Database Administration Guide Release 18.5.00, 2nd Edition

CA IDMS™

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CA Technologies Product References

This document references the following CA products:

■ CA ACF2™ for z/OS

■ CA ADS™

■ CA Culprit™

■ CA Endevor/DB™ for CA IDMS™ (CA Endevor/DB)

■ CA IDMS™

■ CA IDMS™/DC (DC)

■ CA IDMS™/DC or CA IDMS™ UCF (DC/UCF)

■ CA IDMS™ Performance Monitor

■ CA IDMS™ Presspack

■ CA IDMS™ UCF (UCF)

■ CA OLQ™ Online Query for CA IDMS™ (CA OLQ)

■ CA Top Secret® for z/OS

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Documentation Changes

The following documentation updates were made for the 18.5.00, 2nd Edition release of this documentation:

■ RESTRUCTURE Util ity Statement (see page 833)—Renamed from RESTRUCTURE SEGMENT Util ity Statement.

■ Page Groups (see page 56)—Descriptions modified to l ift restrictions on index sets spanning page group boundaries.

■ DBNAME Statement (see page 165)—VERIFY ON/OFF parameter description notes describing the run time check changed to support Mixed Page Group Indexes.

■ AREA Statement (see page 463)—The description of the FORCE option for the default usage mode was added.

■ Default Ready Mode Using Navigational DML (see page 934)—The description of

the FORCE option was added.

■ Usage (see page 466)—Considerations for using the FORCE Option with ADS Dialogs were added.

■ Quick Reference Information (see page 1023)—This new appendix contains

reference information that was previously available in the DB Admin Quick Reference Guide.

■ DISPLAY/PUNCH ALL Statement (see page 116)—The RECursive parameter that

appends “AS SYNTAX.” or “AS COMMENT.” to each generated line of output was added.

Contents 7

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 27

Who Should Use This Guide ....................................................................................................................................................... 27

Using This Guide ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Syntax Diagram Conventions ..................................................................................................................................................... 29

Chapter 2: CA IDMS Environment 33

Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 33

Multiuser Environment ....................................................................................................................................................... 34

Single-user Environment..................................................................................................................................................... 35

Data Sharing Environment.................................................................................................................................................. 36

CA IDMS/DC and CA IDMS UCF.................................................................................................................................................. 37

CA IDMS/DB Components .......................................................................................................................................................... 37

Database Management System......................................................................................................................................... 37 Dictionaries............................................................................................................................................................................ 38

Physical Database Definition.............................................................................................................................................. 39

Logical Database Definition ................................................................................................................................................ 39

Security .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

Getting Started ............................................................................................................................................................................. 40

Towards a Production Environment ................................................................................................................................. 41

Tools for Database Definition and Maintenance.................................................................................................................... 44

Chapter 3: Defining Physical Databases 45

Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 45

Segments ............................................................................................................................................................................... 47

DMCLs .................................................................................................................................................................................... 48

Database Name Tables........................................................................................................................................................ 49

Separating Logical and Physical Database Definitions........................................................................................................... 49

Before You Begin .......................................................................................................................................................................... 50

Chapter 4: Defining Segments, Files, and Areas 51

Segments, Files, and Areas ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 Segments ............................................................................................................................................................................... 51

Files ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Areas....................................................................................................................................................................................... 52

Planning ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 54

8 Database Administration Guide

Segment Boundaries............................................................................................................................................................ 54

Mapping Areas to Files ........................................................................................................................................................ 55

Page Ranges .......................................................................................................................................................................... 55

Page Groups .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56

Records Per Page.................................................................................................................................................................. 57

Page Reserve ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58

Resolving Symbolic Parameters ......................................................................................................................................... 59

Synchronization Stamps...................................................................................................................................................... 60

Specifying Data Set Name Information ............................................................................................................................ 61

Procedure for Defining Segments ............................................................................................................................................. 62

More Information................................................................................................................................................................. 65

Chapter 5: Defining, Generating, and Punching a DMCL 67

DMCLs ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 67

Data Sharing Attributes............................................................................................................................................................... 71

Database Buffers .......................................................................................................................................................................... 73

Journal Buffers and Journal Files ............................................................................................................................................... 74

Sizing Journal Buffers........................................................................................................................................................... 77

Sizing Journal Files................................................................................................................................................................ 78

Adding Segments to the DMCL .................................................................................................................................................. 80

Required Segments .............................................................................................................................................................. 80

File Limitations...................................................................................................................................................................... 82

Area Status ............................................................................................................................................................................ 82

