d0f6amod 5 Disaster Management

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Dr Shruti Mathur


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The nature of managementdepends on local economicand social conditions. Somedisaster relief experts such asCuny, have long noted that the

cycle of EmergencyManagement must includelong-term work oninfrastructure, publicawareness, and even human

justice issues. The process of

Emergency Managementinvolves four phases:mitigation, preparedness,response, and recovery.


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Aims and Objectives of Disaster

Management Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness by centre-staging DM as an

overriding priority at all levels and at all times.

Encouraging mitigation measures based on state-of-the-art technology andenvironmental sustainability.

Mainstreaming DM concerns into the development planning process.

Putting in place a streamlined institutional techno-legal framework in order to createand preserve the integrity of an enabling regulatory environment and a compliance

regime. Developing contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by

responsive and fail-safe communications and Information Technology (IT) support.

Promoting a productive partnership with the Media, NGOs and the Corporate Sectorin the areas of awareness generation and capacity development.

Ensuring efficient response and relief with a caring humane approach towards thevulnerable sections of the society.

Making reconstruction an opportunity to build back better and construct disaster-resilient structures and habitats.


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Till recently, the approach to Disaster Management hasbeen reactive and relief centric. A paradigm shift hasnow taken place at the national level from the reliefcentric syndrome to holistic and integrated approach withemphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

These efforts are aimed to conserve developmentalgains as also minimize losses to lives, livelihood andproperty.

A typical Disaster Management continuum as shownbelow, comprising of six elements i.e., Prevention,

Mitigation and Preparedness in pre-disaster phase, andResponse, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction in post-disaster phase, defines the complete approach toDisaster Management.


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In ternat ional organ izat ion s fo r

Disaster Management The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) is

a non-profit educational organization dedicated to promoting the goals of saving lives

and protecting property during emergencies and disasters

The Air Force Emergency Management Associationprovidesemergency management information and networking for US Air ForceEmergency Managers

Red Cross/Red Crescent National Red Cross/Red Crescent societiesoften have pivotal roles in responding to emergencies.

United Nations

World Bank European Union

International Recovery Platform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Emergency_Managershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Emergency_Managers


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National organizations

In India, the role of emergency management falls to National DisasterManagement Authority of India, a government agency subordinate to theMinistry of Home Affairs. In recent years there has been a shift in emphasis,from response and recovery to strategic risk management and reduction,and from a government-centered approach to decentralized communityparticipation. The Ministry of Science and Technology supports an internalagency that facilitates research by bringing the academic knowledge andexpertise of earth scientists to the emergency management process.

A group representing a public/private partnership has recently been formedby the Government of India. It is funded primarily by a large India-basedcomputer company, and aimed at improving the general response ofcommunities to emergencies, in addition to those incidents which might bedescribed as disasters. Some of the groups' early efforts involve theprovision of emergency management training for first responders (a first in

India), the creation of a single emergency telephone number, and theestablishment of standards for EMS staff, equipment and training. Currentlyit operates in three states, though efforts are being made in making this anation-wide effective group.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Management_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Management_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Management_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Management_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India


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NDMA

The Logo reflects the aspirations of thisNational Vision, of empowering allstakeholders for improving the effectivenessof Disaster Management in India. The Mapof India, embossed in Gold, in the middle ofthe logo, circumscribed by the NationalTricolour of Saffron, White and Greenrepresents the aspirations to contain thepotential threat of natural and man-made

disasters through Capacity Development ofall Stakeholders. The Outer Circle is aGolden Ring of Partnership of allStakeholders, whose holding of hands is anexpression of their solidarity to supplementthe efforts of the Government. NDMA in theInner Circle in tranquil blue integrates theentire process by Empowering allStakeholders at the local, district, state and

national levels. NDMA will catalyse thisCommunity Empowerment throughinstitutional capacity development,strengthened public awareness andcommunity resilience by mainstreamingdisaster management in India.

EMPOWERING STAKEHOLDERS FORIMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OFDISASTER MANAGEMENT IN INDIAThe National Disaster ManagementAuthority (NDMA), headed by the PrimeMinister of India, is the Apex Body forDisaster Management in India. The settingup of the NDMA and the creation of anenabling environment for institutionalmechanisms at the State and District levels

is mandated by the Disaster ManagementAct, 2005.

India envisions the development of an ethosof Prevention, Mitigation and Preparednessand will strive to promote a National resolveto mitigate the damage and destructioncaused by natural and man-made disasters,through sustained and collective efforts of allGovernment agencies, Non-GovernmentalOrganisations and Peoples participation, byadopting a Technology-Driven, Pro-Active,Multi-Hazard and Multi-Sectoral Strategy forbuilding a Safer, Disaster Resilient andDynamic India.


