In many insects, wing mutations which prevent flightare selected against. In 4 of the environments below,this would be true, but one environment would select

FOR the flightless condition. Which one?

A) An island with strong winds that blow some flyinginsects out to sea, never to return

B) A swamp full of frogs that can see & catch flyinginsects better than crawling insects

C) A forest full of bats that catch & eat insects in flight

D) A cage with no predators, in which food is providedin high dishes

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects

on contact

In many insects, wing mutations which prevent flightare selected against. In 4 of the environments below,this would be true, but one environment would select

FOR the flightless condition. Which one?

A) An island with strong winds that blow some flyinginsects out to sea, never to return

B) A swamp full of frogs that can see & catch flyinginsects better than crawling insects

C) A forest full of bats that catch & eat insects in flight

D) A cage with no predators, in which food is providedin high dishes

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects

on contact

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects

on contact

E) A cage with slippery walls that prevent climbing, &an electrified bug-zapper at the top which kills insects

on contact

Which of the following did Darwin NOT understandabout natural selection?

A) Variation is common in a population

B) The source of that variation

C) Competition exists in populations

D) Populations overproduce offspring

E) Organisms become extinctWhich of the following did Darwin NOT understandabout natural selection?

A) Variation is common in a population

B) The source of that variation

C) Competition exists in populations

D) Populations overproduce offspring

E) Organisms become extinct

B) The source of that variation

B) The source of that variation

The gene pool can best be described as the

A) Genes found only in isolated populations

B) Group of genes responsible for polygenic traits

C) Total number of gene loci that occur in each species

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at anygiven time

E) More than 1 of theseThe gene pool can best be described as the

A) Genes found only in isolated populations

B) Group of genes responsible for polygenic traits

C) Total number of gene loci that occur in each species

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at anygiven time

E) More than 1 of these

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at anygiven time

D) Total aggregate of genes in a population at anygiven time

Which of the following is/are likely to have beenproduced by sexual selection?

A) Different sizes of male & female cones in pines

B) Bright colors in female flowers

C) Male lion's mane

D) A, B, and C

E) A & C onlyWhich of the following is/are likely to have beenproduced by sexual selection?

A) Different sizes of male & female cones in pines

B) Bright colors in female flowers

C) Male lion's mane

D) A, B, and C

E) A & C only

C) Male lion's mane

C) Male lion's mane

Most copies of harmful recessive alleles in a populationare carried by individuals that are

A) Heterozygous

B) Homozygous

C) Polyploidy

D) Haploid

E) PolymorphicMost copies of harmful recessive alleles in a populationare carried by individuals that are

A) Heterozygous

B) Homozygous

C) Polyploidy

D) Haploid

E) Polymorphic

A) Heterozygous

A) Heterozygous

An African butterfly species exists in 2 striking differentcolor patterns, each of which resembles other species

distasteful to birds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

An African butterfly species exists in 2 striking differentcolor patterns, each of which resembles other species

distasteful to birds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

Peacocks with more eyes in their tails mate more oftenthan those with fewer eyes

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionPeacocks with more eyes in their tails mate more oftenthan those with fewer eyes

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

E) Sexual Selection

E) Sexual Selection

Most Swiss starlings produce 4-5 young in each clutch

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionMost Swiss starlings produce 4-5 young in each clutch

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

D) Stabilizing selection

D) Stabilizing selection

Pathogenic bacteria in many hospitals are antibioticresistant

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionPathogenic bacteria in many hospitals are antibioticresistant

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

B) Directional selection

B) Directional selection

In a species of snail, cream & brown morphs arecommon, while intermediate coloration is relatively rare

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionIn a species of snail, cream & brown morphs arecommon, while intermediate coloration is relatively rare

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

From the fossil evidence, it appears that horses haveincreased in size over time

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionFrom the fossil evidence, it appears that horses haveincreased in size over time

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

B) Directional selection

B) Directional selection

The average birth weight for humans is 7 pounds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selectionThe average birth weight for humans is 7 pounds

A) A random selection

B) Directional selection

C) Diversifying (disruptive) selection

D) Stabilizing selection

E) Sexual selection

D) Stabilizing selection

D) Stabilizing selection

When we say that 1 organism has greater fitness thananother, we specifically mean that it

A) Lives longer than others of its species

B) Competes for resources more successfully thanothers in its species

C) Mates more frequently than others of its species

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of itsspecies

E) More than 1 is correct

When we say that 1 organism has greater fitness thananother, we specifically mean that it

A) Lives longer than others of its species

B) Competes for resources more successfully thanothers in its species

C) Mates more frequently than others of its species

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of itsspecies

E) More than 1 is correct

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of itsspecies

D) Leaves more viable offspring than others of itsspecies

What evidence supports the idea that the earth has hada rich & varied fauna & flora?

What evidence supports the idea that the earth has hada rich & varied fauna & flora?

Fossil record

Fossil record

Define evolution by natural selection as a biologistwould. Then, explain to a 12 year old what evolution is.

Define evolution by natural selection as a biologistwould. Then, explain to a 12 year old what evolution is.

