Day 1 LTE Technology Overview_Samsung.pdf

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LTE Technology Overview

Prepared by:Samsung

Approved by:

RJIL



Course Name: LTE Technology Overview

Course Objective

This module will enable participants

to understand high-level overview of

LTE system and network architecture

Who should attend

Management and LTE Beginners

Pre-Requisite

Basic understanding of 2G & 3G

cellular network

Morning Session (11am to 1:30pm)

L u n c h

b r e a k

Afternoon Session (2:30pm to 6pm)

Day 1

• Introduction to LTE

• LTE Network Architecture

• LTE Air Interface Basics

• LTE UE Functionalities & Categories

•QoS

• Policy Control & Charging

•Self-Organizing Network

• VoLTE



Good to know

Keep your mobile phone in the silent mode during the session

Need to sign attendance sheet at the start and end of each day

At the end of each training pre and post test will be conducted

Stick to break timings

Your valuable feedback will be taken at the end to enhance training experience

Certificate will be issued to successful participant

For logistics support contact the co-ordinator



Agenda

Introduction to LTE

Evolution of cellular networks

Comparison of 2G, 3G and LTE

LTE Targets

LTE Network Architecture

Cellular Architecture (2G and 3G)

LTE RAN & Core Philosophies

LTE Architecture Overview

Functions of LTE network nodes

LTE Air Interface Basics

Techniques for High Data Rates

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

LTE Releases



Agenda (2)

Quality of Service (QoS)

Sessions, Bearers & Flows

QoS Levels Quality Class Indicator (QCI)

Policy Control & Charging

PCC Functions

PCC Rules

Charging

Self-Organizing Network (SON)

Motivation

Overview

Samsung SON Features



Agenda (3)

Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

Approaches to voice in LTE

IMS Architecture Basic VoLTE Call Setup

Advantages of VoLTE



Introduction to LTE



Evolution of Cellular Networks

AnalogCellular

1G

GSM (9.6Kbps)

GPRS (144Kbps)

EDGE (384Kbps)

2G

UMTS (2Mbps)

HSPA (14Mbps)

HSPA+ (42Mbps)

3G

LTE (100Mbps)

LTE-A (1Gbps)

4G

1980 1990 2000 2010



Evolution of Cellular Networks

1980s 1990s 2000 2010 onwardsLate 90s 2003 2008

1G

Packet switched

data

Circuit switched

voice support

Packet core

Peak data

rates



Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE

Features GSM / GPRS / EDGE WCDMA / HSPA LTE

Multiple Access FDMA + TDMA CDMA OFDMA

Carrier Bandwidth 200 KHz 5 MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz

Peak Data Rate

GSM 9.6 Kbps

GPRS 144 Kbps

EDGE 384 Kbps

WCDMA 2 Mbps

HSPA 14 Mbps

HSPA+ 42 Mbps

LTE 100 Mbps

LTE-A 1Gbps

Transmission Time

Interval (TTI)EDGE 20ms

WCDMA 10 ms

HSPA 2ms1ms

Latency (user plane) ~120 ms ~40 ms ~20 ms

Modulation schemes GMSK, 8-PSKQPSK, 16-QAM,

64-QAM

QPSK, 16-QAM,

64-QAM

Access Network BTS + BSC NodeB + RNC eNodeB

Core NetworkCS – MSC, GMSC

PS – SGSN, GGSN

CS – MSC, GMSC

PS – SGSN, GGSN

PS – MME, S-GW,

P-GW

Voice & Video Calls CS CS PS



Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE Architectures

Core

Network

Access

Network

MSC

GGSN

SGSN

BSC / RNC

eNodeB

PSTN IP

GMSC

IP

BTS / NodeB

LTEGSM / WCDMA

• Controller node in access

network

• Separate CS and PS cores

• Combined user and

control planes

•

Single-node accessnetwork

• Completely PS network

•Separate user and control

planes



3GPP Releases

Release Functional Freeze Date Key Features

R99 March 2000 UMTS 3.84 Mcps (WCDMA FDD &TDD)

R4 March 2001 1.28 Mcps TD-SCDMA

R5 June 2002 HSDPA

R6 March 2005 HSUPA (E-DCH)

R7 Dec 2007HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL), LTE &

SAE feasibility study

R8 Dec 2008

LTE work item – OFDMA, SAE work item, new

IP core, 3G femtocells, DC HSDPA

R9 Dec 2009LTE-A feasibility study, SON, LTE femtocells, Dual

Cell HSUPA

R10 March 2011 CoMP study, 4-carrier HSDPA

Source: Aglient Technologies



LTE Requirements

• 100 Mbps DL & 50 Mbps UL for 20 MHz

• Spectral efficiency of 5 bps/Hz DL and 2.5bps/Hz UL

Data Rates

• Control plane < 100 ms

• User plane (RAN) < 5msLatencies

• LTEWCDMA 500 ms NRT, 300 ms RT

• LTE GSM 500 ms NRT, 300 ms RTInterworking



LTE Spectrum

Bandwidths supported

1.4 MHz

3 MHz

5 MHz

10 MHz

15 MHz

20 MHz

15 MHz Existing Spectrum

10 MHz

5 MHz

5 MHz LTE

10 MHz LTE

LTE Flexible Bandwidth Deployment



TD – LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Number Allocation (MHz) Width of Band (MHz)

33 1900 - 1920 20

34 2010 - 2025 15

35 1850 - 1910 60

36 1930 - 1990 6037 1910 - 1930 20

38 2570 - 2620 50

39 1880 - 1920 40

40 2300 - 2400 100

41 2496 - 2690 194

42 3400 - 3600 200

43 3600 - 3800 200



LTE Specifications

Specification index Description of contents

TS 36.100 seriesEquipment Requirements:

Terminals, Base stations, and Repeaters

TS 36.200 series

Layer 1 (Physical layer):

Physical channels, Modulation, Multiplexing, Channelcoding, etc.

TS 36.300 series

Layers 2 and 3:

Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, and Radio

Resource Control.

TS 36.400 seriesNetwork Signaling & Interfaces:

Architecture, S1, X2 Interfaces, etc.

TS 36.500 series UE equipment conformance testing

URL: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm








Summary

LTE is the next generation in cellular evolution

It offers high data rates (up to 100 Mbps DL) and low latencies (< 5ms userplane)

It allows flexible bandwidth deployment

It uses small 1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) to reduce latency

It supports interworking with existing cellular standards



LTE Network Architecture



MSC

GGSNSGSN

BSC

GSM / GPRS Architecture

BTS

BTS

Abis

BSS CS Core

GMSC

PS Core

PSTN

MS

IP



RNC

WCDMA Architecture

MSC

GGSNSGSN

NodeB

Iub

RAN CS Core

GMSC

PS Core

PSTN

MS

NodeB

RNC

Iur

NodeB IP



LTE RAN Philosophy

Single node e-UTRAN

Packet based while supporting realtime conversational traffic

Minimize number of interfaces

Minimizes single points of failure

Supports end-to-end QOS

Supports QOS differentiationbetween control, user and O&M

traffic

eUTRAN

EPC

IP Cloud

h l h



LTE Core Philosophy

Flat architecture – single logical

node

Supports interworking with a

variety of wireless networks

eUTRAN

EPC

IP Cloud

k



LTE Network

eNodeB

eNodeB

X2

S1-MME

S1-US5 / S8

S11

S6a

Gx

PDN

S4

External 3GPP Core

Network

SGi

Uu

E-UTRAN EPC

S3

Combined into

SAE - GW

N d



eNodeB

RRM functions

Radio Bearer Control

Radio Admission Control

Connection Mobility Control

Dynamic resource allocation UL& DL

IP header compression and

encryption of user data

Selection of MME at UEattachment

Measurements for mobility &scheduling

Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast

S N d B DU & RRU



Samsung eNodeB: DU & RRU

L9CA Card

DU

RRU

CPRI

UAMA Card

S N d B



Samsung eNodeB

UAMA Card(Universal platform type

A Management board

Assembly)

L9CA (DU) Card(LTE eNB Channel card

board Assembly)

Fan

S S t S h d l



Samsung Smart Scheduler

Uses general purpose hardwareplatform – IBM BladeCenter HTChassis and HS23 Blade server

Implemented in software byGeneral Purpose Processor(GPP)

Minimizes inter-cell interference

Improves cell-edge throughput

Centralized management formultiple eNB’s

10 blades per server supporttotal 2880 cells

X2

SC1

SC1

LSM

M bilit M t E tit



Mobility Management Entity

Mobility functions PDN Gateway and Serving

Gateway selection

MME selection for inter-MMEhandovers (via S10 interface)

