P* @#6-%36&$'-%* '>* &")*M#$&$-4%* '>* &")*

L6&")#%* ?'Z-* &'* :,?,* fgh3! +.*(/;! <;! T&:$.+/3! ?;! [&(*-)/&(3! *()! <;! D;! D&A$! fX*@!

R*.:&.3!XTF!U&1&/!T$/$*.7#!85/+$4/3!_JJcg3! 7,+$)! ,(!R*:$.4*/!*()!U,7&(*3!!6%)*

>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%3!EJ;!


"#$!B*:5-&(,*(!"*-4')!.$7&.)/3!LX(!+#$!$6$!&%!+#$!S*//&6$.!l$/#'!

0*/!#*(1$);!C&.!%&.+5!)*5/!:$%&.$!+#$!$A$7'+,&(!+&&@!9-*7$3!*!#$.*-)!0$(+!

%&.+#! *()! 7.,$)3! pR$! ,/! 1&,(1! %&.+#! +&! :$! /+&($)! :$7*'/$! #$! #*/! 9.*7+,7$)!

/&.7$.5!*()!$(+,7$)!Q/.*$-!+&!*9&/+*/5;!<(5!&($!0#&!7*(!/*5!*(5+#,(1!,(!#,/!

%*6&.3!-$+!#,4!7&4$!%&.0*.)!*()!9-$*)!&(!#,/!:$#*-%;=!B'+!/,(7$!(&+#,(1!0*/!

:.&'1#+!%&.0*.)!,(!#,/!%*6&.!#$!0*/!#*(1$)!&(!+#$!$6$!&%!+#$!S*//&6$.sMiG!

"#$! (*4$! i)%"2* ,/! +#$! $]',6*-$(+! R$:.$0! (*4$! %&.! L?&/#'*3M! &.! 2.$$@!

jIhsou'"! +.*(/-*+$)!,(!V(1-,/#!*/!L?$/'/;M!"#$!?$0/!:$-,$6$)!+#*+!,%!*!9$./&(!

L#'(1! &(! *! +.$$3M! +#$! $]',6*-$(+! +$.4,(&-&15! %&.! 7.'7,%,A,&(3! #$! 0*/!

L*77'./$)!&%!2&)M!f[$'+!G_FGig;!!

D.,+,7*-! /7#&-*.! ?&#(![&4,(,7! D.&//*(! *-/&! :$-,$6$/! ?$/'/! ),$)! &(!

+#$! 7.&//;! L"#*+! #$! t?$/'/u!0*/! 7.'7,%,$)! ,/! */! /'.$! */! *(5+#,(1! #,/+&.,7*-!

7*(!$6$.!:$;Mii!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!7.,+,73!2$.)!U|)$4*((!/*,)3!L?$/'/=!)$*+#!*/!

*! 7&(/$]'$(7$! &%! 7.'7,%,A,&(! ,/! ,(),/9'+*:-$;MiH! V6$(! .)%2%* L6H$3/* @'HF!

*)6&7*+$!?*4$/![;!"*:&.!7&(7-')$)3!LW&($!&%!+#$/$!+#$&.,$/!*99$*.!+&!#*6$!

*(5!:*/,/!0#*+/&$6$.!,(!.$-,*:-$!#,/+&.,7*-!/&'.7$/;!Q!+#,(@!0$!($$)!#*6$!(&!

)&':+!+#*+!1,6$(!?$/'/=!$A$7'+,&(!:5!T&4*(!7.'7,%,A,&(!#$!0*/!+.'-5!D)6D!

*()!+#*+!#,/!+$49&.*.5!9-*7$!&%!:'.,*-!0*/!),/7&6$.$)!+&!:$!$49+5!/#&.+-5!

+#$.$*%+$.;MiE!

!

*+,&,?:*@&*2?5&

!K*(5! +#$&.,$/! *.$! /'11$/+$)! +&! $A9-*,(! +#$! $49+5! +&4:3! /'7#! */! +#$!

L/0&&(! +#$&.5M!0#,7#!#*/!:$$(!4$(+,&($)! *-.$*)5;!"#$!4&/+!9$./'*/,6$!

,//'$! +#*+! 7.,+,7/!&%! ?$/'/=!9#5/,7*-! .$/'..$7+,&(!#*6$! +&!*)).$//! ,/! +#*+!&%!

+#$! $49+5! +&4:;! 8,(7$! (&! &($!0*/! *:-$! +&! 9.&)'7$! +#$! :&)5! &%! ?$/'/3! ,(!

&.)$.! %&.! 9.&9&($(+/! +&! ),/9.&6$! +#$! .$/'..$7+,&(3! ,+! .$4*,(/! *! 9.,4*.5!

*.1'4$(+! ,(),7*+,(1! ?$/'/=! 9#5/,7*-! .$/'..$7+,&(;! R$(7$! 84,+#! /*,)3! LW&!

4*(!#*/!0.,++$(3!9.&!&.!7&(3!&(!+#$!/':O$7+!&%!D#.,/+=/!.$/'..$7+,&(3!0,+#&'+!

iG! :8*(#$).,(! Hi*! fb;G;_$g! +.*(/-*+,&(! %.&4! <77&.)*(7$! c;H! $-$7+.&(,7!

6&-'4$F! ?*7&:! W$'/($.3! @")* +6F/3'-$6-* @63H2DP* :* @#6-%36&$'-* 6-D* !'HH)-&6#/!!

fS$*:&)53!K<F!R$().,7@/&(3!GddEg;!ii! ?&#(! [;! D.&//*(3! .)%2%P* :* 8)Q'32&$'-6#/* +$'4#6("/! f8*(! C.*(7,/7&F!

R*.9$.3!_JJHg!_HE3!/$$!*-/&!_EHzEE3!_Jb3!Gd_;!iH! 2$.)! U|)$4*((3! @")* 8)%2##)G&$'-* '>* !"#$%&P* :* 1$%&'#$G63* J-R2$#/!

f<4#$./+3!WlF!S.&4$+#$'/!B&&@/3!GddHg!Ed;!iE!?*4$/![;!"*:&.3!@")*.)%2%*?/-6%&/P*@")*1$DD)-*1$%&'#/*'>*.)%2%B*1$%*8'/63*

L6H$3/* 6-D* &")* +$#&"* '>* !"#$%&$6-$&/! fW$0! l&.@F! 8,4&(! P! 87#'/+$.3! Gddbg! Gid!

f,+*-,7/!,(!&.,1,(*-g;!R$(7$%&.+#3!R*:$.4*/!7&(7-')$)3!L8'7#!/+.*(1$!p+0,/+/=!+&!+#$!

/0&&(! +#$&.5! #*6$! :$$(! 6,.+'*--5! ,1(&.$)! :5! /7#&-*./! 0,+#! 1&&)! .$*/&(3! %&.!

/$.,&'/!9.&:-$4/!,(6*-,)*+$!$*7#!&%!+#$/$!+#$/$/M!f1$%&'#$G63*.)%2%3!Jig;!


%,(),(1! #,4/$-%! 7&49$--$)! +&! %*7$! +#,/! 9.&:-$4! &%! ?&/$9#=/! $49+5! +&4:;!

"#*+! +#$! +&4:!0*/!$49+5!&(!8'()*5!4&.(,(1! ,/!.$7&1(,N$)!:5!$6$.5&($3!

(&!4*++$.!#&0!.*),7*-!*!7.,+,7!#$!4*5!:$;Mib!

!<++.$+#+%0,!507!+2.!-.$=77.&+%0,!

&>,--,*4! U;! D.*,1! 9.$/$(+$)! $,1#+! .$*/&(/! 0#5! +#$! $49+5! +&4:! 1,6$/!

*++$/+*+,&(!+&!?$/'/=!9#5/,7*-!.$/'..$7+,&(;ic!

,

X1;&!8,'%#C,A=<!*&<,=S,<,%B!#?!%;&!3AA#@$%!#?!K&'@'H!(@C,=<!

6@>>#C%'!%;&!.M>%B!1#MSDY!

*

</! *-.$*)5!4$(+,&($)3! ,+! ,/! 9&//,:-$! +&! @(&0!4&.$!0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! ?$/'/=!

:'.,*-!+#*(!+#$!:'.,*-!&%!*(5!&+#$.!#,/+&.,7*-!%,1'.$;!R&0!)&$/!+#,/!.$-*+$!+&!

*(!$49+5!+&4:!*()!*!.,/$(!?$/'/a!L$#%&3! +#$!),/7,9-$/!0&'-)!(&+!:$-,$6$!,(!

?$/'/=! .$/'..$7+,&(! ,%! *! :&)5! -*5! ,(! +#$! +&4:;! C)G'-D3! $6$(! ,%! +#$5! 0$.$!

)$7$,6$)3!&+#$./!-,6,(1!,(!?$.'/*-$4!0&'-)!(&+!:$3!/,(7$!*!/+.&--!+&!+#$!+&4:!

0&'-)! 9.&6$! +#*+! +#$! ),/7,9-$/=! ,)$*! 0*/! *! #&*A;! @"$#D3! +#$! T&4*(!

*'+#&.,+,$/!7&'-)!$*/,-5!),/9.&6$!+#$!.$/'..$7+,&(!:5!$A#'4,(1!+#$!7&.9/$;!

L"#'/3! 5&'! /$$3! ,%! +#$! /+&.5! &%! ?$/'/=! :'.,*-! ,/! +.'$3! +#$(! +#$! /+&.5! &%! +#$!

$49+5!+&4:!4'/+!:$!+.'$!*/!0$--;Mie!

!

XG=@<H'!1&'%,M#$B!0M><,&'!%;&!F=A%!#?!%;&!.M>%B!1#MSDY!

!

S*'-!:$-,$6$)!,(!+#$!$49+5!+&4:;!"#$!/+*+$4$(+3!LR$!0*/!:'.,$)M!%&--&0$)!

:5!+#$!.$4*.@!LR$!0*/!.*,/$)M!.$%$./!+&!*(!$49+5!+&4:;!W;!";!>.,1#+!*-/&!

)$%$()$)! +#,/! 9&,(+! %.&4! 7.,+,7/!0#&! *77'/$)!S*'-! &%! (&+!4$(+,&(,(1! +#$!

$49+5!+&4:;!

!"#$! %*7+! +#*+! +#$! $49+5! +&4:! ,+/$-%3! /&! 9.&4,($(+! ,(! +#$! 1&/9$-!

*77&'(+/3! )&$/! (&+! *99$*.! +&! :$! /9$7,%,7*--5! 4$(+,&($)! ,(! +#,/!

9*//*1$3!,/!(&+!/,1(,%,7*(+^!+#$!4$(+,&(!#$.$!&%!L:'.,$)!+#$(!.*,/$)M!(&!

4&.$! ($$)/! +&! :$! *49-,%,$)! ,(! +#*+! 0*5! +#*(! &($! 0&'-)! ($$)! +&!

*49-,%5! +#$! /+*+$4$(+! LQ! 0*-@$)! )&0(! +#$! /+.$$+M! 0,+#! +#$!

]'*-,%,7*+,&(! L&(! 45! %$$+;M! "#$! ),/7&6$.5! &%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:! ,(! +#$!

ib!84,+#3!@")#)>'#)*C&6-D3!icizcH;!ic!"#$!$,1#+!9&,(+/!*.$!+*@$(!%.&4!>,--,*4!U*($!D.*,13!@")*C'-*8$%)%P*@")*

1$%&'#$G63*7Q$D)-G)*>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%!fD#,7*1&F!K&&)5!S.$//3!_Je_g!HEz

Jd^!*()3!$D)H3!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"P*!"#$%&$6-*@#2&"*6-D*:('3'4)&$G%3!.$6;!$);!fD#,7*1&F!

K&&)5!S.$//3!_JeH^!.$9.,(+3!>#$*+&(3!QUF!D.&//0*5!B&&@/3!_JJHg!GcGzce;!ie!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcG;!!


1&/9$-! *77&'(+/! ,/! &%! 7&'./$! /,1(,%,7*(+! :$7*'/$! ,+! 0*/! f,(! *--! +#$!

/+&.,$/g! +#$! %,./+! +#,(1! +#*+! *-$.+$)! ?$/'/=! %&--&0$./! +&! +#$! %*7+! +#*+!

/&4$+#,(1! $A+.*&.),(*.5! #*)! #*99$($)^! :'+! 0#$(! +#$! /+&.5! 0*/!

+$-$/7&9$)!,(+&!*!7&49*7+!%&.4'-*!,+!0*/!(&+!+#$!9.,(7,9*-!9&,(+;!"#$!

:$/+!#59&+#$/,/! %&.!0#5! p+#*+!#$!0*/!:'.,$)=! 7*4$! +&!:$!9*.+!&%! +#,/!

:.,$%! +.*),+,&(! ,/! /,49-5! +#*+! +#$!9#.*/$! /'44*.,N$)!6$.5! /'77,(7+-5!

+#*+!+#$!$(+,.$!4&4$(+!,(!+#$!V*/+$.!(*..*+,6$/;iJ!

!

C'.+#$.4&.$3!S*'-=/!0,+($//!.$7&.)$)!,(!_!D&.,(+#,*(/!_EFizE!0*/!

+#$! $*.-,$/+! 7.$$)! f-,@$! +#$! <9&/+-$/! D.$$)g;! D.$$)/! *.$! 9,+#5! 0*5/! +&!

+.*(/4,+! &.*-! ,(%&.4*+,&(! +#*+! ,/! $*/5! +&! 4$4&.,N$;! W'4$.&'/! /7#&-*./!

:$-,$6$!+#.$$!5$*./!*%+$.!S*'-=/!/*-6*+,&(!f<[!ii!&.!ibg3Hd!&.!-*+$.!0#$(!#$!

6,/,+$)!?$.'/*-$4!*()!4$+!0,+#!?*4$/!*()!S$+$.!f2*-!_F_ez_Jg3!#$!.$7$,6$)!

+#,/! L7.$$)*-M! ,(%&.4*+,&(;! V6$(! ,%! #$! .$7$,6$)! ,+! -*+$.3! ,+! 7&'-)! (&+! #*6$!

/'.9*//$)!<[!E_3!0#,7#!,/!0#$(!#$!%,./+!*..,6$)!*+!D&.,(+#;H_!"#$.$%&.$3!#$!

0.&+$3!LC&.!Q!)$-,6$.$)!+&!5&'!%,./+!&%!*--!+#*+!0#,7#!Q!*-/&!.$7$,6$)M!f_!D&.!

_EFi*g;!R*:$.4*/!/+*+$)3!L<+!4,(,4'43!0$!#*6$!/&'.7$!4*+$.,*-!+#*+!)*+$/!

0,+#,(! +0&!)$7*)$/!&%! +#$!*--$1$)!$6$(+!&%! ?$/'/=! .$/'..$7+,&(!*()!7&4$/!

%.&4!*!/&'.7$!+#*+!S*'-!+#&'1#+!0*/!.$-,*:-$;![$*(!?&#(!T&)1$./!&%!".,(,+5!

V9,/7&9*-! 87#&&-! %&.! K,(,/+.5! 7&44$(+/3! p"#,/! ,/! +#$! /&.+! &%! )*+*! +#*+!

#,/+&.,*(/! &%! *(+,]',+5! ).&&-! &6$.;=MHG! "#$.$%&.$3! S*'-=/! 0&.)/! ,(! _!

D&.,(+#,*(/!_EFizE!+$/+,%5! +#*+!#$!:$-,$6$)!*()! ,(7&.9&.*+$)!+#$!4$//*1$!

&%!+#$!$49+5!+&4:3!*()!+#$5!*-/&!)$4&(/+.*+$!+#*+!+#$!$*.-,$/+!7.$$)!7&'-)!

(&+!#*6$!:$$(!L*!-*+$!-$1$()*.5!)$6$-&94$(+;MHi!!

!

iJ! W;! ";! >.,1#+3! @")* 8)%2##)G&$'-* '>* 5'D! fD#.,/+,*(! X.,1,(/! *()! +#$!

`'$/+,&(!&%!2&)g!fU&()&(F!8SDj3!Gddig!iFiG_3!/$$!*-/&!(;!G_;!D.*,1!/*,)3!L8$7&()3!

+#$! $A9.$//,&(! p&(! +#$! +#,.)! )*5=! ,49-,$/! +#$! $49+5! +&4:;! 8,(7$! (&! &($! *7+'*--5!

/*0! ?$/'/! .,/$! %.&4! +#$! )$*)3! 0#5! ),)! +#$! $*.-5! ),/7,9-$/! 9.&7-*,4! +#*+! #$! #*)!

:$$(!.*,/$)! p&(!+#$!+#,.)!)*5=a!"#$!4&/+! -,@$-5!*(/0$.!,/!+#*+! ,+!0*/!&(!+#$!+#,.)!

)*5! +#*+! +#$! 0&4$(! ),/7&6$.$)! +#$! +&4:! &%! ?$/'/! $49+5^! *()! /&! (*+'.*--53! +#$!

.$/'..$7+,&(!,+/$-%!7*4$!+&!:$!)*+$)!&(!+#*+!)*5;!Q(!+#,/!7*/$3!+#$!$A9.$//,&(!p&(!+#$!

+#,.)! )*5=! ,/! *! +,4$I,(),7*+&.! 9&,(+,(1! +&! +#$! ),/7&6$.5! &%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:M!

f8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcHg;!Hd! "#$! )*+$! &($! 9,7@/! )$9$()/! '9&(! #&0! &($! )*+$/! ?$/'/=! )$*+#;! 8$$!

R*.&-)! >;! R&#($.3! !"#'-'3'4$G63* :%()G&%* '>* &")* ;$>)* '>* !"#$%&! f2.*()! T*9,)/F!

o&()$.6*(3!_Jccg!ic;!!H_!R*:$.4*/!*()!U,7&(*3!!6%)*>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%3!EGzEi3!/$$!*-/&!

(;!GE;!8$$!*-/&!D.*,13!@")*C'-*8$%)%3!HczE_^!*()3!R*:$.4*/3!1$%&'#$G63*.)%2%3!GJzid3!

_HizHH;!HG!R*:$.4*/!*()!U,7&(*3!!6%)*>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%3!Ei;!Hi!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcH;!


