E n g l b h to Met r ic C o n v e r s i o n o f Un i l s (Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsullanO

m f t ~ ~ ~

IO ~ I.O t0 I 0 0

- - 3 0

2G

T -

ZO 6 -

t5

E

2--

5

O 0

-0.9 9 90

0.8 8 80

0,7 7 70 - -

O,6 6 SO

0.5 5 5 0 -

0.4 4 40

0.3 3 30

0.2 ~ 20

0,1 I ~0

o o o - -

% q.

9

-- 8

I00 tO00 I0~000

gO 9OO gO00 --~

8 o coo eooo ~

"to ?00 7000 -.~

6 0 6OO 6OO0

50 5OO 5OOO

4 0 400 4000

30 300 3000--~

2 0 ZOO 20OO

iO I00 lO00

0 0 O ~

2

7 5 3

DETERMINING TANK CAPACITY

The two graphs shown offer visual guidelines %r orientation and quick approximation of the quantity of solution in circular and rectangular containers. The grapb "Circular Tank" shows, for round containers, the given diameter in feet at the lower scale. For convenience, the corresponding approximate metric diameter (cm) is shown opposite at the upper scale. Following the direction of the heavy arrows, shown for the Example, D = 4 ft (118 cm), one reads, at the height of the intersection of the corresponding vertical and the diagonal line, the solution volume per unit height (v/h) at the left ordinate, for example 95 gal/ft, corresponding to about 11.2 liters per centimeter shown at the right ordinate.

The graph "Rectangular Tank" shows the given breadth and length of the tank at the lower scale and at the diagonals, for example, B = 5 ft and L = 4 ft. At the intersection of the corresponding vertical and diagonal line. one reads 150 gal/ft at the left ordinate, or about 19 liters per centimeter at the right ordinate.

The solution level (height) is measured either by reading fixed height markings at the inside tank wall or from a ruler dipped to the bottom of the tank. The total solution volume, V (gal), is then equal to the solution height, h (ft), multiplied by V/h (gal/ft).

Note: The preferred number sequences, shown on the graphs, represent simplified evenly-divided log scales involving inaccuracies up to about 3 per cent. In most practices this

- - . -TANK D I A M E T E R (cm) 3 0 42.5 6 0 8 5 118 170 2 5 6 335 4 7 5

1 5 0 0 180

u

0

3 7 5 - - - J =

~° 190

~ 9 5 "4 I.-. Z

:~ 47 .5 . - - K W G.

w 2 3 . 6 - - - =£

. J o 11.8-

" L t e -

CIRCULAR TANK m

1.4 2 2 .8 - -~ TAN K

EX. If D : 4 f t . then v /h ~r 95 ga l . / f t .

= I I .2 Z/cm

4 5.6 8 11.2 D I A M E T E R , D (ft . )

9 0

- I - 4 5

2 2 . 4 ~: lxJ :E I -

t - 1 1 . 2 z Ixl (.!

• • 5 .6

co • 2 . 8 a:

bJ I.-

" - 1 . 4 t

• 0.71

16

7 5 4

• - * TANK LENGTH, cm 60 75 95 ,B 150 190 2.56 300

8ooI ..... , ' .... , I I ~ ~_//~,oo V . T & , i . ~ B c ~ , . / , 6 . . 4 " . .*" . . - '1" / / "

5 0 0 - - ~a-*'~ 1 / " I ~ " 1 t i " ~ • 6 3

v i I . . . <

F 25 "

g

50 6 3

0 R[ ICTANGULAR TANK _J

< ~"/" ;~ ~"/" i CAPACITYI PER UNiT DEPTHI

t 2o // "°"°'; ....... z.5 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 &3 8 I0 12.5 16

- - * TANK L E N G T H , L (ft . )

may be considered as inconsequential For nmnerical exact results, the use of the equation at the upper left of the corresponding graph is recommended.

E S T I M A T I N G P L A T I N G T I M E

This homograph is for the practical plater fi}r convenient orientation and approximation of the plating time required to produce a specified plate thickness. The main factors involved are: the kind of metal, its valency in the bath (electrochemical equivalent), density of electroplate, and current denshy employed.

