Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

WRITE A DEFINITION:EVOLUTION:

THEORY:

FOSSIL:

change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world

the preserved remains of ancient organisms

evolution

fossiltheory

The _______ that Darwin found caused him to ask questions that led to his proposal of the theory of

_________. _______ provide

evidence to support the theory of

_________.

________ is a______; a testable explanation of naturally-occurring phenomena

The _____ record provides for some of the evidence that supports the ______ of evolution

Evolutiontheory

fossils

evolutionFossils

evolution

fossil

theory

What scientific explanation can account for the diversity of life?

ANSWER:A collection of ______________,__________, and ___________ known as

________________________

Scientific factsobservations hypotheses

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

The person who contributed themost to our understanding of evolution was ______________________

In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of

the _______________ as a naturalist fora ________ voyage around the world.

Charles Darwin

H.M.S. Beagle

http://harrier.users.netlink.co.uk/Darwin_sm.jpg

Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

5 year

After his voyage, Darwin spent a great deal of time thinking about his findings.

He began to wonder if animals living ondifferent islands had once been membersof the ____________ that haddeveloped _________ characteristicsafter becoming _______ from oneanother in different habitats.

same speciesdifferent

isolated

Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

In 1785 ______________proposes that the ______________ by_________________occurring over__________ periods of time, and is_______________ old.

very long

James Hutton

Earth was shapedgeological forces

millions of years

http://www.creationism.org/books/TaylorInMindsMen/TaylorIMMc03.htm

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

In 1833 ___________ explains that the geological processes still ___________ have shaped Earth’s features over ________________

Charles Lyell

occurring now

http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Sir_Charles_Lyell

long periods of time

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/usgsnps/animate/A08.gif

Theory of Pangaea

…and continentaldrift

Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates

competition

REMEMBER !

http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

_____________________

He observed that babies were being bornfaster than people were dying. Hereasoned that if the human populationcontinued to grow, sooner or later therewould be _______________________

Thomas Malthus (1798)

insufficient space & food

http://www.nndb.com/people/250/000024178/malthus.jpg

Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:

___________________________was one of first scientists to recognize living things_______________ and thatall species were ________ fromother species.

Lamarck published his hypothesis of________________________ the year Darwin was born.

changed over time

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809)

descended

Inheritance of Acquired traits

http://www.educa.rcanaria.es/fundoro/00.corsi.htm

The male fiddler crab uses itsfront claw to attract mates andward off predators.

Through repeated use, the frontclaw becomes larger.

The fiddler passes on this acquired characteristic to its offspring

What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?Lamarck didn’t know aboutgenes and how traits are

_______.

If you lifted weights yourwhole young adult life, andthen you had children, wouldyour kids be more muscular?

inherited

NO! Acquired traits may help the individual organism, but they won’t be passed on to offspring.

http://www.geocities.com/arnold_schwarzenegger_pictures/

What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?

Lamarck was first to develop a scientifichypothesis about _______and recognize that organisms are________________________

evolution

adapted to their environments

http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~he599900/giraffeeating.jpg

a. The earth is really old, and slowly changesb. Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changesc. Sooner or later growing populations run out of resourcesd. Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,

and pass those changes on to their offspring

Hutton

Lyell

Malthus

Lamarck

Match the letter of the idea withthe man or men who proposed it:

a. The earth is really old, and slowly changesb. Living things pass changes on to their offspring, leading to species changesc. Sooner or later growing populations run out of resourcesd. Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources,

and pass those changes on to their offspring

Hutton

Lyell

Malthus

Lamarck

a.

c.

b.

d.

In 1859____________________presented _______ and proposed a________ for evolution that Darwin called__________________

On the Origin of Species

evidence

mechanism

NATURAL SELECTION

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/world/images/s125.jpg

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:

1.________________2.________________3. _______________4. _______________5. _______________6. _______________7. _______________

Fossil recordGeographic Distribution

Homologous structures

EmbryologyDNA

See Natural selection happen

Artificial selection

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION• In artificial selection, nature provides the

variation through mutation and sexual reproduction and humans select those traits that they find useful

EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk,turkeys with more breast meat, etc.

http://lazerbrody.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/turkey.gifhttp://www.pp3moo.com/hm2cow.jpg

Breeds of Dogs

Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexicoby Mayans, had religious significance

Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D. to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the

Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland

Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to hunt wolves and elk

Dachshund – bred in Germany as earlyas the 15th century to hunt badgers

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BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

How Do We Know Evolution Happens?