Sharing Update Access to Data.......................................................................................................................................... 84

Area Overrides ...................................................................................................................................................................... 85

File Overrides ........................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Procedure for Defining a DMCL ................................................................................................................................................. 87

Making the DMCL Accessible to the Runtime Environment ................................................................................................. 89

More Information................................................................................................................................................................. 90

Chapter 6: Defining a Database Name Table 91

Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 91

Planning ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 94

SQL Considerations .............................................................................................................................................................. 94

Non-SQL Considerations ..................................................................................................................................................... 95

Restricting Subschema Names........................................................................................................................................... 99

Application Dictionaries ...................................................................................................................................................... 99

Defining the Default Dictionary .......................................................................................................................................100

Conflicting Names ..............................................................................................................................................................101

Mixed Page Groups and Maximum Records Per Page ................................................................................................101

Sharing Database Name Tables .......................................................................................................................................103

Contents 9

Defining and Generating the Database Name Table ...........................................................................................................104

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................105

Chapter 7: Physical Database DDL Statements 107

Statement Summary ..................................................................................................................................................................107

Components of a Physical DDL Statement ............................................................................................................................110

Naming Conventions .................................................................................................................................................................111

Using Lowercase Letters in Identifiers ...........................................................................................................................112

Keywords as Identifiers .....................................................................................................................................................112

Entity Currency ...................................................................................................................................................................113

Generic DISPLAY/PUNCH Statement ......................................................................................................................................114

DISPLAY/PUNCH ALL Statement ..............................................................................................................................................116 ARCHIVE JOURNAL Statements ...............................................................................................................................................131

AREA Statements........................................................................................................................................................................135

BUFFER Statements ...................................................................................................................................................................156

DBGROUP Statements ...............................................................................................................................................................163

DBNAME Statements.................................................................................................................................................................165

DBTABLE Statements .................................................................................................................................................................171

DISK JOURNAL Statements .......................................................................................................................................................177

DMCL Statements.......................................................................................................................................................................183

FILE Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................................200

JOURNAL BUFFER Statements .................................................................................................................................................208

SEGMENT Statements ...............................................................................................................................................................211

TAPE JOURNAL Statements ......................................................................................................................................................217

Summary of Physical Database Limits ....................................................................................................................................220

Chapter 8: Defining a Database Using SQL 223

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................224

Executing SQL Data Description Statements .........................................................................................................................225

Creating a Schema......................................................................................................................................................................226 Creating a Table..........................................................................................................................................................................228

Defining a CALC Key ...................................................................................................................................................................230

Defining an Index .......................................................................................................................................................................231

Defining a Referential Constraint ............................................................................................................................................232

Dropping a Default Index ..........................................................................................................................................................233

Creating a View...........................................................................................................................................................................235

Chapter 9: Defining a Database Using Non-SQL 237

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................237

Schemas and Subschemas ........................................................................................................................................................238

10 Database Administration Guide

Schema and Subschema Compilers ........................................................................................................................................240

Defining a Schema......................................................................................................................................................................241

SCHEMA Statement ...........................................................................................................................................................241

AREA Statements................................................................................................................................................................243

RECORD Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................244

SET Statements ...................................................................................................................................................................252

VALIDATE .............................................................................................................................................................................253

Defining a Subschema ...............................................................................................................................................................255

Subschema Statement ......................................................................................................................................................255

AREA Statements................................................................................................................................................................256

RECORD Statements ..........................................................................................................................................................257

SET Statements ...................................................................................................................................................................258 LOGICAL RECORD Statements ..........................................................................................................................................260

PATH-GROUP Statements .................................................................................................................................................261

Subschema Validation and Generation ..........................................................................................................................261

Security Checking .......................................................................................................................................................................263

Checking Compiler Security..............................................................................................................................................264

Checking Registration Override Security .......................................................................................................................265

Checking Verb Security......................................................................................................................................................266

Checking Component Security .........................................................................................................................................267

Establishing Schema and Subschema Currency....................................................................................................................269

Reporting on Schema and Subschema Definitions ..............................................................................................................270

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................270

Chapter 10: Using the Schema and Subschema Compilers 271

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................271

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................271

Online Compiling ........................................................................................................................................................................272

Batch Compiling..........................................................................................................................................................................273

Coding DDL Schema and Subschema Statements ................................................................................................................274

Statement Components ....................................................................................................................................................274 Delimiting Statements .......................................................................................................................................................275

Compiler Comments ..........................................................................................................................................................276