Roaming via S6a

Authentication, authorization

Inter CN signaling for mobilitybetween 3GPP access networks

via S3 interface, including SGSNselection

Ensuring UE reachability in IDLEstate (paging)

Bearer management, includingdedicated bearer establishment

Legal interception of signalingtraffic

S MME



Samsung MME

FAN

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

B

L

A

N

K

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

FAN

RAID

FAN

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

L

E

S

A

FAN

Item Specification

Capacity/

Performance

10M Subscribers, 30M Bearers

36,000 CPS (1 CPS = 1 Attach and 1 Detach per second)

16 x GE

Rack

Dimension 600 mm(W) x 800 mm(D) x 2,000 mm(H)

Board

LEMA LTE EPC Management board Assembly : Switch and Management

LENA LTE EPC Network Interface board Assembly : Network interface

LESA LTE EPC Session management board Assembly : Session/Mobilitymanagement

Redundancy

LEMA, LENA – 1:1 (active/standby)

LESA – 2:1 (active/standby)

S i G t



Serving Gateway

Anchor point for

Inter-eNodeB handovers

Inter 3GPP handovers via S4

Facilitates reordering

IDLE mode DL packet buffering

Initiation of network triggered

service request

Transport level QOS

Inter-operator charging

Legal interception

Note: UE has only one ServingGateway at any given time

PDN G t



PDN Gateway

Allocating IP address to UE

Policy and charging related

functions

DHCP functions

Transport level QoS

Samsung SAE GW



Samsung SAE-GW

FAN

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

N

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

M

A

L

E

D

A

L

E

D

A

L

E

D

A

L

E

D

A

L

E

D

A

L

E

D

A

FAN

RAID

Item Specification

Capacity/

Performance

2.8M IP-CAN sessions / 8.4M bearers with full redundancy

100Gbps for only data forwarding with

redundancy

60Gbps including DPI/PCC with redundancy

44Gbps including HHE[1]/DPI/PCC with

redundancy

Simultaneous

packet & call

processing

16,000 CPS (1 CPS = 1 Attach and 1 Detach per

sec)

12 x 40GE and 48 x 10GE

Rack Dimension 600 mm(W) x 800 mm(D) x 2,000 mm(H)

Board

LEMA

LTE EPC Management board Assembly : Switch and

Management

LENA LTE EPC Network Interface board Assembly : Network interface

LEDA LTE EPC Data Processing board Assembly : Call control

RedundancyLEMA, LENA – 1:1 (active/standby)

LEDA – 2:1 (active/standby)

R4G Network Schematic



R4G Network Schematic

AG-1

AG-2

AG-3



Summary



Summary

LTE architecture is completely packet-based

Single node RAN

Flat architecture EPC

eNodeB performs all the RRM functions

MME performs all control plane core functions

S-GW is the local mobility anchor. Facilitates inter-3GPP handovers

P-GW assigns IP address and applies policy and QoS

Quiz



Quiz

Radio resources are allocated by

• eNodeB

• S-GW

_____ establishes a connection between the UE and EPC

• S-GW

• P-GW

• MME

During handover DL data is buffered at

• S-GW

• MME

• P-GW



LTE Air Interface Basics





High DataRates

Link

Adaptation

Channel-dependentScheduling

MultipleAntennas

Hybrid ARQ

•Adaptive Modulation &

Coding

•Adaptive Source

Coding

•

Based on ChannelQuality indicator (CQI)

•Small 1ms TTI

•MIMO

•Diversity

•Beam-forming

•Forward & backward

error detection

•Fast, access-network

based

MIMO



MIMO

• Multiple, paralleldata streams tosingle user

SpatialMultiplexing

• Multiple copies ofsame stream to

single userTransmitDiversity

UE1

UE2

eNodeB

eNodeB

Spatial Multiplexing

Transmit Diversity

OFDMA



OFDMA

Flexible resource allocation

Robustness against multipath

The peak (centrefrequency) of one

subcarrier …

…intercepts the

‘nulls’ of theneighbouring

subcarriers

15 kHz in LTE: fixed

Total Bandwidth

LTE Time-Frequency Grid



LTE Time-Frequency Grid

Fast time-domain scheduling

Radio resources on a time-

frequency grid

Time

F r e q

u e n c y

•Resource Block 180 KHz x 0.5 ms

•Each RB = 12 x 7 = 84 RE’s

OFDMA PAPR Ratio



OFDMA PAPR Ratio

The transmitted power is the sum of

the powers of all the subcarriers.

