DAVID’S MOTIVATION IN GETTING RID OF HIS DOWN SYNDROME DAUGHTER AS SEEN IN
KIM EDWADS’S THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Maria Ayuni Widyastuti
051214053
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2012
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DAVID’S MOTIVATION IN GETTING RID OF HIS DOWN SYNDROME DAUGHTER AS SEEN IN
KIM EDWADS’S THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Maria Ayuni Widyastuti
051214053
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2012
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ABSTRACT Widyastuti, Maria Ayuni. 2012. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of His
Down Syndrome Daughter as Seen in Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis analyzes Kim Edwards’s novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. This novel tells about an orthopedic surgeon who helps his wife, Norah Henry, in giving birth to a twin, Paul and Phoebe. Unfortunately, Phoebe suffers from Down syndrome. Therefore, David decides to get rid of her with the help of his nurse, Caroline Gill. Instead of leaving Phoebe to the institution, Caroline decides to raise her. David tells his wife that Phoebe is dead right after she was born, but the fact is she is alive.
The aim of this study is to find out David’s motivation in getting rid of his daughter. There are two problems to be answered: (1.) How is David’s character portrayed in the novel? and (2.) What is David’s motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome daughter?
This thesis is a library study method. There are two kinds of sources used, namely, primary and secondary sources. Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter is the primary source. Meanwhile, the secondary sources are taken from some books and articles which are closely related with the issues presented in this study, such as the theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, and theory of motivation. This study uses psychological approach to analyze human personality and motivation.
The result of this study shows that physically, David is a handsome man. Besides, he is a loving and caring man, but he is shamed of his past life. He is also an excellent orthopedic surgeon. There are four main factors that motivate David to get rid of his daughter. His surface motivations are he does not want his wife to feel the same as his mother and raise Phoebe will be difficult due to her condition. Meanwhile, his deeper motivations are he is a selfish person and shames by the fact that he is carried the Down syndrome genetic in his body.
Since this study is imperfect and had many limitations. It is suggested for the future researchers to find out David’s other motivations to make this study perfect. As for English teachers, they are recommended to use this novel in the teaching-learning activity. The writer presents a lesson plan for Paragraph Writing class using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter that can be applied by teachers.
Keywords: Down syndrome, motivation, get rid of, secret, bitter past life, and
lie.
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ABSTRAK Widyastuti, Maria Ayuni. 2012. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of His
Down Syndrome Daughter as Seen in Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. Jogjakarta: Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Departemen Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Tesis ini menganalisis novel berjudul The Memory Keeper’s Daughter karya Kim Edwards. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang dokter bedah tulang yang membantu istrinya, Norah Henry, dalam proses melahirkan bayi kembar bernama Paul dan Phoebe. Sayangnya, Phoebe menderita Down syndrome, David lalu memutuskan untuk membuang Phoebe dengan bantuan perawatnya yaitu Caroline Gill. Alih-alih membawa Phoebe ke sebuah yayasan, Caroline memutuskan untuk merawatnya. David mengatakan pada istrinya bahwa Phoebe telah wafat tepat ketika dia dilahirkan, namun pada kenyataannya, dia masih hidup.
Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui motivasi David dalam membuang anak perempuannya. Ada dua masalah untuk dipecahkan: (1.) Bagaimana karakter David digambarkan dalam novel? dan (2.) Apa motivasi David untuk membuang putrinya yang menderita Down syndrome?
Tesis ini mengaplikasikan metode studi perpustakaan. Ada dua buah sumber-sumber yang digunakan yaitu sumber primer dan sekunder. The Memory Keeper’s Daughter karya Kim Edwards adalah sumber primer. Sedangkan sumber-sumber sekunder diambil dari beberapa buku dan artikel-artikel yang berhubungan erat dengan masalah yang dipaparkan seperti contohnya, teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori personaliti, dan teori motivasi. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisi kepribadian dan motivasi seseorang.
Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan bahwa David adalah pria menarik yang penyayang, perhatian, seorang dokter yang hebat, dan malu terhadap masa lalunya. Ada empat faktor penting yang memotivasi David untuk membuang putrinya. Motivasinya secara tersirat yaitu dia tidak mau istrinya mengalami hal yang sama seperti ibunya dan mengasuh Phoebe akan sangat berat. Motivasinya yang mendalam adalah dia egois dan malu karena dia mempunyai Down syndrome genetik dalam tubuhnya.
Dianjurkan untuk para peneliti-peneliti yang akan datang, untuk menemukan motivasi-motivasi David lainnya yang belum ditemukan oleh penulis, untuk membuat studi ini sempurna. Hal ini dikarenakan karena studi ini belum sepenuhnya sempurna. Sedangkan untuk guru-guru Bahasa Inggris, dianjurkan untuk menggunakan novel ini dalam kegiatan belajar-mengajar. Studi ini juga memberikan rancangan rencana pembelajaran untuk kelas Paragraph Writing menggunakan novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter yang bisa diaplikasikan oleh guru-guru.
Kata kunci: Down syndrome, motivasi, membuang, rahasia, masa lalu yang
kelam, dan kebohongan
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my Almighty Lord, Jesus
Christ, Mother Mary, and Holy Spirit for Their wonderful bless, grace,
strength, and health so that, I could finish my thesis. I sincerely thank Them in
every minute in my life.
My deepest appreciation goes to my advisor, Dr. A. Herujiyanto, M.A. who
has given me guidance and help to finish my thesis. I thank him for his kindness,
guidance, patience, input, suggestions, advice, and encouragement in completing
my thesis. My gratitude also goes to all PBI’s lecturers who have taught me so
many things during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My sincere gratitude also goes to my beloved parents, Simon Sumadi and
Theresia Sih Lestari for giving me love, support, prayer, shelter, delicious food,
and encouragement to finish my thesis immediately. I also thank my one and only
big brother, Julius Windy Ari Jatmiko who always supports and believes in
what I am doing. I want to send my gratitude for all of my family wherever they
are. I am so happy to have a great big family who always support and pray for me.
My best gratitude also goes to my late Mbah Uti and Mbah Kakung who always
loved me. I believe they always look after me from heaven.
Sincerely, I want to thank my best friends, Rose, Astri, and Fifin who have
motivated me to finish my thesis. I am very grateful to have such wonderful
friends. My gratitude also goes to my PBI’s friends Agnes, Lucia, Beni, Retno,
Anggi, Nova, Yoan, and all of my friends.
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I also would like to thank all of USD’s staffs especially Mbak Danik and
Mbak Tari, who helped me in the administration matters.
My sincere gratitude also goes to my inspiration, BigBang. I thank them for
their amazing music which always accompanies me day and night in completing
my thesis. Thanks for giving me spirit when I am in a bad mood and making me
laugh when I am sad.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all people who I could not
mention one by one. I thank them for their contribution and endless support. I will
never forget their kindness. May God bless them all.
Maria Ayuni Widyastuti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGES ..................................................................................... ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY............................................... iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI …………………………….... v
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… vi
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………… ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. x
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1
B. Objectives of the Study ............................................................. 3
C. Problem Formulation ................................................................ 3
D. Benefits of the Study ................................................................. 4
E. Definition of Terms ................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 6
B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………. 8
1. Theories of Critical Approach ............................................... 8
2. Theories of Character ........................................................... 10
3. Theories of Characterization ................................................. 12
4. Theories of Personality ......................................................... 15
5. Theories of Motivation
C. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 18
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CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 19
B. Approach of the Study ................................................................ 20
C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 20
CHAPTER IV. DISCUSSION
A. David’s Character Portrayed in the Novel .................................. 22
1. David’s Physical Appearance ............................................... 24
2. David’s Personality Trait ...................................................... 25
a. A Kind and Loving Man ............................................... 25
b. A Good Doctor ................................................................ 29
c. Likes to Collect Stone and Photography ......................... 31
d. Ashamed of His Past Life ................................................ 32
B. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of Phoebe .............................. 33
1.Surface Motivation …………………………….................. 34
a. Does not Want Norah to End up Like
His Mother…………………………………………………….. 34
b. Difficult to Raise Phoebe ……..………….......................... 36
c. Selfish …………………………………………………... 37
d. Shame and Afraid by the Fact that
He is a Carrier ………………………………………… 42
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion .................................................................................. 56
B. Suggestions ................................................................................. 58
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers ................................... 58
2. Suggestion for Teaching-Learning Activity ....................... 58
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REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 61
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 64
A. Summary of the Novel ............................................................ 65
B. Biography of the Author ......................................................... 68
C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Paragraph Writing ......................... 70
D. Materials ................................................................................. 73
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Chapter one consists of the background of the study, objectives of the
study, problem formulation, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The
background of the study is focused on the study, the needs of analyzing the topic,
and the writer’s personal reason of choosing the novel. Objectives of the study
explain the goals of the study. The problem formulation gives the general
description of the problems that will be analyzed in the study. The last part is
definition of terms in which some terms related to the study are defined.
A. Background of the Study
According to Henkle (1997), reading a novel is a private experience where
people can really feel the situation in the novel, imagine the characters, and save it
in their memory (25). That is the exact feeling when the writer read Kim
Edward’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter. The novel drags her into another
world and traps into the story. The novel creates a simple movie contains with
images of the character, place, time, plot, etc. Each reader has different perception
toward a novel and it may depend on the reader’s experience or background.
According to Murphy (1972), just like life which is a mixture of joy,
disapointment, hope, sorrow, humor, suffering, and success, so the greatest novels
reflect life and contain with many elements (p.133). Just like The Memory
Keeper’s Daughter, this novel also combines many elements of life. The idea
itself came from a true story of 40 years old man who never know that he had a
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Down Syndrome brother but the brother died before the man know that he was
exist.
The novel is about an orthopedic surgeon, David Henry, who helps his wife,
Norah Henry, giving birth to a twin, boy and girl. The baby boy is perfect and
healthy but the girl has Down syndrome. Quickly, he makes a decision not to keep
the girl but give her to his nurse, Caroline Gill. He asks her to bring his daughter
to an institution. Instead of giving the baby into an institution, the nurse decides to
raise the baby by herself without telling Henry first. Meanwhile, Henry tells
Norah that their baby girl passed away.
Caroline, who keeps the baby girl, names her Phoebe, just as Norah wants if
she has a baby girl. Phoebe grows up into a cheerful girl but like other Down
syndrome child, she is slow to develop, compare with normal child. In the
opposite, her twin, Paul, grow up into a healthy, smart, and charming boy.
To be a person who has disability is not an easy thing to deals with.
Sometimes, it needs big effort or others’ help to do a simple thing. They have to
depend on others to keep a living because they cannot earn money by themselves.
For some, the existence of mentally disabled people only becomes a burden. They
often feel unwanted or unloved because of their condition.
After realizing that Phoebe has Down syndrome, without hesitation David
gets rid of her. He does not need time to consider his action and ignore the fact
that she is his own flesh and blood. In this stage, the readers find that David is a
cruel and bad person because what kind of father who is capable to get rid of his
children. It does not make any sense. His action cannot be tolerated. If we think
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further, in every decision there must be reason and motivation behind it. There
must be motivation which encourages David to take the decision. What exactly is
his motivation to get rid of his daughter? Is he scared by the fact that it is hard to
raise a disabled child or he hated her because she is imperfect so that, it can
humiliate his family and pride? Is it easier for him to just get rid of her instead of
love her just the way she is? Does he feel guilty, especially when he has to tell a
lie? All of these questions become the background of this study. More
specifically, the background of the study is to find David’s true intention in
getting rid of his daughter.
B. Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to find out David’s motivation in getting rid of
his daughter as seen in the Kim Edward’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.
C. Problem Formulation
1. How is David’s character portrayed in the novel?
2. What is David’s true motivation in getting rid of his Down
syndrome daughter?
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D. Benefits of the Study
There are at least three groups of people who get benefit from this study.
The first is for readers in general. Hopefully, this paper will be useful to
encourage them to read the novel. The novel can gives many valuable things and
enrich their knowledge about literature. Since the theme is unique, they can get
new experience by reading the novel.