X1;&!.M>%B!1#MS!6%#CB!0'!G=C%!#?!9=C)H'!6#@CA&!9=%&C,=<!

=$O!0'!1;&C&?#C&!W&CB!2<ODY!

!

Q%!&($!7&(/,)$./!K*.@=/!/&'.7$!f9$.#*9/!S$+$.g!+&!:$!$*.-53!+#$!,(7-'/,&(!&%!

+#$! $49+5! +&4:! *+! +#$! $()! &%! K*.@=/! 2&/9$-! +#*+! *99$*./! +&! :$!

1.*44*+,7*--5! *()! -,(1',/+,7*--5! -,(@$)! ,/! /,1(,%,7*(+;! Q%! &($! 7&(/,)$./!

D*,*9#*/=!&77'9*+,&(!%.&4!<[!_eIic3!K*.@=/!/&'.7$!&%! ,(%&.4*+,&(!7&4$/!

0,+#,(! &(-5! /$6$(! 5$*./! &%! ?$/'/=! )$*+#;! >#5! 0&'-)! *(5&($! 7,.7'-*+$! *!

/+&.5! &%! *! :'.,$)!4*(! */! &99&/$)! +&! *(! $49+5! +&4:aHH! "#$5!0&'-)! (&+;!

R$(7$!+#,/!/+.&(1-5!,(),7*+$/!+#$!6*-,),+5!&%!*(!$49+5!+&4:;!

!

X1;&!G;C='&!Z1;&!F,C'%!/=B!#?!%;&!I&&)H!0'!W&CB!3$A,&$%DY!

!

D&(+.*/+,(1! S*'-=/! +$.4! L&(! +#$! +#,.)! )*5M! f_! D&.! _EFi3! W<8Bg! *.$! +#$!

0&4$(!0#&! %&'()! +#$! $49+5! +&4:! L&(! +#$! %,./+! )*5! &%! +#$!0$$@M! fK*.@!

_bFGg;! 8,(7$!S*'-=/! L&(! +#$! +#,.)!)*5M! 7.$$)*-! /+*+$4$(+! ,/! *77$9+$)! +&!:$!

&($!&%! +#$!$*.-,$/+! .$9$*+$)! 7.$)&/!:5! +#$! 7#'.7#3! ,+! /$$4/! +#*+! ,%!K*.@=/!

*77&'(+!0*/! -*+$! *()! -$1$()*.53! 9.&4&+$./!0&'-)!0*(+! +&! $-,4,(*+$! *(5!

7&(+.*),7+,&(/! 0,+#! +#$/$! /+*+$4$(+/;! K*.@=/! 7.$$)*-! /+*+$4$(+! L&(! +#$!

%,./+! )*5! &%! +#$! 0$$@M! ,/! 9$.#*9/! $*.-,$.! +#*(! +#*+! &%! S*'-=/3! +#$.$:5!

.$4&6,(1!*(5!)&':+!&%!+#$!*'+#$(+,7,+5!&%!+#$!$49+5!+&4:!*77&'(+;HE!

!

X1;&!6%#CB!0'!6,M><&!=$O!4=A)'!4&L&$O=CB!/&+&<#>M&$%DY!

!

X+#$.! +#*(! ,(7-'),(1! &.! $A7-'),(1! 6*.,&'/! /4*--! )$+*,-/! :$7*'/$! &%! +#$!

2&/9$-! 0.,+$./=! ),%%$.$(+! 9$./9$7+,6$/3! +#$! %&'.! 2&/9$-! *77&'(+/! &%! ?$/'/=!

:'.,*-! *1.$$! *()! .$7&.)! *! /,49-$! *()! /+.*,1#+%&.0*.)! +$/+,4&(5! fK*++!

GcFEckGeFe^!K*.@! _EFHGk_bFe^! U'@$! GiFEdkGHF_d^! ?&#(! _JFiekGdFeg;!

B5! 7&(+.*/+3! +#$! 2(&/+,7! 5'%()3* '>* E)&)#* #*/! $4:$--,/#4$(+/! +#*+! *.$!

&:6,&'/-5! -$1$()*.5^! ,+! )$/7.,:$/! /7.,:$/3! $-)$./3! S#*.,/$$/3! *! ('4:$.! &%!

/&-),$./3! *()! *! #'1$! 7.&0)! 0,+($//,(1! L*! -&')! 6&,7$! ,(! #$*6$(3! ;! ;! ;! +#$!

#$*6$(/!&9$($)3!;!;! ;!+0&!4$(!7&4$!)&0(!%.&4!+#$.$!,(!*!1.$*+!:.,1#+($//!

*()!).*0!(,1#+!+&!+#$!/$9'-7#$.;!"#*+!/+&($! ;! ;! ;!/+*.+$)!&%! ,+/$-%!+&!.&--! ;! ;! ;!

:&+#!+#$!5&'(1!4$(!$(+$.$)!,(;! ;! ;! ;!<()! ;! ;! ;! +#.$$!4$(!7&4$!&'+! %.&4!+#$!

/$9'-7#$.3! *()! +0&!&%! +#$4! /'/+*,(,(1! +#$! &+#$.3! *()! +#$! 7.&//! %&--&0,(1!

+#$43! *()! +#$! #$*)/! &%! +#$! +0&! .$*7#,(1! +&! #$*6$(3! :'+! +#*+! &%! #,4!0#&!

0*/! -$)! &%! +#$4!:5! +#$! #*()! &6$.9*//,(1! +#$! #$*6$(/;! <()! +#$5! #$*.)! *!

6&,7$!&'+!&%! +#$!#$*6$(/! 7.5,(13! pR*/+! +#&'!9.$*7#$)! +&! +#$4! +#*+! /-$$9a=!

*()!%.&4!+#$!7.&//!+#$.$!0*/!#$*.)!+#$!*(/0$.3!pl$*=M!f@")*5'%()3*'>*E)&)#*

HH!D.*,13!@")*C'-*8$%)%3!E_zEG^!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcHzcE;!HE!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcE;!

70 Death before Resurrection eFGe^! JFiHziE^! _dFieg;Hb! "#$! /+.*,1#+%&.0*.)! *()! /,49-$! $A9-*(*+,&(/! &%!

+#$!$6$(+! ,(!+#$!2&/9$-/!*.1'$!%&.!+#$!*'+#$(+,7,+5!&%!+#$!2&/9$-!*77&'(+/!

&%!+#$!$49+5!+&4:;Hc!!

!

X1;&!1#MS!I='!/,'A#+&C&O!.M>%B!SB!I#M&$DY!

!

>&4$(!0$.$!+#$!%,./+!+&!0,+($//!+#$!$49+5!+&4:!fK*++!GeF_ze^!K*.@!_bF_z

e^! U'@$! GHF_z_d^! ?&#(! GdF_zeg3! 5$+! ,(! ?$0,/#! /&7,$+5! 0&4$(! 0$.$! (&+!

7&(/,)$.$)!7.$),:-$!0,+($//$/;!

!B'+!-$+!(&+!*!/,(1-$!0,+($//!:$!7.$),+$)^!:'+!+#.$$3!&.!+0&!*+!+#$!-$*/+3!

*()!+#&/$!/'7#!0#&/$!+$/+,4&(5!,/!7&(%,.4$)!:5!+#$,.!1&&)!-,6$/;!B'+!

-$+!(&+!+#$!+$/+,4&(5!&%!0&4$(!:$!*)4,++$)3!&(!*77&'(+!&%!+#$!-$6,+5!

*()! :&-)($//! &%! +#$,.! /$A3! (&.! -$+! /$.6*(+/! :$! *)4,++$)! +&! 1,6$!

+$/+,4&(5! &(! *77&'(+! &%! +#$! ,1(&:,-,+5! &%! +#$,.! /&'-^! /,(7$! ,+! ,/!

9.&:*:-$!+#*+!+#$5!4*5!(&+!/9$*@!+.'+#3!$,+#$.!&'+!&%!#&9$!&%!1*,(3!&.!

%$*.! &%! 9'(,/#4$(+;! B'+! ,%! *(5&($! :$! :$-,$6$)! +&! #*6$! :&.($! %*-/$!

0,+($//3! -$+! #,43! 0#$(! #$! ,/! 7&(6,7+$)3! /'%%$.! *--! +#$! 6$.5! /*4$!

9'(,/#4$(+/! 0#,7#! #$! *1*,(/+! 0#&4! #$! :&.$! 0,+($//! 0*/! +&! #*6$!

/'%%$.$)!f?&/$9#'/3*:-&$R2$&$)%*H;G_J!tH;e;_E;G_Jug;He!

!

Q+!,/!(&+!9&//,:-$!+&!#*6$!*!0&.-)!0,+#&'+!$,+#$.!4*-$/!&.!%$4*-$/3!:'+!

#*995! ,/! +#$!&($!0#&/$! 7#,-).$(!*.$!4*-$/3! *()!0&$! %&.!#,4!0#&/$!

7#,-).$(!*.$!%$4*-$/!f"*-4')3!:S$/*#,4!bE*!tE;_d;_d;_ug;HJ!

!

"#,/! ,/! +#$! 1&6$.(,(1! 9.,(7,9-$F! <(5! $6,)$(7$! +#*+! *! 0&4*(! ,/! (&+!

6*-,)! t+&! &%%$.u3! *-/&! +#$5! *.$!(&+! 6*-,)! t+&! &%%$.u;! "#'/! *(5! $6,)$(7$!

+#*+!*!0&4*(!,/!6*-,)!t+&!&%%$.u3!*-/&!+#$5!*.$!6*-,)!t+&!&%%$.u;!8*,)!T*:!

</#,3! L"#,/! ,/! +&! /*5! +#*+! *!9$./&(!0#&3!:5! +#$,.! t+#*+! ,/3!T*::,(,7*-u!

/+*()*.)/3!,/!*!.&::$.!,/!6*-,)!+&!&%%$.!+$/+,4&(5!t(&.4*--5!*--&0$)u!&%!

*!0&4*(M!f"*-4')3!T&/#!R*/#*(*#!GG*!t_Feug;!

!</! T&/#! R*/#*(*#=/! /+*+$4$(+! )$4&(/+.*+$/3! +#$! 0,+($//! &%! *!

0&4*(!0*/!6,$0$)!*/!(&!4&.$! .$-,*:-$! +#*(! +#*+!&%! *! +#,$%;!S$.#*9/! +#,/!

9.&6,)$/!'()$./+*(),(1!*/!+&!0#5!+#$!?$0,/#!),/7,9-$/!),)!(&+!,44$),*+$-5!

Hb!D#.,/+,*(!K*'.$.3!L"#$!2&/9$-!&%!S$+$.3M!,(!W)Z*@)%&6H)-&*:('G#/("63!G!

6&-/;3! $);!>,-#$-4!87#($$4$-7#$.3! +.*(/;!T;!K7U;!>,-/&(! f"|:,(1$(F! ?;!D;!B;!K&#.3!

_JJd^!.$9.,(+3!U&',/6,--$F!?&#(!j(&A!S.$//3!_JJ_g!_FGGGHzGE;!Hc!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!GcEzcb;!He!<77&.)*(7$!c;H!$-$7+.&(,7!6&-'4$F!?&/$9#'/3!M'#O%;!HJ!<77&.)*(7$!c;H!$-$7+.&(,7!6&-'4$F!W$'/($.3!+6F/3'-$6-*@63H2D;!!


:$-,$6$! +#$! 0&4$(=/! 0,+($//! &%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:;Ed! L<()! +#$,.! 0&.)/!

/$$4$)! +&! +#$4! -,@$! ,)-$! +*-$/3! *()! +#$5! ),)! (&+! :$-,$6$! +#$4M! fU'@$!

GHF__g;!T&4*(/! +&&! /#*.$)! 7&(+$49+! +&0*.)!0&4$(;! L>#$.$*/!4$(!*()!

0&4$(!#,+#$.+&!*-0*5/!/*+!+&1$+#$.3!<'1'/+'/!7&(%,($)!0&4$(!+&!+#$!:*7@!

.&0/!$6$(!*+!1-*),*+&.,*-!/#&0/F!+#$!&(-5!&($/!$A$49+!%.&4!+#,/!.'-$!:$,(1!

+#$!m$/+*-!m,.1,(/3!%&.!0#&4!/$9*.*+$!*77&44&)*+,&(!0*/!9.&6,)$);ME_!

"#$.$%&.$3! ,%! &($! 0$.$! +&! ,(6$(+! +#$! *77&'(+! &%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:3!

0&4$(! 0&'-)! (&+! :$! +#$! :$/+! 0,+($//$/! +&! '/$;! >#5! 0&'-)! /&4$&($!

.$7&.)! +#$! 4&/+! ,(7.$),:-$! $6$(+! ,(! #,/+&.5! *()! .,/@! +#$! 7#*(7$! &%!

$4:*..*//4$(+! :5! '/,(1! ]'$/+,&(*:-$! 0,+($//$/! +&! 6$.,%5! ,+a! R$(7$!

R*:$.4*/!7&(7-')$)F!

!Q%! +#$!2&/9$-!0.,+$./! #*)! &.,1,(*+$)! +#$! /+&.5! &%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:3! ,+!

/$$4/!%*.!4&.$!-,@$-5!+#*+!+#$5!0&'-)!#*6$!)$9,7+$)!4$(!),/7&6$.,(1!

,+/!6*7*(75!*()!:$,(1!+#$!%,./+!+&!/$$!+#$!.,/$(!?$/'/;!>#5!0&'-)!+#$5!

(&+! -,/+! +#$!4*-$! ),/7,9-$/! ?&/$9#! &%! <.,4*+#$*! *()! W,7&)$4'/! *()!

*6&,)! +#$! %$4*-$! ,//'$! *-+&1$+#$.a! Q%! +#$! *77&'(+!&%! +#$! $49+5! +&4:!

#*)!:$$(!,(6$(+$)3!,+!0&'-)!4&/+!-,@$-5!-'&*#*6$!-,/+$)!+#$!0&4$(!*/!

+#$!9.,4*.5!0,+($//$/3!/,(7$!,(!+#*+!)*5!*!0&4*(=/!+$/+,4&(5!0*/!(&+!

($*.-5! */! 7.$),:-$! */! *! 4*(=/;! "#'/! +#$! $49+5! +&4:! *99$*./! +&! :$!

#,/+&.,7*--5!7.$),:-$!,(!-,1#+!&%!+#$!9.,(7,9-$!&%!$4:*..*//4$(+;EG!

!X1;&!/,'A,><&'!"#@<O!5#%!8=+&!GC&=A;&O!%;&!*&'@CC&A%,#$!

,$!K&C@'=<&M!8=O!%;&!1#MS!5#%!(&&$!.M>%BDY!

*

Q%! +#$! +&4:! 0$.$! (&+! $49+53! *! :.,$%! /+.&--! +&! +#$! ?$.'/*-$4! +&4:! 0&'-)!

#*6$!.$/&-6$)!+#$!,//'$!*()!0&'-)!#*6$!/,-$(7$)!+#$!),/7,9-$/!&(7$!%&.!*--;!

R&0$6$.3! /,(7$! (&! &($! 9.&)'7$)! *! 7&.9/$3! +#$! 9.$*7#,(1! &%! +#$! ),/7,9-$/!

0*/!7-$*.-5!:*/$)!'9&(!+#$!%*7+!+#*+!?$/'/=!+&4:!0*/!$49+5;!

!

X1;&!.=C<,&'%!K&-,';!GC#>=L=$O=!=L=,$'%!%;&!";C,'%,=$'!

GC&'@>>#'&'!%;&!.M>%B!1#MSDY!

!

<(! $*.-5! /@$9+,7=/! *++$49+! +&! .$%'+$! +#$! $49+5! +&4:!*99$*./! ,(!K*++#$0!

GeF__z_E;!

Ed! 2*.5! T;! R*:$.4*/3! @")* C)G#)&* '>* &")* @63($'&* @'HFP* \-#6Q)33$-4* &")*

0/%&)#/*'>*&")*.)%2%*L6H$3/*@'HF!fW*/#6,--$F!B.&*)4*(!P!R&-4*(3!Gddcg!cG;!E_!2*,'/!8'$+&(,'/3!@")*@Z)3Q)*!6)%6#%3! +.*(/;!T&:$.+!2.*6$/! fW$0!l&.@F!

S$(1',(3!_JeJg!ed3!7,+$)!,(!R*:$.4*/!*()!U,7&(*3!!6%)*>'#*&")*8)%2##)G&$'-*'>*.)%2%3!

ci;!EG!R*:$.4*/! *()! U,7&(*3!!6%)* >'#* &")* 8)%2##)G&$'-* '>* .)%2%3! ci! f,+*-,7/! ,(!

&.,1,(*-g;!8$$!*-/&3!D.*,13!@")*C'-*8$%)%3!cczce;!


!W&0!0#,-$!+#$5!0$.$!1&,(13!:$#&-)3!/&4$!&%!+#$!1'*.)!7*4$!,(+&!+#$!

7,+5!*()!.$9&.+$)!+&!+#$!7#,$%!9.,$/+/!*--!+#$!+#,(1/!+#*+!#*)!#*99$($);!

>#$(! +#$5! #*)! *//$4:-$)! 0,+#! +#$! $-)$./! *()! 7&(/'-+$)! +&1$+#$.3!

+#$5!1*6$!*!-*.1$!/'4!&%!4&($5!+&!+#$!/&-),$./3!/*5,(13!L"$--!+#$43!pR,/!

),/7,9-$/!7*4$!*+!(,1#+!*()!/+&-$!R,4!*0*5!0#,-$!0$!/-$9+;=!<()!,%!+#,/!

7&4$/! +&! +#$! 1&6$.(&.=/! $*./3! 0$! 0,--! *99$*/$! #,4! *()! 4*@$! 5&'!

/$7'.$;M!8&!+#$5!+&&@!+#$!4&($5!*()!),)!*/!+#$5!0$.$!,(/+.'7+$)^!*()!

+#,/!/*5,(1!,/!7&44&(-5!.$9&.+$)!*4&(1!+#$!?$0/!'(+,-!+#,/!)*5;!

!B5! +#$! -*/+!9#.*/$3! L"#,/! /*5,(1! ,/! 7&44&(-5! .$9&.+$)!*4&(1! +#$!