2. The Fossil Record – ______ are the ________________________found in layers of rock in the Earth.

Fossilsof ancient organisms

remains

How Do We Know Evolution Happens?

The layers of rock tell the history of the_____, while the _____ found withinthe rock tell a history of ___.

The fossils are thought to be the ________ as the rock theyare found in.

Earth fossilslife

same age

If Darwin’s theory is correct you would expect to find ____________ yet _______________ living in a _________ region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve.

different speciesclosely related

geographic

That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

3. Geographic distribution

REMEMBER THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISEShttp://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publisher©2006

Little vegetationLong necks

Lots of vegetationShort necks

Intermediate vegetationIntermediate necks

Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they spread from the mainland to the different islands.

= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION

GALAPAGOS FINCHES

The _____ of Galapagos finches have ______ to eating a _____ of _____.

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T014608A.gif

beaksadapted variety foods

Whales and sharks have a _____ body designeven though they are very _______ organisms (one is a fish; the other, a mammal)because they have _________________ to living in a _____ environment.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/TigerShark/scars.JPG

= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

similardifferent

independently adaptedsimilar

Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them = divergent evolution

Whales are distantly related to sharks, but look and act morelike them =convergent evolution

Conclusion:The pressure ofthe environmentdrives evolution

4. _____________________

 Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

HOMOLOGOUS Structures

4. Homologous Body Structures – Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______, but are made from the __________, because they are made fromthe same clump of _____________ cells in the _______.

same bones

embryoundifferentiated

Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

different

4. Homologous Body Structures – Some _______________________are _______ and have no usefulfunction even though they are still present, like ________in whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ and ________________in humans.

homologous body structuresvestigial

hipbonestail

cecum (appendix)

http://www.txtwriter.com/backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage12.html

5. _____________________________ of many animals with back-bones are very similar.

Similarities in EmbryologyEmbryos

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

It is clear that the same groups of _____________ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all _______ from a _______________.

undifferentiated

evolvedcommon ancestor

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

Image from: BIOLOGY AP EDITION by Campbell and Reece; Prentice Hall Publishing©2005

6. _______________

Similarities in ____ and ________ sequencessuggestrelatedness

Similarities in DNA

PROTEINDNA

Similar _________ suggest an ___________________.

Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.pngChimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes

karyotypesevolutionary relationship

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own _________, but humans need to eat fresh fruit or they end up with ________.

http://www.med.uc.edu/departme/cellbiol/Image7.gifhttp://www.rachelleb.com/images/2005_02_22/scurvy.jpg

VITAMIN C

SCURVY

Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________.

Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C?

NONFUNCTIONAL

http://groups.wfu.edu/ModelUN/images/Cover/Oranges.jpg

PRIMATES…which includes chimpanzees, orangutans,gorillas, and other apes.

Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________.

EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are ___________.

http://www.animationplayhouse.com/new/dogs2.html

http://unraveling.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/nose_1.jpg

PSEUDOGENES

nonfunctional

7.____________________________

EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and __________.

_______

___

__________________________

http://www.hipusa.com/eTools/webmd/A-Z_Encyclopedia/tuberculosis.jpg

http://www.hhmi.org/askascientist/images/hiv.gif

Can see Natural selection happen

Bird flu

Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis

HIV

new diseases

Go to Section:

Concept Map

Section 15-3

includes

Evidence of Evolution

Physical remains of organisms

Common ancestral species

Similar genes Similar genes

which is composed of which indicates which implies which implies

The fossil recordGeographic

distribution of living species

Homologous body structures

Similaritiesin early

development

The preceding presentation adapted from the following:

www.brookings.k12.us.biology