daprogramebis paradigma

8/6/2019 daprogramebis paradigma

1/32

Georgian Electronic Scientific Journal: Computer Science and Telecommunications 2009|No.2(19)

118

*, **

*., , 0128,. 1.

**, , 0193,.7.

.

,

.

.

, , . ,

LISP-,

, -.

I. " " :

" - , , , , " [1]. - .

"" ,

" ". ,

. (, ). , . , .

"" (R.W.Floyd) 1979 . , ,

, , . : "


2/32


119

, , " [1]. , , ,.

" " . . : (D.D.Spinellis) : " "" () , () " (: "Theword paradigm is used in computer science to talk about a family

of notations, that share a common way for describing program

implementations). (D.G.Bobrow) ", ". (Bruce Shriver) "", (Linda Friedman) - " ". (PamelaZave) _ " . (:"way of thinking about computer systems".)

(Peter Wegner) . , " , ". (T.A.Budd) "", " , , ,, ".

, (), . , , .

,

. _ , , . , , , .

- , .. H (holy war -, ). , - , , .


3/32


120

:o ,o ,o ,o .

- - 50 , . . .

: , , . - . , . . , . , . . Fortran . Pascal- C-, Sisal. ,

. , . .

, , , . , , (Literate programming, )[2]. (Donald Knuth) 1981 TeX - , . , , .

Pascal- Algol- , LISP -ML, Miranda, Sceme. CJava.


4/32


121

. LISP- [3,4,5,6] : , , ,

, , , . LISP-, , . , .

. . : -,, - , - .

""

(-

-)

(--

)

---

---

_ /

. ,

, , , , , . C-pascal-, , , .

. . , , .

_


5/32


122

. . . .

., , . G- .

() , . , . . , . . , , "" (), .. .

" " " " (. lazyevaluation) , , . , . , " ". , , , , (Software Prototyping),

, -.

. ., , . , ,.

-, -- . -


6/32


123

. - - , , - . - , () .

, .

. . :

; ;

; ; (, , ,

, ); ; ; ; .

, , ,. :

; ; .

, .

,

. , :

.

: , , Python, .Generic programming-

, to-be-specified-later( ) . , , .


7/32


124

Ada, 1983 . Eiffel, Java, C #, Visual Basic.NET Haskell, C++ , (1994 .)

C++ - - . C++ - , . , "".

: , , ,, .

C++ - . .

, , . , .

C++ -throw -,trycatch.

,

. : ,, . C++- , .

STL (StandartTemplate Library), , .STL .

STL-?STL .

. , . () .


8/32


125

, ().:(vector) - . (

). . :

(deque) - (double-ended queue) , . :

(list) - , , , . ( , , ).. . ,

.:

: (set) - , () ( ). STL "" (multiset), . , ,

( ). , . :

(map) - , "-". , . "" (multimap)


9/32


126

. :

II.

, . , - , (, ,

), :

. , . /, . , (,):

= 012. . .n = /

, , , , , . .

, , : v = E v := E, v , E-. . - (;). , , if while, () ., . ., , , .

. , ,

, .


10/32


127

, () .

, ,. ,

, , /

= f ()., : Output = Program(Input). : , f.,.

, . , - . , , . , , , , . , . , , , , : , , .

() , , , . . C- , , . FORTRAN .

. C -

:int fact (int n)

{ int x = 1;

while ( n > 0 )

{ x = x * n;

n = n - 1;

}

return x;

}

LISP-:( define fact ( lamnda ( n ) ( cond (( eq n 0) 1)

( t ( fact ( n -1 ))))) ), C-

, .


11/32


128

, ,

, , .

, , . , , FORTRAN - .. , . . , . , , , , . . FORTRAN - , .

, , , , . , , , , .

, , . , , , . . , . , ( ), .

(, whileTRUE do x:=x),, , , .,, . , , goto, C break continue, , . , (continuations).

, , (Martin C. Henson) " ".


12/32


13/32


130

, . - , . , . , , , ,

, . + 0, - * 1. D -

. , , , .

, . , , . .

[7]:

, ;

; ; ;

(.. );

(..), .

