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Databases
Chapter 17
Data Bases (p.26)Discuss with your friends about the first-three-question!
Read the text about “Basic Features of Database Programs”
Find out new vocabularies from the text!
Discuss and answer the exercises B, C on page 28
Complte the Puzzle using the given-clue!
Regular Plural NounsPlural noun markers with -s
-S
We add the plural suffix –s to most words.
SINGULARPLURAL
apple (æ-pul) apples (æ-pulz)
book books
chair chairs
picture pictures
page pages
key keys
computer computers
-ES
After sounds s /s/, z /z/, sh /ʃ/, ch /tʃ/ and j /dʒ/, we add the plural suffix -es /ɪz/
SINGULAR PLURAL
box /bɒks/ boxes /bɒks-iz/kiss kisses /kɪs-ɪz/
wish wishes /wɪʃ-ɪz/
watch watches /watʃ-ɪz/
buzz buzzes /bʌz-ɪz/
garage garages /gəˈrɑʒ-ɪz/
judge judges /ˈdʒʌdʒɪz/
–ES
We add the plural suffix -es to most words that end in o.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
tomato /təˈmeɪtoʊ, -ˈmɑ-/ tomatoes /təˈmeɪtoʊz/echo /ˈɛkoʊ/ echoes /ˈɛkoʊz/embargo embargoes /ɛmˈbɑrgoʊz/hero heroes /ˈhɪəroʊz/potato potatoes /pəˈmeɪtoʊz/veto vetoes /ˈvitoʊz/
OPTIONALbuffalo
OS / OESbuffalos or buffaloes /ˈbʌfəˌloʊ/
cargocargos or cargoes /ˈkɑrgoʊz/
halo halos or haloes /ˈheɪloʊz/mosquito mosquitos or mosquitoes no nos or noes /noʊz/torpedo torpedos or torpedoeszero zeros or zeroes /ˈzɪəroʊz/
–S
We add the plural suffix -s to words of foreign origin (latin, greek, etc.)
SINGULAR PLURAL
piano pianos /piˈænoʊz, ˈpyænoʊz/
auto autos /ˈɔtoʊz/
avocado avocados /ˌɑvəˈkɑdoʊz/
ghetto ghettos /ˈgɛtoʊz/
kilo kilos /ˈkɪloʊz/
memo memos /ˈmɛmoʊz/
photo photos /ˈfoʊtoʊz/
portfolio portfolios /ˈfoʊtoʊz/
pro pros /proʊz/
radio radios /ˈreɪdiˌoʊz/
sopranosopranos /səˈprænoʊz, -ˈprɑnoʊz/
solo solos /ˈsoʊloʊz/
studio studios /ˈstudiˌoʊz/
video videos /ˈvɪdiˌoʊz/
Y → I + ES
When a word ends in Y and there is a consonant before Y, we change the Y to I and add -ES.
SINGULAR PLURAL
baby babies /ˈbeɪbiz/
fry fries /fraɪz/
supply supplies /səˈplaɪz/
fly flies /flaɪz/
ally allies /ˈælaɪz, əˈlaɪz/
BUT NOT AFTER—VOWEL+Y
employ employs /ɛmˈplɔɪz/
destroy destroys /dɪˈstrɔɪz/
key keys /kiz/
monkey monkeys /ˈmʌŋkiz/
toy toys /tɔɪz/
play plays /pleɪz/
FE or F → V + ES
When a word ends in -F or -FE, we change the F to V and add -ES.
SINGULAR PLURAL
leaf leaves /livz/half halves /hævz, hɑvz/
life lives n.– /laɪvz/ v.– /lɪvz/
self selves /sɛlvz/
thief thieves /θivz/
scarf scarves /skɑrvz/
calf calves /kævz, kɑvz/
knife knives /naɪvz/
loaf loaves /loʊvz/
shelf shelves /ʃɛlvz/
wolf wolves /wʊlvz/
BUT NOT IN THESE WORDS
cliff cliffs /klɪfs/
roof roofs /rufs, rʊfs/
belief beliefs /bɪˈlifs/
chief chiefs /tʃifs/
CHANGE MIDDLE VOWELS
In a few words, the mid-word vowels are changed to form the plural.
SINGULAR PLURAL
mouse mice /maɪs/
foot feet /fit/
tooth teeth /ti /θ
goose geese /gis/
louse lice /laɪs/
SINGULAR FORM (NO CHANGE)
In a few words, the singular form is used for both singular and plural.
SINGULAR PLURALfish fish
deer deer
sheep sheep
shrimpshrimp /ʃrɪmp/ note (Amer. English does not use -s)
offspring offspring
series series /ˈsɪər-iz/
species species /ˈspi-ʃiz, -siz/
means means
grapefruitgrapefruit "fruit" – plural form (next page)
aircraft aircraft
LATIN WORDS
In words borrowed from Latin, the Latin plural forms are used.
SINGULAR—UScactus
PLURAL – i cacti cactuses
fungus /ˈfʌŋ-gəs/ fungi /ˈfʌn-dʒaɪ, ˈfʌŋ-gaɪ/nucleus /ˈnu-kli-əs/ nuclei /ˈnu-kli-ˌaɪ/stimulus stimulisyllabus /ˈsɪl-ə-bəs/ syllabi /ˈsɪl-ə-baɪ/SINGULAR—ON, —UMphenomenon Greek / Latin
PLURAL –Aphenomena /fɪˈ-nɒ-mə-nə/
criterion Greek / Latin criteriabacterium Latin bacteriacurriculum Latin curriculadatum Latin data /ˈde-ɪtə, ˈdæ-tə, ˈdɑ-tə/medium Latin mediamemorandum Latin memoranda
SINGULAR—Aformula /ˈfɔrmyələ/ Latin
Plural –AEformulas / formulae /ˈfɔrm-yə-li/
vertebra Latin vertebrae
OLD ENGLISH WORDS OR GREEK WORDS
In some words, the plurals are derived (come) from older language forms.
SINGULAR*man /mæn/ from Middle English
PLURAL –ENmen /mɛn/
**woman /ˈwʊmən/ women /ˈwɪmɪn/child /tʃaɪld/ children /ˈtʃɪl-drən/ox oxen /ˈɒksən/ SINGULAR –IS from Greekanalysis Greek
PLURAL –ESanalyses
basis Greek basescrisis Greek criseshypothesis Greek hypothesesoasis /oʊˈeɪsɪs/ Greek > Egyptian
oases /oʊˈeɪsiz/
parenthesis /pəˈrɛn-θə-sɪs/ Greek
parentheses /pəˈrɛn-θə--siz/
thesis /ˈθi-sɪs/ Greek theses /ˈθi-siz/
Language Work; Plurals(p.29)Look at the help box (on page 29)!Write down the plural form of the words on exercise A!
Re-read text “Basic Features of Database Programs” on page 27 to find at least 5 plurals pronounced /iz/
Pronounced the plurals words on the box page 29 and put them in the right coloumn!