The second is for English Education Study Program students, this novel can
be a good reference for them who want to know more about literature work. By
reading this paper, it may help them to study further about some aspects in a novel
which are character, characterization, approaches, and their connection to
personalities and motivation.
The last is for English teacher, they can use the novel as an alternative in the
teaching-learning activity. Not only interesting, this novel contains many high
values that can be taught to students. By reading this paper, the teacher may get
better understanding about the novel before introducing it to the students.
E. Definition of Terms
1. Motivation
According to Mcclelland (1985), motivation refers to something in
people’s mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or
condition called goals (p.4).
Aiken, Jr. (1969) states that motivation refers to something in people
mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or
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condition called goals. A motivated person tends to focus his energy and attention
to an object or situation that will satisfy his motive (p.3). In this study, David’s
motivation becomes the reason why he wants to get rid of his daughter.
2. Goal
According to Hornby (1995), goal is something that you hope to achieve
(577). In this study, David wants to achieve a goal which is getting rid of Phoebe.
So that, he can protects his family
3. Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a chromosal disorder caused by the presence of all or
part of an extra 21st chromosome. People with Down Syndrome has some
common physical signs such as flat face with an upward slant to the eye, short
neck, abnormally shaped ears, deep create in the palm, white spots on the iris of
the eye, poor muscle tone, loose ligament, small hands and feet, and a larger than
normal space between the big and second toes (“Wikipedia,” n.d.).
According to Heyn (n.d.), people with Down syndrome often deal with
health problem for example congenital heart disease, hearing problem, and eye
problem. Beside physical features, they also have mental features, which are
mental retardation or a disability that causes limits on intellectual abilities and
adaptive behavior; conceptual, social, and practical skills use in everyday lives,
delayed language development and low motor development. Down syndrome is
the disease which Phoebe is suffered from. The disease is incurable but it can be
prevented from getting worse.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three important parts. They are review of related
studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related
studies presents the previous works using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.
Reviews of related theories consist of theories which are used in conducting the
study. Meanwhile, theoretical framework contents the explanation how the
theories presented are applied in the study.
A. Review of Related Studies
There have been several studies related to The Memory Keeper’s Daughter.
Siess (2010) in her article Literary and Essays: The Memory Keeper’s Daughter
discusses the conflicts faced by David Henry who is the main character in the
novel. She states that David has to face a conflict due to his decision in giving
away Phoebe. He has to pretend as if nothing happened and takes care of his
family. On the other hand, he has another obligation which is to look after
Phoebe. In the end, he has to choose between his family’s happiness and Phoebe’s
happiness.
The other study is conducted by Poston (n.d.). She reveals how the characters
in The Memory Keeper’s Daughter seem so real and alive. She especially
discusses David and Norah’s character changing. She states that David becomes a
hard and distant man after he decides to get rid of Phoebe. David carries out a
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burden because he is the only person who knows the truth behind the big secret.
She adds how David tries to redeem his mistake by sending Caroline’s money.
“He sends money to Caroline for Phoebe, to still his own guilt and fear about the
past” as for Norah, she portrays her as a mother ripped from one child. She studies
how Norah suffered from lost. “We watch her struggle with addictions, from
alcohol to sex to work, constantly filling the hole left by a daughter she never got
to know”. In the end, she can find her happiness again. “Eventually, Norah finds
love again, but the journey is long and full of loss”.
Morisset (2006) in her study Literary Analysis Essay: “The Memory Keeper’s
Daughter” discusses the setting of time of The Memory Keeper’s Daughter which
is in 1964. In that year, it would not be a problem if parents with disability
children such as Down syndrome, send their children to an institution rather than
raise them at home. The reasons are because the conventional thinking that the
child would be better care and the rest family members will not feel sad with a
child who has special needs. Morisset also adds the theme of The Memory
Keeper’s Daughter which is about family relationship. “Edwards’ debut novel
spans a quarter century from 1964 to 1989, exploring the life of a nuclear family
in which one member harbors an unthinkable secret against the backdrop of
rapidly evolving societal roles and expectations”. Besides talking about the setting
of time and theme, Morisset slightly discusses the characters.
“Edwards has created characters who reside in the shadows of good and evil, black and white, right and wrong. Each is flawed in his/her own way and it is the characters’ shortcomings that make them fascinating while compelling the story forward. Edwards skillfully pulls readers into the characters’ emotional states”(2006).
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However, this study is different from those previous studies. This study focuses
on David’s motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome’s daughter and the
discussion of David’s character. Eventhough some of the previous works also
discuss the character, but in this study, David’s character is deeply explored not
only in general view. The study on David’s motivation to get rid of his daughter is
a new study.
B. Review of Related Theories
This part consists of three parts, which are the theory of critical approach,
the theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of personality, and
theory of motivation.
1. Theory of Critical Approach
Accroding to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), a critical approach to
literature is used to help the readers in order to judge a work of art. To be able to
build the judgment, critical approach needs an understanding of its nature, fiction,
and positive values. They also state that by using critical approach, the readers
will be in a position to receive some positive esthetic values and provide the
means where they can understand the shape of literature and what it meant (p.4).
There are five kinds of critical approaches according to Rohrberger and Woods,
Jr. (1971), which are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the
sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological
approach (pp.6-15).
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a. The Formalist Approach
This approach examines the literature piece without reference to facts of the
author’s life, the genre of the piece, or to its place in the development of the genre
or in the literature history, and without reference to its social society.
The concept of formalist approach is concerned with the ideas, personality and
the development of the author. The formalist approach might be able to judge the
esthetic value of a piece of work but it could not judge the work’s ultimate
greatness or consider the relation to other pieces.
b. The Biographical Approach
The Biographical Approach tends to concern that it is necessary to appreciate
the ideas and personality of the author in order to understand the author’s work.
This approach sees that a work of art is a reflection of the author. The author’s
biographical provides useful facts that could put the reader in a better position to
appreciate the author’s work.
c. The Sociocultural Historical Approach
The proponents of this approach insist that the only way to understand a
literary work is through studying the civilization that produced it. The historical
critics sees that to enrich the reader’s experience. Readers should examine the
other works that has relation to it. It could be from the same author or to works of
similar subject by different author in the same or different period.
Two important factors which underlying the sociocultural-historical approach
are the accuracy to present historical facts as value to the historian, but not
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necessarily to the author and a work of literature might have historical
significance but not necessarily literature significance.
d. The Mythopoeic Approach
Critics who use this approach tend to discover certain universally recurrent
patterns of human thought in which the works of art. Themes about myths such as
death and rebirth, sacrificial suffering, and fertility rites, can be found in the
literature work whether the author is conscious or unconsiuos in using them. It is
difficult to answer if the author is fully aware to use such theme into his work.
e. The Psychological Approach
The Psychological Approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate
certain recurrent pattern just like the Myothopoiec Approach. The different is the
Psychological uses different body of knowledge. It mostly emphasis on Sigmund
Freud and his followers especially the modern psychological movement which get
the biggets effect through Freud’s theory.
Many modern writers have influenced by Freud’s theories. Some critics even
use Freud’s ideas to interpret the author’s work before him. Freud’s followers
believe that he did not invent behaviour pattern but he analyzed what he believed
had always existed.
2. Theory of Character
According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), a character is a person who
involves in a story, acts out in particular time and setting, and experiences some
kind of conflict in the event . The character must be credible so that people sees it
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as a real person. There are two kinds of character; the first one is flat characters
which are described as one-sided character. The second one is round characters
that have many-side. The most important character and becomes the center in a
novel is called protagonist (p.20). The opposite character whom the protagonist
most likely involves in conflict with another character is called the antagonist
(p.21).
Henkle (1977) states that everything which people talk about fiction has
something to do with the people in it. The word people here refer to characters in
the novel. Novel itself is a reflection of a deep and rich knowledge of human life
(p.86). Characters are the representative of human condition and the times which
they life. Characters are categorized into two, which are major characters and
secondary characters. Major characters are the main focus in the novel and
frequently appear in the story (p.90). By understanding those characters it means
that the readers can understand the novel. Major characters hold an important role
to build expectations and desires of the readers. They are created to present
convicting dramatizations of the human’s issues. The effectiveness of a novel is
depends on the major characters’ ability to express and dramatize the human’s
issues (p.92).
Meanwhile secondary characters functioned as supportive characters and
performed limited functions. The readers can discover the time and the society in
the novel by observing the secondary characters’ life (p.94). Secondary characters
can be functioned as point of reference, means that the readers can understand the
major characters through the secondary characters because they are the one who
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come on a scene frequently to comment on the event, be friend with the major
characters, and interact with the major characters (p.95). The secondary characters
are generally less complex and intense. The characters are limited in ways
different from the major characters. Their responses toward conflicts are less
complex and interesting so that they may suffer less (p.97).
A novelist E.M. Forster states that there are two types of characters, round and
flat. Round character has several traits that form a complex and dynamic
personality. It means the character changing as the story progress. While flat
character is static from the beginning to the end of the story (as cited in Barnet,
Burto, and Cain, 2005, pp. 228-228).
3. Theory of Characterization
Characters are one of the important point in a novel. By studying and
examining the characters, the readers can follow the story and be a part of it.
Therefore, an author must be able to describe the characters and make it look real
and alive. So that, the readers can feel their presence and can fully imagine it.
Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971) state that characterization is the process in
which an author creates a character. The characters have particular appearance
and personal traits which are different from other characters. There are two ways
that an author uses to characterize the characters. The first way is directly
describes the physical appearance of the characters. The second way is to place
the characters in a situation and observe how the characters behave or speak
(p.20).
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According to Abcarian and Klotz (1988), characterization is the process in
which the characters are changed to make them seem real to the readers.
Characterization cannot be separated from the other elements of fiction, because it
depends on the other elements such as tone, plot, theme, setting, and so on (p.6).
Based on Murphy (1972), there are seven ways that an author uses to reveal the
characters, so that it become understandable and real to the readers’ imagination
(pp.161-173).
a. Personal description
This is the common way used by the author to show the character by giving
personal description such as the character’s appearance and what kind of clothes
he or she wears.
b. Character as seen by others
In this method, the author using others character’s point of view toward
certain character, instead of using other character’s point of view toward the
character. The readers can study the character through other characters.
c. Speech
There are many ways to reveal the character. It is not only by describing the
character’s outside look, but also through the words he or she said when the
character speaks to someone else or gives his or her opinion.
d. Past life
The past life of a character can give the readers clue. The character’s past life
helps the readers to shape the character. The readers can find out about the
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character’s past life through the author description, the character’s thought, or
through the characters conversation with others.
e. Conversation with others
The author gives clue regarding a character through the conversation of other
characters about him or her and the thing they say about him or her. People
sometimes talk about other people and what they say often gives a clue to the
character of the person spoken about.
f. Reactions
The character’s reaction toward various situations and events, gives the
readers description about the character’s personality. The readers can learn the
character by analyzing the character’s attitude when he or she faces some
problem or encounters conflict.
g. Direct Comment
Sometimes, the author gives clue about the character’s through his or her
comment or direct description. The author direct comment itself, can lead the
reader to learn about character.
h. Thoughts
Through the character’s thought, the readers can read the character’s
personality. The character’s thought in a novel is honest and come from the
character’s heart. Sometimes, when the character talk with others, the things he
or she says or opinion is not honest. Meanwhile, thought is pure and honest. It
can help the readers learn the character better.
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i. Mannerism
The last method to give the readers clue is through the character’s manner
and habit. The habit or manner can show the real personality of the character.
