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Masa lalu : Pembangunan dibatasi oleh
ketersediaan material,
pengetahuan konstruksi dan
ketersediaan tenaga terampil
Masa kini : Pembangunan dibatasi oleh
ketersediaan lahan, peraturan,
nilai komersial dan imajinasi
perancang tanpa batas wilayah
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bata tanah liat dibakarBABYLONIA & PERSIA
bata lumpur dengan jeramiMASA SUMMERIAN
CHARTAGO & ROMAWI bata tanah liat dibakar
YUNANI batu limestone, marmer
ETRUSCAN (ITALIA) batu travertine
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� Masa Romanesque� Masa Gothic� Masa Rennaisance� Masa Baroque� Masa Classical Architecture� Masa Modern
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Era Romawi : Konstruksi busur
atau kubah
Era Yunani : Post and Lintel
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DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERSStructural Engineers Pantheon, 118-125 B.C. DAVYSUKAMTA & PARTNERS
Structural Engineers
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Menggunakan busur dan kubah
Struktur di ekspos, tampil dengan jelas
Segi elemen bangunan diperhatikan
Elemen-elemen struktur tidak dapat menahan gaya tarik
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Untuk tinggi titik puncak yang
lebih, konstruksi busur setengah
lingkaran memerlukan bentang
yang besar. Lahirlah solusi
POINTED ARCH (busur
runcing) yang berasal dari India
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Pemakaian busur runcing
Pembedaan struktur pilar pendukung dengan dinding penutup non struktural
Pemakaian flying butress
Pembedaan rusuk pendukung vault dengan panel perantara
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Gereja
St. Dennis
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Ekonomis dan Elegan
Bentang tengah tinggi
Elemen-elemen struktur diekspresikan secara
arsitektur dan menghasilkan bangunan-bangunan
elegan yang menjulang tinggi
Keseluruhan sistem adalah jalinan sub-sistem
dimana elemen-elemennya hanya dapat menahan
gaya tekan
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Penemuan calculus
Penemuan proyeksi geometri
Penekanan terhadap bentuk-bentuk geometri baru dalam gedung seperti muka gedung yang melengkung atau kubah oval
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Di mulai di Inggris dengan penemuan mesin uap
Pembuatan mesin-mesin produksi dari besi tuang
1856 proses pembuatan baja oleh Bessemer
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Era Modern
ISEMS, 7-8 November 2013
Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi Perkembangan Gedung Tinggi
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Secara struktur,
gedung tinggi
adalah suatu
gedung dimana
rancangannya
ditentukan oleh
stiffness
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Stabilitas Struktur
Architectural Integrity
Occupant Comfort
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EVOLUSI GEDUNG TINGGI
Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan
Kemajuan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Market Driven (Keperluan Komersial)
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Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan (I)
Masonry Structure
Iron Frame
Cage Construction- Rangka dalam dari kolom besi
tuang dan balok besi tempa
- Dinding Masonry dengan perkuatannya sebagai sistem lateral
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MONADNOCK BUILDING
CHICAGO
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Kemajuan Bahan Bangunan (II)
Structural Material
Curtain Wall
Fire Proofing Material
Sistem Transportasi
Mechanical / Electrical System dan Sanitasi
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Seluruh kekuatan struktur terhadap gaya
gravitasi dan lateral ditahan kerangka portal
Penutup gedung hanya sebagai elemen
arsitektur saja
Untuk membantu menahan gaya lateral
digunakan bracing baja atau shearwall beton
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Gedung HOME LIFE INSURANCE
10 Lantai di Chicago
oleh William Le Baron Jenney
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The Flatiron
Building with 6
otis hydrolic
elevator
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WOOLWORTH BUILDING 60 LANTAI – 242 m Tahun 1910
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CHRYSLER BUILDING 60 LANTAI – 242 m Tahun 1929
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EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
102 LANTAI – 385 m
Tahun 1931
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Sistem tabung dan corewall
Mega diagonal di sisi / tepi gedung
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SEARS TOWER 110 Lantai – 443 m Tahun 1974
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1967 Le Messurier
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Struktur tidak berguling Struktur tidak patah Struktur tidak
berdeformasi berlebihan
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Struktur tidak bergeser Struktur tidak patah Struktur tidak
berdeformasi berlebihan
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Material di sisi
paling luar
Kekakuan geserDinding beton atau
mega bracing system
Kekakuan lentur
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DavySukamta & Partners - Structural Engineers
CO
MP
RE
SS
IONN
A
TE
NS
ION
H
CO
MP
RE
SS
ION
d
d
d
N-AXIS
d/2d/2
-V
+V
LOAD-MOMENT
fc
(fc Ac) (d) = -Ma
NOTE :
MATERIAL EFFECTIVENESS
DEPTH EFFECTIVENESS = 1
= 1 } X = )(1
NA
TE
NS
ION
H
= 1/2
= 2/3
N-AXIS
LOAD-MOMENT
1/2 (fc Ac) 2/3 (d) = -Ma/3
DEPTH EFFECTIVENESS
MATERIAL EFFECTIVENESS
NOTE :
1/3(} X = )
ft
tf
d/2
d/2
-V
+V
2/3 d
fc
fc
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Bank of ChinaHong Kong
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THE
PEAK
JAKARTA
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- +
CORE DIAGRAMB.M.
OUTRIGGERCORE + B.M.
DIAGRAM
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E P IC E N T R A L D IS T A N C EP - W A V E
B E D R O C K F A U L T
FO
CA
L D
EP
TH
S - W A V E
HY
POC
ENTR
AL DISTAN
CE
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METHODOLOGY
2. Selection of appropriate
attenuation functions
3. Determination of
a(max) and
response spectra at
bedrock
4. Development of
synthetic ground
motion
5. Analyses of dynamic
soil response
6. Development of Iso
acceleration map and
response spectra at
surface
Epicenter Bedrock Surface of Jakarta
1. Identification of
Seismic source
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Structural engineer cannot make a poor structural form behave satisfactory in an earthquake
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Arsitektur gedung harus memfasilitasi rancangan struktur tahan gempa sebisa-bisanya. Sebaliknya struktur harus dapat mengakomodasi tujuan fungsional dan estetis gedung yang dirancang.
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Ada 3 kategori keputusan desain
arsitektural yang menentukan kinerja
ketahanan gempa suatu gedung
Konfigurasi
Detail khusus arsitektur
Komponen non-struktural
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Untuk mencapai gedung tahan gempa yang handal, bentuk gedung harus mempertimbangkan hal-hal sbb:
Sederhana dan simetris
Bentuk tidak terlalu memanjang
Bentuk teratur
Seragam dan kontinu dalam kekuatan
Distribusi beban merata
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Sederhana dan Simetris
Baik Buruk
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Bentuk tidak terlalu memanjang
Baik Buruk
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Baik Buruk
Keseragaman dalam tinggi gedung
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The L-Shaped
Building
Separated
Building
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Solusi terhadap masalah Re-Entrant Corner
Pisahkan gedung
Collector frames / walls
Perkaku end-bay
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Tacome Narrows Bridge, 10 November 1940
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Menara “Kayu”
John Hancock
Di Boston
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Composite steel-RC core wall
Inner Facade
Outer Skin Structure
Outer Facade
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Manusia terus melakukan inovasi dan
eksperimen untuk membangun lebih tinggi,
membuat bentang lebih besar dengan
pemakaian bahan lebih ekonomis
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Salah satu kunci keberhasilan yang menghasilkan karya yang
mengagumkan adalah pemakaian material secara tepat guna
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SUMMARECON AGUNG
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News /Article /Struktur dalam Arsitektur