DNA

DNA

hereditary information in the form of a large moleculecalled deoxyribonucleic acid

hereditary information in the form of a large moleculecalled deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

RNA

primary transcription enzyme

primary transcription enzyme

Replication

Replication

the process by which DNA copies itself duringinterphase

the process by which DNA copies itself duringinterphase

Transcription

Transcription

the process in which RNA is made from DNA

the process in which RNA is made from DNA

Translation

Translation

the process of converting the genetic code in RNA intothe amino

acid sequence that makes up a protein

the process of converting the genetic code in RNA intothe amino

acid sequence that makes up a protein

DNA Polymerase

DNA Polymerase

an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNAand

assembles each strand’s complement in replication

an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNAand

assembles each strand’s complement in replication

amino acid

amino acid

a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20monomers thatform proteins

a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20monomers thatform proteins

complementary strand

complementary strand

the strand containing the anti codons opposite to thecodons on RNA

the strand containing the anti codons opposite to thecodons on RNA

adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine

adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine

nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of anucleotide

nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of anucleotide

uracil

uracil

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA

codon

codon

a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNAmolecule

a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNAmolecule

anticodon

anticodon

a region of tRNA consisting of three basescomplementary to the

codon of mRNA

a region of tRNA consisting of three basescomplementary to the

codon of mRNA

recombinant DNA

recombinant DNA

a DNA segment from at least two different organisms

a DNA segment from at least two different organisms

plasmids

plasmids

a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria

a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria

cloning vectors

cloning vectors

a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from oneorganismto another

a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from oneorganismto another

restriction enzymes

restriction enzymes

a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNAmolecule and cuts it into pieces

a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNAmolecule and cuts it into pieces

sticky ends

sticky ends

the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNAfragment that can

form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNAfragment cut by the same

enzyme

the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNAfragment that can

form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNAfragment cut by the same

enzyme

gel electrophoresis

gel electrophoresis

technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins bysize

and charge

technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins bysize

and charge

karyotype

karyotype

a picture of an individual’s chromosomes

a picture of an individual’s chromosomes

chromosomal map

chromosomal map

a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome

a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome

mutagen

mutagen

an environmental factor that damages DNA

an environmental factor that damages DNA

point mutations

point mutations

the change of a single nitrogen-containing base withina codon

the change of a single nitrogen-containing base withina codon

nondisjunction

nondisjunction

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separateduring

meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separateduring mitosis

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separateduring

meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separateduring mitosis

monosomy

monosomy

a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosomeof one pair is

missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis

a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosomeof one pair is

missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis

frame shift

frame shift

a mutation that results in the misreading of the codeduring translation because of a change in the reading

frame

a mutation that results in the misreading of the codeduring translation because of a change in the reading

frame

translocation

translocation

a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosomeattaches to a

nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organicmolecules in plant tissues

a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosomeattaches to a

nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organicmolecules in plant tissues

competition

competition

fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.

fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.

survival of the fittest

survival of the fittest

Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traitssurvive

Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traitssurvive

acquired traits

acquired traits

traits recieved from hereditary information

traits recieved from hereditary information

overpopulation

overpopulation

too many organisms for amount of resources needed tosurvive

too many organisms for amount of resources needed tosurvive

emigration

emigration

the movement of individuals out of a population

the movement of individuals out of a population

immigration

immigration

the movement of individuals into a population

the movement of individuals into a population

genetic drift

genetic drift

a shift in allele frequencies in a population due tochance

a shift in allele frequencies in a population due tochance

speciation

speciation

the formation of a new species

the formation of a new species

gene pool

gene pool

all the genes for all of the traits in a population

all the genes for all of the traits in a population

gene flow

gene flow

the movement of genes into or out of a population

the movement of genes into or out of a population

coevolution

coevolution

the mutual evolution of two different species interactingwith each

other

the mutual evolution of two different species interactingwith each

other

divergent evolution

divergent evolution

the process of two or more related species becomingmore

and more dissimilar

the process of two or more related species becomingmore

and more dissimilar

convergent evolution

convergent evolution

the process by which unrelated species become moresimilar as they adapt to the same kind of environment