For using |he diagram, one starts from the given ph~ting bath at tile upper left ordinate, as illustrated ti)r nickel by the heavy arrows as an example, and goes horizontally to the rigN to the diagonal indicating the desired plate thickness, lbr example 1.6 mils. Flora the point of interception one goes vertically down to the diagonal indicating the applied current density, for example 16 amp./sq, fL Following the an'ow direction to the left. the approximate plating time can then be read from the ordinate, and is for the example somewhat larger than I(X) nlinates.

In orde~ to obtain numerically exact values, the lbrmulu shown in the lower left corner of *he diagram should be used. The factor I:: at the upper right ordinate is equal to the amp.

755

hr./sq, ft. to deposit 0.001 inch of electroplate thickness. The computation using F(Ni) = 19, t = 1.6 mils, c.d. = 16 amp.lsq. It. results in 114 minutes required plating time.

The diagram and the formula are based on 100% cathode efficiency. If the efficiency is less. for example 95% = 0.95, the theoretical plating time must be divided by this value, that is, 114/0.95 - 120 minutes = 2 hours.

(vl

Od

Zn Fe

1 6 0 0 ' ' I " . , _ _

.=1ooo , . " - - 6 3 0 ] - - L ~ - ~ L [ / ~ = I I I

.-= 250 L ~ ~ J ~ ~ , "~J~-~_~%'~l ,60 " ,_~ ~q~ .~.~-~1 I o o - ,

- - 6 3 ,

-= , e ~ J - - L . . [ - V o o . - ~ ' . ~ ' ~ - > ~ 1

~" 4 ~ t ;

7 5 6

MAKING ADDITIONS TO PLATING SOLUTIONS

The directions of the heavy arrows show the problem solution for the example: if the required addition is 1,6 oz/ga/(lower abscissa) for a 400 gal bath (diagonal) then 40 tbs of chemicals mtlst be added (left ordinate). Numerically accurate solutions are obtained by using the inserted equation, For convenience, approximately corresponding metric values are shown at the upper abscissa and right ordinate.

1600

~.630 z Q p-

. J 0

.J ~oo

0

la.

Z o_ IE

E~ <cc~ 6,~

p-

bJ

t

• ..-i,. REQUIRED CORRECTION, g / ¢ 4..75 7.5 11.8 19 30 47.5 75 !18

,;ol £A , I ' ADDI TO TI SOLUTION / e " 1 asol

.~.,o~ ~/.-'//" .-'/iI a .,°

.:d; ~."'-" ~ "~ 45<

~...: / . - _

t , . / - ~ . . . - I// ~.12

- t l ~ .......

0,5 0.63 I L6 2,5 4. 6 3 IO 16

REQUIRED CORRECTION, C(ozJool.)

757

English to Metric Conversion of Units (Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsultanO

m ~ I000 gal

liter gol

I00

90

BO

70

60

5O

40

30

20

I O -

- 25

20

t5

g/liter oz / gal

I00 -~ 13

90 ~ ~2

80 -~ II

~o

9

60 -~- 8

5 0 . ~ - - 7

,o-

30 ~" 4

2 0 . ~ - 3

I0 _~-

o - o

7 5 8

kg

I 0 - -

9 -

.5-

0

Ib

20

-- IO

~m

mm

I00

90

80

mil

in

?0

60

50

4C

3C

2£

3,5

2.5

1,5

0.5

English to Metric Convers ion of Units (Courtesy Fielding Ogburn, ConsultanO

m f t ~ < ~" < E <

I0 ~ 1.0 I0 I00

30 9

6

Z5

20

3 I0

2 m

6

I

0 - - 0

-0.9 9 90

OAf 8 80

o,7 7 7 0 - -

o,6 6 6 0 -

0.5 5 50

0 . 4 4 4 . O -

O.3 3 30 "

O.Z 2 ZO -

0.1 I I0 -

0 0 O - -

<(

9

4

x(

IOQ tO00 I0,000

90 tOO ~ )OO"

6Q IO0 i lO00 -

70 700 7 0 0 0 -

60 600 6000

50 ~ 6000

40 400 4000

30 300 3000- -~

2 0 ZOO 2000

I 0 I 0 0 I 0 0 0 -

%

<

6

5

4

3

0 0 0 - - 0

7 5 9

METAL CONTENTS OF COMMON PLATING SALTS

(Note: Technical products usually vary slightly from stated percentages. Actual metal contents of precious metal salts are usually marked on package.)