?$0/!'(+,-!+#,/!)*53M!K*++#$0!.$7&.)$)!*(!$%%&.+!,(!#,/!)*5!+&!+.5!+&!.$%'+$!

+#$! 9#5/,7*-! .$/'..$7+,&(! &%! ?$/'/;! Q(! +#$! N$*-&'/! *++$49+3! #&0$6$.3! &%!

+#&/$!0#&! +.,$)! +&! .$%'+$! +#$!9#5/,7*-! .$/'..$7+,&(! &%! ?$/'/3! +#$5!),)!(&+!

)$(5!+#$!$49+5!+&4:!:$7*'/$!+#$5!*)4,++$)3!LR,/!),/7,9-$/!7*4$!*+!(,1#+!

*()!/+&-$!R,4!*0*5;M!"#$5!7&'-)!(&+!#*6$!,+!:&+#!0*5/F!*(!$49+5!+&4:!*()!

*!(&(I.$/'..$7+$)! ?$/'/;! L"#$! ?$0,/#!9.&9*1*()*!),)!(&+!)$(5!+#$!$49+5!

+&4:3!:'+!,(/+$*)!$(+*(1-$)!,+/$-%!,(!*!#&9$-$//!/$.,$/!&%!*:/'.),+,$/!+.5,(1!

+&!$A9-*,(!,+!*0*5;!Q(!&+#$.!0&.)/3!+#$!?$0,/#!9.&9*1*()*!+#*+!+#$!),/7,9-$/!

/+&-$! +#$! :&)5! 9.$/'99&/$/! +#*+! +#$! :&)5!0*/!4,//,(1;! "#'/3! +#$! ?$0,/#!

9.&9*1*()*!,+/$-%!/#&0/!+#*+!+#$!+&4:!0*/!$49+5;MEi!

C'.+#$.4&.$3! +#,/! +#$&.5! #*/!4*(5! 9.&:-$4/;! D&'-)! +#$! ),/7,9-$/!

#*6$!&6$.9&0$.$)!T&4*(!1'*.)/!*()!/+&-$(!+#$!:&)5a!W&+!*!7#*(7$;! ?'/+!

#&'./! :$%&.$3! +#$5! 0$.$! *--! /7*.$)! *()! *:*()&($)! ?$/'/^! *()! +#$! 4&/+!

%$*.-$//3!S$+$.3!:$7*4$!%$*.%'-!*()!)$(,$)!R,4!+#.$$!+,4$/!fK*.@!_HFid3!Hc!

t?&#(!_eF_du3!EdzE_3!bbzcGg;! Q(!<)),+,&(*--53!#&0!7&'-)! +#$!1'*.)/!@(&0!

0#&!+&&@!+#$!:&)5!/,(7$!+#$5!0$.$!/-$$9,(1a!"#$!:$/+! +#$5!7&'-)!)&!0*/!

/*53!L8&4$&($!/+&-$!+#$!:&)5aM!V6$(!:$-,$6,(1!+#,/!,/!9.&:-$4*+,7;!R&0!7*(!

*(5&($! /-$$9! +#.&'1#! +#$! .$4&6*-! &%! *! .&7@! 7&6$.,(1! +#$! +&4:! #$*65!

$(&'1#! +#*+! +&&@! *! ('4:$.! &%!4$(! +&!4&6$a!<//'4,(1! +#$! +#,$6$/!0$.$!

/'77$//%'-3! +#$!1'*.)/!0&'-)!($6$.!7-*,4!/'7#!*! +#,(1!:$7*'/$!:5!T&4*(!

-*0! +#$5!0&'-)!)$/$.6$! +#$!)$*+#!9$(*-+5! %&.! %*--,(1!*/-$$9!*()!*--&0,(1!

1.*6$!.&::$./!+&!/+$*-!*!:&)5!&(!+#$,.!0*+7#;EH!

>,+#&'+!*(/0$./!+&!*--! +#$/$!$,1#+!.$*/&(/!+#*+!1,6$!*++$/+*+,&(!+&!

*(!$49+5! +&4:3!&($!4'/+!7&(+,('$! +&!:$-,$6$! +#*+! ?$/'/!&%!W*N*.$+#!.&/$!

:&),-53!(&+!/9,.,+'*--53!*/!+#$!.)%2%*L6H$3/*@'HF**()!+#$!;'%&*@'HF*'>*.)%2%*

*)6&7*+$/!7-*,4;!

Ei!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!Gcc;!EH!U&',/!<;!B*.:,$.,3!LK*++#$03M!,(!@")*+$F3)*Y-'Z3)D4)*!'HH)-&6#/B*W)Z*

@)%&6H)-&3! G! 6&-/;3! $)/;! ?&#(! C;!>*-6&&.)! *()! T&5! B;! o'7@! f>#$*+&(3! QUF! m,7+&.!

B&&@/3!_Jei^!.$9.,(+3!D&-&.*)&!89.,(1/F!D&&@!D&44'(,7*+,&(/3!_JJbg!GFJi;!


62.603412.&

!?$/'/! 0*/! (&+! 7*/'*--5! +&.+'.$);! R$! '()$.0$(+! /'7#! *! /$6$.$! 4&)$! &%!

+&.+'.$!*()!$A$7'+,&(!+#*+!,+!0&'-)!#*6$!:$$(!,49&//,:-$!%&.!R,4!+&!#*6$!

/'.6,6$)! +#$! 7.&//;! "#$! :,:-,7*-! .$7&.)/! 6$.,%5! ?$/'/=! )$*+#! &(! +#$! 7.&//3!

*()! $A+.*:,:-,7*-! /&'.7$/! )&! /&! *-/&;! ?&/$9#'/3! D,7$.&3! "*7,+'/3! U'7,*(! &%!

8*4&/*+*3! K*.*! B*.I8$.*9,&(3! +#$! "*-4')3! *()! $6$(! 7.,+,7*-! /7#&-*./3! *--!

+$/+,%5!.$1*.),(1!?$/'/=!)$*+#;!

V,1#+! 1&&)! .$*/&(/! )$4&(/+.*+$! +#*+! +#$! +&4:! 0*/! $49+5;! "#$!

+&4:!0*/! (&+! $49+5! :$7*'/$! ?$/'/! ),)! (&+! ),$3! &.! :$7*'/$! +#$! ),/7,9-$/!

/+&-$! +#$! :&)5;! 8'7#! +#$&.,$/! 7.$*+$! 4&.$! 9.&:-$4/! +#*(! +#$5! /&-6$;!

Q()$$)3!D.*,1!(&+$)! +#*+!W$0!"$/+*4$(+!7.,+,7*-! /7#&-*.!*()!.$/'..$7+,&(!

.$/$*.7#$.3! ?*7&:! j.$4$.! 9.&6,)$)! (*4$/! &%! +0$(+5I$,1#+! /7#&-*./!

f,(7-'),(1!#,/g!0#&!*7@(&0-$)1$!+#$!$49+5!+&4:F!

!B-*(@3! B-,(N-$.3! B&)$3! 6&(! D*49$(#*'/$(3! [$-&.4$3! [#*(,/3!

2.'()4*((3! R$(1$-3! U$#4*((3! UY&(I['%%&'.3! U,7#+$(/+$,(3! K*($@3!

K*.+,(,3! K'//($.3! W*'7@3! T$(1/+&.%%3! T'7@/+'#-3! 87#$(@$3! 87#4,++3!

8#7':$.+3! 87#0$,N$.3! 8$,)$(/+,7@$.3! 8+.&:$-3! 8+'#-4*7@$.3! ".,--,(13!

m}1+-$3! *()!>,-7@$(/;=! tR$!*))/u! Q! 7*(! +#,(@!&%! *+! -$*/+! /,A+$$(!4&.$!

+#*+! #$! %*,-$)! +&!4$(+,&(F!B$(&,+3! B.&0(3! D-*.@3!['((3! V--,/3! 2'().53!

R&&@$3! ?$.$4,*/3! j-*99$.+3! U*))3! U*($3! K*./#*--3! K&'-$3! S$..53!

T&:,(/&(3! *()! 87#(*7@$(:'.1;! S$.#*9/! 4&/+! *4*N,(1! &%! *--! ,/! +#*+!

$6$(! +0&! ?$0,/#! /7#&-*./3! U*9,)$! *()! m$.4$/3! #*6$! )$7-*.$)!

+#$4/$-6$/! 7&(6,(7$)! &(! +#$! :*/,/! &%! +#$! $6,)$(7$! +#*+! ?$/'/=! +&4:!

0*/!$49+5;EE!

!

"#$! %*7+! ,/! +#*+! ?$/'/! ),$)3! *()! +#$! +&4:! 0*/! $49+5! :$7*'/$! R$! .&/$!

9#5/,7*--5!%.&4!+#$!)$*)3!0#,7#!,/!6$.,%,*:-$!:5!*!('4:$.!&%!0,+($//$/!*()!

6*.,&'/!*77&'(+/;!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

EE!D.*,13!8)6%'-6F3)*L6$&"3!Gcczce;!


!

X#1<&0,L*,Y4%<&1#.1,


!

X#1<&0,C*,730,-&%//,


!

X#1<&0,D*,I'#(/,'.",-&<4#:#?#%.,


!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

X#1<&0,K*,X00$,%:,$30,-&<4#:#0",


!

X#1<&0,+*,@#0&4#.1,


(22[!*.W0.I6!

,5.'(! 6'%%+'2.7! /1.! 0%$/1! 89#$/! :.;7! <%+.&=,1+-! >! ?+).! 0#2./1.%! by

Mark & Grace Driscoll. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2012. 249 pp., cloth, $12.49.!!

8)63*06##$64)! '/$/! +#$!:*7@1.&'()!&%! +#$![.,/7&--/=! &0(!4*..,*1$k0,+#!

,+/!('4$.&'/! /+.'11-$/k+&!9.&6,)$!4*.,+*-! *)6,7$!&(!*!('4:$.!&%! +&9,7/!

/'7#! */! %.,$()/#,93! .$/9$7+3! /':4,//,&(3! /,(3! .$9$(+*(7$3! *()! %&.1,6$($//;!

"#$/$! /':O$7+/! *.$! *)).$//$)! ,(! +#$! %,./+! /$7+,&(! &%! +#$! :&&@! *()3!

$//$(+,*--53!+#$!*'+#&./!&%%$.!(&!'(,]'$!,(/,1#+/;!"#$![.,/7&--/!)&!:$-,$6$!,(!

+#$!#$*)/#,9!&%!+#$!#'/:*()!*()!/':4,//,&(!&%!+#$!0,%$!:'+!*-/&!:$-,$6$!,(!

4'+'*-!/':4,//,&(!*/!*!.$/'-+!&%!+#$,.!4,/'()$./+*(),(1!&%!V9#$/,*(/!EFG_!

f9;! bHg;! "#$5! *-/&! 0.&(1-5! +$*7#! +#*+! 9.&6,),(1! %&.! +#$! %*4,-5! ,/! 4*(=/!

7'./$!f9;!EGg3!+#*+!_!S$+$.!iFc!*)).$//$/!4$(!:$,(1!:$++$.!9#5/,7*-!%,1#+$./!

+#*(!0&4$(3!*()!+#$5!:$1,(! +#$!:&&@!0,+#!*!(&(I7&(+$A+'*-!]'&+*+,&(!&%!

T$6$-*+,&(!G_FE!f9;!ig;!>#,-$!4'7#!&%!+#$,.!*)6,7$!,/!:,:-,7*-3!*!1&&)!9&.+,&(!

,/!&9,(,&(!:*/$)!&(!$,+#$.! /+*+,/+,7/!&.!9&9!9/57#&-&15^! %&.!$A*49-$3! -&6$!

-*(1'*1$/! *()! /+$.$&+59,7*-! 7*+$1&.,$/! f99;! HGIbHg3! /'7#! */!(*4,(1!&($=/!

+.&':-$)!9*/+!+&!:$!#$*-$)!f9;!_GHg3!/$-%,/#($//!:$1,((,(1!,(!7#,-)#&&)!f9;!

_Eeg!.*+#$.!+#*(!9*.+!&%!&($=/!%*--$(!(*+'.$3!*()3!4&/+!),/+'.:,(13!L#$*-,(1!

&%! 4$4&.,$/M! f99;! _GcIiH3! _EGg;! K*.@! *-/&! /#&0/! $6,)$(7$! &%! :$,(1!

,(%-'$(7$)! :5! /9,.,+'*-! %&.4*+,&(! +$*7#,(1/! f9;! GdJg;! "#$! :$/+! 7#*9+$.! ,(!

+#$! :&&@3! ,(! +#,/! .$6,$0$.=/! &9,(,&(3! ,/! +#$! /$7&()! &(! %.,$()/#,9! ,(!

4*..,*1$3!*-+#&'1#!,+/!+,+-$!,/!+#$!/'11$/+,6$!LC.,$()/!0,+#!B$($%,+/3M!0#,7#!

,(! /$7'-*.! '/*1$! /,49-5! 4$*(/! /$A! :$+0$$(! '(7&44,++$)! %.,$()/;! "#$!

*'+#&./! *.$! *-/&! 7&..$7+! :5!0*.(,(1! .$*)$./! +&! 1'*.)! +#$,.! #$*.+/! .*+#$.!

+#*(! %&--&0,(1! +#$4! f9;! idg! *()! +#$5! 1,6$! 1&&)! +$*7#,(1! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&!

.$9$(+*(7$!*()!%&.1,6$($//!f99;!eeI_ddg!/*5,(1!L:,++$.!9$&9-$!#*6$!*!%,-+$.!

+#.&'1#!0#,7#!$6$.5+#,(1!f9*/+3!9.$/$(+!*()!%'+'.$g!,/!6,$0$)!($1*+,6$-5M!

f9;!_ddg;!

j(&0(! */! *! L/#&7@IO&7@3M! K*.@!0*/! .$-*+,6$-5! :$(,1(! +#.&'1#&'+!

+#$!:&&@3!*-+#&'1#!#$!O&@$)!*+!D*+#&-,7!9.,$/+/!0#&!L0$*.!).$//$/M!f99;!JI

_dg3! *()! 2.*7$! f#,/! 0,%$g! .$6$.+$)! +&! L1'++$.! -*(1'*1$M! &(7$! *()! +#$(!

]',7@-5!$A9-*,($)!#$./$-%!f9;!cbg;!"#$!4&/+!),/+'.:,(1!*/9$7+!&%!S*.+!Q3!*()!

&%+$(!,1(&.$)!:5!#,/!%*(/3!,/!+#$!%.$]'$(75!,(!0#,7#!2&)!/'99&/$)-5!/9$*@/!

+&! K*.@3! .$6$*-,(1! ,49&.+*(+! ,(%&.4*+,&(;! R$! .$-*5$)! %&'.! ),.$7+!

.$6$-*+,&(/!%.&4!2&)!+&!#,4/$-%3!*()!2.*7$!*))$)!*(&+#$.!+0&!f99;!e3!__I

_G3!_E3!GE3!_Geg;!Q(!+#$!%,./+3!2&)!+&-)!#,4!+&!4*..5!2.*7$3!9.$*7#!+#$!B,:-$3!

+.*,(!4$(3!*()!9-*(+!7#'.7#$/;! Q(!+#$!4&/+!),/+'.:,(1!6,/,&(3!2&)!/#&0$)!

#,4k,(!6,6,)!)$/7.,9+,&(k*!/$A'*-!*7+!+#*+!2.*7$!9$.%&.4$)!0,+#!*(&+#$.!

82 Book Reviews 4*(!9.,&.!+&!+#$,.!4*..,*1$!f99;!__I_Gg;!Q(!/#&.+3![.,/7&--!,/!&(!+#$!$A+.$4$!

$()!&%! +#&/$!7-*,4,(1! +&!:$!*!($0!D*-6,(,/+k+#&/$!0#&!*.$!D*-6,(,/+,7! ,(!

+#$&-&15!:'+!*.$!&9$(!+&!7#*.,/4*+,7!1,%+/3!$/9$7,*--5!+#$!1,%+!&%!9.&9#$75;!

R&0$6$.3! (&! &($! ,/! .$*),(1! +#,/! :&&@! %&.! [.,/7&--=/! ,(/,1#+/! &(!

4*..,*1$!,(!1$($.*-^!+#$5!0*(+!+&!.$*)!0#*+!#$!#*/!+&!/*5!*:&'+!/$A3!0#,7#!

,/!+#$!7&(+$(+!&%!S*.+!QQ;![.,/7&--!:$-,$6$/!+#*+!4&/+!+$*7#,(1!&(!/$A!,(/,)$!

+#$! 7#'.7#! ,/! ,(*)$]'*+$! *()! 4&/+! &'+/,)$! ,/! 9$.6$.+$)! f9;! A,6g3! *()! ,%!

9$&9-$!)&!(&+!.$7$,6$!*(/0$./!*:&'+!+#$,.!/$A!]'$/+,&(/!%.&4!9*/+&./!*()!

9*.$(+/3!+#$5!0,--!%,()!+#$4!,(!)*.@3!)$9.*6$)!9-*7$/!f9;!_ccg;!Q+!,/!%&.!+#,/!

.$*/&(! +#*+! [.,/7&--! 9.$*7#$)! +#.&'1#! +#$! 8&(1! &%! 8&-&4&(! )'.,(1! +#$!

/$7&()! 5$*.! &%! #,/! 9*/+&.*+$! *()! *1*,(! ,(! Gddc! f9;! _Hg3! *()! ,+! ,/! *-/&! +#$!

.$*/&(! %&.! +#,/! :&&@! *()! %&.! +#$! LT$*-! K*..,*1$! D&(%$.$(7$/M! 0#,7#! #$!

#&-)/!+#.&'1#&'+!+#$!0&.-);!

"#$![.,/7&--/!:$-,$6$!+#*+!4&/+!9$&9-$!9$.7$,6$!/$A!*/!$,+#$.!1.&//!

&.! */! 1&)! f99;! __dIGGg3! .*+#$.! +#*(! */! *! 1,%+;! "#$5! +$*7#! +#*+! &(-5! :5!

.$1*.),(1! /$A!*/!*!1&)! +#*+! ,/!0&./#,99$)! ,/! ,+!9&//,:-$! +&!4*@$!/$(/$!&%!