the process by which unrelated species become moresimilar as they adapt to the same kind of environment

adaptive radiation

adaptive radiation

an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolvefrom

a single ancestral species

an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolvefrom

a single ancestral species

homologous

homologous

chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similarchromosomes

OR

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor

chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similarchromosomes

OR

similar features that originated in a shared ancestor

analogous

analogous

in evolution, structures in more than one organism thathave similar appearance and function, but different

embryological origin

in evolution, structures in more than one organism thathave similar appearance and function, but different

embryological origin

vestigial

vestigial

referring to a functionless structure that was functionalin an ancestral

species

referring to a functionless structure that was functionalin an ancestral

species

disruptive

disruptive

a type of natural selection in which individuals with twoextreme forms of a trait have an advantage

a type of natural selection in which individuals with twoextreme forms of a trait have an advantage

stabilizing

stabilizing

a type of natural selection in which the average form ofa

trait causes an organism to have an advantage inreproduction

a type of natural selection in which the average form ofa

trait causes an organism to have an advantage inreproduction

sexual

sexual

the preferential choice of a mate based on a specificphenotypic trait

the preferential choice of a mate based on a specificphenotypic trait

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

just flip:I always remember..

KingPhilipclings

onfavorite

girlscouts

;)

just flip:I always remember..

KingPhilipclings

onfavorite

girlscouts

;)

cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes

photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes

phylogeny

phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomicgroup

the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomicgroup

morphology

morphology

the study of the internal and external structure and formof an

organism

the study of the internal and external structure and formof an

organism

domains

domains

in the three-domain system of classification, one ofthree broad groups

that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNAanalysis

in the three-domain system of classification, one ofthree broad groups

that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNAanalysis

HIV

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase

an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template

an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template

retrovirus

retrovirus

a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reversetranscriptase

a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reversetranscriptase

bacteriophage

bacteriophage

a virus that infects bacteria

a virus that infects bacteria

pathogens

pathogens

an organism that causes disease

an organism that causes disease

vaccines

vaccines

a solution containing a harmless version of a virus,bacterium, or toxin

that causes an immune response when introduced tothe body

a solution containing a harmless version of a virus,bacterium, or toxin

that causes an immune response when introduced tothe body

lytic cycle

lytic cycle

the replication process of viruses that results in thedestruction of the

host cell

the replication process of viruses that results in thedestruction of the

host cell

lysogenic cycle

lysogenic cycle

the replication process of viruses that allows the virusto live in the host for a long time

the replication process of viruses that allows the virusto live in the host for a long time

helper t cells

helper t cells

a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response

a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response

memory t cells

memory t cells

a specialized white blood cell that protects the bodyfrom

reinfection by a specific pathogen

a specialized white blood cell that protects the bodyfrom

reinfection by a specific pathogen

cytotoxic t cells

cytotoxic t cells

a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells

a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells

macrophages

macrophages

a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens andcellular debris

a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens andcellular debris

suppressor t cells

suppressor t cells

a type of T cell that shuts down the immune responseafter

the pathogen has been eliminated

a type of T cell that shuts down the immune responseafter

the pathogen has been eliminated

b cells

b cells

a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response toantigens

a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response toantigens

plasma cells

plasma cells

a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies andsecretes theminto the blood

a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies andsecretes theminto the blood

antibiotics

antibiotics

a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria

a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria

antigen

antigen

a substance that stimulates an immune response

a substance that stimulates an immune response

histamines

histamines

a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatoryresponse to an injury

resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatoryresponse to an injury

resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain

antihistamines

antihistamines

suppresses the bodies portection of histamines

suppresses the bodies portection of histamines

allergens

allergens

a usually harmless antigen in the environment that iscapable of

inducing an allergic reaction

a usually harmless antigen in the environment that iscapable of

inducing an allergic reaction

inflammatory response

inflammatory response

a response in which white blood cells engulf foreignsubstances and body temperature rises

a response in which white blood cells engulf foreignsubstances and body temperature rises