, , Objective Caml [8], INRIA- (,).

III.

, , , . , .

, ,

,, ,


14/32


131

.

, , , .

C++ java , - . , .

. "" LISP , , , , , . "" LISP -, . , . LISP- ( 1962 ) , . -20- 70-80 -, : LISP,-.

LISP-, , - . ,

.LISP- ,

, VAX, . LISPLISP-.

LISP , , , ..

-

, , . . , , .

, , , .

, , . (


15/32


132

, , . ( ). , ,

,. , ,

. . , , .

, , LISP .

(LISP-) . , , .

()LISP- [9].

, ,:

LISP-:

(A (A1(A11(...)A12(...)...A1m(...))(A2(A21(...)A22(...)...A2m(...))

...

(Ak(Ak1(...)Ak2(...)...Akm(...)))

, : :


16/32


133

AE . , , , , . , , , .

AE LISP-:(A(E1(A1(E11(A11(...))(E12(A12(...))...(E1m(A1m(...))))(E2(A2(E21(A21(...))(E22(A22(...))...(E2m(A2m(...))))

...

(Ek(Ak(Ek1(Ak1(...))(Ek2(Ak2(...))...(Ekm(Akm(...)))))

, , .. AES. , , . (S Akm)-. ( S),

. AES:

AEVLISP-:

( A(V A)(E1(A1(V A1)(E11(A11...))(E12(A12(V A

12)...))

... (Em(A1m...)) ))

(E2(A2...))...

(Ek(Ak)) )

, . , ().

, , , .

:1. , ,

:


17/32


134

., :

( ( ()))( ( ()))

2. , :

, :( ( - ( ))) ( ( - ( )));( ( ( ))) ( ( - ( )))

3. :

, ( ( - ( ))) ( ( )).4.:

5. :

, , ,

.


18/32


135

: A,Ak,Ap,An,Am,Ck, E,Ek,Em,En , .

LISP-.

: , , , , .

AE AEV ..

, :-, , , , , :

(- (S ( )( ) )

((S ( *)(: 5 5000 ) )

((S 800 ) ) )

((S ( *)(: 10000 * ) )

((S 1000000 ))

((S 300000 ))

( ( S (* ) (: 1000 10000)

( ))

((S))

AE

. . , (,..) .

()

, ( ). , , .. 33 .

( ( ( ( ))( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ))) ))) )))

( ( ( ( ( ( ))) ))) )( ( ( )))( ( ( ))

( ( (* ( ))( ( () ))


19/32


136

( ( () )) )))( ( ( ( () )))

( ( ( ( ( () ))) ))( ( ( ( () ))) ))

( ( ( ( ( ( ( () ))) )))

( ( )))( ( ( ( )))( ( ( ( ))) )( ( ( ( ))) ))

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ))) ))) ))( ( ( ( )))

( ( ( ( ( ( ))) ))) )( ( ( ( ( ))) )

( ( ( ( ( ( ))) )))( ( ( ( )))

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ))) ))) )))( ( ( ( ( ))) ))( ( ( ( ( ))) )

( ( ( ))) )( ( ( )))( ( ( ( ( ))) ))( ( ( ( )))

( ( ( ( ))) )) )( (* ( ( ( ( ))) ))

( ( ( )) ) )) (English

Georgian Dictionary), 50000 . , , ,

, . , : , ,, , . :

*-, ,, ; , , .


20/32


137

, , ( , )., , _ - . , 6 - , . , : , . (, 5 : . : , ,, - .

, . ( ) . , .

, , , , , , , .

.

(, ) (, ). . -

, , , .

, , . . , . , , ,

.


21/32


138

, - ( ), LISP-.

. ,

[10]: ,. : , , .

: ,, .

: ,, .

, (), ; () .

, , : :A B D C E G F H J

:D B A G E C H F J

:D B G E H J F C A

, , . .

: . , , , . , ( ).. :


22/32


139

:A - ,

B C - ,D E F ,G H J - .

, , ().

() :

;

. ,

.[11]- LISP- , .. Map-

mapcar . ,(mapcar 'list '(a b c))'((a)(b)(c)).