+#$!9&.(&!9-*1'$!f9;!__Gg^!%&.!+#,/!.$*/&(3!*(!$(+,.$!7#*9+$.!,/!)$6&+$)!+&!

9&.(&1.*9#5!f99;!_iJIEEg;!>#,-$!+#$.$!,/!/&4$!#$-9%'-!,(%&.4*+,&(!#$.$!,+!

)$*-/!%*.!+&&!4'7#!&(!/+*+,/+,7/!f4&/+!&%!0#,7#!*.$!&-)!*()!)*+$)g!*()!+#$!

/'99&/$)!9#5/,7*-3!7#$4,7*-3!*()!:,&-&1,7*-!%&.7$/!:$#,()!9&.(!*)),7+,&(/;!

W&+! &(-5! 7*(! +#$/$! +#$&.,$/! (&+! :$! 9.&6$(! &.! +.'/+$)3! +#$! .$*-! 7&(7$.(!

/#&'-)! :$! 0#*+! 2&)=/! >&.)! /*5/! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! 9&.(&1.*9#5;! <! %$0!

/7.,9+'.*-! 9*//*1$/! *.$! 9.&6,)$)! :'+! +#$.$! ,/! (&!4$(+,&(! &%! V9#$/,*(/! H!

f*()! /,4,-*.! +$A+/g3! 0#,7#! ,(/+.'7+/! :$-,$6$./! #&0! +&! *6&,)! /,(3! L9'+! &(M!

.,1#+$&'/($//3! *()! :$! .$($0$)! ,(! +#$,.! 4,()/;! "#$! *'+#&./! $6$(!

.$7&44$()! +#*+! 9$&9-$! O&'.(*-! +#$,.! L$(+,.$! /$A'*-! #,/+&.53! ,(7-'),(1!

$6$.5+#,(1! 5&'! #*6$! $6$.! /$$(3! )&($3! *()! #*)! )&($! +&! 5&'! /$A'*--5M! f9;!

_EGg3! 0#,7#! 7&..$/9&()/! 0$--! 0,+#! +#$,.! *)#$.$(7$! +&! +#$! 9&9!

9/57#&-&1,7*-! +#$&.5!&%! L#$*-,(1!&%!4$4&.,$/3M!:'+3! ,(! %*7+3!0&'-)!:$1,(!*!

9.&7$//! %&.! 4&.$! )$$9-5! $(1.*,(,(1! /,(%'-! +#&'1#+/! ,(+&! +#$! 4,()/! &%!

9$&9-$!f+#,/!,/!+#$!4&/+!),/*99&,(+,(1!7#*9+$.!,(!+#$!:&&@g;!

"#$!&99&/,+$!&%!6,$0,(1!/$A!*/!1&)! ,/!6,$0,(1!/$A!*/!1.&//3!0#,7#!

.$/'-+/!%.&4!9&&.!$)'7*+,&(!*()!,(/+.'7+,&(3!*()r&.!/$A'*-!*:'/$!f99;!__HI

_eg;!R$.$!+#$![.,/7&--/!7#*--$(1$!/&4$!&%!+#$!4,/7&(7$9+,&(/!+*'1#+!,(!+#$!

7#'.7#! +#.&'1#&'+! +#$! *1$/! *()! +#$(! )$6&+$)! 7#*9+$.! /$6$(! +&! /$A'*-!

*:'/$;!8$A'*-!*:'/$!,/!*!.$*-!*()!#&..,:-$!/,(!+#*+!#*/!/7*..$)!+#$!-,6$/!&%!

4*(53!5$+3!0#*+$6$.!#$-9/!+#,/!7#*9+$.!4*5!#*6$!9.&6,)$)!*.$!4*..$)!:5!

/$6$.*-! +#,(1/;!L$#%&3! +#$![.,/7&--/!/$$4!+&!7*+$1&.,N$!*--!/,(%'-!$(7&'(+$./!

:5!*!0&4*(!,(+&!+#$!/$A'*-!*:'/$!7*+$1&.53!0#,7#!,(7-')$/!7&(/$(/'*-!/$A!

f99;! _iiIiEg;! C)G'-D3/3! 2.*7$! +&-)! .$*)$./! 7&..$7+-5! +#*+! +#$5! 7&'-)! :$!

7-$*(/$)!%.&4!*--!/,(/!:$7*'/$!&%!D#.,/+=/!)$*+#!f9;!_ibg3!5$+!#$.!7-$*(/,(1!


,(6&-6$)!*99-5,(1!+#$,.!6$.5!'(:,:-,7*-!*)6,7$!&%!.$7*--,(1!*--!/$A'*-!/,(/!,(!

&.)$.! +#*+! +#&/$!4$4&.,$/!4,1#+! :$! #$*-$);! 2.*7$! $6$(! */@$)! L+#$!R&-5!

89,.,+! +&!.$/+&.$!*(5!4$4&.,$/! +#*+!($$)!+&!:$!:.&'1#+! ,(+&! +#$! -,1#+!/&! Q!

7&'-)! :$! 7-$*(/$)! *()! .$4*)$! */! *! 7#,-)! &%! 2&)M! f9;! _Gcg;! 8#$! +#$(!

O&'.(*-$)!$6$.5+#,(1!2&)!:.&'1#+!+&!#$.!4$4&.5!*:&'+!,(/+*(7$/!&%!6$.:*-!

*()!/$A'*-!*:'/$3!/,(3!%$*./3!*()!-,%$!f9;!_iig;!<+!+#,/!9&,(+3!/#$!.$7*--$)!*--!

/&.+/! &%! /,+'*+,&(/! ,(7-'),(1! O&@$/3! ,(('$()&/3! *()! ,(*99.&9.,*+$! +*-@;!

>#,-$! +#$.$! *.$! *:/&-'+$-5! (&! :,:-,7*-! ,(/+.'7+,&(/! +&! .$7*--! *()! .$9$*+!

%&.1&++$(!/,(/!,(!&.)$.!+&!:$!#$*-$)!&%!+#$43!+#$.$!,/!*49-$!$(7&'.*1$4$(+!

+&! )&! /&! ,(! /$7'-*.k$/9$7,*--5! C.$'),*(k9/57#&-&15! +#*+! +#$! [.,/7&--/!

&:6,&'/-5!:$-,$6$!f9;!_i_g;!L$-633/3!2.*7$!O&,($)!*!/'99&.+!1.&'9!&%!*:'/$)!

0&4$(!,(!0#,7#!/#$!+*-@$)!L+#.&'1#!+#$!5$*./!&%!/,(!*1*,(/+!4$!*()!/,(!Q!

7&44,++$)! *1*,(/+! &+#$./! ,(! .$/9&(/$M! f99;! _GcIGeg;! >#,-$! _GI/+$9!

9.&1.*4/!*.$!9&9'-*.! ,(! 7#'.7#$/! +&)*53! &($!0,--!($6$.! %,()! ,(!87.,9+'.$!

+#$! $(7&'.*1$4$(+! +&! )$6$-&9! 1.&'9/! %&.! %$--&0/#,9! &.! /#*.,(1! 7$(+$.$)!

&(! /9$7,%,7! /,(/! f+#,/! ,/! *(&+#$.!4,//$)! &99&.+'(,+5! +&! 7&44'(,7*+$! +#$!

-,1#+! &%! 2&)=/! +.'+#! &(! *! +.*1,7! /,+'*+,&(! +#*+! *--! +&&! 4*(5! #*6$! +&!

$(7&'(+$.g;!

"#$![.,/7&--/!.,1#+-5!/$$!/$A!($,+#$.!*/!*!1&)!(&.!*/!1.&//!:'+!*/!*!

1,%+! %.&4! 2&)! +&! :$! $(O&5$)! 0,+#,(!4*..,*1$;! "#$! ]'$/+,&(/! +#$! *'+#&./!

0*(+! +&! *)).$//! #*6$! +&! )&! 0,+#! +#$! +59$/! &%! /$A'*-! *7+,6,+5! +#*+! ,/!

9$.4,//,:-$!%&.!4*..,$)!7&'9-$/;!"#$!%,(*-!/$7+,&(!&%!+#$!:&&@!#*/!.$/'-+$)!

,(!+.$4$()&'/!*++$(+,&(3!*()!#*/!9.&9$--$)!8)63*06##$64)!+&!+#$!+&9!&%!+#$!

W$0!l&.@!",4$/!:$/+/$--$.!-,/+;!K*.@!$(1*1$)!#,/!.$*)$./!,(!7#*9+$.!J!0,+#!

*! 7&4:,(*+,&(! &%! 1&&)! :,:-,7*-! +.'+#/! f$;1;! L4*..,*1$! ,/! %&.! &'.! #&-,($//!

:$%&.$! &'.! #*99,($//3M! 9;! _EJg3! 0,+#! 9/57#&-&1,7*-! 4,/7'$/! f$;1;!

L/$-%,/#($//! :$1,(/! ,(! 7#,-)#&&)3M! 9;! _E_3! .*+#$.! +#*(! +#$! %*7+! +#*+! &($! ,/!

:&.(! /$-%,/#g;!K*.@! *-/&! :$-,$6$/! ,(! L+$/+&/+$.&($k,()'7$)! )$9.$//,&(/3M!

0#,7#! 7*(! :$! 7'.$)! 0,+#! 4&.$! %.$]'$(+! /$A! f9;! _bHg^! +#,/! '(9.&6*:-$!

+#$&.5! 0,--! (&! )&':+! 7.$*+$! 4*(5! ),/7'//,&(/! :$+0$$(! 7&'9-$/;! 8&4$!

9.*7+,7*-!*()!4&/+-5!#$-9%'-!*)6,7$!,/!*-/&!&%%$.$)!f99;!_biIbJg;!B,:-,7*--53!

K*.@!:*/$)!4&/+!&%!#,/!6,$0/!&(! +#$!8&(1!&%!8&-&4&(! f99;!_cdIcbg3! *()3!

0#,-$!#$!0*/!%*,+#%'-!+&!4'7#!&%!+#$!:&&@3!#$!+$()$)!+&!.$*)!,(+&!+#$!+$A+!

0#*+! #$! 0*(+$)! +&! %,()3! /'7#! */! &.*-! /$A! f99;! __J3! _eEIecg! *()! +#$!

'(%&'()$)!+#$&.5!+#*+!+#$!8#'-*44,+$!0*/!8&-&4&(=/!%,./+!0,%$!f9;!_cHg;!

>,+#!+#$!9.$-,4,(*.,$/!*)).$//$)3!K*.@!-*'(7#$)!,(+&!7#*9+$.!+$(!

$(+,+-$)!LD*(!>$wwwwwwwwwwwaM!"#$!9.$4,/$!#$!'/$)!%&.!),/7'//,(1!/$A'*-!*7+/!

1.*9#,7*--5! ,/! +#$! %*7+! +#*+! +#$! *9&/+-$! S*'-! *)).$//$)! /'7#! ,//'$/! +&! +#$!

:$-,$6$./!*+!D&.,(+#3!0#&!-,6$)!*4,)/+!+#$!/$A'*--5!7#*.1$)!7'-+'.$!&%!+#$,.!

7,+5;!>#*+![.,/7&--!4,//$/! ,/! +#*+!0#,-$!S*'-!)$*-+! 7-$*.-5!*()!:&-)-5!0,+#!

+#$! /$A'*-! /,(/! :&+#! 0,+#&'+! *()! 0,+#,(! +#$! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! 7#'.7#3! #$!

*6&,)$)!1.*9#,7!/9$7,%,7/;!R$!1*6$!+,4$-$//!+$*7#,(1/!&(!9'.,+5!*()!4*.,+*-!

84 Book Reviews .$-*+,&(/! f_! D&.! bIe^! _! "#$//! Hg! 0,+#&'+! +,+,--*+,(1! )$+*,-/;! W$6$.+#$-$//3!

[.,/7&--! )$6$-&9$)! +#.$$! ]'$/+,&(/! %.&4! _! D&.,(+#,*(/! bF_G! +&! 1',)$! #,/!

.$*)$./!+&0*.)!@(&0,(1!0#*+!/$A'*-!:$#*6,&.!,/!*--&0$)!:$+0$$(!4*..,$)!

7&'9-$/F!Q/!,+!-*0%'-!f&.!:,:-,7*--5!9$.4,++$)ga^!Q/!,+!#$-9%'-!f+&!$(#*(7$!&($!

&%!+#$!2&)I1,6$(!.$*/&(/!%&.!/$Aga^!*()3! ,/! ,+!$(/-*6,(1a!"#$!]'$/+,&(/!*.$!

1&&)! +&! *(/0$.! *()! 0,--! #$-9! 7&'9-$/! +#,(@^! ($6$.+#$-$//3! [.,/7&--=/!

+#&'1#+/!*.$!/&4$0#*+!4*..$)!&(7$!*1*,(!:5!.$+'.(,(1!+&!9/57#&-&15!*()!

*!/+')5!&(!/&I7*--$)!L/$A'*-I*)),+,&(M!f99;!_cJIeHg;!

[.,/7&--!+#$(!*99-,$)!#,/!+#.$$!]'$/+,&(/!+&!*!('4:$.!&%!/$A'*-!*7+/F!

4*/+'.:*+,&(! f99;! _e_IeH3! .$-5,(1! #$*6,-5! &(! 9/57#&-&15! *()! /+*+,/+,7/g3!

&.*-!/$A!f99;!_eEIec3!.$-5,(1!#$*6,-5!&(!]'$/+,&(*:-$!,(+$.9.$+*+,&(/!&%!+#$!

8&(1!&%!8&-&4&(g3!*(*-!/$A!f99;!_ecIeJg3!4$(/+.'*-!/$A!f99;!_eJIJdg3!.&-$I

9-*5,(1! f99;! _JGIJig3! /$A! +&5/! f9;! _Jig3! :,.+#! 7&(+.&-! f_JHIJeg3! 7&/4$+,7!

/'.1$.5!f99;!_JeIGddg3!75:$./$A!f9;!Gddg3!/$A'*-!4$),7*+,&(!f9;!Gd_g3!*()!

4*.,+*-!/$A'*-!*//*'-+!f99;!Gd_Idig;![.,/7&--!:$-,$6$/!*--!:'+!+#$!-*/+!/$A'*-!

.$-*+$)! *7+,&(! 9*//$/! +#$! %,./+! +$/+! *()! 9*//$/! +#$! /$7&()! *()! +#,.)! +$/+/!

'()$.!7$.+*,(!7,.7'4/+*(7$/;!X%!7&'./$3![.,/7&--!#*/!9.$/$(+$)!#,/!9$./&(*-!

&9,(,&(/3!9.,4*.,-53!:'+!%&.!/&4$!.$*/&(!9$&9-$!0*(+!+&!#$*.!0#*+![.,/7&--!

#*/!+&!/*5;!

K&/+!.$6$*-,(1!,/!*(!*)6$.+,/$4$(+!*+!+#$!$()!&%!+#$!:&&@!f9;!GEEg!

9.&4&+,(1! [.,/7&--=/! ($0! 0$:/,+$;! "#$! 9.$/$(+,(1! :-'.:! .$*)/3! LR*6$!

]'$/+,&(/a! S*/+&.! K*.@! #*/! *(/0$./;M! 2,6$! +#*+! /&4$! +#&'1#+;! K&/+!

D#.,/+,*(!-$*)$./!4,1#+!#*6$!7-*,4$)!+#*+!+#$!B,:-$!#*/!*(/0$./!*()!+#$5!

0,--!#$-9!1',)$!+#$,.!.$*)$./!+&!+#&/$!*(/0$./3!:'+![.,/7&--!4*@$/!+#$!7-*,4!

+#*+!#$!#*/!+#$!*(/0$./;!W$6$.+#$-$//3!+#,/!)$/7.,:$/3!*+!-$*/+!,(!9*.+3!0#*+!

+#$!.$*)$.!,/!1,6$(!,(!8)63*06##$64)k+#$!&9,(,&(!&%!+#$!*'+#&./;!"#$.$!,/3!

,(! %*7+3! /&4$!#$-9%'-! :,:-,7*-! +$*7#,(13! :'+! +&! *//$//! +#,/! +#$! .$*)$.!4'/+!

),/.$1*.)! *()r&.!0*)$! +#.&'1#!9/57#&:*::-$3! /+*+,/+,7/3! 9&&.-5! $A$1$+$)!

87.,9+'.$3! *()! 9$./&(*-! &9,(,&(;! D&(/$]'$(+-53! 8)63* 06##$64)! ,/! 4&.$!

#*.4%'-!+#*(!#$-9%'-;!<!6$./$!%&'()!,(!?$.$4,*#!/#&'-)!:$!9&()$.$)3!0#$(!

&($!.$*)/!:&&@/!/'7#!*/!+#,/!&($F!L"#$!9.&9#$+/!9.&9#$/5!%*-/$-53!*()!+#$!

9.,$/+/!.'-$!&(!+#$,.!&0(!*'+#&.,+53!*()!45!9$&9-$!-&6$!,+!/&;!B'+!0#*+!0,--!

5&'! )&! *+! +#$! $()! &%! ,+aM! fEFi_g;! "#$! *//$//4$(+! #$.$! ,/! (&+! +&! .$1*.)!

[.,/7&--!*/!:$,(1!,(!+#$!/*4$!7*+$1&.5!*/!+#$/$!%*-/$!+$*7#$./!&%!?$.$4,*#=/!

+,4$! :'+! ,+! ,/! ,(+$.$/+,(1! +&! (&+$! #&0! +#$! X-)! "$/+*4$(+! 9$&9-$! 0$.$!

0,--,(1! +&! 1.*6,+*+$! +&0*.)! +#&/$! 0#&! /9&@$! &(! +#$,.! *'+#&.,+5;! >#$(!

-$*)$./! )&! +#,/3! (&!4*++$.! #&0! 7&(%,)$(+! +#$5! /$$43! &($!4'/+! .$7&1(,N$!

+#*+!0#*+! +#$5!/9$*@! ,/! +#$,.!&0(!&9,(,&(3!(&+!($7$//*.,-5!2&)=/;!<--!/'7#!

&9,(,&(/!($$)!+&!:$!$6*-'*+$)!:5!87.,9+'.$!:$%&.$!*77$9+,(1!+#$4;!