Input Format .......................................................................................................................................................................277

Error Handling.....................................................................................................................................................................278

More Information about Messages ................................................................................................................................279

Coding Keywords, Variables, and Comment Text ................................................................................................................280

Coding Keywords................................................................................................................................................................280

Coding Entity-Occurrence Names ...................................................................................................................................280

Coding User-Supplied Values ...........................................................................................................................................281

Coding Comment Text .......................................................................................................................................................283

Contents 11

Compiler-Directive Statements ...............................................................................................................................................285

Output From the Compilers .....................................................................................................................................................285

Source Code and Load Modules ......................................................................................................................................285

Schema and Subschema Listings .....................................................................................................................................287

Chapter 11: Compiler-Directive Statements 289

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................289

DISPLAY/PUNCH ALL Statement ..............................................................................................................................................290

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................290

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................291

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................294

Example................................................................................................................................................................................298 DISPLAY/PUNCH IDD Statement..............................................................................................................................................298

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................298

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................299

Example................................................................................................................................................................................299

INCLUDE Statement ...................................................................................................................................................................299

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................300

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................300

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................300

Example................................................................................................................................................................................301

SET OPTIONS Statement ...........................................................................................................................................................301

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................302

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................305

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................315

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................319

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................319

SIGNOFF Statement ...................................................................................................................................................................319

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................319

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................320

SIGNON Statement ....................................................................................................................................................................320 Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................321

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................321

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................323

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................324

Chapter 12: Operations on Entities 325

ADD Operations ..........................................................................................................................................................................325

MODIFY Operations ...................................................................................................................................................................326

DELETE Operations.....................................................................................................................................................................327

VALIDATE Operations ................................................................................................................................................................327

12 Database Administration Guide

DISPLAY/PUNCH Operations ....................................................................................................................................................328

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................329

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................329

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................331

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................332

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................332

Chapter 13: Parameter Expansions 333

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................333

Expansion of boolean-expression ...........................................................................................................................................333

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................333

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................334 Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................337

Expansion of db-record-field....................................................................................................................................................337

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................337

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................338

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................338

Expansion of lr-field ...................................................................................................................................................................338

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................339

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................339

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................339

Expansion of module-specification .........................................................................................................................................340

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................340

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................340

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................341

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................341

Expansion of user-specification ...............................................................................................................................................341

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................341

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................342

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................342

Expansion of user-options-specification ................................................................................................................................342 Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................343

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................343

Expansion of version-specification..........................................................................................................................................344

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................344

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................344

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................345

Chapter 14: Schema Statements 347

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................347

SCHEMA Statement ...................................................................................................................................................................347

Contents 13

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................348

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................350

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................355

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................357

AREA Statement .........................................................................................................................................................................357

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................357

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................359

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................363

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................364

RECORD Statement ....................................................................................................................................................................365

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................365

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................368 Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................383

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................390

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................393

Element Substatement..............................................................................................................................................................393

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................393

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................396

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................405

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................415

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................420

COPY ELEMENTS Substatement...............................................................................................................................................420

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................421

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................421

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................422

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................422

SET Statement.............................................................................................................................................................................423

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................424

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................426

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................438

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................441 VALIDATE Statement .................................................................................................................................................................446

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................446

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................446

REGENERATE Statement ...........................................................................................................................................................447

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................447

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................447

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................448

Chapter 15: Subschema Statements 449

Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................................449

14 Database Administration Guide

Syntax Order .......................................................................................................................................................................449

SUBSCHEMA Statement ............................................................................................................................................................450

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................450

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................452

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................458

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................462

AREA Statement .........................................................................................................................................................................463

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................464

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................465

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................466

Example................................................................................................................................................................................469

RECORD Statement ....................................................................................................................................................................469 Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................470

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................471

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................474

Example................................................................................................................................................................................477

SET Statement.............................................................................................................................................................................477

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................477

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................478

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................479

Example................................................................................................................................................................................480

LOGICAL RECORD Statement ...................................................................................................................................................481

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................481

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................482

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................485

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................485

PATH-GROUP Statement...........................................................................................................................................................486

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................487

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................491

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................510

Example................................................................................................................................................................................513 VALIDATE Statement .................................................................................................................................................................513

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................513

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................513

GENERATE Statement................................................................................................................................................................514

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................514

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................515

LOAD MODULE Statement........................................................................................................................................................515

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................515

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................516

Usage ....................................................................................................................................................................................518

Examples ..............................................................................................................................................................................519

Contents 15

DISPLAY/PUNCH SCHEMA Statement.....................................................................................................................................519