Technical Name of Salt Chemical Formula Per Cent Metal

Aluminum chloride ............ AICI3.6H20

Aluminum chloride (anhydrous) .... AICI 3

Aluminum sulfate ............. Al2(SO4)3" 18H20 Antimony trichloride ........... SbCI3

Arsenic trioxide .............. As203 Cadmium chloride ............. CdCI221,~H20 Cadmium cyanide ............. Cd(CN)2 Cadmium oxide .............. CdO

Cadmium sulfate .............. 3CdSO4.SH20

Chloroplatinic acid ............ H2PtCI6.6H20

Chromic acid ................ CrO 3

Cobalt chloride ............... COC12"6H20

Cobalt sulfate ............... COSO4.7H20 Copper acetate ............... Cu (C2H302)2.HnO

Copper carbonate (basic) ......... CuCO3.Cu (OH)2

Copper chloride (ic) ............ CuCI2-2H20 Copper cyanide (ous) ........... CuCN

Copper fluoborate ............. Cu (BF4) 2 Copper potassium cyanide ........ K2Cu (CN)s

Copper pyrophosphate .......... Cu2P20 ? Copper sodium cyanide ......... Copper sulfate ............... Ferric chloride (anhydrous) ....... Ferric chloride ............... Ferric sulfate (anhydrous) ........ Ferrous ammonium sulfate ........

Ferrous chloride ..............

Ferrous sulfate ...............

Gold chloride (ic) .............

Gold cyanide (ous) ............ Gold potassium cyanide .........

Gold sodium cyanide ...........

Indium chloride ..............

Indium cyanide .............. Indium fluoborate .............

Indium sulfate ............... l.aad carbonate (basic) .......... Lead fluoborate .............. Nickel acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . Nickel carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . Nickel chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel cyanide ...............

Nickel fluob(wa~ .............

Na2Cu (C'N) 3 CuSO4.5H20 FeC13 FeCI 3 -6H=,O Fe2 (SO4)3 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H20 FeC12.4H20 FESO4"71420 AuCI3.2H20 AuCN KAu(CN)2 NaAu (CN) 2 InCl~

In (CN)3 In (BF4)3 n%fso,)3 Pb (O1"1)2" ~ PbfBF4)2 Ni (C2H3Oa)2-4H20 NiSO4"(NH~)zSO4"6H20

2NiCOs'3Ni (OH)2"4H20

NiCI2"6H20 Ni (CN)2"4H2.O NifnF4)2

(Continued on next page)

11.1

20.3

8.1

53.4 75.9

49.3

68.3 87.5 43.3

37.7

52.0

24.8

21.0

31.8

57.5

37.3 71.0 26.8 28.9 42.3

33.9 25.5 34.5

20.6 27:9 14.2

28.1

20.1

58.0

88.3

68.3

72.5

51.8

59.4 30,6

44.3 80.1

54.4

23.6 14.9

50.0

24.7 32.1

25,3

760

Techn ica l N a m e of Salt Chemica l Fo rmula Per Cent Metal

Nickel su l famate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel sul fa te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa l l ad ium ch lor ide . . . . . . . . . . . . Pa l l ad ium d i aminod in i t r i t e

(P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P l a t i num ch lo r ide (Commerc ia l

salt is of ten ch lo rop la t in ic acid) P l a t i n u m d i ami nod in i t r i t e

(P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Po tass ium s t anna t e . . . . . . . . . . . .