!

W'&=,!*,W#((0=P,+&#%/*!@,+'/*P,Y%<$30&.,Z#0B,-3'90(,


@#=A,! B,/'9(+,1C.&/D!E1'/! F'--.&.=G& CD& 8EFGH& 8FDI& ?EJKFGLM& 27N&

*FKH&:EC%$JO$GL&P&,GKH#"#$JHJM&'())I&)Q=&""IM&"F"H#M&R)'IQQI&

&Q(! +#,/! :&&@3! ['*($! [*5! *++$49+$)! +&! *(/0$.! +#$! ]'$/+,&(3! L>#*+!

#*99$($)!+&!+#$!/,N$!*()!,(%-'$(7$!&%!+#$!pK*,(-,($!D#'.7#$/=aM![*5!-,4,+$)!

+#$! +$.4! LK*,(-,($! D#'.7#M! +&! +#$! %&--&0,(1! 1.&'9/F! K$+#&),/+/3!

S.$/:5+$.,*(/3! V9,/7&9*-,*(/3! +#$! h(,+$)! D#'.7#! &%! D#.,/+3! [,/7,9-$/! &%!

D#.,/+3!<4$.,7*(!B*9+,/+/3!*()!+#$!V6*(1$-,7*-!U'+#$.*(!D#'.7#!&%!<4$.,7*!

f9;! _H3! (&+$! _g;! "#$! 7#'.7#$/! ,(7-')$)! &(! +#,/! -,/+! .$%-$7+! +#$! *'+#&.=/!

9.$/'99&/,+,&(/! *()! 9.$O'),7$/;! X($! 7*(! $*/,-5! ),/7$.(! +#*+! [*5=/! &0(!

%'()*4$(+*-! 7&44,+4$(+/! 0&'-)! ($6$.! *--&0! #,4! +&! ),/7$.(! +#$! .$*-!

*(/0$.! +&! #,/! &0(! ]'$/+,&(;! U,@$! *--! +#$! 7#'.7#$/! +#*+! [*5! 7*--$)!

L4*,(-,($3M! #,/! :&&@3! 5'DX%* 7%&6F3$%"H)-&3! 9.$/'99&/$/! *! +#$&-&15! +#*+!

4,(,4,N$/!+#$!+$*7#,(1!&%!87.,9+'.$3!*77$9+/!*/!*'+#&.,+*+,6$!+#$!+.*),+,&(/!

&%!4$(3!*()!*-/&!$/9&'/$/!-&5*-+5!+&!#'4*(!9#,-&/&9#,$/!&6$.!)$6&+,&(!+&!

2&)=/!>&.);! "#$/$! *.$! 6$.5! #*./#! 7#*.1$/3! :'+! +#$! $(+,.$! :&&@! /+.&(1-5!

.$%-$7+/! *--! +#$/$! 9.$O'),7$/;! R&-),(1! +&! +#$/$! 9.$/'99&/,+,&(/!0,--! ($6$.!

*--&0!/&4$&($!+&!*)4,+!+#$!+.'+#!*:&'+!0#5!+#$/$!1.&'9/!7&(+,('$!+&!-&/$!

+#$!9.$/+,1$!+#*+!+#$5!&(7$!4*5!#*6$!#*);!

<(! ,(/+*(7$! &%! +#$! %,./+! 7#*.1$! f4,(,4,N,(1! +#$! +$*7#,(1! &%!

87.,9+'.$g!7*(!:$!%&'()!,(![*5=/!/+*+$4$(+/!0,+#!.$1*.)!+&!+#$!+$A+!&%!+#$!

B,:-$;! R$! *77$9+$)! */! (&.4*-! +#*+! L4*,(-,($M! 1.&'9/! *77$9+! +#$! 2.*%I

>$--#*'/$(! 6,$0! &%! +#$! 0.,+,(1/! &%! K&/$/3! ,(! *)),+,&(! +&! &+#$.!

'(/'99&.+$)! +#$&.,$/! &%! +#$!0.,+,(1! &%! +#$! :,:-,7*-! +$A+! f99;! _HGIHig;! R$!

*-/&!*//$.+$)!+#*+! +#&/$!0#&4!#$!7*--$)!L%'()*4$(+*-,/+!*()!$6*(1$-,7*-M!

7#'.7#$/! +$()! +&! :$! '(7&4%&.+*:-$!0,+#! *()! )&! (&+! *77$9+! +#,/! 6,$0;!R$!

$6$(!0$(+!/&! %*.!*/! +&!/+*+$! +#*+! +#,/!4,1#+!:$!*!9-*7$!0#$.$! ,+!0&'-)!:$!

6$.5!),%%,7'-+!+&!/#*.$!%$--&0/#,9!&.!4,(,/+.5!:'.)$(/!0,+#!&($!*(&+#$.!f9;!

_H_g;! >#,-$! ,+! ,/! .$4*.@*:-5! 7-$*.! +#*+! +#$! +$*7#,(1! &%! +#$! B,:-$! ,/! +#*+!

87.,9+'.$! ,/! 7&49-$+$! *()! #*/! (&! $..&./! ,(! +#$! &.,1,(*-! 4*('/7.,9+/! fS/!

__J3! G! ",4! iF_b3! $+7;g3! 5$+! [*5! .$4*,($)! $(+,.$-5! 7&4%&.+*:-$! 0,+#! +#$!

L4*,(-,($! 7#'.7#$/M! +$*7#,(1! *-+$.(*+$! *()! '(:,:-,7*-! 6,$0/;! [*5!

/9$7,%,7*--5!*%%,.4$)!+#*+!+#$!:,:-,7*-!6,$0!,/!*!/,49-,/+,7!*99.&*7#!+#*+!&(-5!

7*+$./!0$--!+&!*(!'($)'7*+$)!*'),$(7$!f9;!cig;!

[*5=/!*//$.+,&(!,/!7-$*.-5!*(!*.$*!0#$.$!#,/!&0(!9.$O'),7$/!*1*,(/+!

87.,9+'.$! 9.$6$(+! #,4! %.&4! '()$./+*(),(1! 0#5! +#$! L4*,(-,($! 7#'.7#$/M!

*.$! (&+! 7&(+,(',(1! +&! 1.&0! */! +#$5! #*6$! ,(! +#$! 9*/+;! "#$,.! .$O$7+,&(! &%!

87.,9+'.$!0*/!:*/$)!'9&(!+#$&.,$/!+#*+!*.$!(&0!:$,(1!9.&6$(!,(/'%%,7,$(+!

*()!'(+.'$;! C&.! $A*49-$3! +#$!Ì[&7'4$(+! +#$&.5! f/9$7,%,7*--5!4$(+,&($)!

&(!99;!_HGIHig!#*/!($6$.!#*)!*(5!9#5/,7*-!$6,)$(7$!/'99&.+,(1!,+^! ,(!%*7+3!

+#$!9#5/,7*-! .$4*,(/!&%! +#$!4*('/7.,9+/! 7-$*.-5! +$*7#! +#$!*77'.*75!&%! +#$!

86 Book Reviews 7'..$(+!+$A+!&%!+#$!W$0!"$/+*4$(+;!W$6$.+#$-$//3!+#,/!%-*0$)!+#$/,/!,/!/+,--!

+*'1#+!*()!:$-,$6$)! ,(! +#$!7#'.7#$/! +#*+![*5!.$%$.$(7$)! ,(!#,/!:&&@;!"#$!

/*4$! ,/! +.'$! &%! +#$! 2.*%I>$--#*'/$(! +#$&.5^! ,+! #*/! :$$(! /#&0(! +&! :$!

'(/'99&.+*:-$! *()! ,/! 7&(+,('*--5! -&/,(1! *)#$.$(+/3! 5$+! ,+! /+,--! 9*.+! &%! +#$!

9.$%$..$)!$)'7*+,&(!&%!+#$!L4*,(-,($!7#'.7#$/;M!W$6$.+#$-$//3![*5!7-*,4$)!

+#*+!+#$!L4*,(-,($M!7#'.7#!,/!4&.$!7&49-$+$!*()!('*(7$)!+#*(!+#$!1.&'9/!

0#&/$! %&--&0$./! #$! )$.,)$)! */! L-,++-$! 7&(7$.($)! 0,+#! +#$&-&1,7*-!

9.&9&/,+,&(/M!f9;!cig;!

"#$!/$7&()!*77'/*+,&(!4$(+,&($)!9.$6,&'/-5!0*/![*5=/!*77$9+*(7$!

&%!+#$!+.*),+,&(/!&%!4$(!*/!6*-,)!+$*7#,(1!,(!*(!*//$4:-5!&%!:$-,$6$./;![*5=/!

9.$O'),7$! ,/! )$4&(/+.*+$)! ,(! +#$! 7#&,7$/! #$!4*)$! %&.! +#&/$! #$! 7-*//,%,$)!

+&1$+#$.! */! 7#'.7#$/! ,(! 7&49$+,+,&(! 0,+#! +#$! /&I7*--$)! L4*,(-,($;M! [*5!

-,/+$)! $6$.5+#,(1! %.&4! ),/9$(/*+,&(*-,/+/! f0#&4! #$! 7-*,4$)! +$*7#! *!

9&/,+,&(!0,+#!-,++-$!87.,9+'.*-!/'99&.+3!99;!EGIEig3!+&!+#&/$!0#&4!#$!7*--$)!

LK&)$.(![*5!2(&/+,7/M!f-,@$!?$#&6*#!>,+($//$/!*()!K&.4&(/3!99;!eEIJJg3!

*/! +#$! D#.,/+,*(! 1.&'9/! 1.&0,(1! ,(! 7&49$+,+,&(! 0,+#! +#$! L4*,(-,($;M! R,/!

1.&'9,(1! 7&'-)! &(-5! :$! +#$! 9.&)'7+! &%! /&4$&($! 0#&! :$-,$6$/! +#*+! *--!

+.*),+,&(/!+#*+!7-*,4!+#$!+,+-$!&%!D#.,/+,*(!#*6$!$]'*--5!6*-,)!7-*,4/!&%!+.'+#;!

<+! +#$! 6$.5! $()! &%! #,/! :&&@3! +#,/! 9.$/'99&/,+,&(! -$)! [*5! +&! .$4*.@3!

LT$/9$7+%'--53! -$+!'/!*/@!2&)! +&!1.*(+! +#$!1,%+!&%!#'4,-,+5! +&!*--! +#&/$!0#&!

7-*,4! +#$! (*4$! &%! D#.,/+3! +#*+!0$!4*53! -$*.(,(1! %.&4!&($! *(&+#$.3! /#*.$!

4,//,&(!*()!4,(,/+.5M!f9;!_ceg;!

<77$9+,(1!*--!+.*),+,&(/!+#*+!7-*,4!+&!:$!D#.,/+,*(!*/!6*-,)!,/!*(&+#$.!

9.$/'99&/,+,&(! +#*+!)&$/!(&+!*--&0![*5! +&!),/7$.(! +#$! +.'$!*(/0$.! +&!#,/!

]'$/+,&(F!+#*+!1.&0+#!,(!('4:$./!&.!,(%-'$(7$!,(!*(!*//$4:-5!4$*(/!-,++-$!

+&!2&)!fR$!#*/!(&!($$)!%&.!('4:$./g;!Q(/+$*)3!2&)=/!1&*-!,/!+#*+!R,/!+.'+#!,/!

6GG2#6&)3/! 9.&7-*,4$)! *4&(1! R,/! 9$&9-$! *()! :5! +#,/! 9.&7-*4*+,&(! 2&)!

.$7$,6$/!*--!+#$!1-&.5!*+!*--!+,4$/;!<77&.),(1!+&![*53!+#$!9.$/'99&/$)!1&*-!,/!

*!#'4*(!+.*),+,&(!:$,(1!9.&7-*,4$)!+&!-*.1$!('4:$./3!*()!#$!($,+#$.!#*/!

7&(7$.(!(&.!$6$(!.$1*.)!%&.!*/@,(1!0#*+!2&)=/!1&*-!*7+'*--5!,/;!

"#$!%,(*-!*77'/*+,&(!4*)$!*1*,(/+!+#$!*:,-,+5!&%!+#,/!:&&@!+&!*(/0$.!

+#$!/+*+$)!]'$/+,&(!0*/![*5=/!9.$/'99&/,+,&(!+#*+!&($!4'/+!#*6$!*!1.$*+$.!

-&5*-+5!+&!*!#'4*(!9#,-&/&9#5!+#*(!+&!2&)=/!+.'+#;![*5=/!9.$/'99&/,+,&(!,/!

$6,)$(+!:5!#,/!7&(+,('*-!.$%$.$(7$/!+&!#'4*(!$)'7*+,&(*-!/5/+$4/!*/!6,+*-!

+&! 9$.7$,6,(1! +#$! .$*-! +.'+#;! R,/! 6,$0! &%! +#$! +$*7#,(1! &%! 7.$*+,&(! &.!

$6&-'+,&(! ,/!*(!$A7$--$(+!$A*49-$!&%! +#,/!9.$O'),7$;!R$!/*,)! +#*+! +#$.$!*.$!

/&4$!0#&!'()$./+*()!+#$!B,:-$!/&!-,+$.*--5!+#*+!+#$5!/*5!+#*+!+#$!'(,6$./$!

0*/! 7.$*+$)! ,(! /$6$(! )*5/3! /&4$! &%! +#$4! $6$(! /*5,(1! ,+!0*/! *:&'+! bddd!

5$*./! *1&^! /$+! *1*,(/+! +#$4!*.$! +#&/$!0#&!*.$!9$./'*)$)!:5! /7,$(7$! +#*+!

#'4*(,+5!$6&-6$)!/-&0-5!&6$.!+,4$!f99;!__GI_ig;![*5!+#$(!-$+!#,/!.$*)$./!

@(&0!+#*+!(&+!*--!D#.,/+,*(!1.&'9/!*.$!/&!-,+$.*-!/&!*/!+&!*7+'*--5!:$-,$6$!,(!


*! L8$6$(![*5!D.$*+,&(^M!4*(5! ,(! +#$!4*,(-,($! *.$! *:-$! +&! 7.$*+$! *!4&)$-!

0#$.$!+#$5!7*(!7&4:,($!+#$!+0&!+&1$+#$.!*()!/&!9.$/$(+!*!4&.$!*77'.*+$!

)$9,7+,&(! &%! +#$! +.'+#! f9;! __Hg;! [*5=/! *99.&*7#! /$$4/! 6$.5! 4'7#! -,@$! *!

R$1$-,*(!),*-$7+,7!/+5-$!&%!9#,-&/&9#5!:$,(1!'/$)!+&!%,()!+#$!+.'+#^!+#,/!6$.5!

0&.-)-5!9#,-&/&9#5!,/!7-$*.-5!7&(+.*.5!+&!+#$!7$.+*,(!+$*7#,(1!&%!87.,9+'.$!

7&(7$.(,(1!2&)=/!>&.)!:$,(1!7&49-$+$-5!*77'.*+$!,(!*--!,+!*%%,.4/;!

"#$! -*/+! *77'/*+,&(! ,/! 9$.#*9/! +#$! /+.&(1$/+! $A*49-$! &%! [*5!

*--&0,(1! *! 0&.-)-5! 9.$/'99&/,+,&(! +&! 1',)$! #,4! +&! +#$! .$*/&(! %&.! +#$!

),4,(,/#,(1!&%!6,+*-,+5! ,(! +#$! L4*,(-,($!7#'.7#$/;M! Q+! /$$4/! -,@$-5! +#*+! +#$!

.$*/&(! %&.! +#$,.! -&//!&%!/+.$(1+#! ,/! +#$,.!*77$9+*(7$!&%! +#,/3!&.!&+#$.3! %*-/$!

6,$0/! &%! %,(),(1! +.'+#;! Q+! ,/! 7-$*.! %.&4! 87.,9+'.$! +#*+! %*,+#! 9-$*/$/! 2&)3!

9*.+,7'-*.-5!0#$(!#'4*(! .$*/&(,(1! /$$/! (&!9&//,:-$!0*5! +#*+!2&)! 7&'-)!

*77&49-,/#! 0#*+! R$! /*5/;! "#$! L4*,(-,($! 7#'.7#$/M! #*6$! *:*()&($)! *(5!

6,$0! &%! :,:-,7*-! %*,+#3! *()! #$(7$! +#$5! -&/$! +#$! 6,+*-,+5! +#*+! 2&)! 1,6$/! +&!

+#&/$!0#&!+.'-5!%&--&0!R,4!*()!/$$@!R,/!+.'+#;!"#$!/+*+$4$(+!#$.$,(!)&$/!

(&+! ,(+$()! +&! 7&44'(,7*+$! +#*+! +#$.$! ,/! (&+! *! 7&'(+$.%$,+! &%! +#,/! 6,+*-,+5!

%&'()! ,(!4*(5! &%! +#$! %*-/$! .$-,1,&(/3! -,@$!K&.4&(,/4! &.! Q/-*43! :'+!0#*+!

+#,/!.$6,$0$.!,/!7&44'(,7*+,(1!,/!+#*+![*5=/!9.$/'99&/,+,&(/!9.$6$(+!#,4!

%.&4! *7+'*--5! *(/0$.,(1! #,/! &0(! ]'$/+,&(3! 4*@,(1! ,+! ,49&//,:-$! +&!

.$7&44$()!+#,/!:&&@;!

!

-(#::,;((4%&.P,+&#%/*!@,+'/*P,8#5,%:,$30,[%&(",-%55<.#$=,-3<&43,

E1'/! H,! /1.! 6+,,+#&! #)! /1.! I1$%J1G!6'K+&2! :.&,.! #)! :#J+'(! "$,/+J.7!

:1'(#C!'&=!/1.!@%.'/!I#CC+,,+#&&CD&7HS$G&8H@TEGL&FGU&-#HL&-$%CH#KI&

>OHFKTGN&6#TJJVFDM&'())I&'W;&""IM&"F"H#M&R)(I((I&!

"#$!*'+#&./=!7&(+$(+,&(!,/!+#*+!+&!)$+$.4,($!+#$!4,//,&(!&%!+#$!7#'.7#!L,/!

+#$!4&/+!7&(%'/,(13!4&/+!),/7'//$)3!4&/+!$($.1,N,(13!*()!4&/+!9&+$(+,*--5!