Biologist explaination:

Evolution occurs when natural selection causeschanges in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene

pool.

12yr old explaination:

organisms that are better for surviving will survive

Biologist explaination:

Evolution occurs when natural selection causeschanges in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene

pool.

12yr old explaination:

organisms that are better for surviving will survive

Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by naturalselection based on several observations & inferences.

Name 2 of these.

Darwin proposed his theory of evolution by naturalselection based on several observations & inferences.

Name 2 of these.

- similiar adaptations in different parts of the world

- Beetles around the world differ

- Overproduction of offspring

- Finches on some islands were better capable ofsurviving

- species similarities and differences

- gradualism

- competition

- similiar adaptations in different parts of the world

- Beetles around the world differ

- Overproduction of offspring

- Finches on some islands were better capable ofsurviving

- species similarities and differences

- gradualism

- competition

Why was the work of Miller(/Urey) important to the workof Orgle & Fox? What is the importance of experiments

by these men?

Why was the work of Miller(/Urey) important to the workof Orgle & Fox? What is the importance of experiments

by these men?

The work of Miller(/Urey) helped lead Orgle & Fox todiscovering how the genetic system could have

originated.

The experiments of these men are important becausethey show us the steps in the rise from an abiotic world

to the cell.

The work of Miller(/Urey) helped lead Orgle & Fox todiscovering how the genetic system could have

originated.

The experiments of these men are important becausethey show us the steps in the rise from an abiotic world

to the cell.

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinbergequillibrium model?

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinbergequillibrium model?

> Large population

> No gene flow

> Random mating

> No mutation (net)

> No natural selection (stable environment)

> Large population

> No gene flow

> Random mating

> No mutation (net)

> No natural selection (stable environment)

Name 3 ways in which all cells are ALIKE.

Name 3 ways in which all cells are ALIKE.

-genetic material

-metabolize

-cell membrane

-use ATB

-repoduce by some mechanism

-genetic material

-metabolize

-cell membrane

-use ATB

-repoduce by some mechanism

What is the unit of evolution?

What is the unit of evolution?

population

population

In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequencyof an allele (1 of 2 morphs) is 0.3. What % of the

population is heterozygotic for this gene?

In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, the frequencyof an allele (1 of 2 morphs) is 0.3. What % of the

population is heterozygotic for this gene?

Formula:

2*(freq 1 allele)(freq 2 allele)

Answer:

2*(0.3)(0.7)=0.42=42%

Formula:

2*(freq 1 allele)(freq 2 allele)

Answer:

2*(0.3)(0.7)=0.42=42%

Briefly characterize the 3 domains of life.

Briefly characterize the 3 domains of life.

Archaea> all prokaryotic and live in extremeenvironments

Eukarya> true nucleus, prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells

Bacteria> unicellular, prokaryotes, live in extremeenvironments

Archaea> all prokaryotic and live in extremeenvironments

Eukarya> true nucleus, prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells

Bacteria> unicellular, prokaryotes, live in extremeenvironments

In a population of 1000, 160 have AA blood type, 480are AB and 360 are BB.

a) What are the frequencies of A and B?

b) What percent of the population is type O?

c) If 4000 children are produced by this generation,how many would you expect to be type AB?

In a population of 1000, 160 have AA blood type, 480are AB and 360 are BB.

a) What are the frequencies of A and B?

b) What percent of the population is type O?

c) If 4000 children are produced by this generation,how many would you expect to be type AB?

a) A=(160/1000)=sqrt(0.16)=0.4

B=(360/1000)=sqrt(0.36)=0.6

b) There are no individuals that carry the O allele.

c) 480(# of children for one thansound yrs) * 4(thousands of yrs) = 1920 type AB children

a) A=(160/1000)=sqrt(0.16)=0.4

B=(360/1000)=sqrt(0.36)=0.6

b) There are no individuals that carry the O allele.

c) 480(# of children for one thansound yrs) * 4(thousands of yrs) = 1920 type AB children

What are the sources of variation within a population?(list 3)

What are the sources of variation within a population?(list 3)

Mutation

Crossing over

Independent assorment of chromosomes

Random fertilization

Mutation

Crossing over

Independent assorment of chromosomes

Random fertilization

Place these events in the most likely sequence (earlier-> later) of when they appear to have happened on

Earth

A) appearance of photosynthesis

B) first cells

C) multicellular organisms

D) eukaryotic cells

E) reducing atmosphere

F) formation of heterotrophic organisms

Place these events in the most likely sequence (earlier-> later) of when they appear to have happened on

Earth

A) appearance of photosynthesis

B) first cells

C) multicellular organisms

D) eukaryotic cells

E) reducing atmosphere

F) formation of heterotrophic organisms

E-B-F-A-D-C

(F and A possible at same time)

E-B-F-A-D-C

(F and A possible at same time)

Would the biological species concept be applicable toan asexual species?

Would the biological species concept be applicable toan asexual species?

No, because there is no interbreeding

No, because there is no interbreeding

Compare & contrast allopatric & sympatric speciation.

Compare & contrast allopatric & sympatric speciation.