4. Theory of Personality
According to Hall and Gardner (1970), the three systems of personality,
namely the id, the super-ego, and ego, have their own mechanism, function, and
component but they interact one another and contribute to form behavior. In
other words, behavior is the result of the interaction between the three major
systems (p.32). Byrne and Kelley (1981) state that id tells what people want to
do, super-ego shows what they should do, while ego decides what they can do
(p.49). The further explanation of each major follows:
a. Id
Weiner (1980) says id is the original system of the personality, unconscious,
and related to biological needs (pp.14-15). Hall and Gardner (1981) add the aims
of id are to avoid pain and obtain pleasure (p.50). Id consists of psychological
energy and becomes the center of it, because it quickly response the body needs
(p.32). Id follows the rule of pleasure principle, which means when someone’s
tension raised, id functions to discharge the tension and make he comfortable. Id
has two processes, the first one is reflect action, it is inborn and automatic
reactions to reduce the tension immediately. The second process is primary
process, which discharges tension by forming an image to reduce tension and
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influence the thinking process so that, it is hard to distinguish between reality and
fantasy (p.33).
b. Ego
According to Hall and Gardner (1971) ego occurs because human need
something real to fulfill their needs and closely related to the objective world
(p.33). Ego is a part of id, the existence cannot be separated from id and it cannot
stand alone. It takes part as the executive of all personality sytems because it
chooses the action, decides the environment features to which it will response,
what needs that will be satisfied, and in what manner (p.34).
Ego follows the rule of reality principle which means it prevents the
discharge of the tension, until the appropriate object to fulfill the needs
discovered. It delays the pleasure principle temporally, because the pleasure
principle is fulfilled when the needed object is found so that, the tension can be
reduced. Ego uses secondary thinking process by creating a plan for satisfaction
based on logic and time orientation. Then, test it whether it will work or not by
some actions (p.34). Byrne and Kelley (1981) state that ego holds the important
key to control the id and super-ego (p.50).
c. Super-ego
Hall and Gardner (1970) mention that super-ego is the moral control of
personality. The main concern is to decide whether something is right or wrong
so it can act based on the moral standards create by the society (p.34). Super-ego
has two subsystems, the first one is conscience, means it punish someone who
did something wrong by making him or her feel guilty. The second subsystem is
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ego ideal, which is the opposite of conscious; it rewards someone who did
something right by making him or her proud. Super-ego has three main functions
(p.35):
1) To prevent the impulse of id, especially sexual and an aggressive nature
because they are condemn by the society.
2) Persuade ego to change moralistic goals into realistic goals.
3) Strives for perfection
5. Theory of Motivation
Aiken, Jr. (1969) mentions that motivation refers to something in people’s
mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or
condition called goals (p.110). A motivated person tend to focus his energy and
attention to an object or situation that will satisfy his motive (p.145). Petris
(1981) says motivation is the explanation, used to make sense the behavior that is
being observed. Motivation is the concept used to describe the strength of act on
or within someone to initiate direct behavior. It is also used to explain differences
in the intensity of behavior (p.3). The source of motivation can be from human
thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and also social interactions. Motivation is not clear
for the person who experiences it. The basic motive of all human is to be
fulfilled as they can (p.4).
McClelland (1985) adds the basic motive of all human is to be fulfilled as
they can. The subject matter of a motivation is dealing with how behavior gets
started, energized, sustained, directed, and stopped (p.4). He also mentions that
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motivation’s strength cannot be measured directly but indirectly because of the
influence of values, skills, and opportunities (p.152).
C. Theoretical Framework
In order to find the answer of the problem formulations, some theories that are
explained before is used.
Before conducting this study, the writer chooses the appropriate approach.
Psychological Approach turns out to be a suitable approach. Therefore, the writer
uses this approach.
The theories of character and characterization are used by the writer to
analyze David Henry’s character as questions in the first problem formulation.
The theories help the writer to study the main character further and determine his
characteristic.
To answer the second question in the problem formulation, the writer uses the
theory of motivation and personality. By applying these theories, the writer can
find out the real motivation of David in getting rid of his daughter and the process
when he makes the decision. The theories complement each other to find the true
motivation.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter consists of three parts, namely object of the study, approach of
the study, and method of the study. The object of the study shows a brief
description about the novel The Memory Keepers’ Daughter and the story. The
approach of the study consists of the approach in literature that the writer used to
analyze the novel and the reason why the approach is chosen. The last part is
method of the study, where the writer explains the steps taken in the study.
A. Object of the Study
The subject matter of this study is a novel The Memory Keepers’ Daughter
by Kim Edwards. The first edition of this novel was published in New York,
USA, by Penguin Group in 2005 and consists of 513 pages.
The Memory Keepers’ Daughter is a touching novel about an orthopedic
surgeon, Dr. David Henry, who gets rid of his daughter, Phoebe, to an institution
due to her condition. Actually, his wife, Norah, gave birth to a twin, a healthy
baby boy, Paul, and a baby girl with Down syndrome. Dr. Henry who helps his
wife delivers the babies, knows that Phoebe suffers from Down syndrome by
seeing her physical appearance. Suddenly, he asks his nurse, Caroline Gill, to take
Phoebe away. Caroline, who supposes to get rid of the baby, decides to raise her.
Norah, who knows that her daughter died feels so upset and sad. David who
knows the truth, could not do anything except cheers her up. Seeing his wife
suffers, does not make him want to reveal the secret. He believes that his decision
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is right. It is better to get rid of Phoebe rather than raise her, because in the end
she will die in a young age.
On the other hand, Caroline’s life becomes better after she raises Phoebe.
Phoebe brings a new hope and light in her life. Phoebe who is predicted cannot
survive in this world, grows into a healthy girl despite her condition.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing the novel, the writer uses one of the critical approaches proposed
by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. There are five approaches which are formalist
approach, biographical approach, socio-cultural approach, mythopoeic approach,
and the psychological approach. Among the five approaches, the writer uses
psychological approach.
The psychological approach is used to understand the characters’ personality
by observing their thought and behavior. The approach is also used to reveal the
motivation behind David’s decision to get rid of his daughter.
C. Method of the Study
This study conducted library study method. There were two sources that were
being used. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was
Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter (2005). Meanwhile, the
secondary sources were taken from books and articles from the interne.
There were some steps which the writer took to conduct this study. First, the
writer read the novel, The Memory Keeper’s Daughter, thoroughly in order to
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understand the whole part of the novel. After reading the novel, the writer wanted
to know the motivation of the main character behind his decision in getting rid his
Down syndrome’s daughter.
Second, the writer chose two problem formulations, which were related with
David’s character and his motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome’s
daughter. Third, the writer found the appropriate approach to conduct this study.
The approach which was suitable was Psychological Approach. This study
focused on the main character’s personality and motivation. Therefore,
Psychological Approach was chosen. Forth, the writer analyzed this study by
using the theories that were being chosen. The theories were the theory of
character, theory of characterization, theory of personality, and theory of
motivation.
The last step, the writer drew conclusion about the study. The conclusion
includes the summary of the problems that have been answered. The writer also
gave some suggestions for the future researchers and teaching learning activities.
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CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussion of the problem formulations as stated in
the first chapter. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is the
discussion of David’s character. The second part is the explanation of David’s
motivation in getting rid of his Down syndrome’s daughter.
A. David’s Character as Portrayed in The Memory Keeper’s Daughter
To reveal David’s character, several theories have been used, namely
theory of character and characterization. Theory of character is used to find out
what kind of character David is. Rohberger and Woods, Jr.(1971) state that a
character is a person who is involved in a story, acts out in particular time and
setting, and experiences some kind of conflict in the event (p.20). Forster
mentions there are two kinds of character, flat and round character (as cited in
Barnet, Burto, and Cain, 2005, pp. 228-228). David is a round character, because
he has several traits that shape him into a complex character. His character is also
dynamic, means it changes as the story goes. At the beginning of the story, he is a
caring man. He cares about his wife and he expresses his love for her. “He lifted
her foot, both delicate and swollen inside the light blue sock, and began to
massage it gently” (p.4), but slowly his character changes into a loner person.
“Yet everything had changed. David had changed. Evenings, when he sat beside
her on the couch, browsing through his journals, he was no longer really there”
(p.99).
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Norah notices Davis is changing. He becomes obsessed with photography
and his job as a doctor. The days when they used to walk together holding hands
were no longer exist (p.222). Norah feels as if David sees her as an object of
photography not as his wife. She realizes that he does not really see her and has
not for years (p.227).
David is the major character in the novel. As Henkle says, major character is
the main focus in the novel and frequently appears in the story (90). David is the
main focus in the novel because all the events and conflicts which happen in the
novel are started from David’s decision in getting rid of Phoebe. He frequently
appears in the novel and all the secondary characters often involve David in their
action and mind.
David Henry is an orthopedic surgeon. He has a sister, June, but she died
when she was twelve years old (p.195). She suffered from heart defect and since
his family was poor, June was not able to get proper treatment.
“My parents had hard lives, Paul. They didn’t have money. I don’t mean that they weren’t rich. I mean that sometimes they didn’t know if we were going to have food to eat. And it pained my mother, because they couldn’t get much help for June” (p.279).
His parents died not long after June’s death. His mother was a housewife and
his father was a miner. David is married to Norah Asher, a woman whom he
meets in the department store. They actually have twin babies, boy and girl, Paul
and Phoebe. Due to Phoebe’s condition, David asks his nurse, Caroline Gill, who
is madly in love with him, to take her away to an institution. David lies to his wife
saying that Phoebe is dead after she was born but the truth is he gets rid of her.
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Instead of getting rid of Phoebe, Caroline decides to raise her and moves to
another town (p.86). David, who thinks that Phoebe is get rid of, shocks when he
finds out that Caroline keeps her. He is angry at first, but he realizes that he
cannot do anything. He leaves Phoebe to Caroline to be taken care of.
In order to study David’s character further, the writer applied theory of
characterization proposes by Rohberger and Woods, Jr. (1971), they state that
characterization is the process in which an author creates a character (p.20). While
according to Murphy (1972), there are nine ways to reveal a character namely
personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation
with others, reactions, direct comments, thought, and mannerism (pp.160-173).
By applying those theories, the writer concludes the personality of David. David’s
character can be well understood through his appearance and personality’s traits.
1. David’s Physical Appearance
David is a handsome and charming man. When Caroline meets him for the
first time, she directly falls in love with him. She realizes that he is a kind of man
that she has been waiting for.
“He had brown hair with a reddish tinge and his face was lean, his expression attentive, assessing. He was not distinguished, yet there was something in his stance, his manner-some quiet alertness, some quality of listening-that set him apart. Caroline’s heart quickened and she felt a tingling on her skin, both pleasurable and irritating, like the unexpected brush of a moth’s wing. His eyes caught her and she knew it. Before he crossed the room to shake her hand, before he opened his mouth to speak his name, David Henry, in a neutral accent that placed him as an outsider before all this, Caroline was sure of a single simple fact: the person she’d been waiting for had come” (pp.33-34).
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As for Norah, David is also a good looking man. She agrees to marry him
after three months dating. “Yet here was David, handsome, a doctor, standing in
the doorway of her apartment saying, Come on, please, there’s something special
I want you to see” (p.102).
2. David’s Personality Traits
a. A Kind and Loving Man
David is a loving man. He meets Norah, his wife, in a department store (p.15).
He falls in love with her at the first sight and after three months, he married her
(p.8). David loves Norah so much and his love grows bigger when she is pregnant.
“Watching her, he felt a surge of love and wonder: that she was his wife, that their
baby, due in just three weeks, would soon be born” (p.4). As for Norah, David’s
presence changes and brings new hope in her life. She used to have a dull life and
bored job at the telephone company. She thinks that she will be single for her
entire life but her life changes after she meets David.
“There had been moments, watching others go off to sorority parties, or sitting on her stool in the windowless room of the telephone company while co-workers planned their weddings down to the last corsage and party mint, when Norah, so quiet and reserved, believed she would be single all her life. Yet here was David, handsome, a doctor, standing in her doorway of apartment saying….. “ (p.102).
As a father, David also loves both of his children Paul and Phoebe. David
is happy when Paul, a beautiful dark-haired boy, is born .When Paul is still very
young, he has a close relation with him. They used to play and collect stones
together. Paul makes his life perfect despite his busy activity as a doctor.
“He squatted down and held out his arms, and Paul plunged in to them, resting his head briefly on David’s shoulder, the bristle of his new haircut both soft
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and stiff against David’s neck. David kissed his forehead, regretting that moment of anger… “ (pp.178-179).