R h o d i u m chlor ide . . . . . . . . . . . . R h o d i u m sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si lver ch lor ide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si lver cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si lver n i t ra te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Silver oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Si lver po ta s s ium cyanide . . . . . . . Si lver sod ium cyan ide . . . . . . . . S i lver sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S o d i u m s t anna te . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sod ium tungs ta te . . . . . . . . . . . . . T in ch lor ide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . T i n f luobora te (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . T i n sulfate (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tungs t i c acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tungs t ic oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc c a r b o n a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc ch lor ide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc cyan ide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc f luobora te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc p y r o p h o s p h a t e . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc sul fa te . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z inc sulfa te ( anhydrous ) . . . . . . Z inc sulfa te (exs icca ted) . . . . . .

Ni ( N H 2 S O 3) 2 23.4 NiSO4"6HzO 22.3 PdCI 2 60.0

Pd (NH~) z (NO2) 2 45.8

P t C I , ' S H 2 0 45.7

Pt (N H.~) z (NOz) z 60.8 K~SnO~'3HzO 39.6 RhCI~ '3HzO 39,1 Rh,, (SO I) .~ 20.8 AgC1 75.2 AgCN 80.5 AgNO~ 63.5 A g 2 0 93.3 K A g ( C N ) ~ 54.2 NaAg ( C N ) , 59.0 Ag2SO 4 34.6 Na,SnO,~ '3HzO 44.5 N a ~ W O ,-2HOO 55.8 SnCI2"2HeO 52.6 Sn (BF~) 2 40.6 SnSO 4 55.3 H 2 W O ~ 73.6 WO:, 79.3 ZnCO~ 52.2 ZnC12 48.0 Z n (CN) ,, 55.7 Z n (BF~) 2 27.3 Z n O 80.3 Zn~_P,.O r 42.9 ZnSO,-7H~.O 2 2 . 7

Z n S O 4 40.4 ZnSO4-H._,O 36.5

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PLATING CALCULATIONS

Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.134 = avoirdul~is ounces per gallon (oz./gal.), Avoirdupois ounces per gallon (oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.5 = grams per liter (g./L). Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.122 = troy ounces per gallon (tr. oz./gal.). Troy ounces per gallon (tr. ozJgal.) multiplied by 8.2 = grams per liter (g./L.). Grams per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 2.44 = pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.). Pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.) multiplied by 0.41 = grams per liter (g./L.). Amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm. ~) multiplied by 9.29 = amperes per sq. ft. (amp./ft?). Amperes per square foot (amp./ft. 2) multiplied by 0.108 - amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm.Z). Fluid ounces per gallon (fl. oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.81 = cubic centimeters per liter (cc./L.).

761

EQUIVALENTS FOR CONVERTING UNITS OF WEIGHT & MEASURE

Carat (c) (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.08647 grains; 0.2 gram. Centimeter (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3937 inch; 0.03281 ft.; 0.01 meter. Cubic Centimeter (cc.) . . . . . . . . . . 0.03381 oz. (fluid); 0.061023 cubic inch; 0.001

Cubic Foot (tt. 3 or cu. ft.) . . . . . . . .

Cubic Inch (in. ' or cu. in.) . . . . . . . .

Foot (ft.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gallon (gal.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G ram(g ; ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inch (in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilogram (kg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liter (L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Micrometer ~ m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micron ~ ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milligram (mg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millimeter (ram.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (fluid) (ft. oz.) . . . . . . . . . . .

Ounce (avoirdupois) (oz.) . . . . . . . .

Ounce (troy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennyweight (dwt.) (troy) . . . . . . . . Pint (pt.) (liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pound (avoirdupois) (lb.) . . . . . . . .

Pound (troy) (lb. tr.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Quart (qt.) (liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Square Centimeter (cm?) . . . . . . . . Square Decimeter (dm.~) . . . . . . . . . Square Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Square Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

liter.

7.481 gallons; 1728 cubic inches; 28.317 liters; 28.317 cubic centimeters.

0.004329 gallon; 0.5541 ounce (fluid); 16.3872 cubic centimeters.