The higher the peaks, the greater

the range of power levels.

Not best suited for use with mobile

(battery-powered) devices

SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA



SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA

LTE Key Parameters



LTE Key Parameters

Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Channel Bandwidth,

1Resource Block

(RB) = 180KHz

1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs

Modulation

scheme

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)

Multiple AccessDownlink: OFDMA

Uplink: SC-FDMA

MIMO

- Transmit diversity, (Max. 4 antenna at Base station and handset)

- Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO

Peak Data rate

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)

Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)

Summary



Summary

LTE uses MIMO, higher-order modulation, channel dependent scheduling to

achieve higher data rates

OFDMA allows flexible resource allocation and is robust against multipath

Due to OFDMA PAPR issues, SC-FDMA is used on the uplink

MIMO can be used for spatial multiplexing to improve data rates or for

transmit diversity to reduce interference

Quiz



Quiz

Name 3 techniques used in the air interface to improve data rates

• Higher-order modulation• MIMO

• Adaptive Modulation & Coding

LTE offers radio resources in

• Time-domain

• Frequency Domain

• Both time & frequency domain

Scheduling of LTE radio resources depends on

• Radio channel conditions

• Availability of resources

• Both



LTE UE Categories & Functionalities

Basic Functions of an LTE UE



Basic Functions of an LTE UE

• Encoding & decoding, modulation &demodulation OFDM, appropriate MIMO, etc.Physical layer processing

• Update tracking area, handovermeasurements, handovers to othertechnologies

Mobility Management

• Setup, maintenance and teardown of IPsessionsSession Management

• Maintain and update identities provided bythe eNodeB & EPC

Identity Management

UE Categories



UE Categories

All categories support 20 MHz

2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1

UE Category Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5Peak Data rate DL (Mbps) 10 50 100 150 300

Peak Data rate UL (Mbps) 5 25 50 50 75

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4



QoS

Service Types – Need for QoS



Service Types Need for QoS

• Video Call

• Multimedia (MMS, Real-Time Video Sharing)• VOIP

• POC

• Multiplayer Games

Person to Person

• Browsing

• Streaming

• Download

• MBMS

Content to Person

LTE Bearers



LTE Bearers

EPS Bearer

Logical pipe between UE and P-

GW

Associated with a set of QoS

parameters

PDN Connection

IP session between UE and thePDN

EPS bearers in a PDN

connection have the same IPUE

PDNIP / PDN Connection

EPS Bearer

EPC

Types of EPS Bearers



Types of EPS Bearers

• Established alongwith a new PDN

connection andactive for thelifetime of the PDNconnection

• Always a non-GBRbearer

Defaultbearer

• Additional EPSbearer that may be

activated based ondemand

• Can be GBR or non-GBR

Dedicatedbearer

UE

Default Bearer

Dedicated Bearer

EPC

Service Data Flow (SDF)



Se ce ata o (S )

A set of IP flows corresponding

to a service

Identified using packet IP

headers

An SDF corresponds to a QoS /

policy treatment by the policyfunction

An EPS Bearer can carry only

one SDF AggregateEPC

F

i l t e r i n g

SDF2

SDF1 IP Flow 1

PDNIP Flow 2

IP Flow 3

QoS Levels



Q

• Service Data Flows (SDF’s) defined

• QoS and policy applied based on the SDFService Level

• Default (Non-GBR) and Dedicated (GBR orNon-GBR) bearers defined

• Policy binds Dedicated Bearer to a QCI

Bearer Level

• Limits to per-UE AMBR

• Enforced by eNodeBUE Level

QCI Table



Q

QCIResource

TypePriority PDB PELR Example Services

1

GBR

2 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice

2 4 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)

3 3 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming

4 5 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video (Buffered Streaming)

5

Non-GBR

1 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling

6 6 300 ms 10-6

Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g.,

www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,

progressive video, etc.)