),6,/,6$! ,//'$! ,(! +#$! $6*(1$-,7*-! 7#'.7#! +&)*5M! f9;! GEg;! 87&+! K7j(,1#+!

7-*,4$)! +#*+! .$7$(+! ,(+$.$/+! ,(! /&7,*-! O'/+,7$3! &.!0#*+!#$! 7*--$)!4,//,&(*-3!

L.$9.$/$(+/!+#$!:,11$/+!/#,%+!,(!$6*(1$-,7*-,/4!,(!+#$!-*/+!7$(+'.5M!f9;!_HGg;!

"#$! *//$//4$(+! &%! +#,/! .$6,$0$.! ,/! +#*+! +#$! 7&(+$(+,&(! &%! [$l&'(1! *()!

2,-:$.+! ,/! 7&..$7+;!K'7#!$($.15!#*/!:$$(!)$6&+$)! +&!9.&4&+,(1! +#$!/&7,*-!

*1$()*3! *()! *! 1&&)! :&&@! 7#*--$(1,(1! 4,//,&(*-! +#,(@,(1k).*0,(1!

D#.,/+,*(/! +&! 87.,9+'.$! +&! 7*.$%'--5! *(*-5N$! /'7#! +#,(@,(1k0*/! ($$)$);!

[$l&'(1! *()! 2,-:$.+=/! 0&.@! ,/! +#*+! :&&@^! ,+! ,/! 0$--! )&($3! 7*.$%'--5!

.$/$*.7#$)3!/7.,9+'.*--5!:*/$)!*()!$A+.$4$-5!9.*7+,7*-^!,+!,/!*-/&!0.,++$(!:5!

+#$! .,1#+!4$(!:$7*'/$!:&+#![$l&'(1!*()!2,-:$.+!*.$!#,1#-5! .$/9$7+$)!:5!

+#$!5&'(13!T$%&.4$)3!*()!.$/+-$//!7.&0)! +#*+! ,/!4&/+! -,@$-5! +&!*77$9+! +#$!

4,//,&(*-! *1$()*! 0,+#&'+! 4'7#! .$%-$7+,&(;! Q%! (&+#,(1! $-/$3!M"6&* J%* &")*

88 Book Reviews 0$%%$'-*'>*&")*!"2#G"d!/#&'-)!1,6$!$6*(1$-,7*-!D#.,/+,*(/!.$*/&(/!+&!9*'/$!

*()!.$7&(/,)$.!+#$,.!),.$7+,&(;!

89$7,%,7*--53! +#$! *'+#&./! *)).$//$)! 0#$+#$.! +#$! L4,//,&(! &%! +#$!

7#'.7#!,/!),/7,9-$/#,9!&.!1&&)!)$$)/!&.!:&+#M!f9;!_bg;!"#$5!*-/&!0*(+$)!+&!

7&(/,)$.!+#$!.&-$!&%! +#$!7#'.7#! ,(!9'./',(1!/&7,*-! O'/+,7$!*()!:',-),(1!+#$!

@,(1)&4!&%!2&)!&(!$*.+#! f9;! _bg;!"#$,.! +#$/,/3! &%+$(! /+*+$)!*()!)$%$()$)!

+#.&'1#&'+3!,/!+#*+!+#$!7#'.7#=/!4,//,&(!L,/!+&!1&!,(+&!+#$!0&.-)!*()!4*@$!

),/7,9-$/!:5!)$7-*.,(1!+#$!1&/9$-!&%! ?$/'/!D#.,/+! ,(!+#$!9&0$.!&%!+#$!89,.,+!

*()! 1*+#$.,(1! +#$/$! ),/7,9-$/! ,(+&! 7#'.7#$/3! +#*+! +#$5!4,1#+!0&./#,9! +#$!

U&.)!*()!&:$5!R,/!7&44*()/!(&0!*()!,(!$+$.(,+5!+&!+#$!1-&.5!&%!2&)!+#$!

C*+#$.M!f9;!bGg!f/$$!*-/&!99;!Gi_IiJ^!GH_IHG^!GHEIHcg;!"#$5!),)!(&+!0*(+!+&!

:$!4,/'()$./+&&)!+&!/*5!+#*+!D#.,/+,*(/!/#&'-)!:$!,(),%%$.$(+!+&!/'%%$.,(1!

,(! +#$! 0&.-)! f99;! GGIGig3! O'/+! +#*+! *--$6,*+,&(! &%! /'%%$.,(1! ,/! (&+! +#$!

4*()*+$!%&.!+#$!7#'.7#k4*@,(1!),/7,9-$/!,/;!

R*6,(1! /*,)! +#,/3! [$l&'(1! *()! 2,-:$.+! @(&0! +#$5! *.$! 0.,+,(1!

7&(+.*.5! +&! .$7$(+! *()! 9&9'-*.! $6*(1$-,7*-! +#,(@,(1;! "#$! *'+#&./!

.$/9&()$)! +&! $4$.1$(+! -$*)$./3! /'7#! */! B.,*(! K7U*.$(3! 0#&! %.*4$! +#$!

7#'.7#=/! 4,//,&(! ,(! 9'.$-5! /&7,*-! +$.4/^! ($6$.+#$-$//3! +#$! *'+#&.=/!

.$/9&(/$! ,/! $]'*--5! *99-,7*:-$! +&! 4*,(/+.$*4! $6*(1$-,7*-/! 0#&! *.$!

*)&9+,(1!4'7#!+#$!/*4$!9$./9$7+,6$;!"#$!),%%$.$(7$!/&!%*.!,/!+#*+!/&4$!&%!

+#$/$!4*,(/+.$*4!+#,(@$./3!/'7#!*/!87&+!K7j(,1#+!*()!D#.,/+&9#$.!>.,1#+3!

#*6$! (&+! *:*()&($)! +#$! 2.$*+! D&44,//,&(^! .*+#$.3! +#$5!4$.$-5! *))! +#$!

/&7,*-! /7#$4*! *()! $-$6*+$! ,+! +&! $]'*-! /+*+'/! 0,+#! +#$! 2.$*+! D&44,//,&(;!

?&#(!T;!>;!8+&++3!*(!$*.-5! -$*)$.! ,(!+#,/!*99.&*7#3!0.&+$3!LV6*(1$-,/4!*()!

/&7,*-! *7+,&(3! +#$.$%&.$3! *.$! %'--! 9*.+($./! ,(! D#.,/+,*(! 4,//,&(M! f9;! EHg;!

<-+#&'1#!(&+!4$(+,&($)! ,(! +#$!:&&@3!*'+#&./! %.&4!C.*(7,/!D#*(!+&![*6,)!

S-*++!0&'-)! )$%,($! +#$!4,//,&(! &%! +#$! 7#'.7#! */! ,(7-'),(1! $(6,.&(4$(+*-!

/+$0*.)/#,93! 9&6$.+5! .$-,$%3! ),11,(1!0$--/3! 0&.@,(1! %&.! /&7,*-! O'/+,7$3! *()!

9.&6,),(1!4$),7*-! *++$(+,&(! +&! +#$! ($$)5;! Q(! &+#$.!0&.)/3! +#$!4,//,&(! &%!

+#$!7#'.7#!,/!:$,(1!:.&*)$($)!%*.!:$5&()!+#$!2.$*+!D&44,//,&(;![$l&'(1!

*()!2,-:$.+!*.1'$!+#*+!:$-,$6$./!/#&'-)!,(6&-6$!+#$4/$-6$/!,(!/&7,*-!,//'$/!

:5!6,.+'$!&%!+#$,.!-&6$!%&.!+#$,.!($,1#:&./3!:'+!+#$.$!,/!(&+#,(1!9*.+,7'-*.-5!

D#.,/+,*(!.$1*.),(1!#'4*(,+*.,*(!0&.@!f99;!Gi_IiJg;!D#.,/+,*(/!7*(!0&.@!

0,+#! (&(ID#.,/+,*(/! ,(! .$/9&(/$! +&! /&7,*-! 7&(7$.(/3! *()! +#$5! /#&'-)3! :'+!

+#$5!/#&'-)!(&+!7&(%'/$!+#,/!*7+,&(!0,+#!+#$!'(,]'$!4,//,&(!&%!+#$!7#'.7#F!

+&! 9.&7-*,4! +#$! 1&/9$-! *()! 4*@$! ),/7,9-$/! f99;! GGHIGJg;! L>$! *.$! (&+!

7*--$)3M!+#$5!0.,+$3!L+&!:.,(1!*!:.&@$(!9-*($+!:*7@!+&!,+/!7.$*+$)!1-&.5;!B'+!

0$!*.$!+&!7*--!:.&@$(!9$&9-$!:*7@!+&!+#$!7.$*+&.M!f9;!GHeg;!

[$l&'(1! *()!2,-:$.+! $A#*'/+$)!4'7#! &%! +#$,.!0&.@! ,(! $A*4,(,(1!

*()!7#*--$(1,(1! +#$!4,//,&(*-! f*! +$.4!+#$5!'/$!:'+!($6$.!.$*--5!)$%,($3!9;!

GEg!4,()/$+! ,(! -,1#+! &%! 87.,9+'.$;! C&.! $A*49-$3! +#$5! 7.,+,]'$! D#.,/+&9#$.!


>.,1#+=/! +$*7#,(1!&(!2$($/,/!_G! f99;! idIiHg! *()! +#$!VA&)'/! f99;! iHIibg3!

4,//,&(*-! 6,$0/! &%! U'@$! HF_bIG_3! %*-/$! '/$/! &%! L8#*-&4M! f99;! EGIEi3! _JEI

Gdig! *()! ,(7*.(*+,&(,/4! f99;! EHIEeg3! *()! +#$! $..&($&'/! ,)$*! +#*+! &'.!

*7+,&(/! 0,--! ,(*'1'.*+$! +#$! @,(1)&4! f99;! GcIiE3! _Jcg;! 89$7,%,7*--53! +#$5!

*(*-5N$)! %*6&.,+$! :,:-,7*-! +$A+/! +#*+! 4,//,&(*-! -$*)$./! '/$! ,(! +#$,.!

*.1'4$(+/;!

!

U$6,+,7'/!_JFJI_e!f99;!_HiIHcg!

U$6,+,7'/!GE!f99;!_HcIEig!

Q/*,*#!_!f99;!_EiIEEg!

Q/*,*#!Ee!f99;!_EEIEbg!

?$.$4,*#!GG!f99;!_EbIEek1&&)!/'44*.5g!

<4&/!E!f99;!_EeIEJg!

K,7*#!bFe!f99;!_EJIb_g!

K*++#$0! GEFi_IHb! f99;! _bGIbEk*-+#&'1#! +#$,.! ,(+$.9.$+*+,&(! ,1(&.$/!

7&(+$A+g!

U'@$!_dFGEIic!f99;!_bEIbbg!

U'@$!_bF_JIi_!f99;!_bbIbcg!

G!D&.,(+#,*(/!eIJ!f99;!_beIcdg!

?*4$/!_3!G3!E!f99;!_cdIc_g!

!

X%! *! 4&.$! 9&/,+,6$! (*+'.$3! +#$! *'+#&./! 9.&6,)$)! :,:-,7*-!

'()$./+*(),(1! 7&(7$.(,(1! )$*-,(1! 0,+#! +#$! 9&&.! f99;! _cEIcc^! _ebIJGg3!

&0(,(1!9&//$//,&(/!f99;!_ccIcJg3!.$O$7+,(1!1',-+!4&+,6*+,&(/!+#*+!*.$!&%+$(!

'/$)! f99;! _JGIJig3! +#$! D'-+'.*-!K*()*+$! f99;! GdeIG_ig3! 7&(+,(',+5! ,//'$/!

:$+0$$(! +#$! 9.$/$(+! *()! ($0! #$*6$(/! *()! $*.+#! f99;! G_iI_Jg3! +#$!

,49&.+*(7$!&%!#$--!,(!&($=/!'()$./+*(),(1!&%!4,//,&(!f99;!GHHIHEg3!*()!+#$!

6*-'$!&%! +#$!7#'.7#!.$*-,N,(1! +#*+! ,+! ,/!*! L#&-5!#'))-$M! f9;!GbHg;!"#$5!*-/&!

+.*7$)!2&)=/!7&44*()/!%&.!/&7,*-!,(6&-6$4$(+!+#.&'1#!+#$!87.,9+'.$/!*()!

)$+$.4,($)! +#*+! +#$! %&7'/!&%! /'7#!7&(7$.(! ,/!'9&(! +#$!7&6$(*(+*-!9$&9-$!

(&+!/&7,$+5!*+!-*.1$!f99;!_eHIebg;!Q(!+#$!B&&@!&%!<7+/3!%&.!,(/+*(7$3!&($!%,()/!

(&!$A*49-$/!&%!/&7,$+*-!.$($0*-!&(!+#$!9*.+!&%!+#$!),/7,9-$/!f9;!HJg;!

"#$! *'+#&./! *.$! )$%,(,+$-5! 7&6$(*(+*-! ,(! +#$,.! +#$&-&153! 0#,7#!

*%%$7+/! /&4$! &%! +#$,.! +#,(@,(1;! C&.! $A*49-$3! +#$5! *77$9+! 2$&.1$! U*))=/!

L*-.$*)53!(&+!5$+M!'()$./+*(),(1!&%!+#$!@,(1)&4!f99;!HJ3!JJ3!__G3!__cI_e3!

_GHIGE3!_i_IiGg3!?$/'/!,/!9.$/$(+-5!&(![*6,)=/!+#.&($!f99;!eEIecg3!7&(%'/$!

+#$!4,--$((,'4!0,+#! +#$! $+$.(*-! @,(1)&4! f99;! eeI_Gig3! /+.*(1$-5! :$-,$6$!

+#*+!0#$(! ?&#(!9.&7-*,4$)!+#$!@,(1)&4!0*/!($*.! +#*+! ,/!0#*+!#$!4$*(+3!

:'+!0#$(!?$/'/!),)!+#$!/*4$!R$!4$*(+!+#$!@,(1)&4!0*/!*7+'*--5!#$.$!f9;!

JEg3!D#.,/+,*(/!*.$!+#$!Q/.*$-!&%!2&)!f9;!Gd_g3!*()!+#$!9.$/$(+!#$*6$(!*()!

$*.+#!0,--!(&+!:$!)$/+.&5$)!:'+!.$($0$)!f99;!G_iI_Jg;!>#,-$!+#,/!.$6,$0$.!

9$./&(*--5! ),/*1.$$/! 0,+#! $*7#! &%! +#$/$! 9&/,+,&(/! (&($! &%! +#$4!

90 Book Reviews *99.$7,*+,6$-5! ),4,(,/#$/! +#$! *.1'4$(+! &%! +#$! :&&@3! 0#,7#! ,/! +#*+! +#$!

7#'.7#=/!'(,]'$!4,//,&(!,/!+#$!2.$*+!D&44,//,&(!(&+!+#$!D'-+'.*-!K*()*+$!

+&! %,A! +#$! 9-*($+;!M"6&* J%* &")*0$%%$'-* '>* &")* !"2#G"d! ,/! *! 6*-'*:-$! :&&@;! Q!

#&9$! 4*(5! 0$--I4$*(,(1! 4,//,&(*-! -$*(,(1! :$-,$6$./! 0,--! .$*)! ,+! *()!

7&(/,)$.! ,+/! +#$/,/;! Q(! -,1#+! &%! +#$! 9&9'-*.,+5! &%! +#$! /&7,*-! *1$()*3! *()! *!

9.$/$(+! 7&(%'/,&(! .$1*.),(1! +#$! 4,//,&(! &%! +#$! 7#'.7#3! *--! 9*/+&./! *()!

D#.,/+,*(!-$*)$./!*.$!$(7&'.*1$)!+&!.$*)!+#,/!0&.@;!

!

W'&=,!*,W#((0=P,+&#%/*!@,+'/*P,Y%<$30&.,Z#0B,-3'90(!

8&J+.&/! I1%+,/+'&! *.L#/+#&'(D! 8! M.'%! #)! E..K(3! 5.'=+&2& HU$KHU& CD&

6$GUD& 6#TJCDI& 8TVGH#J& -#TSHM& 10N& 1GKH#<F#J$KD& :#HJJM& '((XI& 'Q=& ""IM&

"F"H#M&R)XI((I&!

"#$* :-G$)-&* !"#$%&$6-* ?)Q'&$'-63! ,/! *! 7&49*(,&(! +&! +#$! 4*//,6$! :-G$)-&*

!"#$%&$6-*!'HH)-&6#/!/$.,$/!f:&+#!/$.,$/!*.$!$),+$)!:5!"#&4*/!X)$(g;!"#$!

?)Q'&$'-63* *99*.$(+-5! ).*0/! 4&/+3! ,%! (&+! *--3! &%! ,+/! 4*+$.,*-! %.&4! +#$!

7&44$(+*.53!:&+#!&%!0#,7#!*.$!)$/,1($)!+&!9.&6,)$!,(/,1#+/!,(+&!+#$!.,7#$/!

&%!7#'.7#!#,/+&.5!*()!L#$-9!'/!+&!.$*)!#&-5!0.,+,(1/!0,+#!*(7,$(+!$5$/M!f9;!

cg;! "#$! ?)Q'&$'-63! &%%$./! %,%+5I+0&! 0$$@/! &%! .$*),(1/3! 0#,7#! %&--&0! +#$!

-,+'.1,7*-! 5$*.;! "#$! .$*),(1! %&.! $*7#! 0$$@! ,/! /+.'7+'.$)! *.&'()! +#$!

%&--&0,(1! $-$4$(+/F! +#$4$3! &9$(,(1! 9.*5$.3! .$*),(13! S/*-4! &%! .$/9&(/$3!

.$%-$7+,&(! %.&4! +#$! 7#'.7#! %*+#$./! *()!*! 7-&/,(1!9.*5$.;!"#$!:&&@! ,/!0$--!

)&7'4$(+$)! *()! ,(7-')$/! *(! *99$(),A! &%! :.,$%! :,&1.*9#,7*-! /@$+7#$/! &%!

+#&/$!]'&+$)!,(!+#$!6&-'4$;!K&/+!&%+$(!]'&+$)!*.$!<'1'/+,($3!D#.5/&/+&43!