0.3048 meter; 30.48 centimeters. weighs 8.337 lb. at 62°F.; 0.13368 cubic foot;

128 oz. (fluid); 231 cubic inches; 3.7853 liters; 3785.4 cubic centimeters.

0.03215 oz. (troy); 0.035274 oz. (avoirdupois); 0.643 pennyweight.

2.540 centimeters. 2.2046 lb. (avoirdupois); 1000 grams. 0.2642 gal.; 0.03532 cu. ft.; 1.0567 quart (liq-

uid); 61.025 cu. in.; 1000 cubic centimeters.

same as micron. .000039 inch. 0.001 inch; 0.00254 centimeter; 25.4 microns. 0.001 gram. 0.03937 inch; 0.1201 meter; 1000 microns. 0.0078125 gallon; 0.03 i 25 quart (liquid); !.80469

cubic inches; 29.5737 cubic centimeters. 0.0625 lb. (avoir.); 0.911458 oz. (troy); 18.2292

pennyweights; 437.5 grains; 28.3495 grams.

20 pennyweights; 31.10348 grams. 1/20 oz. (troy); 1,552 grams. 16 oz. (fluid); 28.875 cu. in.; 473.18 cubic centi-

meters.

1.2153 lb. (troy); 14.583 oz. (troy); 16 oz, (avoir.); 291.667 pennyweights; 7000 grains; 453.592 grams.

0.82286 lb. (avoir.); 12 oz. (troy); 13.166 oz. (avoir.); 240 pennyweights; 5760 grains; 373.24 grams.

0.03342 cubic foot; 0.25 gallon; 32 oz. (fluid); 57.749 cubic inches; 946.358 cubic centi- meters.

0.0010764 sq. ft.; O. 155 sq. in. 15.50 sq. in.; 0.01 sq. meter; IO0 sq. centimeters. 144 sq. in.; 9.29 sq. decimeters. .007 sq. ft., 6,45 sq. cm.

762

CENTIGRADEmFAHRENHEIT TEMPERATURE CONVERSION l,ook up known temperature in center (bold face type) column. Its equivalent in either F or C can then be found in the appropriate column at left or right.

°F. °C. °F. °C. °F. °C.

32.0 ± 0 -17.78 230.0 110 43.33 428.0 220 + 35.6 + 2 - 16.67 233.6 !12 44.44 431.6 222 + 39.2 + 4 - 15.56 237.2 114 45.56 435.2 224 + 42.8 + 6 - 14.44 240.8 i l 6 46.67 438.8 226 + 46.4 + 8 - 13.33 244.4 !18 47.78 442.4 228 + 50.0 + 10 - 12.22 248.0 120 48.89 446.0 230 + 53.6 + 12 - I1.11 251,6 122 50.00 449.6 232 + 57.2 + 14 - 10.00 255.2 124 51.11 453.2 234 + 60.8 + 16 - 8.89 258.8 126 52.22 456.8 236 + 64.4 +18 - 7,78 262.4 128 53.33 460,4 238 + 68.0 +20 - 6.67 266.0 130 54.44 464.0 240 + 7t.6 +22 - 5.56 269.6 132 55.56 467.6 242 + 75.2 +24 - 4.44 273.2 134 56.67 471.2 244 + 78.8 +26 - 3.33 276.8 136 57.78 474.8 246 + 82.4 +28 - 2.22 280.4 138 58.89 478.4 248 + 86.0 +30 - 1 .11 284.0 140 60.00 482.0 250 + 89.6 +32 ± 0.00 287.6 142 61.11 485.6 252 + 93.2 +34 + I.I1 291.2 144 62.22 489.2 254 + 96.8 +36 + 2.22 294.8 146 63.33 492.8 256 + 100.4 +38 + 3.33 298.4 148 64.44 496.4 258 + t04.0 +40 + 4.44 302.0 150 65.56 500.0 260