Syntax ...................................................................................................................................................................................519

Parameters ..........................................................................................................................................................................520

Example................................................................................................................................................................................521

Chapter 16: Writing Database Procedures 523

Database Procedures.................................................................................................................................................................523

Specifying a Procedure..............................................................................................................................................................523

Common Uses of Database Procedures .................................................................................................................................524

Coding Database Procedures ...................................................................................................................................................527

Area Procedures .................................................................................................................................................................529

Record Procedures.............................................................................................................................................................529 Database Procedure Blocks ..............................................................................................................................................529

Establishing Communication Between Programs and Procedures ...........................................................................536

Specifying When to Call Database Procedures .............................................................................................................537

Link Editing Database Procedures ...................................................................................................................................537

Executing Database Procedures ......................................................................................................................................538

Resetting the Error-Status Indicator ...............................................................................................................................538

Methods for Invoking Procedures...........................................................................................................................................540

DBSTUB1 Invocation Method...........................................................................................................................................541

DBSTUB2 Invocation Method...........................................................................................................................................542

Considerations for Non-Reentrant or Non-LE-Compliant Database Procedures ...................................................544

Database Procedure Example ..................................................................................................................................................545

Chapter 17: Allocating and Formatting Files 549

Making Files Accessible to CA IDMS/DB.................................................................................................................................549

Types of Files...............................................................................................................................................................................549

File Access Methods ..................................................................................................................................................................551

Creating Disk Files ......................................................................................................................................................................552

File Characteristics .............................................................................................................................................................554 More Information...............................................................................................................................................................555

Formatting Files ..........................................................................................................................................................................556

Considerations for Native VSAM Files ....................................................................................................................................557

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................558

Chapter 18: Buffer Management 559

Planning Database Buffers........................................................................................................................................................559

How Many Buffers Do You Need?...................................................................................................................................560

How Many Pages Should a Buffer Contain? ..................................................................................................................561

How Large Should a Buffer Page Be? ..............................................................................................................................563

16 Database Administration Guide

Choosing a Method for Storage Acquisition..................................................................................................................564

Managing Buffers Dynamically ................................................................................................................................................565

Tuning Buffers for Performance ..............................................................................................................................................566

Using Chained Reads .................................................................................................................................................................567

Using Read and Write Drivers ..................................................................................................................................................570

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................570

Chapter 19: Journaling Procedures 571

Journaling Overview ..................................................................................................................................................................571

Journaling Under the Central Version ............................................................................................................................572

Journaling in Local Mode ..................................................................................................................................................572

Journal Files.................................................................................................................................................................................573 Journal Record Entries.......................................................................................................................................................573

Checkpoints .........................................................................................................................................................................574

Avoiding Duplicate LID Values .........................................................................................................................................576

Two-Phase Commit Journaling ........................................................................................................................................577

I/O Error or Corruption of a Journal File ........................................................................................................................579

Formatting Journal Files............................................................................................................................................................580

Offloading Disk Journal Files ....................................................................................................................................................580

When CA IDMS/DB Switches Journal Files.....................................................................................................................581

How to Offload the Disk Journal......................................................................................................................................582

Handling Full Journal Files ................................................................................................................................................583

After System Shutdown ....................................................................................................................................................584

User Exits and Reports for Journal Management.................................................................................................................585

Influencing Journaling Performance .......................................................................................................................................586

Reducing Journal File I/O ..................................................................................................................................................586

Improving Warmstart Performance................................................................................................................................588

Reducing Recovery Time...................................................................................................................................................589

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................590

Chapter 20: Two-Phase Commit Processing 591

Two-Phase Commit Overview..................................................................................................................................................591

Terminology ........................................................................................................................................................................592

Typical Commit Flows........................................................................................................................................................593

Prepare and Commit Outcomes ......................................................................................................................................594

Recovery From Failure.......................................................................................................................................................595

Two-Phase Commit within CA IDMS .......................................................................................................................................595

Use of Two-Phase Commit ...............................................................................................................................................596

External Coordinators and Participants .........................................................................................................................597

Resource Managers, Interfaces and Exits ......................................................................................................................598

Interests and Roles.............................................................................................................................................................600

Contents 17

Commit Optimizations ......................................................................................................................................................600

Transaction Identifiers ......................................................................................................................................................601

Transaction States..............................................................................................................................................................604

Transaction Outcomes ......................................................................................................................................................606

Chapter 21: Backup and Recovery 607

Database Backup and Recovery Overview ............................................................................................................................607