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NATURAL DISASTERS

Earthquake

Floods River erosion

Cyclone

Tsunami

Landslides

Forest Fires

MAN-MADE DISASTERS

Nuclear

Chemical Mine

Biological

Cyber terrorism

Environmental


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An earthquake is a phenomenon that occurs without warning and involves violent shaking of the ground andeverything over it. It results from the release of accumulated stress of the moving lithospheric or crustal plates.The earth's crust is divided into seven major plates, some 50 miles thick, which move slowly and continuously overthe earth's interior and several minor plates.Earthquakes are tectonic in origin; that is the moving plates are responsible of the occurrence of the violentshaking. The occurrence of an earthquake in a populated area may cause numerous casualties and injuries andextensive property damage.

Earthquake Risk in India

India today has an increasing population and extensive unscientific constructions mushrooming all over, includingmultistoried luxury apartments, huge factory buildings, gigantic malls, supermarkets and warehouses

and masonry buildings. India is thus at high risk. During the last 15 years, the country has experienced 10 majorearthquakes that have resulted in over 20,000 deaths. As per the current seismic zone map of the country (IS1893: 2002), over 59 per cent of Indias land area is under threat of moderate to severe seismic hazard, i.e., proneto shaking of MSK Intensity VII and above (BMTPC, 2006). In fact, the entire Himalayan belt is considered proneto great earthquakes of magnitude exceeding 8.0, and in a relatively short span of about 50 years, four suchearthquakes have occurred: 1897 Shillong (M8.7), 1905 Kangra (M8.0), 1934 Bihar-Nepal (M8.3), and 1950

Assam-Tibet (M8.6). Scientific publications have warned of the likelihood of the occurrence of very severeearthquakes in the Himalayan region, which could adversely affect the lives of several million people in India.

The increase in earthquake risk is also caused due to a spurt in developmental activities driven by urbanization,economic development and the globalization of Indias economy. The increase in the use of high-technologyequipment and tools in manufacturing and service industries have also made them susceptible to disruption due torelatively moderate ground shaking. As a result, the loss of human life is not the only determinant of earthquakerisk any more. Severe economic losses leading to the collapse of the local or regional economy after anearthquake may have long-term adverse consequences for the entire country. This effect would be furthermagnified if an earthquake affects a mega-city, such as Delhi or Mumbai.


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The regions of the country away from theHimalayas and other inter-plate boundaries wereconsidered to be relatively safe from damagingearthquakes. However, in the recent past, eventhese areas have experienced devastatingearthquakes, albeit of lower magnitude than theHimalayan earthquakes. The Koyna earthquake in1967 led to the revision of the seismic zoning mapresulting in the deletion of the non-seismiczonefrom the map. The areas surrounding Koyna were

also re-designated to Seismic Zone IV, indicatinghigh hazard. The occurrence of the Killariearthquake in 1993 resulted in further revision ofthe seismic zoning map in which the low hazardzone or Seismic Zone I was merged with SeismicZone II, and some parts of Deccan and PeninsularIndia were brought under Seismic Zone IIIconsisting of areas designated as moderate hazardzone areas. Recent research suggests that as theunderstanding of seismic hazard of these regionsincreases, more areas assigned as low hazardmay

be re-designated to higher level of seismic hazard,or vice-versa.

The North-Eastern part of the country continues toexperience moderate to large earthquakes atfrequent intervals including the two greatearthquakes mentioned above. Since 1950, theregion has experienced several moderateearthquakes. On an average, the regionexperiences an earthquake with magnitude greaterthan 6.0 every year. The Andaman and NicobarIslands are also situated on an inter-plate boundary

and frequently experience damaging earthquakes.


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FLOODS

Floods are the most commonand widespread of all naturaldisasters. India is one of thehighly flood prone countries inthe world. Around 40 million

hectares of land in India isprone to floods as per NationalFlood Commission report. Forplanning any floodmanagement measure latest,reliable, accurate and timely

information is required. In thiscontext satellite remotesensing plays an importantrole.


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Preparing for a Flood

Contact the local geologist or town planning department or meteorology department to find out ifyour home is located in a flash-flood-prone area or landslide-prone area.

Learn about your community's emergency plans, warning signals, evacuation routes, andlocations of emergency shelters.

Plan and practice a flood evacuation route with your family. Ask an out-of-state relative or friend tobe the "family contact" in case your family is separated during a flood. Make sure everyone in yourfamily knows the name, address, and phone number of this contact person.

Post emergency phone numbers at every phone.

Inform local authorities about any special needs, i.e., elderly or bedridden people, or anyone witha disability.