Paul likes to play guitar since he is a teenager. David gives him a special
Almansa guitar for his birthday present and it becomes his favorite guitar. “He’d
spent hours researching this guitar, ordering it on a company in New York; his
face was full of quiet pleasure as Paul lifted it reverently from the box.” (p.228).
Everytime he watches Paul’s perform, his eyes become teary as he listens to
Paul’s music. Paul wants to be a musician but David disagrees because for him,
music is just a hobby not as a choice of career. Although David opposes Paul’s
dream, he still loves him. David sometimes travels to another town to watch his
son performs. “Sometimes David traveled a hundred miles or more, to Cincinnati
or Pittsburgh or Atlanta or Memphis, to slip into the back of a darkened
auditorium and watch Paul performs” (p.409).
Eventhough David gets rid of Phoebe, deep inside he still loves her. He
keeps every letters and photos of Phoebe in his dark room. Caroline keeps him
posted by sending letters, telling that Phoebe is fine and how she grows up. She
even puts Phoebe’s photos. When David receives Caroline’s letter for the first
time, he does not want to read it, he even throws it in the trash, unopened.
However, he ends up keeping it secretly in his dark room (p.182). David always
sends money for Phoebe to the address written in Caroline’s post mark letter,
along with a note asking where she is now, because the post marks of her letters
are from different towns (p.182). Everytime Caroline sends him letters, she never
writes down her address. David, who wonders where Phoebe is, hires a private
investigator to find her (p.402). He wants to find her and finally he gets her
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address in Pittsburgh. Seeing Phoebe, makes he feels as if he is seeing Paul. She
really resembles Paul (p.403). David realizes that he is secluded in Phoebe’s life.
She is invisible to him for years, but now he sees her real figure. David does not
come into her house, he just sees her from his car (p.403). He does not want to
disturb Phoebe’s happiness with her new family. He leaves the past undisturbed.
Before he dies, he makes an account using Caroline’s name on it (p.402).
David also loves his late sister, June, though she is weak but it does not
make he hates her. When he is young, his jobs are to feed the chicken, weed the
garden, clean the coop, and watch June. He treats June like a normal healthy child.
He does not comfort her when she falls and lets her play dirt, rubs it in her hair
“His love for her was so deeply woven with resentment that he could not untangle
the two” (p.153).
David has a close relation with June and he always care for her. She is his best
friend, everytime he goes home after school; June’s happy face welcomes him.
”Yet when he came up the path from school with his books slung over his back, it
was June who looked into his face and understood what his day had been like,
who wanted to know all about it” (p.154). He always remember June, his lovely
sister. He remembers her sweet voice when she sings, how she likes to eat
homemade jelly, how she loves butterflies and wind (p.136), and she does not
afraid of snakes (p.195). Her death leaves a deep scar in his heart. He always
longs his childhood moment with her. “He thought of June, the way her hair got
so blond in the sun each summer, the scent of her skin-soap and warmth and
something metallic…. . He had loved her so much, her sweet laughter” (p.143).
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David is a kind hearted-man; he proves it when he takes Rosemary to his
house. Rosemary is a pregnant girl who is living in his abandoned old house. He
brings her home with him. He insists her to stay in his house though Norah
disagrees with his decision (p.356). He convinces Norah that Rosemary needs
help, she is still very young and pregnant (p.365). He tells her his secret, the big
secret that he tries to bury (p.345). Rosemary knows everything about David and
it makes Norah suspicious. She feels David’s relation with Rosemary is stronger
and closer than physical relation. “And yet Norah sensed something between the
two of them, an emotional connection, alive and positively charged, which pierced
her as much, perhaps more, than any physical affair would have done” (p.374).
The fact that Rosemary knows everything about David makes Paul jealous. He
is jealous because he never gets a chance to visit David’s childhood house. He
envies Rosemary for knowing everything about June, about Paul’s hobby and
dream, and his relation with his father. She even visits June’s grave with David
“Paul felt something fill him then, some emotion he couldn’t name. Envy, maybe, that this girl, this thin pale stranger with the beautiful ears, had been to a place that mattered to his father, a place he himself had never seen. I’ll take you there someday, his father had promised, but years had passed and he had never mentioned it again” (p.359).
David has a special relationship with Rosemary. He can be himself
whenever he is with Rosemary. He shows his broken hearted, fragile and
miserable side of him to her. She knows everything about him, his family and
Phoebe. He can easily tell her about Phoebe and she is just listening not judging
him. She knows that somehow she fills the space left by Phoebe in David’s heart
(p.395).
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David loves Jack, Rosemary’s son, like his own son. He loves to play with Jack
and holds his hand when they are walking (p.394). Moreover, he makes an
account for him under Rosemary’s name (p.401). Seeing Jack makes he wonders
about his memory with Paul.
“The truth was, he loved to watch the boy. He loved to read Jack stories, feeling his weight and warmth, his head falling against his shoulder as he drifted nearly into sleep. He loved to hold his small trusting hand when they walked down the side-walk to the store” (p.394) .
He is sad when Rosemary and Jack are going to move and leave him. They
have been his companions since he divorces with Norah and moves from his
house (p.399).
b. A Good Doctor
Since he was a boy, David is a very smart boy. He is able to go to school
because he gets a scholarship. He wants to be a doctor after June’s dead. It is his
mom who asks him to study and help the world. Actually deep inside his heart, he
feels guilty because he is still alive, while his sister is buried on the ground. He
feels sorry for her, which is why he wants to be a doctor. He chooses to be an
orthopedic doctor because he is amazed by his feet bone. Once he ever gets his
feet to be X-rayed and he is amazed by the mysterious figure of his feet (p.195).
David is known to be a very good doctor. He has a great ability in diagnosing
and very skillful. He graduated when he is very young. He is the first student who
graduated in his class (p.9). He is happy with his profession. “He enjoy his
profession as a doctor and very happy with it. He was pleased-it was good to be
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able to help people in need, to offer healing-something he could not seem to do
for those he loved the most” (p.137).
He is a dedicated doctor. He does not mind to wake up in the middle of the
night when he gets call from hospital (p.143). Every Tuesday nights, he treats
patients for free. That is why many people would come and fill the waiting room.
He often stays until midnight to treat his patients.
“Then rising to open the office doors again on Tuesday nights, a free clinic for patients who could not afford to pay him. The waiting room was always full on those nights, and he was often still there when Caroline finally went home at midnight, so weary herself that she could barely think” (p.38).
Caroline even cannot hate him because she remembers how devoted David
is with his patients. He really cares and loves his patients.
“She wanted to hate him still, but she remembered how many nights he had stayed in the clinic, treating patients who could not afford the care they needed. Patients from countryside, from the mountains, who made the arduous trip to Lexington, short on money, long on hope. The other clinics partner had not liked it, but Dr. Henry had not stopped” (p.82). After he divorces and moves out, he decides to leave his former practice,
because a man, who becomes his patient for twenty years, is turned away because
he lacks of health insurance (p.398). Now, David has his own practice and he
takes care of everyone rich or poor. He works not for money anymore. Money is
not the reason why he is still being a doctor. He does not mind when some of his
patients do not pay him in a form of money but with field produce or yard work
(p.398). When he died, many people come to his funeral and fill the little church.
They are his patients whose lives are saved by him (p.417).
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c. Likes to Collect Stone and Photography
David likes to collect stone since he was a little boy. It was his father who
teaches him about stones and he becomes fond of them, “On one such night his
father handed him a smooth stone, on axe head he had found while digging a
trench” (p.150). Since then, he likes to collect stones and put it in his shelves
(p.135). Later, he also teaches Paul about stone and as a boy Paul also seems to
like it (p.179). He likes to look for stones and show it to David. Even when he
grows up, he still remembers how David used to tell him about stones and how
happy he is when he found stones.
“He reached into his pocket and spread some small stones on the hood of the car. “Remember these?” he asked, as Norah picked one up, fingering the smooth white disk with a hole in the middle.”Crinoids. From sea lilies. Dad taught me about them, the day I broke my arm” (p.390).
Norah is aware of David’s hobby in collecting stone. Sometimes, she finds
stones everywhere, in David’s pocket, scatter on the dresser, or tuck into
enveloped in the desk (p.171). She feels very happy when she sees David and Paul
look for stones together.
David has another hobby which is photography. He becomes obsessed with
camera since Norah gives him one for their wedding anniversary’s present.
Actually, Norah hopes that the camera can distract David because he is so busy
with his job (p.98). Later, she feels regret because he seems to be obsessed with it
(pp.170-171). David builds a dark room in their house after his photos get noticed
and no one comes into the room except him (p.272). He spends most of his time in
that room, developing film or doing experiments with light (p.272). Besides, the
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dark room brings different atmosphere. It is cool and quiet. That is why he feels
peace there (p.180).
d. Ashamed of His Past Life
David is a mysterious man. It is not only because he hides a big secret but he is
also shames of his past life. David never tells Norah much about his family and he
does not tell Paul either. He shames by the fact that he used to be poor. Norah
understands about David’s feeling. That condition makes him hard to reveal
himself (p.422). David’s family has a small clapboard house on the hill. They also
have chickens and cow (p.322). David helps his mother by feeding the chickens
and milking the cow. He also works in a store near the main street. The money
which he gets is used to rent a room because his school is far from his house
(p.331). His family is very poor; they collect old engines, tin cans, milk bottles
that are scattered across the lawns and hills (p.336). When he was a boy, David
used to go with his father to hunt snakes. The snakes are sold and the money is
used to pay for food and June’s medication.
“That was one time. There were other days when they went out to catch rattlesnakes. Dusk to dawn, they’d walked through the woods, carrying forked sticks, cloth bags over their shoulders and a metal box swinging from David’s hand” (p.150).
After June died, David goes to university in Pittsburgh to be a doctor and help
the world as his mother’s wish. When he studied there, he used David Henry as
his name but in fact, his real name is David Henry McCallister. Formerly, it is not
his intention to change his name, but it started from a mistyped letter of
acceptation with his name on it. Though the name is wrong, the address and
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Social Security Number are correct. However, David who is aware of this mistake
does not try to fix it. He uses the name David Henry to register in the university.
He does not tell anyone about it. He just wants to be a new person with no history
and unburden with the bitter past (p.330).
David tries his best to have a better life and gives his family everything. He
becomes a successful doctor and earns much money. He also wants Paul to be a
successful man who has great income and able to support his future family. That
is why, when Paul tells him that he wants to be a musician, he opposes the idea.
David believes, that it is alright if Paul likes to play guitar, but not make it as his
career. According to David, being a musician does not give much for living. He
wants Paul to persuade other things outside music, because Paul has many talents.
However, Paul insists that he will go to Julliard to study music though David
disagrees (p.255). Music is everything for Paul. That is why he does not want to
give up on it (p.280).
B. David’s Motivation in Getting rid of Phoebe
According to Aiken, Jr. (1969), motivation refers to something in people’s
mind which arouses activity and directs people to obtain certain object or
condition called goals (p.110). Petris (1981) adds that motivation can be from
human thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and social interaction (p.4). In this part, the
writer tries to find out what is David motivation in getting rid of Phoebe. His
motivation comes from his thoughts about his past life especially about June and
the feeling of lost that he and his parents ever feel. Besides, there are other factors
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that motivated David to give away Phoebe. Those factors are divided into two,
surface motivation and deeper motivation.
1. Surface Motivation
Surface motivation means the motivation that can be clearly seen and states
in the novel. There are several surface meanings that motivate David to get rid of
Phoebe, those are:
a. Does not Want Norah to End up Like His Mother
June has become the center attention of David’s parents since she is
diagnosed with heart defect. All of their attention goes to June because she is
weak and could not do anything. They try to protect her. When she is dead,
David’s parents feel confuse. They do not know what to do, because after all these
years, June gets their attention. “He remembered thinking bitterly, that they did
not know what to do with themselves without June to care for. She had been the
center of all their lives for so long” (p.143). June’s death brings sadness and grief
to his family. His mother, who is already sad by the fact that June is different from
other child, tries to survive and give June her love. She cries whenever she sees
June tries to catch her breath (p.23). Yet, she died when she was twelve years old
(p.195). David’s mother has tries to do her best and face the reality. June’s death
makes her so sad and lost. The memory of his sad mother is always haunts him.
