Data and Information

7/18/2019 Data and Information

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Data andInformation



What is data?

• Data can be defined as a representation

of facts, concepts or instructions in a

formalized manner which should be

suitable for communication,

interpretation, or processing by human

or electronic machine.

•

Data is represented with the help ofcharacters like alphabets (A!,az",

digits (#$" or special

characters(%,,&,',,),* etc.".





What is Information?• Information is organized or classified

data which has some meaningful +alues

for the recei+er.

• Information is the processed data on

which decisions and actions are based.



or the decision to be meaningful, the

processed data must -ualify for the

following characteristics

/imely Information should be

a+ailable when re-uired.

Accuracy Information should be

accurate.

0ompleteness Information should be

complete.



Data 1tructure

/here are se+eral fundamental data units

which include

• 2it a data unit which must be in one of

thew two binary states. It is the smallest

data unit that e3ist

• 2yte 4 bits of data has a possible +alue

from # to 566

• Word two bytes or 78 bits of data with a

possible unsigned +alue from # to 78696.



Data :rocessing 0ycle• Data processing is the restructuring or

reordering of data by people or machine

to increase their usefulness and add

+alues for particular purpose.

• Data processing consists of basic steps

input, processing and output.



/hree steps that constitute the data processing cycle.



Input In this step the input data is prepared in some con+enient form for processing. /he form will depend on the processing machine. or e3ample, whenelectronic computers are used, the inputdata could be recorded on any one ofse+eral types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes and so on.

:rocessing In this step input data is

changed to produce data in a more usefulform. or e3ample, paychecks may becalculated from the time cards, or asummary of sales for the month may becalculated from the sales orders.

;utput <ere the result of the proceeding

processing step are collected. /he particular form of the output data dependson the use of the data. or e3ample, outputdata may be paychecks for employees.





Data 0apture• any process for con+erting information i

nto a form that can be handled

by a computer

/wo types of data capture

Automatic Data 0apture

=anual Data 0apture



Automatic Data 0apture

<ere are some of the methods that can beused to capture datadirectly.

• 2arcode reader

uses +isiblered light toscan and >read>the barcode./he scanner

con+erts thelighter anddarker bands ofthe barcodeinto data.



• =agnetic inkcharacter

recognition

(=I0" /he numbers at

the bottom of acheck are

written in a

special ink

which containsiron particles.

/his ink is

magnetized andcommonly called>magnetic ink>.



=anual Data 0apture

Although there are

many methods of

capturing data

automatically, many

businesses prefer tocapture it manually.

• :aper orm

- most commonly

used method ofcollecting or

capturing data.



1torage De+ice/here are two typesof storage de+icesused in computers

• :rimary storage

de+ice• 1econdarystorage de+ice

– can be remo+able,internal,or e3ternalstorage



/ypes of 0omputer 1torage• =agnetic storagede+ices

loppy diskette

<ard dri+e

/ape cassette

!ip diskette

• ;ptical storagede+ices

2luay disc

0D;= disc

0D and 0DWdisc



• lash memory

de+ices @ump dri+e orflash dri+e

=emory card

=emory stick 11D

• ;nline and cloud

0loud storage

etwork media

• :aper storage



Data 1torage 0apacity

• A thousand bytesis known as akilobyte (Bb"

• A million bytes is

known as a megabyte (=2"

• A thousand million bytes is known asa gigabyte (C2"

• A million million bytes is known asa terabyte (/2"



Data Access 1peed

• Access speeds are

measured in bytes

per second (2ps"

• 1low de+ices ha+e

speeds measured inthousands of 2ps(k2ps".

• ast de+ices ha+espeeds measured in

millions of 2ps(=2ps".



Data alidation and

erification

What is alidation? What is erification?



Data alidation

• alidation is one way of trying to reduce

the number of errors in the data being

entered into your system.

• /he

+alidation

is performed by the computer

at the point when you enter data. It is

the process of checking the data against

the set of +alidation rules which you set

up when de+eloping your new database orspreadsheet system



Data erification

/wo main methods of +erification

• Double entry entering the data twice and

comparing the two copies. /his effecti+ely

doubles the workload, and as most people

are paid by the hour, it costs more too.

• :roofreading data this method in+ol+es

someone checking the data entered against

the original document. /his is also timeconsuming and costly.





Access to Data

• Fse of I1G/ ser+ices for storage, backup

and archi+ing will generally allow for the

kind of access control (read&write&e3ecute

for owner&group&world" that would typically

be re-uired in a research setting.• =any researchers will ha+e a simple access

policyH they will manage the data on their

own local systems using commodity security

software bundled with their operatingsystem. /hen, at the time of publication,

their data will be placed in an

institutionsupplied repository.



0onsiderations for data

access may come from• esearchers

themsel+es

• unding agencies

• Co+ernment interest

•

egislati+e powers

• /he Fni+ersity





Juiz

75 Data capture types

9K /ypes of data storage

4$ undamental data units

7#L

Date post:	01-Mar-2016
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