Identify potential home hazards and know how to secure or protect them before the flood strikes.Be prepared to turn off electrical power when there is standing water, fallen power lines etc. Turnoff gas and water supplies before you evacuate. Secure structurally unstable building materials.

Buy a fire extinguisher and make sure your family knows where it is and how to use it.

Buy and install sump pumps with back-up power.

Have a licensed electrician to raise electric components (switches, sockets, circuit breakers and

wiring) at least 12" above your home's projected flood elevation. For drains, toilets, and other sewer connections, install backflow valves or plugs to prevent

floodwaters from entering.

Anchor fuel tanks which can contaminate your basement if torn free. An unanchored tank outsidecan be swept downstream and damage other houses.


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Emergency Supplies You Will Need

Several clean containers for water, large enough for a 3-5 day supply of water (aboutfive gallons for each person).

A 3-5 day supply of non-perishable food and a non-electric can opener.

A first aid kit and manual and prescription medicines and special medical needs.

A battery-powered radio, flashlights, and extra batteries.

Sleeping bags or extra blankets.

Water-purifying supplies, such as chlorine or iodine tablets or unscented, ordinaryhousehold chlorine bleach.

Baby food and/or prepared formula, diapers, and other baby supplies.

Disposable cleaning cloths, such as "baby wipes" for the whole family to use in casebathing facilities are not available.

Personal hygiene supplies, such as soap, toothpaste, sanitary napkins, etc.

An emergency kit for your car with food, flares, booster cables, maps, tools, a first aidkit, fire extinguisher, sleeping bags, etc.

Rubber boots, sturdy shoes, and waterproof gloves.

Insect repellent containing DEET, screens, or long-sleeved and long-legged clothingfor protection from mosquitoes which may gather in pooled water remaining after theflood.


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If You Are Ordered to Evacuate

Take only essential items with you.

If you have time, turn off the gas,electricity, and water.

Disconnect appliances to prevent electricalshock when power is restored.

Follow the designated evacuation routes

and expect heavy traffic. Do not attempt to drive or walk across

creeks or flooded roads.


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If You Are Ordered NOT to

Evacuate

To get through the storm in the safest possible

manner: Monitor the radio or television for weatherupdates.

Prepare to evacuate to a shelter or to a

neighbour's home if your home is damaged, or ifyou are instructed to do so by emergencypersonnel


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Preparing for a Flood

If you are under a flood watch or warning:

Gather the emergency supplies you previously stocked in your homeand stay tuned to local radio or television station for updates.

Turn off all utilities at the main power switch and close the main gasvalve if evacuation appears necessary.

Have your immunization records handy or be aware of your lasttetanus shot, in case you should receive a puncture wound or awound becomes contaminated during or after the flood.

Fill bathtubs, sinks and plastic soda bottles with clean water.Sanitize the sinks and tubs first by using bleach. Rinse and fill withclean water.

Bring outdoor possessions, such as lawn furniture, grills and trashcans inside or tie them down securely


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Landslides

India has a sensational recordof catastrophes due tolandslides, unique andunparalleled. Landslides &

Avalanches are among the

major hydro-geologicalhazards that affect large partsof India, especially theHimalayas, the Northeasternhill ranges, the Western Ghats,the Nilgiris, the Eastern Ghats

and the Vindhyas, in thatorder.

.
http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/sitemap.htmhttp://ndma.gov.in/ndma/sitemap.htm


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In the Himalayas alone, one could find landslides ofevery fame, name and description- big and small, quickand creeping, ancient and new. The northeastern regionis badly affected by landslide problems of a bewildering

variety. Landslides in the Darjeeling district of WestBengal as also those in Sikkim, Tripura, Meghalaya,Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh pose chronicproblems causing recurring losses. There are landslidesin the Western Ghats in the south, along the steep

slopes overlooking the Konkan coast. Landslides arealso very common in the Nilgiris, characterized by alateratic cap, which is highly landslide prone


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Radiation disaster

For improving the quality of life in India with its one billion pluspopulation, Indian Economy has to ensure its growth at about 10%per year on a sustainable basis. For ensuring this DGP growth on asustainable basis, one of the most crucial inputs in the economydepartment is energy growth security in general and that all theelectricity and particular fall back on its huge thorium reserve for

generation of electricity through nuclear power programme. Further,applications of radioisotopes and radiation technology in the areasof medicine, industry, agriculture / food preservation and researchare also of immense importance in the society. In view of largeprogramme on nuclear power generation and applications ofradioisotopes and radiation technology, its possibility of radiationemergency in India can not be ruled out, particularly because of thepossibility of nuclear materials falling in the hands of the terroriststhat can be used in the form of Radiological Dispersal Device(RDD), definite likelihood of popularly known as dirty bomb.

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