<4:.&/,*/+$.3!<4:.&/$3!D5.,-!&%!<-$A*().,*3!B$)$3!?$.&4$3!*()!X.,1$(;!

"#$.$! *.$! 9-$(+5! &%! 7&..$7+! *()! #$-9%'-! +#&'1#+/! ,(! +#$! :-G$)-&*

!"#$%&$6-*?)Q'&$'-63! :'+! %$0! +#*+! *.$! 9.&%&'()! &.!0&.+#!0*),(1! +#.&'1#!

+#,/! 6&-'4$;! h(%&.+'(*+$-53! +#$! .$*)$.! 0,--! *-/&! :$! ,(+.&)'7$)! +&! +#$!

:$1,((,(1! /&'.7$/! &%! %*-/$! +$*7#,(1! +#*+! '-+,4*+$-5! 7*(! )$6$-&9! ,(+&!

7&49-$+$!)&7+.,(*-!$..&.;!X(-5!+0&!&%!+#&/$!$..&./!0,--!:$!4$(+,&($);!"#$!

%,./+!$..&.!,/!:*9+,/4*-!.$1$($.*+,&(!f$;1;!cb3!cc3!cJ3!ec3!__d3!_H_3!_Ed3!_EG3!

_ce3!_ei3!GEig;!<4:.&/,*/+$.!0.&+$3!L"#$.$%&.$3!:*9+,/4!,/!+#$!)$*+#!&%!/,(!

/&!+#*+!*!($0!:,.+#!4,1#+!%&--&0M!f9;!_EGg;!

S$.#*9/!4&.$! ,49&.+*(+-5! ,/! +#$! 7&(/+*(+! '/$! &%! +#$! *--$1&.,N,(1!

4$+#&)!&%!,(+$.9.$+*+,&(!+#*+!'-+,4*+$-5!),/+&.+$)!+#$!4$*(,(1!&%!87.,9+'.$!

:$5&()! .$7&1(,+,&(! f$;1;! Hd3! bc3! cc3! _G_3! _Hb3! _b_3! _bEIbb3! _bc3! _cdIcc3!

_e_3! _ei3! GHi3! GEbg;! "&! ,--'/+.*+$! +#,/! 9&,(+3! *! 7&'9-$! $A*49-$/! 0,--! :$!

9.&6,)$)! 7&(7$.(,(1! ?*7&:=/! -*))$.;! D#.&4*+,'/! &%%$.$)! +#$! %&--&0,(1!

,(+$.9.$+*+,&(!f99;!_cdIc_gF!

!


"#.&'1#! +#$! .$/'..$7+,&(! &%! D#.,/+! +#$! 0*5! 0*/! &9$($);!

"#$.$%&.$!0,+#!1&&)!.$*/&(!+#$!9*+.,*.7#!?*7&:!.$-*+$/!+#*+!#$!

#*)!/$$(!,(!+#*+!9-*7$!*!-*))$.!0#&/$!$()!.$*7#$)!#$*6$(!*()!

+#*+! +#$!U&.)! -$*($)!&(! ,+;!"#$! -*))$.! %,A$)!+&! +#$!1.&'()!*()!

.$*7#,(1!#$*6$(!,/!+#$!7.&//!&%!D#.,/+3!+#.&'1#!0#,7#!+#$!*77$//!

+&! #$*6$(! ,/! 1.*(+$)! +&! '/3! :$7*'/$! ,+! *7+'*--5! -$*)/! '/! +&!

#$*6$(;!X(!+#,/!-*))$.!),%%$.$(+!/+$9/!&%!6,.+'$!*.$!/$+!+#.&'1#!

0#,7#!0$!.,/$!+&0*.)!#$*6$(F! ! %*,+#3! O'/+,7$3!7#*/+,+53!#&-,($//3!

9*+,$(7$3! 9,$+5! *()! *--! +#$! &+#$.! 6,.+'$/! *.$! +#$! /+$9/! &%! +#,/!

-*))$.;! Q%!0$! %*,+#%'--5! 7-,4:! +#$43!0$!0,--!'()&':+$)-5! .$*7#!

#$*6$(;! <()! +#$.$%&.$! 0$! @(&0! 0$--! +#*+! +#$! -*))$.! ,/! +#$!

/54:&-! &%! +#$! 7.&//! &%! D#.,/+;! </3! ,(! %*7+3! +#$! /+$9/! *.$! /$+!

:$+0$$(!+0&!'9.,1#+/3!/&!+#$!7.&//!&%!D#.,/+!,/!9-*7$)!:$+0$$(!

+#$!+0&!"$/+*4$(+/!*()!@$$9/!,(!,+/$-%!+#$!/+$9/!&%!+#$!#$*6$(-5!

9.$7$9+/3!+#.&'1#!0#,7#!0$!7-,4:!+&!#$*6$(;!

!

D*$/*.,'/!*))$)!f9;!_c_gF!

!

B-$//$)! Q/**73! */!0$! /*,)3! /$(),(1!#,/! /&(!*0*5!0*/! *! +59$!&%!

2&)! +#$!C*+#$.^! ?*7&:!0#&!0*/! /$(+! /,1(,%,$)!D#.,/+!&'.!U&.);!

"#$! /+&($! +#*+! #$! #*)! *+! #,/! #$*)! *()! *(&,(+$)!0,+#! &,-! *-/&!

.$9.$/$(+$)! +#$! U&.)! &'.! 8*6,&.;! "#$! -*))$.! +&'7#,(1! #$*6$(!

9.$%,1'.$)!+#$!7.&//^!+#$!U&.)!-$*(,(1!&(!+#$!-*))$.!,/!/#&0(!+&!

:$! D#.,/+! %*/+$($)! +&! +#$! 7.&//;! "#$! *(1$-/! */7$(),(1! *()!

)$/7$(),(1! &(! ,+! *.$! '()$./+&&)! +&! :$! +#$! *9&/+-$/3! *9&/+&-,7!

4$(! *()! *--! )&7+&./! &%! +#$! 7#'.7#;! "#$5! */7$()! :5! 9.$*7#,(1!

9$.%$7+!+.'+#/!+&!+#$!O'/+^!+#$5!)$/7$()!:5!+$--,(1!+#$!5&'(1!*()!

,1(&.*(+!0#*+!+#$5!7*(!'()$./+*();!;!;!;!

!

<(&+#$.! $A*49-$k0.,++$(! :5! B$)$k,/! 0,+#! .$1*.)! +&! +#$! $49+5! +&4:F!

LK5/+,7*--5! +#$! .&--,(1! *0*5! &%! +#$! /+&($! ,49-,$/! +#$! ),/7-&/'.$! &%! +#$!

/*7.*4$(+/3!0#,7#!0$.$!%&.4$.-5!#,))$(!*()!7-&/$)!'9!:5!+#$!-$++$.!&%!+#$!

-*0M!f9;!bcg;!"#.&'1#!+#,/!4$+#&)!&%! ,(+$.9.$+*+,&(3! +#$!$*.-5!7#'.7#!0*/!

$6$(+'*--5! -$)! */+.*53! *()! /*)-53! ,+! ,/! +#$! ,(+$(+! &%! +#$! $),+&./! *()!

9':-,/#$./! &%! :&+#! +#$! :-G$)-&* !"#$%&$6-* ?)Q'&$'-63! *()! +#$! :-G$)-&*

!"#$%&$6-*!'HH)-&6#/!+&!.$,(+.&)'7$!+#,/!9$.6$.+$)!%&.4!&%!#$.4$($'+,7/!

+&!+#$!4&)$.(!7#'.7#;!

!

W'&=,!*,W#((0=P,+&#%/*!@,+'/*P,Y%<$30&.,Z#0B,-3'90(!

92 Book Reviews

:'/+,)3!M#$%!:#$(D!5.,/#%+&2!/1.!F.'%/!#)!I1%+,/+'&!:-+%+/$'(+/3&CD&5#EYH&

8HZF#HJKI&6T%T#FUT&4"#$GLJN&.FS:#HJJ&)QQQI&;)'&""IM&"F"H#M&R)(I[(I&!

B.'7$![$4*.$/+3!-&(1+,4$!9.&%$//&.!&%!+#$&-&15!*()!/9,.,+'*-!%&.4*+,&(!*+!

[$(6$.! 8$4,(*.53! &%%$.$)! +#,/! :&&@! */! *! 9&-$4,7! %&.! 0#*+! ,/! 7&44&(-5!

7*--$)!/9,.,+'*-! %&.4*+,&(3!*!4$+#&)!&%!/9,.,+'*-!)$6$-&94$(+!7.$*+$)!*()!

9.&4&+$)! %&.! 7$(+'.,$/!0,+#,(!T&4*(!D*+#&-,7,/4;![$4*.$/+! *//'.$)! #,/!

.$*)$./! .$9$*+$)-5! +#*+! #$! ,/! $6*(1$-,7*-! ,(! )&7+.,($! f/$$! 9;! _dg3! :'+!

),/7&6$.$)! /&4$+#,(1! -*7@,(1! ,(! #,/! -,%$3! 0#,7#! #,/! +#$&-&15! 7&'-)! (&+!

*)).$//;!R$!/,4,-*.-5!*//'4$)!+#*+!+#&/$!.$*),(1!+#,/!:&&@!#*6$!*!/,4,-*.!

($$)! ,(! +#$,.! /&'-/! f99;! c3! _c3! GGg;! ['$! +&! +#$! *'+#&.=/! 9$.7$,6$)! -*7@! &%!

/9,.,+'*-,+53!#$!)$7,)$)!+&!9*.+,7,9*+$!,(!*!/,AI0$$@!.$/,)$(+,*-!9.&1.*4!*+!

+#$!T$($0*-!D$(+$.!*+!+#$!T&4*(!D*+#&-,7!B$($),7+,($!<::5!,(!S$7&/3!W$0!

K$A,7&! f99;! GiIGHg;! "#$.$! #$! 0*/! ,(/+.'7+$)F! L%&.! 7$(+'.,$/! D#.,/+,*(/!

'()$./+&&)!0#*+!,+!4$*(+!+&!p-,6$!:5!+#$!89,.,+=!;!;!;!t:'+!+&)*5!$6*(1$-,7*-/u!

*.$! (&+! +*'1#+! #&0! +&! %,()! +#$! 1.&0,(1! $)1$! &%! &'.! /&'-/k0#$.$! 0$!

#'(1$.!%&.!2&)M!f99;!_cI_e^!/$$!99;!Gi3!_bcg;!Q(!&.)$.!+&!/&-6$!+#,/!9.&:-$43!

#$! (&0! :$-,$6$/! +#*+! #$-9! 7*(! :$! %&'()! 0#$(! :$-,$6$./! L+'.(! +&! &'.!

D#.,/+,*(! 9*/+k+&!4$(! *()! 0&4$(!0#&! '()$./+&&)! #&0! +#$! /&'-! %,()/!

/*+,/%*7+,&(!*/!0$!1.&0!,(!2&)3!*()!#&0!R,/!89,.,+!%,()/!*!4&.$!.$*)5!#&4$!

,(!'/M!f9;!Gig;!B5!+#,/!*)4&(,+,&(3![$4*.$/+!)&$/!(&+!4$*(!+'.(,(1!+&!?$/'/!

&.! +#$! <9&/+-$/! &.! +#$! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! 87.,9+'.$/3! :'+! +&! +#$! D*+#&-,7!

45/+,7/! *()! 7&(+$49-*+,6$/;! 89$7,%,7*--53! #$! -,@$/! f*4&(1! &+#$./g! ?&#(! &%!

+#$!D.&//3! C.*(7,/! &%!<//,/,3!K$,/+$.!V7@#*.+3! "$.$/*!&%!<6,-*3! *()!6*.,&'/!

)$/$.+!%*+#$./!*()!4&+#$./;!<4&(1!4&)$.(!45/+,7/!#$!9.&4&+$)F!T,7#*.)!

C&/+$.3! "#&4*/! K$.+&(3! R$(.,! W&'0$(3! K&.+&(! j$-/$53! *()! B.$((*(!

K*((,(1;!

[$4*.$/+! :$-,$6$/! +#$! D*+#&-,7! 7&(+$49-*+,6$/! ),/7&6$.$)! *!

4$+#&)! &%! /*(7+,%,7*+,&(! 7*--$)! L/9,.,+'*-! %&.4*+,&(3M! 0#,7#! +#$! *'+#&.!

)$%,($)!*/!L*!%&.4!&%!),/7,9-$/#,9!0$!*.$!.$),/7&6$.,(1!+&)*5!;!;!;!*(!*(7,$(+!

4,(,/+.5! &%! +#$! 7#'.7#3! 7&(7$.($)! 0,+#! +#$! p%&.4,(1=! &.! p/#*9,(1=! &%! *!

:$-,$6$.=/! 7#*.*7+$.! *()! *7+,&(/! ,(+&! +#$! -,@$($//! &%! D#.,/+M! f9;! Gig;!

89,.,+'*-!%&.4*+,&(!#*/!-&(1!:$$(!9.*7+,7$)!*4&(1!D*+#&-,7!*()!X.+#&)&A!

45/+,7/3! #$.4,+/3! *()! 0,+#,(! 4&(*/+,7! /$++,(1/3! :'+! 4&.$! .$7$(+-5! 0*/!

,(+.&)'7$)!*()!9&9'-*.,N$)!*4&(1!S.&+$/+*(+/!4*,(-5!:5!T,7#*.)!C&/+$.;!

[$4*.$/+! *)4,++$)! +#*+! ,+! 0*/! ]',+$! *! 7#*--$(1$3! 1,6$(! #,/! +#$&-&1,7*-!

9$),1.$$3!+&!$4:.*7$!/9,.,+'*-! %&.4*+,&(3!:'+!*+!+#$!.$+.$*+!#$!0*/!+*'1#+!

+&!4&6$!:$5&()!87.,9+'.$!*()!.$*)!+#$!45/+,7/!f99;!GbIGcg;!R$!/&&(!:$1*(!

*1.$$,(1!0,+#!4'7#!&%!0#*+!#$!.$*)!f9;!Geg!*()!(&0!:$-,$6$/!+#$.$!,/!4'7#!

+&!-$*.(!%.&4!D*+#&-,7/!f99;!GJIidg;![$/9,+$!#'1$!)&7+.,(*-!),%%$.$(7$/!+#*+!

#$!-*+$.!7*--$)!/$7&()*.5!f9;!cEg3!#$!)$7,)$)!#$!L0*(+$)!+&!.$7&(($7+!0,+#!


+#$! *(7,$(+! 0,/)&4! &%! +#$! 7#'.7#M! f9;! idg;! X(7$! #$! L1&+! 9*/+! f#,/g! &-)!

9.$O'),7$/!*()!4,/'()$./+*(),(1/3!t#$u!*77$9+$)!4&.$!+#*(!t#$u!.$O$7+$)M!

&%!+#$!D*+#&-,7!+.*),+,&(/!*()!:$-,$%/!f9;!iEg;![$4*.$/+3!'(-,@$!4*(5!&+#$./!

0#&! 9.&1.$//! +#,/! %*.! ,(! +#$,.! *77$9+*(7$! &%! D*+#&-,7,/4=/! /9,.,+'*-!

%&.4*+,&(3!)&$/!(&+!0*(+!+&!7$*/$!:$,(1!*(!$6*(1$-,7*-;!R$!0*(+/!,(/+$*)!+&!

4$.1$!+#$!+#.$$!4*O&.!+.*),+,&(/!&%!,(+$--$7+'*-,/4!&%!+#$!>$/+3!45/+,7,/4!

&%! +#$! V*/+! *()! .$-*+,&(*-,/4! &%! +#$! +.,:*-! 9$&9-$! 0&.-)0,)$! f9! eEg3!

7#&&/,(1! +#$! :$++$.! 9*.+! %.&4! $*7#! +.*),+,&(! f9;! eJg;! <)),+,&(*--53! #$! ,/!

&9$(! +&! T,7#*.)! C&/+$.! *()! C&/+$.=/! T$(&6*.Y3! 0#,7#! 7&4:,($/! /,A!

D#.,/+,*(! +.*),+,&(/F! 7&(+$49-*+,6$3! #&-,($//3! 7#*.,/4*+,73! /&7,*-! O'/+,7$3!

$6*(1$-,7*-3! *()! ,(7*.(*+,&(*-! f99;! cb3! GbGIbHg;! </! 0&'-)! :$! $A9$7+$)3!

[$4*.$/+! ,/! /+.&(1-5! 7.,+,7*-! &%! &(-5! &($! +.*),+,&(F! 7&(/$.6*+,6$!

$6*(1$-,7*-/!f/'7#!*/!K,7#*$-!R&.+&(!z!99;!cE3!cJg!0#&!7-*,43!*/![$4*.$/+!

9$.7$,6$)3!!LQ!*-&($!#*6$!+#$!+.'+#M!f9;!ecg;!

"#$!*'+#&.!:$-,$6$/!S.&+$/+*(+,/4!#*/!.$)'7$)!2&)!+&!*!+#$&-&1,7*-!

,)$*!*()!0#*+!,/!($$)$)!,/!*(!$A9$.,$(7$!&%!2&)!+#*+!+#$!L*(7,$(+!/9,.,+'*-!

4*/+$./M!7*(!9.&6,)$!f9;!Jbg;!"#$.$%&.$3!L+#$!1&*-!%&.!D#.,/+,*(!/9,.,+'*-,+5!

,/!(&+!,(%&.4*+,&(3! ,+! ,/!+.*(/%&.4*+,&(!,(+&!+#$!-,@$($//!&%!D#.,/+M!f9;!Jbg;!

>,+#!+#,/!/+*+$4$(+3!&($!4*5!/+.&(1-5!*1.$$3!+#$!,//'$!,/!#&0!)&$/!/'7#!*!

+.*(/%&.4*+,&(!&77'.a!"#$!*(/0$.!+&!+#,/!]'$/+,&(!,/!0#$.$!+#,/!.$6,$0$.!

0&'-)! $(7&'.*1$! .$O$7+,(1! +#$!4$//*1$! &%! C6&$%>/* /'2#* C'23,*T*+#$.! +#*(!

