Dar al-IslamDar al-Islam

The Spread of Islam to South and The Spread of Islam to South and Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

THE COMING OF ISLAM THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTH ASIATO SOUTH ASIA

Show the stages of Islamic incursion into IndiaShow the stages of Islamic incursion into Indiaa) What factors contributed to Islam’sa) What factors contributed to Islam’s spread in South Asia? spread in South Asia?b) To what extent were Muslimsb) To what extent were Muslims successful in converting Indians successful in converting Indians to Islam? to Islam?C) How did contacts between Hindu C) How did contacts between Hindu

society and Islam affect each society and Islam affect each civilization? civilization?

THE COMING OF ISLAM THE COMING OF ISLAM TO SOUTHEAST ASIATO SOUTHEAST ASIA

Show the stages of Islamic incursion into Show the stages of Islamic incursion into Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

a) What factors contributed to Islam’sa) What factors contributed to Islam’s spread in Southeast Asia? spread in Southeast Asia?b) To what extent were Muslimsb) To what extent were Muslims successful in converting the successful in converting the

populationpopulation to Islam? to Islam?C) What was the role of Sufi mystics in C) What was the role of Sufi mystics in Southeast Asia? Southeast Asia?

The Abbasid Dynasty The Abbasid Dynasty (750 – 1258 CE)(750 – 1258 CE)

Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shias and non-Arab MuslimsShias and non-Arab Muslims

Seizes control of Persia and Seizes control of Persia and MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Defeats Umayyad army in 750Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads to banquet, then Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred themmassacred them

Nature of the Abbasid Nature of the Abbasid DynastyDynasty

Diverse nature of administration (not Diverse nature of administration (not exclusively Arab)exclusively Arab)

More cosmopolitan than the UmayyadsMore cosmopolitan than the Umayyads Militarily competent, but not bent on Militarily competent, but not bent on

imperial expansionimperial expansion Dar al-IslamDar al-Islam Growth through military activity of Growth through military activity of

autonomous Islamic forcesautonomous Islamic forces

Abbasid AdministrationAbbasid Administration

Persian influence (Arabs lose dominant Persian influence (Arabs lose dominant influence especially in government influence especially in government affairs) affairs)

Court at BaghdadCourt at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Influence of Islamic scholars

Caliph Harun al-Rashid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE)(786-809 CE)

High point of Abbasid dynastyHigh point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerceBaghdad center of commerce Great cultural activityGreat cultural activity Urban prosperity helpedUrban prosperity helped

artisans, artists, merchantsartisans, artists, merchants

Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements

Arts – extravagant mosques and palaces;Arts – extravagant mosques and palaces;well-planned cities; calligraphy,well-planned cities; calligraphy,arabesquesarabesques

Literature – Literature – Arabian NightsArabian Nights Sciences – translations of Greek works;Sciences – translations of Greek works;

Canon of Medicine, Canon of Medicine, pharmacypharmacy Mathematics – algebra, introduction of Mathematics – algebra, introduction of

“Arabic (Indian) numerals“Arabic (Indian) numerals

Treatment of womenTreatment of women

Declining position of womenDeclining position of women Contact with strong patriarchal cultures = Contact with strong patriarchal cultures =

Persia and Byzantine EmpirePersia and Byzantine Empire The haremThe harem The veilThe veil

Al-Andalus (Islamic Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)Spain)

Muslim Berber Muslim Berber conquerors from conquerors from North Africa take North Africa take Spain, early 8Spain, early 8thth centurycentury

Allied to Umayyads, Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize refused to recognize Abbasid dynastyAbbasid dynasty

Formed own caliphateFormed own caliphateTensions, but Tensions, but

interrelationshipinterrelationship

Formation of an Islamic Formation of an Islamic TraditionTradition

Islamic valuesIslamic valuesUniformity of Islamic lawUniformity of Islamic lawImportance of the Importance of the HajjHajjEstablishment of Establishment of madrasasmadrasas