107.6 42 5.56 305.6 152 66.67 503.6 262 t l t . 2 44 6.67 3092 154 67.78 507.2 264 114.8 46 7.78 312.8 156 68.89 510,8 266 118.4 48 8.89 316.4 158 70.00 514.4 268 122.0 50 10.00 320.0 160 71.11 518:0 270 125,6 52 11.11 323.6 162 72.22 521.6 272 129.2 54 1222 327.2 164 73.33 525.2 274 132,8 56 13.33 330.8 166 74.44 528.8 276 136.4 58 14,44 334.4 168 75.56 532.4 278 140.0 60 15.56 338.0 170 76.67 536.0 280 143,6 62 16.67 341.6 172 77.78 539.6 282 147.2 64 17.78 345.2 174 78.89 543.2 284 150.8 66 t8~89 348.8 176 80.00 546.8 286 154.4 68 20.00 352.4 178 81.11 550.4 288 158.0 70 21.11 356.0 180 82.22 554.0 290 t61.6 72 22.22 359.6 182 83.33 557.6 292 165.2 74 23.33 363.2 184 84.44 561.2 294 168.8 76 24.44 366.8 186 85.56 564.8 296 t72.4 78 25,56 370.4 188 86.67 568.4 298 176.0 80 26.67 374.0 190 87.78 572.0 300 179.6 82 27.78 377.6 192 88.89 590,0 310 1832 84 28.89 381.2 194 90.00 608.0 320 t86.8 86 30.00 384.8 196 9 t . l l 626.0 330 190.4 88 31.11 388.4 198 92.22 644.0 340 194.0 90 32.22 392.0 200 93.33 662.0 350 197.6 92 33.33 395.6 202 94.44 680.0 360 201.2 94 34.44 399.2 204 95.56 698.0 370 204.8 96 35.56 402.8 206 96.67 716.0 380 208.4 98 36.67 406.4 208 97.78 734.0 390 212.0 !00 37.78 410.0 210 98.89 752.0 400 215.6 102 38.89 413.6 212 I00.00 770.0 410 219.2 104 40.00 417.2 214 101.1t 788.0 420 222.8 106 4 l . l l 420.8 216 102.22 806.0 430 226.4 108 42.22 424.4 218 103.33 824.0 440

104.44 105.56 106.67 107.78 t08.89

10.00 11,I1 12.22 1333 14.44 15.56 16.67 17.78

118.89 120.00 121.11 122.22 123.33 124.44 125.56 126.67 127.78 128.89 130.00 131.11 132.22 133.33 134.44 135.56 136.67 137.78 138.89 140.00 14t . l l 142.22 143.33 144.44 145.56 146.67 147.78 148,89 154.44 160.00 165.56 171.tl t76.67 182.22 I87.78 193.33 198.89 204.44 210.00 215.5b 22 t . l l 226,67