Backup Procedures ....................................................................................................................................................................608

Back Up After a Normal System Shutdown ...................................................................................................................609

Backup While the DC/UCF System is Active ..................................................................................................................609

Back Up Before and After Local Mode Jobs ..................................................................................................................614

Automating the Backup Process......................................................................................................................................616 Automatic Recovery...................................................................................................................................................................618

Warmstart ...........................................................................................................................................................................619

Automatic Rollback ............................................................................................................................................................623

Resynchronization..............................................................................................................................................................626

Distributed Transaction Recovery Considerations ...............................................................................................................629

Completing Distributed Transactions Using DCMT ......................................................................................................632

Incomplete Transactions and Manual Recovery ..........................................................................................................633

Deleting Resource Managers ...........................................................................................................................................636

Manual Recovery........................................................................................................................................................................637

Recovery From a Quiesced Backup .................................................................................................................................638

Recovery From a Hot Backup ...........................................................................................................................................641

Reducing Recovery Time...................................................................................................................................................648

Recovering a Large Number of Files ...............................................................................................................................650

Recovery Procedures After a Warmstart Failure..................................................................................................................651

Recovery Procedures from Database File I/O Errors ...........................................................................................................653

Recovery Procedures from Journal File I/O Errors ...............................................................................................................657

Recovery Procedures for Local Mode Operations................................................................................................................662

No Journaling ......................................................................................................................................................................662

Journaling to a Tape Device..............................................................................................................................................662 Journaling to a Disk Device ...............................................................................................................................................662

Using an Incomplete Journal File.....................................................................................................................................663

Recovery Procedures for Mixed-Mode Operations .............................................................................................................664

Data Sharing Recovery Considerations ..................................................................................................................................666

Considerations for Recovery of Native VSAM Files..............................................................................................................670

Chapter 22: Loading a Non-SQL Defined Database 673

Database Loading .......................................................................................................................................................................673

Loading Database Records Using FASTLOAD ........................................................................................................................674

General Considerations.....................................................................................................................................................675

18 Database Administration Guide

FASTLOAD Procedure ................................................................................................................................................................677

Loading Database Records Using a User-Written Program ................................................................................................677

Organizing Input Data for a User-Written Program .....................................................................................................678

Loading the Database ........................................................................................................................................................681

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................682

Chapter 23: Loading an SQL-Defined Database 683

Database Loading .......................................................................................................................................................................683

Loading Considerations .............................................................................................................................................................686

Contents of the Input File .........................................................................................................................................................690

Loading Procedures ...................................................................................................................................................................691

Steps That Apply to All Load Procedures .......................................................................................................................692 Full Load Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................................692

Phased Load Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................694

Segmented Load Procedure .............................................................................................................................................695

Stepped Load Procedure...................................................................................................................................................697

More Information...............................................................................................................................................................700

Chapter 24: Monitoring and Tuning Database Performance 701

Monitoring Guidelines...............................................................................................................................................................701

Monitoring Facilities ..................................................................................................................................................................702

Database Statistics .............................................................................................................................................................703

Items to Monitor and Tune ......................................................................................................................................................706

Journal Use ..........................................................................................................................................................................706

Buffer Utilization ................................................................................................................................................................707

Space Management and Database Design ....................................................................................................................707

Indexing Efficiency .............................................................................................................................................................709

Tuning an Index ..................................................................................................................................................................710

Database Locks ...................................................................................................................................................................711

Longterm Locks...................................................................................................................................................................716 SQL Processing ....................................................................................................................................................................716

Reducing I/O................................................................................................................................................................................717

By Caching Files in Memory..............................................................................................................................................718

Through Database Reorganization..................................................................................................................................719

Through Application Design .............................................................................................................................................720

Through Database Design.................................................................................................................................................720

By Using UPDATE STATISTICS (SQL-Accessed Databases)...........................................................................................721

Chapter 25: Dictionaries and Runtime Environments 723

Dictionaries..................................................................................................................................................................................723

Contents 19

Physical Components of a Dictionary .............................................................................................................................724

Logical Components of a Dictionary ...............................................................................................................................725

Assigning Dictionary Areas to Segments ........................................................................................................................726

Sharing Dictionary Areas...................................................................................................................................................727

CA-supplied Dictionary Definitions .........................................................................................................................................728

Logical Database Definitions ............................................................................................................................................730

Protocols, Nondatabase Structures, and Modules ......................................................................................................733

Defining New Dictionaries .........................................................................................................................