Author: Shigehiro Hashimoto
Kogakuin University,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Biomedical Engineering
Data from the book "Introduction
to Biomechanical Engineering (in
Japanese)“: published by Corona
Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
1)Organism and Machine
2)Unit and Measurement
3)Materials (Hemolysis)
4)Flow (Blood circulation)
5)Energy (Oxygenator, Dialyzer)
6)Movement (Joint prosthesis)
7)Designing and Machining
(Artificial organs)
Index
Time s (second) periods of the radiation of caesium
Length m(meter) velocity of light in vacuum
Mass kg(kilogram) international prototype
Electric current A(ampere) Force between conductors
Temperature K(kelvin) Triple point of water
Amount of a substance mol(mole) atoms in 0.012 kilogram of
carbon 12 Avogadro's number 6.0221415 × 1023
Luminous intensity cd(candela) radiation of frequency
540×1012 hertz
Le Systeme International d’Unites
Table 2.1 SI base units
Value Symbol (Name) Definition
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Y (yotta) ×1024
Z (zetta) × 1021
E (exa) ×1018
P (peta) ×1015
T (tera) ×1012
G (giga) ×109
M (mega) ×106
K (kilo) ×103
H (hecto) ×102
Da (deka) ×10
Table 2.2 Powers of ten and unit prefixes
D (deci) ×10-1
c (centi) ×10-2
m (mili) ×10-3
μ (micro) ×10-6
n (nano) ×10-9
p (pico) ×10-12
f (femto) ×10-15
a (atto) ×10-18
z (zepto) ×10-21
y (yocto) ×10-24
Prefix (Name) power times Prefix (Name) power times
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.1: Principle of electrocardiograph
Time t
Va-Vb
Va
Vb
Time t
Time t
Period
Depolarization
Repolarization
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.2: Immuno-staining
0.1 mm© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.3(a): Vibrating electrode
[Vibrating electrode][Fixed electrode]
Resistance R
Resistance R +ΔR
Frequency f
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.3(b): Vibrating electrode
0.05 mm
Electrode
Cell
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.4: Biological system
[Brain]
Sensor
Memory
Signal transduction
Signal processing
[Nerve system]
[Sensory organ]
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.5: Electric current through lipid bilayer
High frequency
Low frequency
Hydrophilic groupLipid bilayer
Hydrophobic group
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.6: Lissajous figure
v
i
t
t
i
v
T
T
T/2
T/2
0
0
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.7: Tissue grouping
Kidney
Liver
Intestinal mucosa
Cardiac muscle
Fat
0.1 mm
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.8: pH measurement with light
Illuminant
Microscope
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.9: Measurement with laser
Illuminant
Detector
Filter
Sample
Mirror
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.10: Measurement of skin
temperature with infra-red ray
Light source &
Detector
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.11: Principle of electromagnetic
flowmeter
Electrolytes flow
Magnetic field
Electric field
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.12: Gravitational equilibrium
Standard massSubject
Fulcrum
W1 W2
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.13: Wheatstone bridge
G
R3R2
E
i
a
b
c
d
RxR1
R2/R1=R3/Rx (2.2)
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.14: MRI (magnetic resonance image)
(b) MRI of Knee
Primary coil
Secondary coil
(a) Probe
© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan
Fig. 2.15: Test of difference in the
mean value
σ
μA μB
Group A Group BFrequency
Parameterσσ
μA -μB=σ, n=m
n>9, 5%, n>16, 1%
(Normal distribution)
Significance level© Shigehiro Hashimoto 2013, Published by Corona Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan