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Review Article by :

Shaheen Bibi

Email: shaheen.bibi@colostate.edu

Datura- A Devil Weed Or Angel’s Trumpet.

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Datura Inoxia- A Devil weed or Angel’s Trumpet

Abstract Datura is a mystery Plant. It belongs to family Solanaceae. There are many

important species of genus Datura. Despite of many reports about being toxic, its still

debated for its medicinal properties. The genus Datura has a vast history from early time

through World War till modern times.

Since long time, Datura has been used as a folk medicine in many ancient

cultures and even used today. The ethnobotanical information predicts its useful drug

value. This plant is well known for its hallucinogenic property. Heiser states that Datura

is genus of contrast-from smelly weeds to lovely ornamentals”. 38

Analyzing the chemical profile of Datura , it is reported to be rich in alkaloids.

These alkaloids are member of Tropane. Important tropines are Atropine, Scopolamine

and Hyoscyamine. The highest in percentage of atropine in D.inoxia is found in its

seeds.39

Datura can cause various complications. Some of its effects are systemic. The

primary and alarming sign of toxicity with D.inoxia is mydriasis i.e. the change in pupil

centration 40,41. Atropine also has the hallucination effect. It blocks the action of

acetylcholine at its receptors.

Datura inoxia foliage is also harmful for grazing animals or animals that feed on

the seeds. Datura inoxia has an anticholinergic property. This property is due to presence

of Scopolamine 18. Interestingly, there are beetles and some bees that survive on Datura

and they have established certain biochemical mechanisms to defend themselves against

the plants intoxicating chemicals.

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The bioactivity profiling of Datura revealed that it has antibacterial activities

against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aurous,

Enterobacter aerogenes, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Klebsiella pneumonia 27. This

mystery plants is also tested for anti cancerous activity and it turns out that it has

anticancerous potential against cervical cancer HeLa cells42. Datura inoxia leaves are

recently reported to contain a novel compound called dinoxin B (12,21-dihydroxy-1-

oxowitha- 2,5,24-trienolide-27-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 1). This compound was found

effective against the breast cancer cell lines and can be used in new cancer

chemotherapies 3.

Datura is also reported to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and

herbicidal activities. This plant has been used in folk medicines and is still used in some

parts of the world. It’s used in wound healing, as analgesic in broken bones condition and

also for skin diseases. There have been studies indicating the spiritual attachment of

various tribes and culture with the plant. Shamanisms were the most important and most

studied where shamans drank Datura to mediate connection with the sacred and get

supernatural powers.

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1. Introduction:

Human have relied on plants not only for shelter, food and living but also for

medical purposes for long. Plants have always played a vital role in human life. Plants are

not only main source of oxygen and food but also source of secondary metabolites.

1.1.1 Secondary Metabolites:

Vascular plants contain produce the primary metabolites which are essential for

life and function of the plant. Along with primary metabolites, they also produce

enormous variety of other chemical compounds called Secondary metabolites. These

chemical compounds are different from primary compounds and they vary from species

to species. Secondary metabolites provide specific color, taste and smell to particular

plants. Plants utilize secondary metabolites in there defense mechanisms. Alkaloids,

Flavonoids, etc. are few of the important secondary metabolites.

1.2 Datura Species:

Datura is well known for decades. Its known to be an important poisonous plant.

This genus belongs to family Solanaceae. And they have been in use since long.

Scientific Classification: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Sub-division: Angiosperms Class: Magnoliopsida Sub-class: Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Datura

Important Species of Genus Datura: Datura. fastuosa Datura. ferox Datura. inoxia Datura. metel Datura. quercifolia, Datura. stramonium

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1.1.2 Plant Description:

1.1.3 Datura Stromonium:

Datura is wild growing plant. Datura Stomonium is an annual herbaceous plant

with light hairs. Plant has forked branching system. Stem is erect and slightly yellow.

Leaves are broad, simple, dentate and stalked. Flower is usually attractive colors of

purple or white and is gamopetalous forming a shape of funnel. Seeds are black in color.

Fruits are large with thorns and hence called Thorn apple in English.1

Fig1: Datura Stromnonium.1

1.2.2 Datura inoxia:

This plant is known as Angels trumpet. The plant is shrubby and annual. Leaves

are ovate and margins are wavy. Flowers are creamy or slight pink in color. The corolla is

fused to form a funnel shape flowers. Fruit have the thorny appearance. 1

Fig 2: Datura inoxia 3

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1.3 Distribution:

Datura genus is found in tropical and warm temperate regions of the World.

Mostly present in United States, New Mexico to Europe, Asia and Africa. D.Stromonium

is cultivated in Germany, France, Hungary and South America.4

Datura is known to have seven important species of which Datura stromonium,

Datura inoxia and Datura fastuosa is well studied and have been of attention to many

people. Word Datura is originated from Hindi word Dhatura (thorn apple) and it dates

back to 1662. Datura has been reported to have alkaloids and other secondary

metabolites. These alkaloids are abundant in seeds and flowers. The presence of these

alkaloids make Datura has toxic and hallucinogenic. These properties of the plant have

impeded its use in modern medicine.

Surprisingly this plant has a vast history of being used in folk medicines. Datura

has many medicinal properties, which are evident from the use in folk remedies. It has

been also used for committing suicide or poisoning.

1.4 Datura Phytochemicals:

Datura is rich in secondary metabolites and the major and most important

phytochemical is Tropine alkaloid. Hyoscyamine, Atropine and Scopolamine are the

active and most studied Alkaloid in Datura. Minor alkaloids isolated include

aposcopolamine, tigloidin, apoatropin, scopolamine N-oxide 17-20, hyosscyamine N-

oxide ad 7-hydroxyhyscyamine. Scopolamine and Hyposcyamine production varies in

different part of the plant. Stem, young leaves and stems have maximum of alkaloids at

young stage. 1

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Other than Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids are also present in different

concentration in Datura species.

Fig. 3. Structures of Scopolamine and Atropine. 5

1.5 How does it Work:

Atropine and scopolamine are competitive antagonistic of muscarinic cholinergic

receptor and central nervous system depressant.1

Scopolamine structurally resemble to the Neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Scopolamine acts by blocking the muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors and is thus

classified as an anticholinergic. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have vital function in

regulation of various functions of central and peripheral nervous system.

Over dose of scopolamine impair the cognitive activities. Due to wide spread of

acetylcholine in brain, scopolamine impact different brain functions.6

1.6 Effects of Scopolamine:

1.6.1 Stimulus judgment:

Scopolamine inactivates the muscarinic receptors, which impair the function of f

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judgment and discrimination. Administration of scopolamine can impair the

discrimination of sounds sequence and visual judgments. 6

1.6.2 Antidepressant:

Some studies indicate that these muscarinic receptors have relation with

depression. . Scopolamine can work, as an effective antidepressant and patient feel

relieved for some time. 6

1.6.3 Learning and memory

Different studies have been carried out to check the effect of scopolamine of the

learning ability and memorization. Some studies demonstrate that scopolamine when

block the muscarinic receptor, it affect the encoding capability new short-term memory

of brain. Some cases reported the impairment in recognition of objects.

In conclusion scopolamine affect the retrieval of memories and new words.

Scopolamine not only effects this encoding but it also affects the working memory of a

person. Along all these affects of scopolamine, scopolamine may work in reduction of

anxiety, fear and may reduce the concentration. Scopolamine may also cause less

attention, low motor activity. 6

1.7 Surprising History Highlights:

Datura species have been used for decades. Many tribes and regions around the

world have some spiritual and religious attachment with the plant.

1.7.1 Datura Cults and the Chumash

Chumash are the Native American people who are known to live in Central and

Southeast of California. They are considered as first people. Datura has been an integral

part of Chumash culture for long. 7

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The Chumash people resorted to the use of Datura. Datura plant was used to

mediate contact with loved one who was dead. It was also considered sacred among the

population. The people had to abide many rules and regulation before using Datura. The

major restriction was that Datura was not supposed to be consumed before puberty.

People also drank the decoction made with Datura to seek for supernatural helpers.

Among the Gabrielliono, Luiseno, the young people will take it as part of puberty

ritual. Women were prohibited to consume Datura. 8

While in Yokuts and Mono, there was a drinking ritual of Datura held every

spring. Among these tribes, there were no gender restrictions. Among Mohave, Yuma

and Cahuilla, they had no specific ceremony for drinking . But they took the plant for

luck in gambling. 8.