Nomadic Invasions and Nomadic Invasions and Abbasid DeclineAbbasid Decline

Disputes over succession rightsDisputes over succession rights Peasant rebellionsPeasant rebellions Abbasid caliphs became mere Abbasid caliphs became mere

figureheadsfigureheads Final collapse = Mongol invaders sack Final collapse = Mongol invaders sack

Baghdad in 1258Baghdad in 1258

Sufi missionariesSufi missionaries

Asceticism, mysticismAsceticism, mysticism Helped spread IslamHelped spread Islam Some tension with orthodox Islamic Some tension with orthodox Islamic

theologianstheologians Wide popularityWide popularity

Al – Ghazali – SufiAl – Ghazali – Sufithinker from Persiathinker from Persia

Cultural Influences on Cultural Influences on IslamIslam

PersiaPersia Administration and governanceAdministration and governance

LiteratureLiterature

IndiaIndiaMathematics, science, medicineMathematics, science, medicine

GreeceGreece - philosophy- philosophy

India after the Fall of The India after the Fall of The Gupta DynastyGupta Dynasty

Invasion of White Huns – 451 CEInvasion of White Huns – 451 CE Gupta State collapsed mid-6Gupta State collapsed mid-6thth c. c. Chaos in northern IndiaChaos in northern India

Local power strugglesLocal power strugglesInvasion of Turkish nomadsInvasion of Turkish nomads

Introduction of Islam to Introduction of Islam to IndiaIndia

Islam reached India by several routesIslam reached India by several routes By military – Arab forces entered as early as the By military – Arab forces entered as early as the

mid-seventh centurymid-seventh century

Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal Muslim merchants took their faith to coastal regionsregions

The migrations and invasions of Turkish-The migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking speaking peoples from Central Asiapeoples from Central Asia

Introduction of Islam to Introduction of Islam to Northern IndiaNorthern India

Arabs conquer Sind – 711Arabs conquer Sind – 711 Mixed population, but held by Abbasid Mixed population, but held by Abbasid

dynasty to 1258dynasty to 1258

Merchants and IslamMerchants and Islam

Arabic trade with India predates IslamArabic trade with India predates Islam Dominated trade between India and the Dominated trade between India and the

west to 15west to 15thth century century Established local communitiesEstablished local communities

Mahmud of GhazniMahmud of Ghazni

Raids in India, 1001-1027Raids in India, 1001-1027 Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist

templestemplesOften builds mosques atop ruinsOften builds mosques atop ruins

The Sultanate of DelhiThe Sultanate of Delhi

Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding Consolidation of Mahmud’s raiding territoryterritory

Capital: DelhiCapital: Delhi Ruled northern India 1206-1526Ruled northern India 1206-1526 Weak administrative structureWeak administrative structure

Conversion to IslamConversion to Islam

25 million converts by 150025 million converts by 1500 Possibilities of social advancement for Possibilities of social advancement for

lower Hinduslower HindusRarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistentsocial status remains consistent

The Bhakti MovementThe Bhakti Movement

Attempt to bring Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam Hinduism and Islam closer togethercloser together

1212thth c. southern c. southern Hindu movement, Hindu movement, spread to northspread to north

Taught that Shiva, Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one manifestations of one DietyDiety

Early States of Southeast Early States of Southeast AsiaAsia

FunanFunanLower Mekong RiverLower Mekong River

Kingdom of SrivijayaKingdom of SrivijayaCentered in SumatraCentered in Sumatra

Kingdom of AngkorKingdom of AngkorCambodiaCambodia

Islam in Southeast AsiaIslam in Southeast Asia

Early populations of Early populations of Muslim tradersMuslim traders

Increasing popularity Increasing popularity with Sufi activitywith Sufi activity

Many convert, retain Many convert, retain some Hindu or some Hindu or Buddhist TraditionBuddhist Tradition