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Acknowledgement of LBNL Acknowledgement of LBNL sponsorssponsors
California Energy Commission – PIER California Energy Commission – PIER programprogram
Pacific Gas and Electric CompanyPacific Gas and Electric Company New York State Energy and New York State Energy and
Development Agency (NYSERDA)Development Agency (NYSERDA) US - Environmental Protection AgencyUS - Environmental Protection Agency US – Department of EnergyUS – Department of Energy
Energy Commission 101Energy Commission 101
The state’s primary energy policy and The state’s primary energy policy and planning agency charged with:planning agency charged with:
Licensing thermal power plants 50 megawatts and larger
Adopting appliance and building energy efficiency standards
Forecasting state energy use
Maintaining energy information and performing analysis
Proposing to the Governor integrated state energy policies
Conducting public interest energy research
PIER ProgramPIER Program
Established in California by legislation Established in California by legislation in 1997 in 1997
$62.5 million collected annually from $62.5 million collected annually from investor-owned electricity utility investor-owned electricity utility ratepayers for “public interest” energy ratepayers for “public interest” energy research, development and research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projectsdemonstration (RD&D) projects
PIER Program ObjectivesPIER Program Objectives
Improve energy cost/valueImprove energy cost/value
Improve environment, public health, Improve environment, public health, and safetyand safety
Improve electricity Improve electricity reliability/quality/sufficiencyreliability/quality/sufficiency
Strengthen the economyStrengthen the economy
Provide consumer choiceProvide consumer choice
Address research gapsAddress research gaps
PIER Segments of ResearchPIER Segments of Research
Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency Buildings End-Use Energy Efficiency Energy-Related Environmental Research Energy-Related Environmental Research Energy Systems Integration Energy Systems Integration Environmentally-Preferred Advanced Environmentally-Preferred Advanced
Generation Generation Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy Industrial/Agricultural/Water End-Use Energy
Efficiency Efficiency Renewable Energy Technologies Renewable Energy Technologies Climate Change ProgramClimate Change Program Transportation ResearchTransportation Research
Data Center research activitiesData Center research activities
Research RoadmapResearch Roadmap Benchmarking and 23 data center case Benchmarking and 23 data center case
studies studies Self-benchmarking protocol Self-benchmarking protocol Power supply efficiency studyPower supply efficiency study UPS systems efficiency studyUPS systems efficiency study Standby generation lossesStandby generation losses Performance metrics – Computation/wattPerformance metrics – Computation/watt EPA report to CongressEPA report to Congress DOE Save Energy Now programDOE Save Energy Now program
Energy efficiency varies Energy efficiency varies
There are many features in data center There are many features in data center design and operation that must all be design and operation that must all be optimized in order to achieve highest optimized in order to achieve highest efficiencyefficiency
There is no silver bulletThere is no silver bullet Changing paradigms may be Changing paradigms may be
necessarynecessary– DC power (Edison was right!)DC power (Edison was right!)– Liquid coolingLiquid cooling– Use of outside air for coolingUse of outside air for cooling
Server Load/ComputingOperations
Cooling Equipment
Power Conversion & Distribution
AlternativePower
Generation
• High voltage distribution
• Use of DC power
• Highly efficient UPS systems
• Efficient redundancy strategies
• Load management
• Server innovation
Energy efficiency opportunities Energy efficiency opportunities are everywhereare everywhere
• Better air management
• Move to liquid cooling
• Optimized chilled-water plants
• Use of free cooling
• On-site generation
• Waste heat for cooling
• Use of renewable energy/fuel cells
Benchmark results helped to Benchmark results helped to find best practicesfind best practices
The ratio of IT equipment power to the The ratio of IT equipment power to the total (or its inverse) is an indicator of total (or its inverse) is an indicator of relative overall efficiency. Examination relative overall efficiency. Examination of individual systems and components of individual systems and components in the centers that performed well in the centers that performed well helped to identify best practices.helped to identify best practices.
Ratio of electricity delivered Ratio of electricity delivered to IT equipmentto IT equipment
IT Power to Total Data Center Power
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Data Center Number
Ra
tio
Average .57
Higher is better
Source: LBNL Benchmarking
Performance varies
Data Center Server Load
51%
Data Center CRAC Units
25%
Cooling Tower Plant4%
Electrical Room Cooling
4%
Office Space Conditioning
1%
Lighting2%
Other13%
Computer Loads67%
HVAC - Air Movement
7%
Lighting2%
HVAC - Chiller and
Pumps24%
The relative percentages of the energy actually doing computing varies considerably.