),.$7+,(1! ,(),6,)'*-/! +&! +#$! W$0! "$/+*4$(+! +$*7#,(1/3! $A*49-$/3! *()!

9.*7+,7$/3![$4*.$/+!),.$7+$)!#,/!.$*)$./!+&!+#$!*(7,$(+!7&(+$49-*+,6$/!*()!

T&4*(! D*+#&-,7! 7#'.7#! +.*),+,&(/;! >#,-$! #$! &77*/,&(*--5! .$%$.$(7$)!

87.,9+'.$! +&! *++$49+! +&! 9.&6$! #,/! 9&,(+3! #$! ),)! *! .$4*.@*:-5! ),/+.$//,(1!

0&.@!&%!$A$1$/,/3!$/9$7,*--5!7&(/,)$.,(1!#$!,/!*!9.&%$//&.!&%!+#$&-&15!f/$$!

99;!Jc3!_d_3!_dH3!_GcIGJ3!_iE3!_bc3!_beIbJ;g!D-$*.-53! +#$!*'+#&.=/!:*/,/!&%!

*'+#&.,+5! ,/! (&+! +#$! >&.)! &%! 2&)! :'+! +#$! L/9,.,+'*-! 4*/+$./M! %.&4! +#$!

D*+#&-,7!45/+,7*-!+.*),+,&(;!

[$4*.$/+! )$/7.,:$)! D#.,/+,*(! 45/+,7,/4! */! L+#$! :$-,$6$.=/!

'(4$),*+$)!$A9$.,$(7$!&%!2&)3!4,(,/+$.$)! +&! +#$!#$*.+!:5! +#$!R&-5!89,.,+!

0#,7#!%*7,-,+*+$/!D#.,/+I-,@$!7#*.*7+$.!*()!$49&0$./!%&.!@,(1)&4!/$.6,7$M!

f9;! __Hg;! Q(,+,*--53! +#,/! /&'()/! 4'7#! -,@$! *(! *77$9+*:-$! )$%,(,+,&(! &%!

),/7,9-$/#,93! :'+! +#$! @$5! ,/! %&'()! ,(! +#$!0&.)/! L'(4$),*+$)! $A9$.,$(7$;M!

"#$!45/+,7!/$$@/!*(!$A9$.,$(7$!),.$7+-5!0,+#!2&)3!+#*+!,/3!#$!&.!/#$!4*@$/!

*(! *++$49+! +&! *6&,)! *(5! ),%%,7'-+,$/! &.! &:/+*7-$/! 0,+#! 2&)! +#*+! 0&'-)!

,(7-')$!+#$!4,()3!B,:-$!/+')53!.*+,&(*-!9.*5$.3!&.!+#$!9$&9-$!&%!2&);!h(,&(!

0,+#!2&)!,/!+#$!'-+,4*+$!1&*-!&%!*--!45/+,7,/43!&%!*(5!.$-,1,&'/!9$./'*/,&(3!

*()! +#*+! '(,&(! ,/! ,(),6,)'*-,/+,73! ,()$/7.,:*:-$3! *()! (&+! /':O$7+! +&! +#$!

/$(/$/;!

R&0! )&$/! &($! *7#,$6$! /'7#! *(! $A9$.,$(7$a! <(/0$.,(1! +#,/!

]'$/+,&(! ,/! 0#$.$! +#$! /9,.,+'*-! ),/7,9-,($/! *.$! +#&'1#+! +&! :$! .$-$6*(+;!

94 Book Reviews D*+#&-,7! 45/+,7/! f[$4*.$/+=/! L/9,.,+'*-! 4*/+$./Mg! ,(6$(+$)! ('4$.&'/!

),/7,9-,($/!,(!0#,7#!+#$5!:$-,$6$)!*,)$)!,(!*77&49-,/#,(1!+#$!'(4$),*+$)!

'(,&(!+#*+!+#$5!/&'1#+;!"#$!9.,4*.5!),/7,9-,($3!0,+#&'+!0#,7#!+#$.$!0&'-)!

:$!(&!D#.,/+,*(!45/+,7,/43!,/!7&(+$49-*+,&(;!<+!+#,/!9&,(+3!,+!,/!,49&.+*(+!+&!

),/+,(1',/#! 7&(+$49-*+,&(! %.&4!4$),+*+,&(;![$4*.$/+! )$%,($)!4$),+*+,&(!

*/! L+#$! *.+! &%! +'.(,(1! &'.! *++$(+,&(! %.&4! +#$! +#,(1/! &%! +#$! 0&.-)! +&! +#$!

+#,(1/! &%! 2&)M! f9;! _bHg;! "#$! )$%,(,+,&(! ,/! 7&(/,/+$(+! 0,+#! +#$! :,:-,7*-!

+$*7#,(1!*()!)$/,.$!&%!2&)=/!9$&9-$!+&!4$),+*+$!'9&(!+#$!>&.)!*()!'9&(!

+#$! U&.)! R,4/$-%! f?&/#! _Fe^! S/! _FG^! _JF_H^! __JF_E3! GH3! Gcg;! R&0$6$.3!

[$4*.$/+! ),/+,(1',/#$)! 4$),+*+,&(! %.&4! 7&(+$49-*+,&(3! 0#,7#! #$!

)$/7.,:$)!*/!L+'.(,(1!&'.!*++$(+,&(!%.&4!+#$!+#,(1/!&%!2&)!+&!*++$()!+&!2&)!

R,4/$-%M! f9;! _bHg;! B5! +#,/! #$! 4$*(+3! LD&(+$49-*+,&(! ,/! +#$! 9.*7+,7$! &%!

%&7'/,(1! &'.! ,(4&/+! :$,(1! :5! %,A,(1! +#$! $5$/! &%! +#$! ,(($.! 4*(! &(! 2&)!

R,4/$-%M!f9;!_EJg;!R&0!)&$/!&($!%,A*+$!L+#$!$5$/!&%!+#$!,(($.!4*(!&(!2&)!

R,4/$-%Ma!"#$!*(/0$.!,/!(&+!+#.&'1#!+#$!.*+,&(*-!4,()!&.!+.*),+,&(*-!/+')5!

&%! 87.,9+'.$/3! :'+! +#.&'1#! 7&(+$49-*+,6$! *99.&*7#$/! +&! 9.*5$.! *()!

87.,9+'.$!($6$.!%&'()!&.!+*'1#+!,(!2&)=/!>&.);!

D&(+$49-*+,6$! 9.*5$.! 4*5! #*6$! 6*.,&'/! (*4$/! ,(7-'),(1!

L7$(+$.,(1!9.*5$.3M! L9.*5$.!&%! +#$!#$*.+3M! L9.*5$.!&%! /,49-,7,+53M! L$(+$.,(1!

9.*5$.M! *()! L:.$*+#! 9.*5$.M! f9;! _EJg;! C'()*4$(+*-! +&! +#$! 4$+#&)! ,/!

.$7,+*+,&(! &%! *! 4*(+.*! &.3! */! [$4*.$/+! /*,)3! LU&6,(1-5! .$7,+,(1! *! :,:-,7*-!

0&.)!&.!9#.*/$M!f9;!_bdg;!8&4$3!/'7#!*/!R$(.,!W&'0$(3!/'11$/+!.$9$*+,(1!

+#,/!0&.)!&.!9#.*/$!%&.!*/!-&(1!*/!Gd!4,('+$/!+&!L7.$*+$!*(!,(($.!/+,--($//!

*()! +#'/! -,/+$(! +&! +#$! 6&,7$! &%! 2&)M! f9;! _bdg;! [$4*.$/+! *)4,++$)! +#*+!

9.*7+,+,&($./!&%!".*(/7$()$(+*-!K$),+*+,&(!'/$!+#$!/*4$!:*/,7!+$7#(,]'$/!

:'+! %&.! ),%%$.$(+! 9'.9&/$/! f9;! _b_g^! ,+! ,/! +.'$! +#*+! ".*(/7$()$(+*-!

K$),+*+,&(! /$$@/! *(! *-+$.$)! /+*+$! &%! 7&(/7,&'/($//3! 0#,-$! +#$! D#.,/+,*(!

45/+,7! ,/!/$$@,(1!*(!,()$/7.,:*:-$!$A9$.,$(7$!0,+#!2&);!R&0$6$.3!:&+#!,(!

9.*7+,7$!*()!,(!$A9$.,$(7$3!7&(+$49-*+,6$!9.*5$.!#*/!%*.!4&.$!,(!7&44&(!

0,+#!".*(/7$()$(+*-!K$),+*+,&(!+#*(!:,:-,7*-!D#.,/+,*(,+5;!

89$*@,(1! &%! 9.*7+,7$3! +#&/$! $(+$.,(1! ,(+&! 7$(+$.,(1! 9.*5$.! :$1,(!

0,+#!]',$+,(1!+#$,.!#$*.+/!+#.&'1#!'/$!&%!*!4*(+.*!f+#$!L?$/'/!S.*5$.M!,/!*!

9&9'-*.!4*(+.*!'/$)!:5!4*(53!9;!_bdg3!0#,7#!,/!%&--&0$)!:5!.$/+,(1!,(!+#$!

U&.)3!+#$(!-,/+$(,(1!+&!R,/!6&,7$3!*()!*++$49+,(1!+&!/$(/$!R,/!9.$/$(7$!f9;!

_big;! </! "#&4*/! K$.+&(! /*,)3! Lt7&(+$49-*+,&(! 7&(7$.(/! +#$u! /$7.$+! *()!

&:/7'.$!9.&49+,(1/!&%!+#$!89,.,+!&%!2&)M!f9;!_Ecg;!</!+#$/$!+$7#(,]'$/!*.$!

(&+! %&'()! ,(! +#$! B,:-$3! [$4*.$/+! *++$49+$)! +&! /'99&.+! 7&(+$49-*+,6$!

9.*5$.!+#.&'1#!+$/+,4&(,$/!&%!9*/+!9.*7+,+,&($./!f99;!_bHIbcg^!+#,/!/$7+,&(!

,/!%&--&0$)!:5!*!/#&.+3!9,+$&'/!*++$49+!*+!%,(),(1!*!:,:-,7*-!:*/$!%.&4!/'7#!

*77&'(+/!*/!V-,O*#=/!L/+,--!/4*--!6&,7$M!*()!*!+.*(/-*+,&(!&%!D&-&//,*(/!iF_IG!


%.&4!@")!0)%%64)3! %&--&0$)! :5! *! ]'&+$! %.&4!K&+#$.! "$.$/*! f9;! _beg! <--!

+#$/$!*++$49+/!%*,-!:*)-5;!

"#$! /*4$! +$7#(,]'$/! *.$! *99-,$)! +&! 87.,9+'.$! ,(! 0#*+! +#$!

7&(+$49-*+,6$/!#*6$!7*--$)!3)G&$'*D$Q$-6!f99;!_iEIHd3!_EGIEig;!;)G&$'!,/!(&+!

*! 4$+#&)! &%! B,:-$! /+')5! :'+! .*+#$.! *! 7&(+$49-*+,6$! +$7#(,]'$! %&.!

*++$49+,(1!+&!$A9$.,$(7$!+#$!9.$/$(7$!&%!2&)!,(!*(!,4*1,(*+,6$!0*5!*/!&($!

.$*)/! 87.,9+'.$;! Q+! ,/! ,49&.+*(+! +&! (&+$! +#*+! 3)G&$'! ,/! (&0#$.$! +*'1#+! (&.!

)&$/! &($! %,()! *--'/,&(! +&! ,+! ,(! +#$! B,:-$;! [$4*.$/+! *-/&! .$7&44$()$)!

7&(+$49-*+,(1!,4*1$/!*()!,7&(/!f9;!_Hig3!*()!/'99&.+$)!'/$!&%!-*:5.,(+#/!

f+&! *! )$1.$$g! f99;! _ceIedg3! D*+#&-,7! -,+'.15! f99;! _ciIceg3! '/$! &%! /9,.,+'*-!

),.$7+&./!f99;!_eeIG_eg3!9/57#&-&15!f99;!GGdIEHg3!,(($.!#$*-,(1!+$7#(,]'$/!

f99;!GH_IEdg!*()!6,/'*-,N*+,&(!f99;!GEdIE_g;!

</! [$4*.$/+! :.&'1#+! C6&$%>/* i'2#* C'23* +&! *! 7-&/$3! #$! 7#&/$! +0&!

9&/+IT$%&.4*+,&(! 0.,+$./! */! $A*49-$/3! *()! +#$! +0&! #$! 7#&/$! *.$! 4&/+!

$(-,1#+$(,(1;!R$!:$1*(!0,+#!+#$!D&'(+$.IT$%&.4*+,&(!('(!"$.$/*!&%!<6,-*!

f99;! GbJIcHg! 0#&/$! L7-*//,7M! :&&@! J-&)#$'#* !6%&3)%* ,/! *! 6,.+'*--5!

,(7&49.$#$(/,:-$!)$/7.,9+,&(!&%!*!45/+,7*-!%*(+*/5!+#*+!/9,.,+'*-!%&.4*+,&(!

),/7,9-$/! -&6$;! R*6,(1! .$*)! +#$! :&&@3! +#,/! .$6,$0$.! /$.,&'/-5! )&':+/! +#*+!

4*(5!#*6$!*(5!,)$*!0#*+!/#$!4$*(/!*/!/#$!)$/7.,:$/!#$.!/'99&/$)!6,/,&(/!

%.&4!+#$!U&.)!f*-+#&'1#![$4*.$/+!),-,1$(+-5!*++$49+$)!+&!$A9-*,(!+#$4g;!

"#&4*/!K$.+&(!0*/! ($A+! f99;! GcHIccg;!K$.+&(!0*/! *! 9.,$/+! ,(! *!

".*99,/+! 4&(*/+$.5! ,(! j$(+'7@5! *()! ),$)! ,(! _Jbe;! W&! 4&)$.(! 45/+,7!

:$/,)$/!T,7#*.)!C&/+$.!#*/!#*)!4&.$!,(%-'$(7$!&(!+#$!89,.,+'*-!C&.4*+,&(!

K&6$4$(+!+#*(!K$.+&(;!R,/!0&.@!*()!9.&4&+,&(!&%!7&(+$49-*+,6$!9.*5$.!

7*((&+! :$! &6$.$/+,4*+$);! W$6$.+#$-$//3! [$4*.$/+! *)4,++$)! +#*+! +&0*.)/!

+#$! $()! &%! #,/! -,%$3! K$.+&(! :$7*4$! *++.*7+$)! +&! V*/+$.(! 45/+,7,/4! *()!

:$-,$6$)!+#*+!o$(!4$),+*+,&(!*()!D#.,/+,*(!7&(+$49-*+,&(!9'./'$!+#$!/*4$!

1&*-! f9;! Gcbg;! h-+,4*+$-53! #$! /*0! (&! ),%%$.$(7$! :$+0$$(! B'))#,/4! *()!

D#.,/+,*(,+5!*()!&(7$!6,/,+$)!+#$![*-*,!U*4*!+&!L),/7&6$.!+.'+#!,(!),*-&1'$M!

f9;! Gcbg;! [$4*.$/+! ),/*1.$$)! 0,+#! K$.+&(! *+! +#,/! 9&,(+3! :'+! /+,--!

.$7&44$()$)!#,4! */! &($! &%! +#$! :$/+! +0&!9&/+IT$%&.4*+,&(!0.,+$./!0#&!

7*(!9.&6,)$!:$-,$6$./!0,+#!/9,.,+'*-!.,7#$/!f9;!GbJg;!>#*+!K$.+&(!.$*--5!),)!

0*/! +&! )$4&(/+.*+$! 0#$.$! D#.,/+,*(! 7&(+$49-*+,&(k-&1,7*--5! *()!

7&(/,/+$(+-5k+*@$/! +#$! 9.*7+,+,&($.F! (&+! +&! :,:-,7*-! D#.,/+,*(,+5! :'+! +&! *!

45/+,7*-! -,%$/+5-$! (&+! /'99&.+$)! :5! 87.,9+'.$! *()! 6$.5! /,4,-*.! +&! V*/+$.(!

45/+,7,/4;!

C6&$%>/*i'2#*C'23!*++$49+/!+&!-'.$!$6*(1$-,7*-/!,(+&!*(7,$(+!D*+#&-,7!

*()!X.+#&)&A!7&(+$49-*+,6$!9.*7+,7$/!,(!&.)$.!+&!).*0!+#$4!7-&/$.!+&!2&)3!

$A9$.,$(7$!R,/!9.$/$(7$3!*()!#$*.!R,/!6&,7$!*9*.+!%.&4!87.,9+'.$;!Q(!&.)$.!

+&! $4:.*7$! +#,/! 45/+,7*-! %&.4! &%! /9,.,+'*-,+53! [$4*.$/+! 0*/! 0,--,(1! +&!

7&49.&4,/$! 0,+#! $6$.5! &99&.+'(,+5;! D$(+.*-! )&7+.,($/! /'7#! */! %'36* >$D)!

*()!%'36*CG#$(&2#6!0$.$!),/.$1*.)$)!*/!/$7&()*.5;!"$7#(,]'$/!(&+!%&'()!,(!

96 Book Reviews +#$! B,:-$! */! 9*+#0*5/! +&! /9,.,+'*-! 1.&0+#! 0$.$! 9.&4&+$)! */! +#$! +.'$!

4$*(/!&%!@(&0,(1!2&)3!*()!#$.$+,7/3!/'7#!*/!"#&4*/!K$.+&(3!0$.$!/$$(!*/!

.$-,*:-$! /9,.,+'*-! 1',)$/;! [$4*.$/+! #*/! *:*()&($)! +#$! 7-$*.! +$*7#,(1! &%!

87.,9+'.$! ,(! %*6&.! &%! D*+#&-,7! 45/+,7,/4;! 8*)-53! ,(! +#$! 9.&7$//3! #$! 0,--!

,(%-'$(7$!4*(5!'(),/7$.(,(1!$6*(1$-,7*-/!+&!)&!-,@$0,/$;!

!

W'&=,!*,W#((0=P,+&#%/*!@,+'/*P,Y%<$30&.,Z#0B,-3'90(!

Date post:	13-Jul-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

D ISPENSATIONAL T · Editorial Committee Josh Bailey Patrick E. Belvill David E. Olander Charles...

Documents