Datura was considered sacred and used to establish contact with the supernatural

guardian; the Atiswin. Use of Datura to foresee their future or communicate with the

spirits of dead was very common among the people. Chumash considered Datura

important in treatment in various ailments and wound healing. Being sacred, it was also

considered to contour the ill omen. One interesting fact about the tribe was drinking

Datura in groups as collective prayers against various epidemics.8

Many myths are associated with drinking of Datura among Chumash. For instant;

a women was suppose to drink Datura during childbirth as it give them courage. If

consumes by a men, it makes them brave and courageous. Not only people believed

these myths but they also follow the restrictions for Datura drinking. It was supposed to

be consumed only by a person who was pure so that supernatural powers can help then.

One had to eat less and abstain from sex way before taking Datura. These restrictions

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depended on how much power an individual seeks. A person seeking shamanistic power

had to follow these rules and regulations for long.

1.7.2 Preparation:

Specialist called Ventureno Chumash Alsukayayi - a person who specialized in

making the plant in-toxic, prepared Datura decoction. In Ventura, the Datura specialists

has to be five old man who administered the drinker and inquired about his vision and

then interpreted the images and objects the drinker saw. Person consuming Datura has to

be administered by the specialist but in case of emergency or person taking it for bravery

for second time, the decoction can be made by mother or other relative. Usually the

decoction was made from the roots of the plant. The specialist would beg permission of

the Datura plant to have one of its roots. He would then cut a root and cover the plant.

According to people, they the specialist knew before which root to cut. Datura decoction

was made in cold water after mashing the roots with great skill. The specialists would

then calculate for the soil, the age of plant and size of the root to make an intoxic

preparation. People of Chumash were aware of the fact that Datura can cause death.

And the drinker was held responsible for all consequences including death. It was

believed that person who dies of drinking Datura must have violated one of the rules of

consuming Datura. According to their belief, that person did made his way to Spirit

World but did not find way back to the World. 7. Datura among Chumash was taken also

as treatment for various diseases, healing of wounds and as anesthetic in case of broken

bones. 7

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1.7.3. Datura and Shamanistic Powers:

Shamanistic powers are the powers of spirits and one who seek power had to take

Datura many times. Datura was consumed in many cases before any ritual or ceremony.

For example shamans would consume Datura before snake dance ceremony. So that the

they could protect the participants from the snakebites. A bad (malevolent) shaman used

the powers against people to harm or kill their enemies. Even other evils such as draught

or epidemics were also attributed to evil shamans.

1.7.3.1 Shamanism:

Interest in Shamanism has been increasing day by day in modern era. Many

anthropologists are interested and curious about Shamanism. Different studies have been

carried to study basic structure of shamanism and find useful insight to shamanic

practice. Shamanism is defines as; religious system where the shamans intermediates

between the supernatural and humans.

Practitioners can be divided into Priest and Shamans. Priests are the full time

specialists. They are representative if God or Goddess and mediate ways to contact the

sacred9. The shamans are not full time specialists. The main difference between Priest

and Shaman is that Priest does not practice the altered state of consciousness (ASC) while

the Shamans use ASC to make contact with sacred and supernatural entities.10, 11. The

Shamans would transform to spiritual creatures through rituals that would cause altered

state of consciousness (ASC). And this state precisely is called Shamanic State of

consciousness (SSC). The shamans transform to supernatural creatures to ensure success

or benefit people. The evil shamans may use the powers to destroy other, or kill enemies

12. To get The Shamanic state of consciousness, the Shaman used to drink Datura. It also

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required sleep deprivation, fasting, chanting, drumming and extreme pain along with the

consumption of Datura 12. The people who consumed Datura reported that people

would look like ghost 13. This reason behind this is proven by medical studies today that

the extra intoxication from the plants blocks the receptors for color and so individual only

see white, black or yellow.