Best HVAC PracticesBest HVAC Practices
Air ManagementAir Management Air EconomizersAir Economizers Humidification Humidification
ControlControl Centralized Air Centralized Air
HandlersHandlers Low Pressure Low Pressure
Drop SystemsDrop Systems Fan EfficiencyFan Efficiency
Cooling Plant Cooling Plant OptimizationOptimization
Water Side Water Side EconomizerEconomizer
Variable Speed Variable Speed ChillersChillers
Variable Speed Variable Speed PumpingPumping
Direct Liquid Direct Liquid CoolingCooling
Best Electrical PracticesBest Electrical Practices
UPS systemsUPS systems Self-generationSelf-generation AC-DC AC-DC
distributiondistribution Standby Standby
generationgeneration
Sonoma climate and efficiencySonoma climate and efficiency
Grapes aren’t the Grapes aren’t the only thing that only thing that benefits from this benefits from this climateclimate
Majority of cooling Majority of cooling can be achieved can be achieved without chillerswithout chillers
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Hrs/YR
28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112
Temperature (F)
Berkeley Weather
hr/yr0 10 0
11 20 021 30 331 40 50441 50 232551 60 315361 70 154271 80 84681 90 29791 100 75
101 110 15111 120 0
Range F
Most hours of the year can be cooled without chillers
LEEDLEEDTM TM criteria and data centerscriteria and data centers
The US Green Building Council established The US Green Building Council established LEED criteria for commercial buildingsLEED criteria for commercial buildings
Points are given for sustainable elementsPoints are given for sustainable elements– e.g. bikeracks, bamboo floors, waterless urinalse.g. bikeracks, bamboo floors, waterless urinals
While these are wonderful to consider for any While these are wonderful to consider for any building, the real action in data centers is with building, the real action in data centers is with energy and water consumptionenergy and water consumption
A different point rating system is neededA different point rating system is needed
LEEDLEEDTM TM type criteria points for type criteria points for data centersdata centers
LBNL and industry are developing proposed LBNL and industry are developing proposed criteria to be used in ranking data centerscriteria to be used in ranking data centers
Consider different metrics:Consider different metrics:– Ratio of IT power to total powerRatio of IT power to total power– Efficiency of power deliveryEfficiency of power delivery– Efficiency of chilled water plantEfficiency of chilled water plant– Air management effectiveness Air management effectiveness – Environmental conditionsEnvironmental conditions– Mission of the data centerMission of the data center– etc.etc.
Completion planned for August, 2008Completion planned for August, 2008
LEEDLEEDTM TM type criteria type criteria developmentdevelopment
Green Grid, Uptime Institute, ASHRAE, Green Grid, Uptime Institute, ASHRAE, Critical Facilities Roundtable Critical Facilities Roundtable
EPA and DOE supportiveEPA and DOE supportive Other industry input welcomeOther industry input welcome
LBNL data center LBNL data center demonstrationsdemonstrations
““Air management” demonstrationAir management” demonstration
Outside air economizer demonstrationOutside air economizer demonstration
Use of infrared thermographyUse of infrared thermography
DC powering demonstrationDC powering demonstration
Silicon Valley Leadership Group – “chill-off”Silicon Valley Leadership Group – “chill-off”
Measured fan energy savingsMeasured fan energy savings – – 75%75%
If mixing of cold supply If mixing of cold supply air with hot return air air with hot return air can be eliminated-can be eliminated-fan speed can be fan speed can be reducedreduced
Better temperature control can Better temperature control can allow raising the temperature allow raising the temperature in the entire data center!in the entire data center!
Cold Aisle NW - PGE12813
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
6/13/2006 12:00 6/14/2006 0:00 6/14/2006 12:00 6/15/2006 0:00 6/15/2006 12:00 6/16/2006 0:00 6/16/2006 12:00
Time
Tem
per
atu
re (
deg
F)
Low
Med
High
Baseline Alternate 1
Setup
Setup
Alternate 2
ASHRAE Recommended Range
Ranges during demonstration
See the problem areasSee the problem areas
Infrared thermography and CFD modeling can be used as visualization tools
Inverter
In Out
Bypass
Battery/ChargerRectifier
Internal Drive
External Drive
I/O
Memory Controller
Processor
SDRAM
Graphics Controller
DC/DCAC/DC
DC/DC
AC/DC Multi output PS
Voltage Regulator Modules
5V
12V
3.3V
12V 1.5/2.5V
1.1V-1.85V
3.3V
3.3V
12V
PWM/PFCSwitcher
Unregulated DCTo Multi Output Regulated DC
Voltages
Data center power conversions
AC voltage conversions
With over 25 industry partners direct DC powering of servers was demonstrated
Typical AC distribution Typical AC distribution todaytoday
DC/ACAC/DC480 VACBulk Power
Supply
UPS PDU
AC/DC DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
Loadsusing
SiliconVoltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
480 Volt AC
Facility-level DC Facility-level DC distributiondistribution
AC/DC480 VACBulk Power
SupplyDC UPS
orRectifier
DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
Loadsusing
SiliconVoltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
380 VDC380V.DC480
Volt AC
AC system loss compared to DCAC system loss compared to DC
DC/ACAC/DC480 VACBulk Power
Supply
UPS PDU
AC/DC DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
Loadsusing
SiliconVoltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
AC/DC480 VACBulk Power
SupplyDC UPS
orRectifier
DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
Loadsusing
SiliconVoltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
380 VDC
7-7.3% measured improvement
2-5% measured improvement
Rotary UPS
ChallengeChallenge
Can Sonoma Mountain Village’s data Can Sonoma Mountain Village’s data center demonstrate these energy center demonstrate these energy saving technologies? saving technologies?
LBNL is seeking partnering sites to LBNL is seeking partnering sites to demonstrate DC powerdemonstrate DC power
Thank youThank you
website: website:
http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/