phagocytes

phagocytes

a cell that engages in phagocytosis

a cell that engages in phagocytosis

phagocytosis

phagocytosis

a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs largeparticles orwhole cells

a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs largeparticles orwhole cells

interferon

interferon

a protein produced by the body that inhibits thereproduction of

viruses

a protein produced by the body that inhibits thereproduction of

viruses

chemotropic

chemotropic

plant growth in response to a chemical

plant growth in response to a chemical

heterotrophic

heterotrophic

an organism that obtains organic food molecules byeating other

organisms or their by-products

an organism that obtains organic food molecules byeating other

organisms or their by-products

photosynthetic

photosynthetic

the conversion of light energy into chemical energystored in

organic compounds

the conversion of light energy into chemical energystored in

organic compounds

saprophyte

saprophyte

an organism that feeds on dead organic material

an organism that feeds on dead organic material

parasitic

parasitic

an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense ofanother

an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense ofanother

symbiotic

symbiotic

the relationship between different species living in closeassociation

with one another

the relationship between different species living in closeassociation

with one another

mutualistic

mutualistic

a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefitfrom livingtogether

a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefitfrom livingtogether

conjugation

conjugation

the union of two protists to exchange genetic material

the union of two protists to exchange genetic material

gram stain

gram stain

a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pinkaccording

to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall

a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pinkaccording

to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall

pili

pili

an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects

an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects

flagella

flagella

a hairlike structure made up of microtubules thatfunction inlocomotion

a hairlike structure made up of microtubules thatfunction inlocomotion

cysts

cysts

a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses andprotects a dormant

organism

a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses andprotects a dormant

organism

eyespots

eyespots

a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates andprotozoa that

detects changes in the quantity and quality of light

a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates andprotozoa that

detects changes in the quantity and quality of light

vacuoles

vacuoles

a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolicwastes in aplant cell

a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolicwastes in aplant cell

psuedopodia

psuedopodia

a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension thatfunctions in

movement in certain ameboid organisms

a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension thatfunctions in

movement in certain ameboid organisms

macronucleus

macronucleus

in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei

in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei

micronucleus

micronucleus

in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved insexual

reproduction

in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved insexual

reproduction

bilateral symmetry

bilateral symmetry

in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sidesmirror each other

in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sidesmirror each other

radial symmetry

radial symmetry

in animals, an arrangement of body parts around acentral

axis

in animals, an arrangement of body parts around acentral

axis

no symmetry

no symmetry

randomness to the max (my def)

randomness to the max (my def)

dorsal

dorsal

the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

ventral

ventral

the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

anterior

anterior

the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism

the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism

posterior

posterior

the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism

the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism

metamorphosis

metamorphosis

a major change in form that occurs as a larval animaldevelops

into an adult

a major change in form that occurs as a larval animaldevelops

into an adult

larva

larva

an immature form of an organism that ismorphologically distinct from

that of an adult

an immature form of an organism that ismorphologically distinct from

that of an adult

nymph

nymph

an immature form of an insect

an immature form of an insect

chrysalis

chrysalis

the outer covering of a butterfly pupa

the outer covering of a butterfly pupa

cephalization

cephalization

concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at theanterior

end of an organism

concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at theanterior

end of an organism

segmentation

segmentation

division of a body into units

division of a body into units

dorsal nerve cord

dorsal nerve cord

a neural tube dorsal to the notochord

a neural tube dorsal to the notochord

fertilization

fertilization

joining of male and female genetic data

joining of male and female genetic data

zygote

zygote

the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes

the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes

meiosis

meiosis

the process of nuclear division that reduces the numberof

chromosomes in a cell by half

the process of nuclear division that reduces the numberof

chromosomes in a cell by half

gastrulation

gastrulation

the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula foldsinward

the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula foldsinward

cleavage

cleavage

the divisions of the zygote immediately followingfertilization

the divisions of the zygote immediately followingfertilization

endoderm

endoderm

the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula;develops into

the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract,digestive tract, bladder, and

urethra

the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula;develops into

the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract,digestive tract, bladder, and