Ways similiar:

- Both result in ability to interbreed

- They result in 2 species other than one

Ways different:

- In allopatric speciation, a new species forms whilegeographically isolated from its parent population.

- In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolatesa subset of a population without geographic separation.

Ways similiar:

- Both result in ability to interbreed

- They result in 2 species other than one

Ways different:

- In allopatric speciation, a new species forms whilegeographically isolated from its parent population.

- In sympatric speciation, a reproductive barrier isolatesa subset of a population without geographic separation.

Compare & contrast polyphyletic classification withmonophyletic classification.

Compare & contrast polyphyletic classification withmonophyletic classification.

Similiar: both attempt to explain the relationships oforganisms

Different:

- Monophyletic consists of grouping the ancestralspecies and all its descendants.

- Polyphyletic consists of grouping several species thatlack a common ancestor.

Similiar: both attempt to explain the relationships oforganisms

Different:

- Monophyletic consists of grouping the ancestralspecies and all its descendants.

- Polyphyletic consists of grouping several species thatlack a common ancestor.

How would you respond to the statement that mutationmust be nonrandom- look at the results (e.g., sickle

cell)?

How would you respond to the statement that mutationmust be nonrandom- look at the results (e.g., sickle

cell)?

-> Mutations are always random

-> Mutations produce errors in genetic code

-> Mutations occur spontanously

-> Mutations are always random

-> Mutations produce errors in genetic code

-> Mutations occur spontanously

homology

homology

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a sharedancestry.

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a sharedancestry.

analogy

analogy

Similarity between two species that is due toconvergent evolution rather than to descent from a

common ancestor with the same trait.

Similarity between two species that is due toconvergent evolution rather than to descent from a

common ancestor with the same trait.

taxon

taxon

(plural, taxa)

The named taxanomic unit at any given level ofclassification.

(plural, taxa)

The named taxanomic unit at any given level ofclassification.

population

population

A localized group of individuals that belong to the samebiological species (that are capable of interbreeding

and producing fertile offspring).

A localized group of individuals that belong to the samebiological species (that are capable of interbreeding

and producing fertile offspring).

bottleneck effect

bottleneck effect

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of apopulation, typically by a natural disaster, such that the

surviving population is no longer geneticallyrepresentative of the original population.

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of apopulation, typically by a natural disaster, such that the

surviving population is no longer geneticallyrepresentative of the original population.

founder effect

founder effect

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individualsbecome isolated from a larger population, with the

result that the new populations gene pool is notreflective of the original population.

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individualsbecome isolated from a larger population, with the

result that the new populations gene pool is notreflective of the original population.

geographic variation

geographic variation

Differences between the gene pools of seperatepopulations or population subgroups.

Differences between the gene pools of seperatepopulations or population subgroups.

Darwinian fitness

Darwinian fitness

The contribution an individual makes to the gene poolof the next generation, relative to the contributions of

other individuals.

The contribution an individual makes to the gene poolof the next generation, relative to the contributions of

other individuals.

relative fitness

relative fitness

The contribution of one genotype to the next generationcompared to that of alternative.

The contribution of one genotype to the next generationcompared to that of alternative.

neutral variation

neutral variation

Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selectiveadvantage.

Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selectiveadvantage.

polyploidy

polyploidy

A chromosomal alteration in which the organismpossesses more than two complete chromosome sets.

A chromosomal alteration in which the organismpossesses more than two complete chromosome sets.

microevolution

microevolution

Evolutionary change below the species level; change inthe genetic makeup of a population from generation to

generation.

Evolutionary change below the species level; change inthe genetic makeup of a population from generation to

generation.

macroevolution

macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level, includingthe appearance of major evolutionary developments,

such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.

Evolutionary change above the species level, includingthe appearance of major evolutionary developments,

such as flight, that we use to define higher taxa.

maximum parsimony

maximum parsimony

A priciple that follows we should first investigate thesimplest explanation that is consistent with facts.

A priciple that follows we should first investigate thesimplest explanation that is consistent with facts.

systematics

systematics

The analytical study of the diversity and relationships oforganisms, both present-day and extinct.

The analytical study of the diversity and relationships oforganisms, both present-day and extinct.

molecular clock

molecular clock

An evolutionary timing method bases on theobservation that at least some regions of genomes

evolve at constant rates.

An evolutionary timing method bases on theobservation that at least some regions of genomes

evolve at constant rates.

reproductive isolation

reproductive isolation

The existence of biological factors (barriers) thatimpede members of two species from producing viable,

fertile hybrids.

The existence of biological factors (barriers) thatimpede members of two species from producing viable,

fertile hybrids.

monophyletic

monophyletic

Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of anancestral species and all its descendents; a clade.

Pertaining to a grouping of species consisting of anancestral species and all its descendents; a clade.

polyphyletic

polyphyletic

Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two ormore different ancestral forms.

Pertaining to a grouping of species derived from two ormore different ancestral forms.

paraphyletic

paraphyletic

Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of anancestral species and some, but not all, of its

descendents.

Pertaining to a grouping of species that consists of anancestral species and some, but not all, of its

descendents.