danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Fragmentation of identity through structural holes

in email contacts

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas(Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab)

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Research Questions

How does social network structure impact individual construction of identity?

How is this behavior made explicit online?

How can this be observed within the context of email?

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Construction of Individual Identity

Interrelated ideas of identity– Social identity: public presentation of self– Internal identity: private view of self

Fragmentation vs. Multi-Faceted Identity– Fragmentation: conflicting internal identity– Multi-faceted: coherent internal identity,

fragmented social identity

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Managing Faceted Selves

Differentiated presentation changed according to context– How? Fashion, language, location/context, people – Why? Privacy, social appropriateness, reputation

differentiation– Who? Dependent on self-monitoring habits,

marginalization, fear of retribution

Fragmented social network (e.g., work, clubs, family, …) – Separate social circles provide for segmentation of

presentation

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Identity online

Confusion of context– Ease of moving between multiple

contexts– Data aggregated across “locations”

Email address serves as context– Allows for privacy and faceted behavior

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Relating Network Structure

Structural holes & bridges (Burt)– Maximize & control information flow

Simmelian ties (Krackhardt)– In public settings, personally

constraining by restricting appropriate behavior – aggregate of all associations

Control of network structure– Minimize uncontrolled personal

information flow

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Structuring social networks via email

Recognizing the power of multiple recipients– Copy/paste phenomenon to appear

personal or contextual– Slight content alternations for context– Making others aware of audience

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Ego-Centric Visualization

Visualization tool to observe social networks embedded in email– Focused on structure

Analyzed “Mike’s” email habits– 5 years worth of complete data– Maintains multiple email addresses for

different contexts– (Dis)advantages of using one person’s

behaviors

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Introducing Mike

Social characteristics:– 24-year old, gay-identified, white male– Born in northern CA, attended Yale (art &

computer science)– Friends & jobs in: Boston, SF, Chicago, NYC– Uses many forms of media to stay connected

Mike’s primary social communities:– Family, high school friends– Undergraduate friends – Gay men in/outside Boston, in NYC– Boston, Texas, California work colleagues

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Mike’s dataset

80,941 messages– 1.03 average recipients per msg

15,537 unique people– 7,250 people w/ 2,618 knowledge ties

(excluding listservs) – 662,078 ties between all respondents (using

only messages with <50 recipients; otherwise, 11.7 million)

– 226 trusted ties; 23 reciprocal

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Defining Connectivity

Knowledge ties– If A sends a message to B, A ‘knows’ B– B does not necessarily know A

Awareness ties– If B receives a message from A -> B is ‘aware’ of A– If B and C both receive a message from A -> B and C

are ‘aware’ of each other

Trusted ties– If A sends a message to B and blind carbon copies

(BCC’s) D -> A ‘knows’ and ‘trusts’ D – (D has the ability to respond and reveal that A

included people without B’s awareness)

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualizations

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualizations: Overview

Goal is to allow one to quickly see how Mike’s network is connected and view structural holes

- Methodology- Spring/Wire explanation- View of entire world- Close-up views of network

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualizations: Methodology

Basic spring/node algorithm used to place nodes in optimal location

- annealing algorithms don’t work with 15,000 nodes

Colors are used to indicate the relationship to the person- based on which of Mike’s email address the person uses

- most common address used

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualizations: Spring/Node (1/2)

Basic spring algorithm used to place nodes

-Ties act as springs, pulling connected nodes closer together

-Nodes act like magnets and repel each other

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualizations: Spring/Node (2/2)

All nodes start out at random location, spring algorithm is run several hundred iterations

This (eventually) results in connected nodes being nearby and non-connected being far away

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Visualization: Entire World (1/2)

Color key for all images

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Social Implications

Using one person’s email, we can observe the social networks of hundreds of people - what are the implications of this?

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

Thoughts moving forward

More detailed analysis– Use visualizations to have ethnographic

conversation with Mike

Extend to multiple users– Visual comparison valuable

Allow for interactivity– More detailed analysis of ego-centric graphs

Learn more from social network analysts

danah boyd, Jeff Potter, Fernanda Viegas . Sociable Media, MIT Media Lab . Sunbelt . 17 February 2002

http://smg.media.mit.edu/projects/SocialFragments/