:

(mapcar )

mapcar : , .. ().

LISP- ,

Map- , . , , .

[12,13] - . , , .

, . ,


23/32


140

, .

, . -.

,

, ,., -

. - . . , .

, , () ,. .

.,

, , . -, . , : .

S- : , ,

. , ;

, .

, ,.

,

:

nil

nil--\-. (cons 'a nil). (b a)

.


24/32


141

(a) (a.nil)

(a b c) (a.(b.(c.nil)))

Lisp- [14]. ,

, . , , ( 16 32 ).

, .

Lisp- ( , IBM PC), , .

. Lisp-: ; Lisp-; (tagged architecture); Lisp-.

, , , L LISP-lisp-.

-

, .

LISP . , LISP ,.

, LISP (LISP isa programmable programming language).LISP- [11]. , , .

, LISP- .. . LISP-. ,

, . , , , ,


25/32


142

, .

, . , / .

, , .

, LISP- , , . , , -, , , ,lambda, .

:

(car '(lambda (x)(list x))) lambda ; ((lambda (x)(list x)) car)(car) ;

LISP- map-, () (map) , . map-map-, :

(MAPx fn l1 l2 ... lN), l1 ... lN-, fn- N

.

, map- -, fn- : (MAPx fn). MAPx : mapcar, mapcan, maplist, mapcon..

. , (mapcar,mapcan) , (maplist, mapcon). ,

. mapcar

. ,(mapcar 'list '(a b c)) '( (a) (b) (c) ). mapcan mapcar , ncons., (mapcan 'list '(a b c))'( a bc ).

maplist . , (maplist 'list '(a bc)) '(((a b c))((b c))((c))). mapcon maplist- ,


26/32


143

ncons. ,(mapcon 'list '(a b c))'((a bc)(b c)(c)).

:(mapc 'list '(a b c))'(a b c).(mapl 'list '(a b c))'(a b c).

Clisp- : Mapc,Mapcan, Mapcar, Mapcon, Mapl, Maplist. LISP- - Objective CAML . Objective CAML- , . . , .

.

:

(); ;

(lambda ); ;

, ;

;

, . , map- ,

( ), ( ). , map- "". , . , map- , . , , , _ .

map-, , . , .


27/32


144

, map- "" . ,map-, , (

), , . map- .

. , , LISP- . , , , . . ,, , . (, , ). , , , .

, , , . , .

, LISP-,

, . - . map-, (, ). map- .

. . , . . . _ , .

LISP (Lisp is a programmableprogramming language), ,


28/32


145

. , LISP-, .

, , . ,

LISP- .

. , , .

, , , . , . , , . , , . . .

LISP- . - .. - [15].

. , .

[15]-. ,.

LISP- , , :

(DEFUN CLASSES (CL)

(COND (CL (CONS (CDAR CL) (CLASSES (CDR CL)))) )); ; Nil

(DEFUN ARGUM (CL) (COND

(CL (CONS (CAAR CL) (ARGUM (CDR CL)))) ))

; ;

(DEFUN DEFMET (FMN C-AS EXPR)

(SETF (GET FMN 'CATEGORY) 'METHOD)

(SETQ ML (CONS(CONS(CONS FMN (CLASSES C-AS))(LIST 'LAMBDA (ARGUM C-AS) EXPR) ) ML))

FMN )


29/32


30/32


147

, -f1 f2 ...( ). :

(setf (make-instance 'ob))

:

(setf (slot-value c) 1223).

., . . .

, , Lisp-.

, . . .

, , . .

Objective Calm,

INRIA- ( ,). Objective Calm- C-. , ,. .

. , :

let o f g = fun x -> f ( g x )

, .

o- ? Objective CAML-., o-

, , : o -

(fun; o - (); gf(

);

o-, f;


31/32


148

o - , g .. ,

. ObjectiveCAML- .

, . - . - P.

.

, , . , . , , CFortran,, -,, C++-. , , Objective CAML . (, ) ,.

, ,

. , : , , -. , . , .

, , . , ,

.


32/32

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	matsaberidzemamuka
View:	240 times
Download:	0 times

daprogramebis paradigma

Documents