“Still, he remembered the depth and endurance of his mother’s grief, the way she
walked uphill to the grave every morning, her arms folded against whatever
weather she encountered” (p.21). Not long after June’s death, his father also dead,
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and his mother moved to her sister’s house. Since then, David never sees her
(p.143).
David wants to protect Norah from pain and loss. He does not want Norah’s
life to be broken when Phoebe died. It hurts him to see his mother’s grief and
sadness. He does not want Norah to feel the same. “He had wanted to spare her,
to protect her from loss and pain; he had not understood that lost would follow her
regardless, as persistent and life-shaping as a stream of water” (p.139). Caroline
also understands that David’s reason to get rid of Phoebe is to protect Norah. “He
told me once about his sister. She had a heart defect and died young, his mother
never got over her grief. For what’s worth, I think, he was trying to protect you”
(p.472). Moreover, David wants to protect his family from grief and pain. “This
was the grief he had carried with him, heavy as a stone in his heart. This was the
grief he had tried to spare Norah and Paul, only to create so many others” (p.338).
David wants Paul to grow up happily without suffering like David. No matter how
hard David tries to protect Paul, he still feel lost. He wonders about his sister. “He
reached for his guitar, wondering about his sister. If she hadn’t died. Would she
be like him? Would she like to run? Would she sing?” (p.270).
After all, as a mother who loses her daughter, Norah feels really sad,
depresses and cannot forget Phoebe. Phoebe is always on her mind, though she
tries to be strong and accept the truth. “She’d been paralyzed with grief almost,
too full of sorrow even to weep. But she had stayed for several hours before she
finally stood up and brushed off her clothes and went home” (p.94). She never has
the chance to hold or look at her face. Even in the day when she gives birth, David
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would not allow her to see Phoebe. He says that Phoebe is already buried and it is
better for them to just go home and take care of Paul (p.48). She wants other
people to remember Phoebe. She is angry when her neighbors come to
congratulate her and they praise how beautiful Paul is. They do not even mention
Phoebe. It breaks her heart (p.60). She always remembers Phoebe and it hurts her.
“Oh, this was silly, her loss had happened almost two decades ago. Surely this
grief should not wells up, fresh as water in a spring” (p.387). Sometimes, she feels
that David is already forget about Phoebe, because everytime she wants to talk
about her, David seems to avoid the conversation. He is even mad when Norah
wants to have a memorial service for her (p.64).
b. Difficult to Raise Phoebe
Raising a child with a special condition is hard. As a doctor, David knows
about it very well. It takes a lot time and money to take care of Phoebe. When he
sees Phoebe for the first time, he realizes something is not right. He remembers
what his professor said back in his college days.
“A classic case, he remembered his professor saying as they examined a similar child, years ago. A mongoloid, do you know what that means? And the doctor, dutiful, had recited the symptoms he’d memorized from the text: flaccid muscle tone, delayed growth and mental development, possible heart complications, early death. The professor had nodded, pacing his stethoscope on the baby’s smooth bare chest. Poor kid. There’s nothing they can do except try to keep him clean. They ought to spare themselves and send him home” (p.21).
He also remembers the pain that June suffers from. She grows up very slow.
Moreover, she is hard to breathe. Her condition gets worse year by year until she
dies (p.136). David who knows exactly what will happen to Phoebe, does not
want to take the risk. It will be hard for him and Norah to keep Phoebe. There is
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nothing he can do, except send Phoebe to an institution. It is the best way because
she would be in good hands and get the right treatment (p.25).
2. Deeper Motivation
Deeper motivation means David’s real motivation why he hands Phoebe to
Caroline. This motivation is not clearly stated in the novel, but it is holding an
important factor why David decides to get rid of Phoebe. Those motivations are:
a. Selfish
Beyond his reason to spare his family from sadness, it is actually he himself
who does not want to feel sad again. He has been suffering from the lost since
June’s death. It haunts him every day. He is sick of it and he does not want to
experience it again. Phoebe reminds him of June. “When he imagined the
daughter he’d given away, it was his sister’s face he saw, pale her hair, her serious
smile” (p.139). When he thinks about June, he remembers the days they used to
spend together. He is always sad whenever he remembers June, his beloved sister,
who dies at a young age. “His sister, this girl who loved wind, who laughed at the
sun on her face and was not afraid of snakes. She had died at age twelve, and by
now she was nothing but the memory of love nothing, now but bones” (p.195).
David still feels lost and grief in his heart. He is shock when his mother tells him
June is gone. The pain is deep inside his heart and he could not even cry. “The
pain he felt was deep inside him and above that was numbness and he could not
cry” (p.154). He tries to be a new person. He becomes a great doctor and has a
better life. He does not want to ruin it, the new life that he builds so hard.
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The memories of David and his mother’s sadness, lost, pain, and grief make
him thinking to get rid of Phoebe. In this part, his id is taking a big part. Id is the
first system in human personalities proposes by Sigmund Freud. As Hall and
Gardner state id is aimed to avoid pain and obtain pleasure (p.33). When David
sees Phoebe for the first time, the memories of June emerges. The image of his
lost, sad, and heartbroken mother also comes to his mind. It breaks his heart how
his mother is truly sad and lost. He does not want Norah and Paul to feel the same
sadness the he and his mother ever feel (p.21).
David’s decision to get rid of Phoebe is affected by the feeling of grief and
pain that he and his mother experience. Then, his ego decides that it is the best
way if he gives her up. Ego is the second system of human personalities. It takes
part as the executive of all personality systems because it chooses the action,
decides the environment features to which it will response, what needs that will be
satisfied, and in what manner (p.34). His memory of lost along with his mother
sadness stimulates David to take an action. To avoid the pain he used to feel, he
gives away Phoebe. He can live happily with Norah and Paul without concerning
about Phoebe’s condition. They will not sad when Phoebe died at any times.
No matter how hard David tries to think that getting rid of Phoebe is the best
way, still he feels guilty and regrets (p.253). After all, he does the wrong thing
that is why he feels regret and guilty for what happen in his family. His super-ego,
the last system in human personalities, makes him feel guilty because of his
wrong decision. Super-ego is the moral control of personality; the main concern is
to decide whether something is right or wrong so it can act based on the moral
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standards create by the society (p.34). David is doing the wrong thing by getting
rid of Phoebe. He does not even tell Norah. He lies for his entire life. He makes
Norah and Paul suffer because of his action. He really regrets it. The super-ego’s
sub system that makes David feels guilty is called conscience. It is punishes
someone who doing wrong by making him feels guilty. David feels guilty but he
does not have the courage to tell Norah the truth. “He had never been able to tell
her the truth, knowing he would lose her entirely- and perhaps Paul too-if he did”
(p.394). He realizes that it is his fault which makes his family breaks into pieces.
It is all because of the secret that he could not tell. He blames himself for what
happen with Norah and Paul.
“He had given their daughter away. This secret stood in the middle of their family; it shaped their lives together. He knew it; he saw it, visible to him as a rock wall grown up between them. And he saw Norah and Paul reaching out and striking rock and not understanding what was happening, only the something stood between them that could not be seen or broken” (p.247).
He is aware by the fact, that his secret makes Norah’s life miserable. First,
she begins to drink too much and later she has affairs (p.349). He does not blame
Norah when she has affairs, because he realizes that it is his fault. He tries to
ignore it and forgive her because he is the one who makes it happen.
“He’d made a choice, on the beach; he’d left Norah’s clothes lying on the sand, her laughter spilling into the light. He’d gone back to the cottage and worked with the photos, and when she’d come in, an hour or so later, he hadn’t said a thing about Howard. He’d kept this silence because his own secrets were darker, more hidden, and because he believed that his secrets had created hers” (p.259).
Norah notices that her relation with David is further away. She tries to keep
their relation closer, to remember what they are used to be in their early marriage
days, but it seems to be nothing (p.222). She prepares a special vacation for David
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and Paul. She hopes that it can make their relation becomes close again, but David
is only busy with his camera. Norah tries to please him by posing for hours to ease
the distance between them. However, David does not notice it. It makes her tired
with their relation (p.223). That is why she starts to have affairs.
David realizes that Paul also suffers from his lie and their mess up life. He
hurts Paul. He tries to make it right but it is useless.
“Paul suffered for it, he knew that. David had tried so hard to give him everything. He had tried so hard to give him everything. He had tried to be a good father. But however hard he worked to make Paul’s life smooth and easy, the fact remained that David built that life on a lie” (p.327).
He wants to make his relation with Paul become close again but it never
works. “He’d wanted to connect with Paul, to have a moment when they
understood each other, but his good intentions had spiraled into argument and
distance”(p.258). Paul knows that his parents are unhappy with their life. He
realizes that his father has secret and he knows Norah is having affair.
“You and Mom,” Paul said, his words bursting out, as if he he’d been holding them back a long time, “What’s wrong with you, anyway? You live like you don’t care about anything. You don’t have any joy. You just get through the days no matter what. You don’t even give a damn about that Howard guy” (p.255).
He realizes that it is partly his fault why his parents are unhappy. He believes
that it is his duty to protect his family. It is his responsibility since he is the one
who still alive unlike Phoebe (p.272). Through his music, Paul wants to make
everything right. He wants to bring joy and happiness for his parents. He plays
music to shout out his heart. He is good at it, but his parents never seem to care.
“All these years he had been good, but it hadn’t made any difference. He’d discovered music and played his heart out into the silence of that house, into the hole his sister’s death had made in their lives, and that hadn’t
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mattered either. He had tried as hard as he could to make his parents look up from their lives and hear the beauty, the joy that he’d discovered. He’d played so much and he’d gotten so fine. And yet all this time they’d never looked up, not once, not until Rosemary had steeped through the door and altered everything” (p.370).
David finds his new passion through photography. He really obsessed with
it, that is why he spends most of his spare time in his dark room. He feels peace in
the dark room and it is quite (p.180). No one ever goes there except him. For
David, photography is about perception series, images of the body that look like
something else all and secrets that people will have and never tell (p.257). He sees
the world different through camera, “Sometimes watching images emerge in the
bath of developer, he glimpse Norah arm, the curve of her hip, and full with a
deep sense of his love for her” (p.245). Aside photography, David is very busy
with his job as a doctor. He is busy in helping others. “He had devoted himself to
his work and, in those areas of life he could control, had been very successful”
(p.394). He does not have time to do other things beside working and
photographing. “He worked so hard, and spent long hours in his darkroom too,
clipping images to dry on the clothes he’d strung form wall to wall” (p.222).
Norah hates David’s hobby in photography because he tends to ignore the other
things. “It makes her sad because he speaks of photography as he had spoken once
of medicine, of their marriage, a language and tone that evoked the lost past and
filled her with longing” (p.223).
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b. Shame and Afraid by the Fact that He is a Carrier
David holds an important role why Phoebe is suffered from Down syndrome.
He carries the genetic that caused Down syndrome. It is true that June is the one
with the disease, but it does not mean that David does not have it in his body. As a
doctor, he should know it. He is afraid Norah will blame him for what happen to
Phoebe. He should know the risk when he has children because indirectly he is a
carrier. Therefore, it is better if she regards Phoebe is dead. It explains why he
always refuses whenever Norah says that she is ready to have another baby.
“I want to have another baby, David,” Norah said David was so startled he didn’t speak for a moment. “The timing seems wrong,” he said. “That’s all.”
“You’re saying no. you’re saying no, but you don’t want to admit it”. “We’re not ready,” David said. “I’m not” (p.148).
From the conversation between David and Norah, it can be seen that
David is afraid to have other children, because his children might be born like
Phoebe or June. He does not want to take the risk tough Norah badly wants
another baby.
“June’s death had broken their mother’s spirit, and David could no longer believe himself immune from misfortune. It was statically unlikely that they’d have another child with Down syndrome, but it was possible, anything was possible; and he couldn’t take the risk” (p.149).
At the end, Norah gives up her thought about having baby. She knows that
David does want more children. She is tired in arguing about it. “David did not
want more children, and now that Paul is in school she had given up arguing with
him about it. It was hard to imagine going back to diapers and 2 A.M. feedings,
though she often longed to hold another baby in her arms” (p.171).
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The novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter mostly tells about David’s life.
The author, Kim Edwards, wants to tell the readers about the relation between
David and Phoebe. Although David gets rid of Phoebe, they have an emotional
connection as father and daughter. Phoebe never knows who her real father is and
she never understands though Norah and Paul try to tell her (p.494). All of
David’s attention goes to Phoebe. He does not really care about anything, nor
Norah or Paul. Deep in his heart, he always thinks about Phoebe. After all she is
his daughter. Phoebe has similarity with June, David’s sister. Both of them like to
sing, butterflies, and they are nice persons. June who is badly sick likes to sing
when she is still alive. She fills their silent house with her pure voice.
“She had loved butterflies, and standing with her face turned to the sun, eyes closed, and eating homemade jelly on the thin saltines his mother bought in town, she always singing, made up tunes she hummed softly to herself. For months after she died, he had woken in the night, thinking he heard her small voice, singing like the wind in the pines” (p.136).
June is a cheerful girl despite her bad condition. However, she never
complains. She wants to make her family happy by doing simple things that she
can do; singing, laughing, and eating dinner together though it is hard for her to sit
in the table. “It was the year she died, and it was hard for her to sit up at the table,
but she did; she had dinner with them every night, lamplight in her blond hair and
her hands moving slowly with deliberate grace” (p.342).
Phoebe also loves singing and butterflies, she has a sweet and beautiful
voice. Her voice amazes Caroline every time she hears it. “Phoebe’s voice could
do this to her too, the pure tones of her singing drifting through the rooms, making
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Caroline pause in whatever she was doing and stand still, the worlds pouring
through her like light” (p.438).
David and Phoebe build an emotional relation as father and daughter.
Phoebe is interested in one thing David tries to push Paul to do, which is
basketball (p.326). Paul is tall and he is a good runner. David always asks Paul to
try basketball, focuses more on sport and forgets music. Paul hates it, the only
thing he wants to do is music. He hates how David forces him to play basketball
(pp.366-367). On the other hand, his twin likes it. David has Phoebe’s photos
when she is about to shot the ball (p.326). Paul feels that David is getting rid of
the wrong child, because he knows that Phoebe loves basketball just like David
always wants to (p.487). Another thing that Phoebe and David have in common is,
both of them are allergic to bee. Phoebe’s body swells suddenly when a bee stings
her.
“But Phoebe’s sobs were giving way to a wheezing like the croup she’d suffered as a child. Her palm was swelling; the back of her hand and her finger too. Caroline felt herself grow still inside, even as she rose swiftly and called to Al. “Hurry!” she cried, her voice so loud and strange. “Oh Al, she’s allergic” (p.215).
Deep in her heart, Phoebe seems to know David. Phoebe can understand the
look in Paul’s face when he brings Phoebe to David’s grave. She captures Paul’s
sadness and says that she will also be sad if her father died (p.511). She seems to
be connected with David emotionally. When Paul is ready to leave, she is still
there. She touches David’s grave and sings with her beautiful voice as if she
understands that it is her father’s grave. Paul startles seeing that moment.
Unconsciously, he starts to sing along with her. They sing for their father (p.512).
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It is probably the moment that David been waiting for but sadly it happens after
he died. There, in his grave, his children Paul and his neglected daughter Phoebe,
come to see him. It is a beautiful moment that he wants to see. Paul stands next to
his sister, holding hands as they the leave the graveyard (p.513).
David always remembers his family; his mother, father, June, and Phoebe.
They fill his mind everywhere he goes.
“Everywhere David looked he was reminded of his family: the warmth of June’s breath against his cheek, his mother singing as she folded laundry at the table, his father’s stories echoing against these walls. Gone, all of them gone, and his daughter too” (p.345).
For the rest of his life, he always misses Phoebe. He wants to know and
meet her in person not just through photos. Phoebe’s photos are kept and hidden
in the dark room, his personal and private room (p.314). He regrets the moment
when he hands Phoebe to Caroline. He realizes that it is a wrong choice.
However, he wants to turn back, wondering if he can go back to fix the past
(p.253). He hopes that he has courage to raise Phoebe along with Paul. He
wonders what his life will be if he made different decision to keep Phoebe
(p.259). His life will be different and much happier than now. David desperately
wants to find Phoebe, he always asks Caroline where she lives in his letter, but
she refuses to tell. Once he even tells her his intention to meet and know Phoebe
more, but Caroline never replies his letter again (p.313). David is always waiting
for Caroline’s letter, because in her letters, she tells him how Phoebe is and gives
him some of her photos (p.313). It pleases him because he feels like he knows
Phoebe through Caroline’s letters. When he can finally find Caroline, he does not
have courage to approach and talk to Phoebe because he realizes that he is
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invisible for her (p.403). He is just a stranger for her. He is not the one whom she
calls father, but even if David tells her that he is her father, she will never
understand. It hurts him and no matter how much he longs and misses her, he
cannot hold her.
Through his camera, David wants to remember Phoebe. His longing for
Phoebe is reflected through his photos. When Norah looks at his collection after
he died, she finds some strange photos. They are neatly arranged and organized by
year. The first folder is full of infants’ photos, anonymous infants that David takes
randomly. The second folder is not infants anymore but two up to four years old
girls and none of them are familiar. The last folder changes from girls to young
women and again they are anonymous (p.463). Norah realizes that all of those
photos show David’s feeling for Phoebe. She understands now although he never
speaks about Phoebe but he keeps her presence through his camera.
“For a long time Norah sat very still, agitated, on the edge of knowing. And then suddenly the knowledge was hers, irrevocable, searing: all those years of silence when he would not speak of their lost daughter, David had been keeping this record of her absence. Paul, and a thousand other girls, all growing” (p.464).
The photos show how much David misses Phoebe, his lovely daughter. He
knows that he cannot see her. That is why he fills the hole in his heart by
capturing girls’ photos with the same age as Phoebe. He sees the girls as if he sees
Phoebe.
David is similar with Phoebe, they are neglected people. David is isolated by
June’s presence. All of his mother’s attention goes to her because she is sick. He
has to understand it (p.143). He is a healthy boy but June is a fragile sick girl. He
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tries to lessen his mother’s burden by helping her doing the house chores, be a
smart boy in school, and be a good brother for June. At least, there are few things
that he can do to help his mother, but in the end he could not do anything when
June is dead. He cannot make his mother smile again. He cannot replace June in
her heart. All he can see is his mother’s sadness and the memory of grief that she
could not handle (p.21). What he can do is to make his mother’s wish come true
which is to study and help the world. Ironically, when he finally can be a better
person with great job and good income, his mother is no longer there. She leaves
him, she dies and he cannot even stay by her side at her last time (p.143). June’s
death and his mother’s grief are stronger than David’s strength. He cannot make
his mother happy again, no matter hard he tries.
For Phoebe, she is a neglected child. David gets rid of her because she is
sick. He does not even give her chance. He tells everyone that she is dead. She
never exists in Norah and Paul’s world, not until they find out that she is alive.
For the rest of his life, David lives a miserable life, he misses and longs Phoebe.
He wants to stop the time and fix the moment (p.254). His life is full of pain and
both Norah and Paul cannot fix it. He carries the pain until he died and he died in
loneliness with no one beside him (p.414). Everyone is leaving him, his family,
his children, and his wife.
The novel The Memory Keeper’s Daughter refers to Caroline’s memory, as
Phoebe’s foster mother and keeper. Her memory tells the readers from how David
hands Phoebe and asks her to bring Phoebe to an institution. Caroline does
David’s order without asking any further, because she is in love with him. She
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also understands that he is shocked with Phoebe’s condition (p.27). Instead of
getting rid of Phoebe, Caroline decides to raise her because according to her,
because the institution is an awful place (p.82). She decides to keep her and
moves to another town, starting a new life with Phoebe (p.74). She is aware of
Phoebe’s health and understands that it can be worse. She tries to look for job, in
order to survive and gives Phoebe what she needs. She works as a nurse and she
stays in her patient’s house with Phoebe (p.117).
Caroline is a patient mother. She never complains, scold, or blame Phoebe
because of her condition. Phoebe’s growth is slower than the other kids and she is
slow in mastering things. Caroline has to fight for Phoebe’s right to get proper
education like other normal kids. She is the member of Upside Down Society, an
organization in which the members are parents who have children like Phoebe.
Together they insist the Board Education to include their children in public
schools (p.246). Her love for Phoebe grows as the time goes by. At first, she
keeps Phoebe because she pities her but slowly she loves her with all of her heart.
She raises Phoebe well, with love and attention. Phoebe changes her life and
brings light in her dark life. She used to be lonely without anyone beside her, but
now she has Phoebe by her side (p.33). She grows into a mature and wise woman
because of Phoebe. She regards Phoebe as her own daughter, but she is afraid if
David will take her back (p.314). It is not her intention to keep Phoebe away from
David. She regularly sends David letters to tell him how Phoebe is. She also gives
him Phoebe’s photos (p.294). Caroline thinks David will not read her letters, that
is why she can write it freely and spill out her feeling, but it turns out that David
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reads and keeps the letters (p.314). Caroline is succeeding in raising Phoebe,
especially because she is special. Phoebe grows into a happy, cheerful,
independent woman. She even has a job in a photocopy shop (p.472). Phoebe can
survive from her illness because of Caroline and David never expects that she will
survive and live.
“David sat and wrote a letter. He wrote swiftly, letting the words pour out, all his regrets about the past, all his hopes for Phoebe. Who was she, this child of his flesh, the girl he had given away? He had not expected that’s he would live this long, or that she would have the sort of life Caroline wrote him about” (p.259).
David’s unhappy childhood memory makes him decide to get rid of Phoebe.
The pain, sadness, and lost affect him and hold an important role for him to make
the decision (p.249). He does not want to be hurt again, that is why he hands
Phoebe to Caroline. He already lost his sister, mother, and father. He does not
want to feel the grief again. His life is completely changes after June’s born. He is
happy because he has a sister but it turns out that she is sick. His childhood was
full of worries about June’s condition, poverty which makes June does not get
proper treatment, and sadness after she died.
David has an unhappy childhood and ironically it is repeated again by his
daughter. Phoebe also experiences the exact same thing like David. She is a
neglected child; her father does not want her and give her away. Phoebe is
neglected by her own father because she is different from the other kids. It is not
even her fault to have Down syndrome in her body but David does not want to
know. He does not want to raise her. David is also a neglected child, all of his
parents attention goes to June. June is the only thing that they care the most
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(p.143). He has tried to be an obedient son. He helps his mother and becomes a
smart student who gets scholarship. However, it does not good enough to get his
parents’ full attention. Even when June is dead and he is the only child his parents
had, still he does not get their full attention. His parents do not used to not have
June because she is the center of their attention. At least, David is luckier than
Phoebe,. David knows who his parents are. He lives with them for years and gets
their love, though it is not big as their love to June. His parents keep and raise
him. They do not give him away. As for Phoebe, she never knows who her real
parents are and she will never understand. Her father gets rid of her right after she
was born. She never had the chance to be hold by her mother and to be sang
lullaby. She never gets love from her parents, though Caroline loves her, but she
is not her real mother and it is not the same. All of her family thinks that she is
dead. They had never known that in fact she is alive. She would had been happier
if David had not given her away and she would had been to live with her family,
David’s family therefore, will not break into pieces.
David and Phoebe, they are both are separated from their sibling. David is
separated from June by death. He never hates her though she is sick and gets his
parents’ attention. He loves her and she becomes his true companion (pp.153-
154). June is always on his mind. He remembers how they used to spent time
together (p.186) and her sweet personality (p.136).
Phoebe is also far from her twin, Paul. She never knows that she has a brother
but at least she is luckier than David. She gets a chance to meet Paul. It is all
because of Caroline. Caroline takes the risk to tell Norah the truth after she finds
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out that David is dead (p.469). After all these years, she is been hiding, but now
she decides to reveal the truth. Caroline tells Norah everything about Phoebe. She
gives Norah her address, invites Norah to visit her house and meets Phoebe
(p.473). She is the one who reunites Phoebe with her real family. Norah is shock
when she knows that her daughter is a still alive and David gets rid of her. She is
very angry with David for not telling the truth and lying for his entire life (p.474).
