DUTCH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1568 - 1648

Presented by: Christina Perricone, Betsy Lucas, LiAnn Linck, Chris Immen, Nick Gioia,

Ricky Manz, and John Raneri

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Spain becomes world power Netherlands was the richest area in all of

Europe (center of trade) Charles V granted Seventeen Provinces of

the Netherlands a separate entity with Transaction of Augsburg.

MAJOR CAUSES

Emperor Charles V was succeeded by his two sons Philip II (Spain and Netherlands) and Ferdinand (Austria, Hungary, imperial title.)

Church Reform of the Netherlands (Catholicism – Calvinism/Protestantism)

Location-The Netherlands were extremely far away from their central government located in Spain.

Forced conformity on the Netherlands which were disposed to variety and toleration.

THE WAR: PHILIP VS. WILLIAM

PHILIP II King of Spain Hard Core Catholic Conformity and

unification Control over

Netherlands WILLIAM OF ORANGE Leader of Netherlands

opposition Catholic, Lutheran,

and Calvinist Independence from

Spain

THE WAR: THE BEGINNING

William of Orange and Count of Egmont led a opposition against the Spanish overlords.

When Cardinal Granvelle ignored this opposition and continued with his plan, he was removed from office.

The Compromise German Lutherans and French Huguenots

joined the Netherlands in a full blown rebellion (after Regent Margaret’s govt. called Protestants “beggars”)

THE WAR: The Duke of Alba

The Duke was a regent of Philip II. Sent to the Netherlands to persecute Protestants. Started the Council of Troubles (Council of Blood). Imposed the Spanish alcabala (tenth penny). Gave up power to Don Luis de Requesens. Even more hated than Cardinal Granvelle.

THE WAR: Spain Loses Power

William of Orange came out of exile to lead revolt.

Queen Elizabeth refused to admit the “Sea Beggars” into her port.

They seized Brill and Flushing out of desperation.

Regarded as real beginning of Dutch independence.

Spanish Fury (7,000 people killed)

Spain Loses Power (cont.)

Southern and northern provinces united and formed the Pacification of Ghent.

Union of Brussels Don John was defeated and forced to sign

Perpetual Edict.

Painting of The Sea Beggars

At a port in Leiden in the

Netherlands coming into

The city on their flat

Bottomed barges.

THE WAR: Spain Fights Back

Formation of Unions of Arras and Utrecht. William of Orange declared an outlaw. Speech to Estates General of Holland, known

as The Apology. July 22, 1581, Union of Utrecht formally

declared Philip no longer their ruler. Brief reign of the French Duke of Alençon. Assassination of William of Orange (1584).

THE WAR: Independence from Spain

Defeat of Philip II, Spanish Armada. Spanish preoccupation with England and

France made Spain weaker. All Spanish soldiers were out by 1593. In 1596 independence was recognized by

France and England. Twelve Years Truce 1609. Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

“The Dairy Cow” 1580-95

Elizabeth of Englandis feeding her. Philip of Spain isattempting to ride her. William of Orangeis trying to milk her. The King of France holds her tail.

EFFECTS OF THE WAR

Dutch Golden Age. Dutch Republic became world power and Southern Netherlands lost all significance. Became a republic (with Stadtholder). Spanish empire started to decline. Challenged the concept of the divine right of

kings.

HISTORICAL IMPACT Maurice had the first professional standing

army. Started the eventual separation between

north and south (Netherlands/Belgium). Precursor to English Civil War and French

Revolution. Predecessor to liberalism in modern day

governments.