763

ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight

A l u m i n u m . . . . AI t3 2 6 . 9 7 M o l y b d e n u m . . M o 42 9 5 . 9 5 A n t i m o n y . . . . S b 51 121,76 N e o d y m i u m . , , N d 6 0 144.27 A r g o n . . . . . . . . A 18 3 9 . 9 4 4 N e o n . . . . . . . . . N e 10 2 0 . 1 8 3 A r s e n i c . . . . . . . A s 33 74.91 N i c k e l . . . . . . . . Ni 28 58 .69 B a r i u m . . . . . . . Ba 56 1 3 7 3 6 N i t r o g e n . . . . . N 7 14 .008 B e r y l l i u m . . . . . Be 4 9 .02 O s m i u m . . . . . . O s 76 190.2 B i s m u t h . . . . . . Bi 83 2 0 9 . 0 0 O x y g e n . . . . . . O 8 16 .0000 B o r o n . . . . . . . . B 5 10 .82 P a l l a d i u m . . . . Pd 46 106.7 B r o m i n e . . . . . . Br 35 7 9 . 9 1 6 P h o s p h o r u s . . . P 15 30 .98 C a d m i u m . . . . . C d 48 112.41 P l a t i n u m . . . . . Pt 78 195.23 C a l c i u m . . . . . . C a 2 0 4 0 . 0 8 P o t a s s i m n . . . . K 19 3 9 . 0 9 6 C a r b o n . . . . . . . C 6 12 .010 P r a s e o d y m i u m . Pr 59 140.92 C e r i u m . . . . . . . Ce 58 140.13 P r o t a c t i n i u m . . Pa 91 231 C e s i u m . . . . . . . C s 55 132.91 R a d i u m . . . . . . R a 88 226 .05 C h l o r i n e . . . . . . CI 17 35 .457 R a d o n . . . . . . . R n 86 2 2 2 C h r o m i u m . . . . C r 24 52 .01 R h e n i u m . . . . . Re 75 186.31 C o b a l t . . . . . . . C o 27 5 8 . 9 4 R h o d i u m . . . . . R h 4 5 , t02 .91 C o l u m b i u m , . . C b 41 9 2 . 9 t R u b i d i u m . . . . R b 37 85 .48 C o p p e r . . . . . . . C u 29 6 3 . 5 7 R u t h e n i u m , . . R u 4 4 101.7 D y s p r o s i u m . , . D y 66 162 .46 S a m a r i u m . . . . S m 62 150,43 E r b i u m . . . . . . . E r 68 167.2 S c a n d i u m . . . . . Sc 21 4 5 . 1 0 E u r o p i u m . . . . E u 63 152.0 S e l e n i u m . . . . . Se 34 78 .96 F l u o r i n e . . . . . . F 9 19 .00 S i l i c o n . . . . . . . Si 14 2 8 . 0 6

G a d o l i n i u m . , . G d 6 4 156 .9 S i l v e r . . . . . . . . A g 47 107 .880 G a l l i u m . . . . . . G a 31 6 9 . 7 2 S o d i u m . . . . . . N a 11 2 2 . 9 9 7 G e r m a n i u m ... G e 32 7 2 . 6 0 S t r o n t i u m . . . . S r 38 87 .63 G;.)ld . . . . . . . . . A u 79 197.2 S u l f u r . . . . . . . . S 16 3 2 . 0 6 6 H a f n i u m . . . . . H f 72 178.6 T t m t a l u m . . . . ~ T a 73 180 .88 H e l i u m . . . . . . . H e 2 4 . 0 0 3 T e l l u r i u m . . . . T c 52 127.61 H o l m i u m . . . . . H o 67 164 .94 T e r b i u m . . . . . . T b 65 159.2 H y d r o g e n . . . . . H I 1 .0080 T h a l l i u m . . . . . TI 81 2 0 4 , 3 9 I n d i u m . . . . . . . In 49 1 t 4 . 7 6 T h o r i u m . . . . . T h 9 0 2 3 2 . 1 2 l o d i n e . . . . . . I 53 126 ,92 T h u l i u m . . . . . . T m 69 169.4 I r i d i u m . . . . . . I r 77 193.1 T i n . . . . . . . . . . S n 50 118 .70 I r o n . . . . . . . . . Fe 26 5 5 , 8 5 T i t a n i u m . . . . . Ti 22 4 7 . 9 0 K r y p t o n . . . . . . K r 56 83 .7 T u n g s t e n . . . . . W 74 183 .92 I , a n t h a n u m . . , L a 57 138 .92 U r a n i u m . . . . . . U 92 2 3 8 . 0 7 L e a d . . . . . . . . . P b 82 2 0 7 2 1 V a n a d i u m . . . . V 23 5 0 . 9 5 L i t h i u m . . . . . . . Li 3 6 . 9 4 0 X e n o n . . . . . . . X e 54 131.3 L u t e c i u m . . . . . l , u 71 174 .99 Y t t e r b i u m . . . . Y b 70 173 .04 M a g n e s i u m , , . M g 12 2 4 . 3 2 Y t t r i u m . . . . . . Y 39 8 8 . 9 2 M a n g a n e s e . . . . M n 25 5 4 . 9 3 Z i n c . . . . . . . . . Z n 30 6 5 , 3 8 M e r c u r y . . . . . . H g 80 200 .61 Z i r c o n i u m . . . . Z r 4 0 9 1 . 2 2

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