Paul also feels the same as Norah. He is angry and surprise by the truth (p.488).
They decide to meet with Phoebe. Paul is preparing himself before he meets
Phoebe. He read the some information about Down syndrome, but the reality is
different. All of the theories that he read are useless when he faces Phoebe.
However, her warm smile eases his worries and makes him comfortable (p.492).
Phoebe, who does not know that Paul is her brother, welcomes him and invites
him to her room (p.495). She comfortably talks about herself to Paul. Paul listens
to her with enthusiasm (p.497). Gradually, they become closer just like brother
and sister. They both have something in common. Both of them like music, Paul
likes to play guitar and Phoebe likes to sing. They also allergic to bees just like
their father.
Both David and Phoebe are far from their mother. Again, it is death which
separates David from his mother. His mother dies because she cannot endure the
sadness after June’s death (p.334). A part of her is dead along with June’s death.
She does not know what to do with her life. June’s death breaks her heart and she
lives in despair until she died (p.149). She cannot accept the fact that June is died
and she cannot control her feeling. Her grief defeats her and she died because of
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it. Norah also sad and lost when she knows that Phoebe is dead. She is sad
because she never has the chance to hold or look at her face. Her happiness is
incomplete because she lost her daughter though she still has Paul. She suffers
from grief and no one seems to care, even David. He avoids everytime she wants
to talk about Phoebe (p.64). Phoebe haunts her everyday, but sometime she feels
that she is alive somewhere (p.172). Norah is different from David’s mother. She
is a strong woman, she is stronger than David’s mother. She does not let the grief
controls her. She tries to move on and built her life again. She does not want to be
weak and sad for her entire life. She did it, she change into a powerful and
independent woman (p.327). She begins to work at a travel company, the job that
she always wants to do but at first she is hesitate to take it (p.22). Later, she owns
the company and develops it. Norah has succeeded in overcoming her grief and be
better person.
Phoebe is separated from her mother. When she meets Norah, she just another
strange person in her eyes. She never knows that Norah is her mother. For
Phoebe, her mother is Caroline. She does not understand when Norah tell her the
truth and she is afraid when Norah asks her to live together (p.494). Phoebe never
understands no matter how hard Norah tries to explain. Phoebe and David
experience the same things, they both have unhappy life. What David feels during
his childhoods is repeated again by his daughter.
The tragic life story of Phoebe is in fact, the fruit of David’s selfishness. This
can be seen from how he deals with his family. He used to be a loving and kind
husband who really cares for his wife, but after he gets rid of Phoebe, he becomes
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a complete different person. He does not care about Norah’s feeling, whether she
is happy or sad. He is busy with himself. He is busy with his new passion which is
photography. He is obsessed with it. He is very excited talking about photography
just like when he is excited talking about medicine (p.223). Photography is the
perfect distraction for him, he is been hiding a big secret from everybody. He does
not want to face it, he prefers to ignore it and pretend that everything is alright.
Photography gives him pleasure and different sensation. The dark room where no
one ever comes is a perfect place for him to hide. It is his personal and private
room that is secluded from the world and it is just his own world that exists.
David is also using his time to work, helping people and fixing their body. He
works so hard every day. He does not mind to wake up in the middle of the night
when someone needs his help (p.473). He is so devoted with his job. It is all
because his mother and June. They both are the persons who make David wants to
be a doctor (p.155). He promises them and he keeps his promise. David’s life is
for photography, his job, and Phoebe. He spends most of his time for those two
things. The other things are nothing for him. Gradually, he becomes a cold and
introvert person. He does not care when Norah has affairs. He does not angry
when he finds out that Norah is having an affair in their holiday (p.259). He
ignores it, though he knows that she is cheating. Later when she has other affairs,
he puts the same ignorant act (p.327). He totally ignores it and does not really care
about it. His selfishness makes him to be an ignorant person. It makes Norah
desperate and as the result she is starting to have affairs (p.237).
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As a son, Paul is also affected by David’s selfishness. For David, Phoebe is
more important than Paul for David. He does not equally love his children.
Phoebe gets his love more than Paul, although it is Paul who lives with him and
calls him “Dad”. He never understands Paul. He hates Paul’s idea to be a
musician, though he realizes that Paul’s passion is music and he has the talent for
it (p.249). He does not want Paul to be a musician though it is Paul’s dream. He
keeps telling Paul that music is a bad choice to make a living (p.255). He forces
Paul to try something else outside music because Paul has many talents which
could give him a wonderful job. He never listens to Paul and because he has
worked so hard to give everything for him (p.280). His action make Paul hates
and disrespects him. He grows into a rebellious teenager. He has a bad
relationship with David and Norah. He becomes introvert. He ever tries to smoke
weed (p.263) and also runs away from home using his neighbor’s car (p.368). He
does all of those things because he is lonely. He does not get enough attention
from David nor Norah. David is busy with his job and photography. On the top of
it, Paul hates how David always telling him to stop dreaming to be a musician.
Meanwhile, Norah is busy with her travel company. Paul is disappointed with her
because he knows that Norah is having an affair (p.263). It hurts him. Since then,
he sees Norah as a different person. He ignores her and treats her rudely (p.251).
Paul releases all of his angers through music (p.268). Music comforts him and
becomes everything for him. Phoebe is happier than Paul though she is neglected
but she is loved and protected by people around her (p.447). On the other hand,
Paul never feels happy in his house, in fact there is no love in his family. It is
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ironic, because he is the one who lives with David and Norah but his life is more
miserable than his neglected sister. It is all because of David. His selfishness
blinds him and hurts people around him. He is the one who makes the wrong
decision. Norah and Paul are innocent but they have to suffer, it is all because of
his selfishness and unhappy childhood.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions. The
first part is the conclusion of the discussion. The second part is the suggestion for
the future researchers and teaching-learning activity in literary work using The
Memory Keeper’s Daughter.
A. Conclusions
The conclusion is the result of the discussion on the two questions, namely
how is David’s character portrayed in the novel and what is David’s motivation in
getting rid of his Down syndrome’s daughter.
By making use of the theory of character by Forster and Henkle, the
character and personality of David can be described as follows:
David is the main character in the novel. He becomes the main focus and
holds an important role in the story. Everything that happens in the novel, the
conflicts and events are happened because of David’s decision to get rid of
Phoebe. David is a round character. It means that his character is changing, at the
beginning he is a caring man but slowly he change into an ignorant man.
David has several personality traits which make him a complex character.
He is a handsome orthopedic surgeon who loves everyone around him especially
his family. He is also a kind man. He is willing to take care Rosemary who has no
relation with him though Norah disagrees. David is a good and skilful doctor; he
devotes himself to his job and helps everyone who needs his help whether they are
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rich or poor. David’s hobbies are photography and stone collecting, he like
collects stones because of his father’s influence and he loves photography since
Norah gives him a camera for their anniversary’s present. David is ashamed by his
past life because he was sp poor and he tries to be a better person.
David’s motivation in getting rid of Phoebe is found through the theory of
motivation by Aiken, Jr. and Petris. Motivation stimulates someone to take action
in order to reach certain goals. David’s motivation in getting rid of Phoebe is
divided into two parts, which are surface and deeper motivation. His surface
motivations are first, he does not want Norah to end up like his mother. David
does not want Norah to be haunted by grief, sadness, and lost like his mother
when June is dead. The second motivation is, as a doctor David realizes raising
Phoebe will be difficult. It takes much time and money. The institution is the best
choice for her because she can get proper treatment.
Meanwhile David’s deeper motivations in getting rid of Phoebe are,
because he is a selfish person. He does not want to feel the same sadness and pain
just like when June is dead. June’s death leaves a big scar in his heart. Therefore,
he does not want to feel it again. The last motivation is because he is ashamed by
the fact that he is the one who holds an important key why Phoebe is suffered
form Down syndrome. He has the genetic cells that cause the disease. He is afraid
Norah will blame him for what happen to Phoebe.
David’s decision effects the people around him. His relation with his family
becomes further away. He escapes through photography and his job. Norah starts
to have affairs and Paul grows into a rebellious teenager. He does not care about
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anything except himself and Phoebe. He is haunted by regret because of his wrong
decision, but he does not have courage to reveal everything. He misses and longs
Phoebe so much, but he is afraid to meet her. David’s motivations are affected by
his unhappy childhood. He could not forget his past no matter how hard he tries.
Ironically, his unhappy childhood memory is also experienced by his daughter,
Phoebe. Phoebe is through the exact unhappy memory as David. David’s tragic life
story is caused by David’s selfishness who loves himself more than he loves
someone including his family
B. Suggestions
This part consists of suggestions for the future researcher and teaching-
learning activities using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter novel.
1. Suggestion for the Future Researchers
The Memory Keeper’s Daughter is an interesting novel. The story is
dramatic, tragic, and heart-breaking. The future researchers who want to study this
novel are suggested to study further about David’s motivation in getting rid of his
daughter. Since this study is imperfect and has many limitations, so it is better for
the future researchers to explore David’s motivation further and find his other
motivations. Therefore, this study can perfect.
2. Suggestions for The Teaching-Learning Activities
Literature is one of the best ways for language learning. Teachers can
encourage their students to read literature works in order to learn new vocabularies
and tenses. They also can use literature works as an example of how to write in a
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good way with sequences and combine different ideas. There are many kinds of
literature works and novel is one of them. Novel is a good media for language
learning. It is relevant with people’s daily live because the story in a novel is the
image of society and anyone could experience it. Studying a novel has an extra
value because the students can get useful values of life. There are many lessons
that can be drawn from reading a novel.
In language learning itself, there are four skills. They are reading, writing,
listening, and speaking. Writing is one of the most suitable skills to use novel as a
learning media. Novel can be a good alternative media for students to learn various
genres of text, such as narrative, descriptive, and recount text. Using novel as an
example of certain text genre, can gives students different experience because
novel deals with human’s emotion and it is closely related to our daily lives.
The Memory Keeper’s Daughter is suggested to be used as a teaching
material for Paragraph Writing class which is offered in the 2nd semester. Due to
the thickness of the novel, teachers can use several paragraphs in this novel as an
example of certain text genre. The writer proposes some paragraphs in this novel to
teach narrative text. The students can apply their knowledge in the previous class,
which was Basic Writing Skill, in this class. They are ten steps in conducting the
teaching learning activity using The Memory Keeper’s Daughter in Paragraph
Writing class. They are as stated as follow:
1. The writer selects the materials from the novel (pp.402-403 and pp.410-411).
2. The teacher introduces the topic which is narrative text briefly.
3. The teacher explains the generic structure of narrative text.
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4. The teacher distributes the worksheet.
5. The teacher asks the students to read the example of narrative text.
6. The teacher asks the students to analyze the text.
7. The teacher asks the students to read another example of narrative text.
8. The teacher asks the students to answer the questions related to the text.
9. The teacher asks the students to write a reflection.
10. The students submit their work at the end of the class.
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REFERENCES
Abcarian, R., & Martin, K. (1988). Literature reading and writing the human
experience. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Aiken, L. R., Jr. (1969). General psychology: A survey. Novato: Chandler
Publishing Company.
Barnet, S., Burto., Williams., & Cain, William, E. (2005). Literature for
composition essays, fiction, poetry, and drama. New York: Congman Pearse.
Byrne, D., & Kelley, K. (1981). An introduction to personality. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Edwards, K. (2005). The memory keeper’s daughter. New York: Penguin Books.
Hall, C. S., & Lindsey, G. (1970). Theories of personality. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Henkle, R. B. (1977). Reading the novel: An introduction to the techniques of
interpreting fiction. New York: Harper and Row, Pub.
Hornby, A. S. (1995). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Mcclelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, and
Company .
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Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding unseen: An introduction to English poetry
and the English novel for overseas students. London: George Allen and
Unwin, Ltd.
Petri, H. L. (1981). Motivation: Theory and research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing Company.
