Historical Development of travel and tourism during the

DAWN OF CIVILIZATIONGroup 4

Raphael CabigaoFroilan de Jesus

Kathriene GarciaLiane Montaril

Marc RiveraAngelo Torres

Historical Background

Mesopotamia & Egypt:3100 BC

In about 3200 BC, the two earliest civilizations develop in the region where Asia joins Northeast Africa. Great rivers are a crucial part of the story. The Sumerians settle in what is now Southern Iraq, between the mouths of the Euphrates & the Tigris. Egypt develops in the long narrow strip of the Nile River.

Characteristics of travelling

Mesopotamia is the humid, verdant area of north-east Argentina, comprising the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The landscape is dominated by the Paraná and the Uruguay Rivers. The long parallel courses of the two rivers and the verdant areas between them drove comparisons to the region in modern-day Iraq called Mesopotamia, from which the Argentine region draws its name. The area has some of the most popular tourist attractions in Argentina, mainly the Iguazú Falls, the Iguazú National Park and the Jesuit monasteries in Misiones. The Iberá Wetlands in Corrientes are an extensive area of flooded forest similar to Brazil's Pantanal.

Reasons of travelling

1. Traders could easily travel to the cities & other people could share their culture ( Culture Diffusion).

2. They migrated- trying to found new city states, using transportation, which was a really important luxury.

3. People in Mesopotamia went on rides, but they were nothing like what we take today! Vehicles were something very important in Mesopotamia, they helped for trading which was one of the ways they used to discover new places like “moving on” They wanted to discover more places to sell.

Various modes of travelling

>Equids—hoofed mammals having slender legs and a flat coat with a narrow mane along the back of the neck.

>Chariots. It is also used for travelling but it was more used at wars. Chariots are pulled by equids. > Another means of travel are boats.

3 main types of boat:

1. CLINKER-built sailboats stitched together with hair, featuring bitumen waterproofing.

2. SKIN BOATS- constructed from animal skins and reeds.

3. WOODEN-OARED SHIPS, sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks.

chariots

Clinker boat

Skin boat

Factors that brought about the development of tourism

1. Policy formulation -A tourism policy is a reference point against which planning considerations should berelated.2. Tourism Planning -Refers to the methods policy makers adopt to achieve tourism developmentobjectives.3. Implementation of plans -Refers to how to actualize the plan, i.e. what is the action plan.

Contributions to the development of tourism

Rivers offer two main advantages to a developing civilization. They provide water to irrigate the fields, and they offer the easiest method of transport for a society without paved roads. Rivers will play an equally important role in two other early civilizations (Indus & Northern China).

Tourist Destinations/ Attractions

Ishtar GateThe Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. It was constructed in about 575 BC by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city.

Ishtar Gate

Dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar, the Gate was constructed of blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief sirrush (dragons) and aurochs.

Statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way each year during New Year.

The gate was a double-gate.

Model of the main procession street (Aj-ibur-shapu) towards

Ishtar Gate

Model of the gate, the double-structure is clearly

recognisable

Photo of the remains from the 1930's of the excavation

site in Babylon

Aurochs and dragons from the gate in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums

One of the dragons from the gate Building inscription of King Nebuchadnezzar II

Lions and flowers decorated the processional street

The replica Ishtar Gate in Babylon in 2004

ZigguratZiggurats (Akkadian ziqqurat, D-stem of zaqāru "to build on a raised area") were massive monuments built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley and western Iranian plateau, having the form of a terraced step pyramid of successively receding stories or levels.

ZigguratNotable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur, near

Narasiriyah, Iraq; the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad, Iraq; Chogha Zanbil in Khūzestān, Iran; Sialk near Kashan, Iran.

Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions.

Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings. The precursors of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period during the fourth millennium BC.

Built in receding tiers upon a rectangular, oval, or square platform, the ziggurat was a pyramidal structure with a flat top.

Interpretation & SignificanceAccording to Herodotus, at the top of each ziggurat was a

shrine, although none of these shrines has survived. One practical function of the ziggurats was a high place on which the priests could escape rising water that annually inundated lowlands and occasionally flooded for hundreds of miles, as for example the 1967 flood. Another practical function of the ziggurat was for security. Since the shrine was accessible only by way of three stairways, a small number of guards could prevent non-priests from spying on the rituals at the shrine on top of the ziggurat, such as cooking of sacrificial food and burning of carcasses of sacrificial animals. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex that included a courtyard, storage rooms, bathrooms, and living quarters, around which a city was built.

References:Terms & definition:http://www.nileguide.comwww.google.comwww.wikipedia.comImages:www.google.comwww.wikipedia.com