Datura and many other plants such as opium, cannabis etc. have been used in

shamanism and Pagan Culture. They have also been part of Sufis, Hindu, Tibetan, Greek

and Hellenistic cultures. 14

Fig 4. Mothmen from Pottery Mound holding Datura capsules. 15

1.7.2 Luiseno and Datura Spirits:

Luiseno were the Native Americans who inhibited Southern California in 16th

Century. The tribes have spiritual attachment to Datura and it was considered sacred.

Boys in this tribe would consume Datura to enter their religious lives. They called

Datura mixture as Toloache, which is a Spanish word for Datura. The boys would gather

among fire. They were given power of Shamanism. 16

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1.7.3 Datura in Indian Tradition:

There are many plants that are not commercially useful but are still considered

important in Indian traditions. These plants are associated to various religious myths.

These plants are considered vital part of worship. Many plants are considered sacred as

people consider that they have resemblance to God or Goddess or any divine status.

Many people in India use different plants for cure of diseases encounter evil eye and

some of them are offered at temples and considered auspicious. Among these plants

Datura Fastuosa is one important plant. The flowers of this plant are offered at temple of

Shiva. Shiva (Yoges-Varsa) is worshipped on 13th day of moon in January and it’s the

time they offer the flowers of Datura as a part of religious ritual. One reason for using

Datura in worship according to Vamana Purana is that, Datura arose from the chest of

Shiva. 4

1.8 Datura As a Devil Weed:

Datura is given a name of Devil weed. The main reason is the poisonous and

toxic nature of the plant. These reason behind these characteristic is the presence of

alkaloids basically Tropane. Datura overdose ingestion can result in anticholinergic

poisoning and can lead to dead of the person.

Intoxication of Datura is similar to anticholinergic delirium. It may cause

hyperthermia, bizarre violent behavior and painful photophobia17. Tropane alkaloid is

mixture of Atropine and Scopolamine. Scopolamine is used as analgesic and muscle

relaxant. There have been many cases in which people were affected by consumption of

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Datura. In Botswana, there was report of many people hospitalized and the reason was

their consumption of Datura with sorghum by mistake.19

Many other cases indicated anticholinergic syndromes have been reported due to

Datura intoxication. Seven people admitted in two different hospitals suffered from

anticholinergic syndrome in Athens. The symptoms were aggressiveness, hallucination,

mydriasis and dry mouth and skin. These patient consumed Datura, which was accidently

collected with Amaranthus blitum, a salad in Eastern Europe. Both the plants flower the

same time.18

1.9 Ethno botanical uses of Datura:

Although Datura have many reports of being toxic and also has a status of weed

in South Africa 21. Yet this plant has its medicinal properties. And these are the properties

that cannot be denied. For decades it has been used in traditional medicines to cure

illness and wounding. It works as anesthetic in case of broken bones. Datura also has a

role in treatment of asthma. Other medicinal uses include treatment of abscesses, gout

and boil 20. Many native tribes in amazon, Bolivia, Columbia America used Datura as

sacred plant and used in shamanism22. Shamans used Datura for mind altering 10. Datura

is also used for headache or pain in eye if applied externally on forehead and eyes. 23

Datura Stromonium leaves are reported to cure bronchial asthma in Narendra Nagar

Block, Uttarkhan 24. In India Datura Stromonium leaves are used in many folk remedies.

Leaves extracts are used in Sinus infection and bark is used for burns and ulcers. Datura

is important in the way that it is a weed. There is evidence that weeds are more active in

producing secondary metabolites and thus have more medicinal properties. Juice from

Datura is applied on scalp for treatment of dandruff and hair fall. It’s also used to treat

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insomnia. While the whole plant is active but seeds are more active in secondary

metabolites. Scopolamine present in Datura is also used to relax schizoid patients1. The

growing plants also act as repellant of insects for other neighboring plants 26.

D.Stromonium is also reported as anthelmintic and antiparasitic in Marche, Lathium and

Abruzzu 1.

