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Data Center Energy Use, Data Center Energy Use, Metrics and Rating SystemsMetrics and Rating Systems
Steve GreenbergEnergy Management Engineer
Environmental Energy Technologies Division
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
October 31, 2007
EETD DivRev 2004 page 2
Today’s AgendaToday’s Agenda
• Introduction• Energy Usage in Data Centers
—Opportunities for Improvement—Selecting a Performance Metric—Rating Systems
• Implementing a Metric• Next Steps
EETD DivRev 2004 page 3
The Data Center ChallengeThe Data Center Challenge
• Data Centers 15-40x the energy intensity of typical office buildings
• A single rack of servers can be 20 kW —$17k per year (at $.10/kWh) per rack—Hundreds of racks per center
• Where are the opportunities?—25 data centers benchmarked
EETD DivRev 2004 page 4
Typical Data Center DesignTypical Data Center Design
local distribution lines
to the building, 480 V
HVAC system
lights, office space, etc.
UPS PDU computer racks
backup diesel generators
Electricity Flows in Data CentersElectricity Flows in Data Centers
computerequipment
uninterruptible
load
UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply
PDU = Power Distribution Unit;
EETD DivRev 2004 page 5
Data Center MetricsData Center Metrics
• High-level — IT/total —useful work/total
• Subsystem—Power distribution —HVAC—Lighting
• Facility performance (other than energy)
EETD DivRev 2004 page 6
High-level Facility MetricsHigh-level Facility Metrics
Source: The Green Grid Data Center Power Efficiency Metrics. ©2007. Used with permission
E.g. Green Grid, PUE and DCiE
EETD DivRev 2004 page 7
High-level Facility MetricsHigh-level Facility Metrics
• E.g. Uptime Institute:
“Site Infrastructure Power Overhead Multiplier (SI-POM)” = Total/IT
Source: “Four Metrics Define Data Center “Greenness” “,Uptime Institute, 2007.
EETD DivRev 2004 page 8
Percentage of electricity delivered Percentage of electricity delivered to IT equipmentto IT equipment
IT Power to Total Data Center Power
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Data Center Number
Ra
tio
Average .57
Higher is better
Source: LBNL Benchmarking
EETD DivRev 2004 page 9
Total Data Center Power/IT Power
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Center Number
Rat
io
Average 1.83
Lower is better
Source: LBNL Benchmarking
Total Power/IT PowerTotal Power/IT Power
EETD DivRev 2004 page 10
Other Data Center MetricsOther Data Center Metrics
• Watts per square foot• Power distribution: UPS efficiency, IT power supply
efficiency— Uptime: IT Hardware Power Overhead Multiplier (ITac/ITdc)
• HVAC— IT total/HVAC total
— Fan watts/cfm
— Pump watts/gpm
— Chiller plant (or chiller or overall HVAC) kW/ton
• Lighting watts/square foot• ANCIS: Rack cooling index (fraction of IT within
recommended temperature range)• ANCIS: Return temperature index (RAT-SAT)/ITΔT
EETD DivRev 2004 page 11
IT equipment load densityIT equipment load density
IT Equipment Load Intensity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Data Center Number
Wa
tts
/sq
. ft
.
2003 BenchmarksAve. ~ 25
2005 BenchmarksAve. ~ 52
EETD DivRev 2004 page 12
HVAC system effectivenessHVAC system effectiveness
HVAC Effectiveness Index
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Data Center Number
Ra
tio
of
IT E
qu
ipm
en
t
Po
we
r to
HV
AC
Po
we
r
We observed a wide variation in HVAC performance
EETD DivRev 2004 page 13
Efficiency of Information Technology Power Supplies and Efficiency of Information Technology Power Supplies and Uninterruptible Power SuppliesUninterruptible Power Supplies
Factory Measurements of UPS Efficiency
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent of Rated Active Power Load
Eff
icie
ncy
Flywheel UPS
Double-Conversion UPS
Delta-Conversion UPS
(tested using linear loads)
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% of Nameplate Power Output
% E
ffic
ien
cy
Average of All Servers
Power supplies in IT equipment generate much of the heat. Highly efficient supplies can reduce IT equipment load by 15% or more.
UPS efficiency also varies a lot.
(Do they need the same environment as the IT equipment or can their conditions be relaxed?)
EETD DivRev 2004 page 14
Summary of Opportunities for Energy Summary of Opportunities for Energy EfficiencyEfficiency
• Air management• Right-sizing• Central plant optimization• Efficient air handling• Free cooling• Humidity control• UPSs and power supplies• On-site generation• Liquid cooling• Design and M&O processes
EETD DivRev 2004 page 15
Benchmarking for Energy Performance Benchmarking for Energy Performance ImprovementImprovement
Energy benchmarking can be effective in helping to identify better performing designs and strategies. As new strategies are implemented (e.g. liquid cooling), energy benchmarking will enable comparison of performance.
EETD DivRev 2004 page 16
Rating Systems Rating Systems for Energy Efficient Data Centersfor Energy Efficient Data Centers
Options:
• Rating system for new data centers based on design criteria
• Recognition program for upper quartile energy efficient performance for existing data centers
• Performance label for existing data centers, with requirement for continuous improvement
EETD DivRev 2004 page 17
Rating system based on design criteriaRating system based on design criteria
• Model: LEED-New Construction• Labs21 developed a LEED-based rating system for
laboratories – basis for proposed LEED for Labs• LBNL is working with the California Energy
Commission on creating credits for data centers• Principle focus on energy efficiency• Secondary focus on site, materials, water, indoor
environment• Must achieve a minimum number of points to be
certified• Documentation required for each point• Additional levels of achievement possible• Does not address post-construction performance
EETD DivRev 2004 page 18
Recognition program for energy efficient performanceRecognition program for energy efficient performance
• Model: ENERGY STAR for Buildings• Would need statistical model for existing data centers that
included process as well as building performance• Exclusive focus on energy efficiency• Performance rating of ≥75 points on a scale of 1-100 based on
statistical data
• Application requires — Company to benchmark itself against performance index— Professional engineer verifies and prepares statement of
performance
• Label is good for one year• Reapplication required to maintain ENERGY STAR
EETD DivRev 2004 page 19
Performance label for continuous Performance label for continuous improvementimprovement
• Model: Facility certification for energy efficiency • Under development for industrial plants- 2009 pilot• Model suitable for existing data centers• Comprehensive for processes and building• Exclusive focus on energy efficiency• Certification requires:
— Compliance with energy management standard— Minimum implementation of recommendations that meet company
IRR— 5% energy intensity reduction over 2 years— Verification of energy savings required
• Re-certification every 3 years; 7.5% energy intensity reduction requirement