urethra

mesoderm

mesoderm

a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to musclesand to

interior body linings

a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to musclesand to

interior body linings

ectoderm

ectoderm

the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrulathat develops

into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervoussystem, external sense

organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouthand anus

the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrulathat develops

into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervoussystem, external sense

organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouthand anus

deuterostome

deuterostome

an organism in which the blastopore develops into theanus and

the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryohas indeterminate

cleavage

an organism in which the blastopore develops into theanus and

the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryohas indeterminate

cleavage

exoskeleton

exoskeleton

the hard external covering of some invertebrates thatprovides

protection and support

the hard external covering of some invertebrates thatprovides

protection and support

endoskeleton

endoskeleton

an internal skeleton

an internal skeleton

gemmules

gemmules

an asexual reproductive structure produced by somefreshwatersponges

an asexual reproductive structure produced by somefreshwatersponges

sessiles

sessiles

referring to an organism that attaches firmly to asurface and does not

move

referring to an organism that attaches firmly to asurface and does not

move

spicules

spicules

one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calciumcarbonate or silicon

dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges

one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calciumcarbonate or silicon

dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges

gastrovascular cavity

gastrovascular cavity

a digestive chamber with a single opening found incnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms

a digestive chamber with a single opening found incnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms

nerve net

nerve net

a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in thenervous system of

cnidarians

a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in thenervous system of

cnidarians

tentacle

tentacle

a flexible appendage with which an animal feels itsenvironment orgrasps objects

a flexible appendage with which an animal feels itsenvironment orgrasps objects

radula

radula

a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by manymollusks

a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by manymollusks

mantle

mantle

the epidermal layer of mollusks

the epidermal layer of mollusks

gills

gills

an organ specialized for the exchange of gases withwater

an organ specialized for the exchange of gases withwater

gizzard

gizzard

a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds thatcrushes food

a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds thatcrushes food

setae

setae

one of the external bristles on annelids

one of the external bristles on annelids

nephridia

nephridia

tubule through which some invertebrates eliminatewastes

tubule through which some invertebrates eliminatewastes

clitellum

clitellum

a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of anearthworm during

reproduction

a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of anearthworm during

reproduction

aorta

aorta

the largest artery in the human body; carries blood fromthe left ventricle

to systemic circulation

the largest artery in the human body; carries blood fromthe left ventricle

to systemic circulation

superior vena cava

superior vena cava

the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of thebody

the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of thebody

inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava

the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of thebody

the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of thebody

coronary sirculation

coronary sirculation

a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies bloodto the heart

a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies bloodto the heart

pulmonary circulation

pulmonary circulation

the movement of blood between the heart and thelungs

the movement of blood between the heart and thelungs

ventricles

ventricles

a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart

a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart

stomach

stomach

an organ that prepares food for absorption by bothphysical and

chemical activities

an organ that prepares food for absorption by bothphysical and

chemical activities

large intestine

large intestine

an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed

an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed

colon

colon

the large intestine

the large intestine

small intestine

small intestine

smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestivesystem

smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestivesystem

duodenum

duodenum

the first section of the small intestine

the first section of the small intestine

pepsin

pepsin

digestive enzyme of the stomach

digestive enzyme of the stomach

esophagus

esophagus

a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomachor crop

a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomachor crop

cardiac sphincter

cardiac sphincter

a circular muscle located between the esophagus andthe

stomach

a circular muscle located between the esophagus andthe

stomach

spleen

spleen

the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as ablood reservoir,

disintegrates old red blood cells, and produceslymphocytes and plasmids

the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as ablood reservoir,

disintegrates old red blood cells, and produceslymphocytes and plasmids

liver

liver

organ that performs vital metabolic processes includingfiltration of blood,

secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars intoglycogen

organ that performs vital metabolic processes includingfiltration of blood,

secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars intoglycogen

pancreas

pancreas

the organ that lies behind the stomach and producesand secretes

insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes

the organ that lies behind the stomach and producesand secretes

insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes

ileum

ileum

the middle portion of the small intestine

the middle portion of the small intestine