1.10 Pharmacological Activities:

1.10.1 Anti tumor Activity:

Recently, a new compound has been isolated from Datura inoxia. The new

isolated compound is named D. inoxin B. This compound along with its aglycone

reported to have cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 human breast Cancer cell lines 3. Not only is

Datura also reported to have antitumor activity against Crown gall causing agent;

Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Extract from Datura inoxia show apoptosis in human Colon

adenocarcinoma and larynx cancer cell lines 27. A dose of 0.05 to 0.10 g is used to cure

cancer. 1 Methanolic extract from aerial parts of D. fastuosa that were tested to

proliferative activity toward human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116) cell line. A

compound in D.fastuosa called nonglycosidic compound show higher antiproferative

activity in HCT-116 cells. 28

1.10.2 Antimicrobial and Anti bacterial Activity:

Many reports have indicated that Datura has antimicrobial properties. Datura

inoxia is reported to have antioxidant properties. This species also exhibit strong

antimicrobial properties to Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera,

Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and

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Escherichia coli. Methanol extracts of D.Stomonium and D.inoxia is affective against

Gram-positive bacteria in dose dependent manner. 1

1.10.3 Antiasthematic Activity:

Datura fastuosa is also used as sedative in India. Leaves and seeds are anesthetic,

antispasmodic, anodyne, antiasthmatic and also used in treatment of epilepsy heart

diseases, fever , diarrhea, hysteria and skin treatment. In China, it’s used for asthma

treatment. People in Vietnam also use Datuar inoxia for antiasthematic purpose. The

muscarinic receptors are blocked by Atropine and scopolamine. This dilates bronchial

smooth muscles and help in asthmatic attack. D.stromonium was reported to be used in

cigarettes that help treat asthma. These cigarettes if used by pregnant women can affect

the fetus permanently 29.

1.10.4 Antifungal Activity:

D.stromonium along with Calotropis, Gigantean, cow manure and A.indica

extracts show Antifungal activity to Fusarium mangifereae 24. Various reports about

Datura indicate its strong antifungal activity. Datura extracts were also found affective

against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium ultimum,

Trichoderma harzianum and Rhizoctonia solani 30.

1.10.5 Anti-inflammatory and Repellent activities:

Some medicinal uses of the plant are anti-inflammatory. Its also use to treat dental

and skin diseases. It’s considered effective for toothache 4. The extract of D.stromonium

leaves and seed are reported to act as repellent and oviposition deterrent against spider

mites. Under laboratory conditions the extracts cause 98% and 25% mortality after 48h

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31. The ethanolic extracts from Datura reported to have strong anti-inflammatory affect

to carrageenan induced paw edema in rats 32.

1.10.6 Herbicidal Activity:

Extract from D.fastuosa reported to showed high herbicidal activity against

Parthenium, which is a noxious weed. Both aqueous and methanol extracts suppressed

Parthenium growth and germination remarkably. 33

1.10.7 Hypoglycemic activity:

Datura fastuosa seeds evaluated for hypoglycemic activity indicated that there

was significant decrease in blood sugar with doses of 25, 50 and 5mg/kg body weight of

diabetic rats. The experiment showed that use of Datura showed control in diabetes and

it might be good to study to validate this promising use of Datura and develop

phytomedicine for diabetes. 34

1.10.8 Other Activities:

There are many other phytochemical properties of genus Datura reported. The

leaves of Datura stromonium are inhaled as snuff for divining in South Africa 35. Datura

fastuosa is also reported to be used in Africa in Tsonga Girls initiation schools and

believed to help spiritual contact 36. Seeds and roots of Datura have, antipyretic,

antidiarrheal properties and is also used in insanity and fever 37.

2. Conclusion:

Datura species have been used since ancient times. This review provides the

important information about history, religious aspect, ethno-botanical uses and

phytochemicals of the specie. In the early Native American period and old culture,

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Datura has been shown to be a vital part in all cultures. It was not only used in folk

remedies but people had their spiritual and religious attachment with the plant. The

various tribes seem to have a very important and sacred place for Datura. The point of

interest is that people in past used it for number of ailments. There have been studies

regarding various photochemical studies of the plant in modern era. And it’s indicated

that it has various important anti microbial, anti tumor activities. Based on various

phytochemical activities of the specie, it can be considered for phtyomediceine and

alternate therapies. There is a need of photochemical profiling of the plant. The modern

technology can be helpful in exploiting various prospect of the plant. Beside many

important properties, the detrimental and poisonous effects of the specie cannot be

overlooked. Therefore the risk ratio/benefit ration should always be considered.

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