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Managing Data
All the value of this company is in its people. If you burned down all our
plants, and we just kept our people and our information files, we should soon be
as strong as ever.
Thomas Watson, Jr. Former chairman of IBM
Data, Information, & Knowledge
Data Watson: “raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts.”
InformationWatson: “data that have been processed into a meaningful form.”
KnowledgeWatson: “the capacity to use information… the expertise to make sense of… information… to interpret information and use it in decision making.”
Information is created from streams of data through the application of knowledge.
Data – functions and impact through time…
o Data facilitate business events, such as transactions, in the present.
o Data produced during prior events constitutean historical record of the past that can be summarized, explored, and analyzed for insights...
o … which, in turn, informs decision-making that shapes the future.
Desirable attributes:
o shareableo transportableo secureo accurateo timelyo relevant
Management of data
Typical problems:
o redundancyo inconsistencyo lack of controlo access problems
- poor interfaces- long delays
o lack of richnesso lack of integration
Calendar
• Organizing principles– Set amount of space– Ordering– Rapid access
9
10
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1
2
3
4
5
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9
December 25, 1852
Staff Meeting
Email Communication
Project Planning
Check lunch preparations
Meeting with directory
Vendor presentation
Process paperwork
Drive home
Dinner
Reading and relaxation
© 1803, The Expeditioner, London
NameAddress
Rudyard Kipling
NameAddress
NameAddress
NameAddress
© 1815, The Expeditioner, London
PO Kyhber PassNorthwest FrontierIndia
Jack LondonPO KlondikeAlaska
K-L
KL
Address book
• Organizing principles– Pre-formatted storage
space– Ordering– Rapid access
To do list
• Organizing principles– Structure– Rapid scan support
To Be Done This Week
Action List
Explore Nile
Write journal
Shoot crocodile
Unwrap mummy
√
√
© 1823, The Expeditioner, London
Organizational memory is supported by:o relational databaseso other “database” technology
- DBs based on older technology- object databases- spreadsheets - PDAs and cell phones- voicemail, email, groupware- on-line documents
o paper recordso multi-media artifactso formal decision modelso employees’ brainso organizational procedures and routineso systems applications
(In data management, computer databases are just part of the picture… )
(our focus)
Data management systems timeline
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
File systems
Hierarchical DBMS
Network DBMS
Relational DBMS
Object-oriented DBMS
Flat File Database
Name Address Course Grade
Mark Freeman 123 Main St English 101 B
Mark Freeman 123 Main St Data Structure A
Mark Freeman 123 Main St Psych 101 C
Mary Smith 413 Elm Dr Chemistry 200 A
Mary Smith 413 Elm Dr French 205 B
David Cole 1009 10th Apt B Accounting 102
A
Network and Hierarchical
• Redundant• Difficult to maintain
– Required system-level understanding of underlying data structures to access data
• Costly– Labor– Computer resources– Time
Relational Databases
• E F Codd, 1970
• Relational
– Relations = Grouping of related data (tables)– Data stored only once– Query language for accessing data– Analysts no longer need know how data is stored!
• RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
IT Org Chart
CIO
OperationsDirector
DatabaseManager
Data CenterManager
SupportManager
DatabaseAdministrator
SystemAdministrator
NetworkAdministrator
TechnicalSupport
ApplicationSupport
ApplicationDevelopment
DatabaseArchitect
DatabaseProgrammer
Information Technology Roles
•Database Administrator– Manages day-to-day operations, install,
upgrade, data backup recovery
•Data Architect– Designs the database– Works with a business analyst to choose
what data to store and how to organize it
•Database Programmer– Develops database applications: computer
programs that allow users to retrieve and process data
The database development lifecycle (DDLC)…and the Term Project Assignments
Assignment 1:Data Model
Assignment 1: Database Dictionary
Assignment 2: Database Prototype
P R O JE C TP L A N N IN G
E V O L U T IO N
U S E
IM P L E M E N T A T IO N
C O N S T R U C T IO N
D E S IG N
R EQ UIR EM EN T SD EF IN IT IO N
Assignment 3: SQL Queries
Completed byInstructor
Database Management Systems
• OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)–Many transactions
–Short transactions
–Volatile data
• Decision Support–Data Warehouse, Data Mining
– Fewer transactions
– Longer transactions
–Static data