Rohrberger, M., & Samuel, H. W., Jr (1971). Reading & writing about literature.
New York: Random House, Inc.
Weiner, B. (1980). Human motivation. Philadelphia: Saunders Company.
Internet Sources:
Heyn, S, N., Ph.d. (n.d.). Down syndrome. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from
http://www.medicinenet.com/down_syndrome/page9.htm
Morisset, J. (2006, December 26). Review of the stunning first novel the memory
keeper's daughter by Kim Edwards. Retrieved August 20, 2011, from
http://jmorisset.edublogs.org/literary-analysis-essay/
Poston, L. (n.d.). Literary analysis essay: “The memory keeper’s daughter”.
Retrieved August 20, 2011, from
http://leslie-poston.suite101.com/the-memory-keeper-s-daughter-a10949
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63
Siess, Janie., H. (2010, April 20). Book review the memory keeper’s daughter.
Retrieved August 20, 2011, from http://www.jhsiess.com/2010/04/24/book-
review-the-memory-keepers-daughter/
___________. (n.d.). An interview with Kim Edwards author of the memory
keeper’s daughter. Retrieved August, 21, 2011, from
http://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm/author_numbe
r/1270/kim-edwards
___________. (n.d.). Down syndrome. Retrieved September 9, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome
____________. (n.d.). The memory keeper’s daughter. Retrieved August, 21,
2011,from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Memory_Keeper%27s_Daughter
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1:
SUMMARY OF THE MEMORY KEEPER’S DAUGHTER NOVEL
In 1964, during an unusual Kentucky blizzard, Dr. David Henry is forced to
deliver his and his wife Norah's first child, with the help of a nurse; Caroline Gill.
Their first child, a boy they name Paul, is born a visibly perfect child. When the
second baby, a girl, is born, David notices immediately she is suffered from Down
syndrome. David thinking of his sister, June, who died young due to a heart
defect, decides that the baby girl will be placed in an institution to spare Norah the
suffering June's death caused his own mother. Caroline is charged with the task of
carrying the infant to the institution. After assessing the wretched conditions of
the place, however, she decides to keep and raise the baby herself. Meanwhile,
David lies to Norah and tells her that their daughter died at birth.
The 'death' of their daughter has caused a distance between David and Norah.
David thinks a lot about his childhood, the struggles with poverty. Caroline is in
Pittsburgh and is hired by a woman named Dorothy "Doro" March, to work as a
private nurse for her father, Leo, and she live with them. Caroline claims that
Phoebe is her daughter, and cares for her. Caroline sends letters and pictures of
Phoebe to David. David sends money to Caroline through a PO Box address, and
then makes a half-hearted attempt to find out where Caroline and Phoebe live. The
distance between the Henrys has grown even further. David is now an aspiring
photographer with his own darkroom, where he keeps Phoebe's pictures and
Caroline's letters hidden; he retreats further into himself, immersing himself in his
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work. Norah, still drinking secretly and has taken to applying for a job with a
travel agency in an attempt to build a life of her own. Paul seems to have an
aptitude for music and singing.
Phoebe is growing up a healthy child. Over the years, Caroline has saved
the money David Henry has sent her and kept it an in trust for Phoebe. David
sends Caroline a letter, asking her to let him meet Phoebe and to let Phoebe know
her twin brother, Paul. Paul is becoming an accomplished musician, playing the
guitar and the piano and dreaming of attending Juilliard, while also behaving like
a daredevil teenager - experimenting with cannabis and walking on rail tracks.
David and Norah are now living almost separate lives. Norah simply wants her
son to be happy, while David pushes his son to take an interest in basketball and
to follow a career path that will guarantee him stability, money, and success. One
day, David has an arts show in Pittsburgh. Caroline turns up and shows him
pictures of Phoebe. David is devastated and goes to his parents' abandoned house,
where he finds Rosemary, a pregnant 16-year-old, who is squatting in the house.
He tells Rosemary his secret. He asks her to come and live with him. Paul and
Norah can't believe the way he's behaving, and believe that there is a sexual
relationship between David and the girl. Paul and Rosemary bond and Paul
understands the truth but is still furious with his father. Paul steals a neighbor’s
car and runs away for a couple of days, before he is arrested as his parents have to
come get him. Paul has been accepted at Juilliard.
Rosemary and her son Jack move back to live with her family. Norah and
David are now divorced and Norah is dating. Paul is traveling and studying music
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in France. David dies of a heart attack. When Norah sorts through David's
photographs she understands David in a way she never did when he was alive.
Caroline worries about the future and is scared about letting Phoebe live her own
life. When Caroline hears of David's death she goes and finds Norah and tells her
the truth. Norah and Paul meet Phoebe for the first time. Phoebe and Paul both
attend their mother's wedding. Paul takes Phoebe to their father's grave.
Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Memory_Keeper%27s_Daughter
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APPENDIX 2:
BIOGRAPHY OF KIM EDWARDS
Kim Edwards is an American author and educator. She was born in Texas,
on May 4th 1958. She grew up in Skaneales, New York. Now, she lives in
Lexington with her husband, Thomas Clayton, and their two daughters. Edwards
was graduated from Colgate University and The University of Iowa, where she
received an MFA in fiction and MA in linguistic. Along with her husband, she
spent five years teaching in Malaysia, Japan, and Cambodia. Then, she moved to
Pittsburgh because her husband was accepted in The University of Pittsburgh.
Edwards has been interested in writing since she was a little girl. She has the
courage to write when she attended a fiction workshop in Colgate University. She
gets the inspiration to write from many things. One of her greatest inspiration is
when she is travelling or visiting a new country. “"One of my greatest times of
inspiration is when I'm traveling or living in a new country-there's a tremendous
freedom that comes from being unfettered by your own, familiar culture, and by
seeing the world from a different point of view."
She got the inspiration to write The Memory Keeper’s Daughter from her
priest who told her a story.
“It was just a few sentences, about a man who'd discovered late in life that his brother had been born with Down syndrome, placed in an institution at birth, and kept a secret from his family, even from his own mother, all his life. He'd died in that institution, unknown. I remember being struck by the story even as she told it, and thinking right away that it really would make a good novel. It was the secret at the center of the family that intrigued me.”
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The Memory Keeper’s Daughter itself was her first novel, but it was gained a
lot of recognitions.
Kim Edwards’s works:
• The Way It Felt to be Falling (short story)
• The Secrets of A Fire King (short stories)
• Sky Juice (short)
• The Memory Keeper’s Daughter (novel)
• The Lake of Dreams (novel)
Adapted from:
http://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm/author_number/12
70/kim-edwards
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APPENDIX 3:
LESSON PLAN
Subject : Paragraph Writing
Level : 2ndSemester Students of English Education Study Program
Time Allocation : 1 Meeting (2x50 Minutes)
Competence Standards : On completing the course, students are
able to compose a good paragraph, write
well using different types of writing genre,
deconstruct the generic and schematic
structure of each genre, find the social
purposes and linguistic features of texts,
and write texts with the learned genres.
Basic Competence : The students are able to improve their
writing skill, understand the features of
various text genres, and write a text based
on the learned genre.
Indicators
1. Understanding the meaning and generic structure of narrative text.
2. Identifying the generic structure of narrative text.
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3. Analyzing the generic structure of narrative text.
I. Learning Objectives:
The students are able to:
a. Understand the meaning and generic structure of narrative text.
b. Identify the generic structure of narrative text.
c. Analyze the generic structure of narrative text.
II. Learning Material :
Kim Edwards’s The Memory Keeper’s Daughter (pp.402-403 and pp.410-
411).
III. Time Allotment :
2x50 minutes.
IV. Learning Activities :
1. Pre-activities (10’)
- The teacher introduces the topic. (5’)
- The teacher distributes the worksheet. (5’)
2. Whilst-activities (30’)
- The students read the short text. (5’)
- The students analyze the text. (10’)
- The students read another text. (5’)
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- The students answer the questions related to the text. (10’)
3. Post-activities (10’)
- The students write a reflection.
V. Sources :
1. Edwards, Kim. (2005). The memory keeper’s daughter. New York:
Penguin Books. Page 402-403 and page 410-411.
2. Handouts and worksheet.
VI. Evaluation :
Teacher evaluates the students based on their work and participation in
the class.
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Material for Paragraph Writing
I. Warming up questions:
1. What is meant by narrative text?
2. What is the purpose of narrative text?
3. What are the generic structures of narrative text?
II. Read and analyze the text!
When Jack was born, David set up an account for him in Rosemary’s name,
and one for Phoebe, in Caroline’s name. It was easy enough; he’d always had
Caroline’s Social Security number, and he had her address too. It had taken a
private investigator less than a week to find Caroline and Phoebe, living in
Pittsburgh, in a tall narrow house near the freeway. David had driven there and
parked on the street, meaning to go up the steps and knock on the door. What he
wanted was to tell Norah what had happened, and he couldn’t do that without
telling her where Phoebe was. Norah would want to see their daughter; he was
sure, so it wasn’t only his own life he might change, or Norah’s or Paul’s. He had
come here to tell Caroline what he was hoping to do. Was it the right thing? He
didn’t know. He sat in the car. Phoebe had grown up here.
And then David saw her: Phoebe, his daughter. She was in the dining room,
setting the table. She had Paul’s dark hair and his profile, and for an instant, until
she turned to reach for the saltshaker, David felt as if he must be watching his son.
She was short and stocky, and her hair was thin, held back with barrettes. Even so,
the resemblance was still visible to David: there was Paul’s smile, his nose, Paul’s
expression of concentration on Phoebe’s face when she put her hands on her hips
and surveyed the table.
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By then it was fully dark. David stood, transfixed, glad there was little traffic.
Now he understood that he was not in control of this situation, he was excluded
from it as completely as if he didn’t exist. David went back to his car. He had
caused Norah pain; his deception had made her suffer in ways he had never
imagined or intended. But he could spare her this. He could drive away and leave
the past undisturbed. And that was what he did, finally, travelling all night across
the flat expanse of Ohio.
Taken from: The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards (pp.402-403)
a. Orientation:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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b. Complication:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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c. Resolution:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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III. Read the text and answer the questions!
David stood, stretched, and loped off to the park. About a mile into his run, he
remembered the other thing that had been nagging him all morning, the
importance of the day beyond Rosemary’s test: July twelfth, Norah’s birthday. He
ran, veering away from the park, heading instead for his old neighborhood.
Rosemary was right, Norah should know. He would tell her today. He would go to
their old house, where Norah still lived and wait until she returned and he would
tell her, though he could not imagine now how Norah would respond.
David turned down to his old street. He had not been here in months. The
driveway was empty; Norah wasn’t home. He paced across the lawn a few times
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to catch his breath, and then walked to where the key was still hidden beneath a
brick beside the rhododendron. He let himself inside and got a water of drink.
There was a yellow legal pad on the desk by the phone, full of cryptic notes. He
tore this page off carefully, neatly, arranging it in the center of the desk, then
carried the pad back to the breakfast nook, sat down, and began to write. Our little
girl did not die. Caroline Gill took her and raised her in another city. He crosses
this out. I gave away our daughter. He sighed and out the pen down. He couldn’t
do this; he could hardly imagine anymore what his life would be without the
weight of his hidden knowledge. Distantly, the tap in the downstairs bathroom
dripped. Something that had driven him crazy for years, something had always
meant to fix. It took him more than an hour to fix the faucets in the bathroom.
Well, at least she would be happy about the faucets. And he was too; he’d done
a careful, meticulous job. He stood in the kitchen, stretching his arms wide as he
prepared to finish his run and picked the yellow legal pad up again. I fixed the
bathroom sink, he wrote. Happy Birthday. Then, he left, locking the door behind
him, and ran.
Taken from: The Memory Keeper’s Daughter by Kim Edwards (pp.410-411)
IV. Answer these questions!
1. Analyze the text based on the generic structure!
2. What is the topic sentence of the text above?
3. Mention the support sentences of the text above!
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V. Reflection Time!
1. What have you leant today?
2. Do you have any difficulty in understanding narrative text?
3. What do you think about using literature work in today’s learning?
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