7 7 100 ms 10-3Voice, Video (Live Streaming), Interactive

Gaming

8 8

300 ms 10-6

Video (Buffered Streaming), TCP-based (e.g.,

www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,

progressive video, etc.)9 9

… … … … Operator-specified class

Summary



y

LTE QoS operates at service, session and bearer levels as well as on a per UE

basis

A Service Data Flow is defined to determine the policy & QoS treatment to be

applied to a service

A Quality Class Indicator is used to define different QoS types and priorities

A UE has Default and Dedicated bearers – logical connections – to the EPC

QoS uses notions of GBR and AMBR to differentiate between services

Quiz



A PDN Connection can consist of multiple EPS bearers

• True

• False

Default bearer is always

• GBR

• Non-GBR

• AMBR

The following nodes agree upon a per APN-AMBR

• UE and eNodeB

• eNodeB and P-GW

• UE and P-GW



Policy Control & Charging

Policy Control & Charging (PCC) Architecture



y g g ( )

Policy & Charging Rules Function(PCRF) provides flow-based policyand charging control decisions

Policy & Charging EnforcementFunction (PCEF) enforces gatingand QoS control on behalf of thePCRF

Bearer Binding & Event Reporting

Function (BBERF) binds flows to IPbearers and reports events

Subscriber Profile Repository (SPR)stores subscriber profiles

Application Function (AF)represents applications thatrequire dynamic policy and QoScontrol

S5 / S8

Gx

PCEFBBERF

Rx Sp

AFSPR

PCC Rule



Flow Descriptor

Source IP

Destination

IP

Source PortDestinationPort

Protocol Type

A collection of information

enabling

Detection of SDF’s

Providing parameters for Policy

& Charging Control

A flow descriptor is made up of

the 5-tuple

Source IP

Destination IP

Source Port

Destination Port

Protocol Type

PCC Rule Types



• Definition isprovided by thePCRF via the Gxinterface

Dynamic

• Provisioneddirectly into thePCEF by theoperator

Pre-

Defined

Example of Policy Enforcement for SDF’s



EPC

F i l t e r i n g

SDF2

SDF1 IP Flow 1

PDNIP Flow 2IP Flow 3

Policy 1

Policy 2

Components of Charging



• Determines the tariff to be applied to an SDFCharging Key

• Allows Flow-Based Charging (FBC)Service Identifier

• Online, Offline, NeitherCharging Method

• Volume, Duration, Combination or EventMeasurement Method

Online & Offline Charging Systems



• Chargingmechanism where

service can beaffected in real-time

• Provides creditmanagement andgrants credit to PCEF

Online

• Chargingmechanism whereservice is notaffected in real-time

• Receives eventsfrom PCEF andgenerates CDR’s

Offline

Gy

OCS

OFCS

Gz

3GPP Charging

Online Charging

System

Offline Charging

System

Summary



Policy control involves binding, gating, event reporting & QoS control

A PCC rule detects an SDF and sets its policies

An SDF is described by IP address & port number of source & destination and

the protocol being used

Charging consists of a charging key, service identifier, and charging &measurement methods

Quiz



A ___________ rule is provided by the PCRF via the Gx interface

• Dynamic

• Pre-defined

A ______ allows flow-based charging

• Service Identifier

• Rule Identifier

Binding is the creation of an association between _______ and ________

• QoS and Policy

• SDF and IP bearer

• IP bearer and EPS bearer



Self-Organizing Networks

Motivations for SON



• Reduce manual intervention

• Reduce scope for error

• Reduce operational expenses

• e.g. Self-Configuration

Automate RoutineProcesses

• Too fast and / or too complex to be donemanually

• Near real-time and accurate actions

• Improves performance and operations

• e.g. Self-Optimization

Automate Difficult

Processes

Samsung eNodeB Self-Establishment



eNodeB

SAE

GW

MME

DHCP LSM

Backhaul

Network

1) Acquire eNB & LSM

IP from DHCP server

2) Acquire configuration

from LSM

3) Configure VLAN’s for

a) S1-C b)S1-U & X2

eNodeB

Samsung eNodeB Self-Establishment (Continued)



eNodeB

SAE

GW

MME

DHCP LSM

Backhaul

Network

4) Establish S1-C

5) Establish S1-U

eNodeB

6) Establish X2

Samsung Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR)



• Based on NRT obtained from LSMInitial Auto-configuration

• UE Based• Network Based

NR Self Optimization

• Ranking neighbor relations

• Removal of neighbors

NR Management(Handover statistics based)



Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

Approaches to Voice in LTE



Offload voice to 2G /3G networks

Quick, temporarysolution

Only CS voice used

Circuit-SwitchedFallback

(CSFB)Voice carried in LTE asVOIP

Long-term solution forvoice

IP MultimediaSubsystem (IMS) isused

VoLTE

IMS Architecture



EPC

Gm

(SIP)

IMS

Application Environment

SIP

Diameter

I P

N e t w

o r k

PSTN

TDM

IP

IP Transport

ISUP

H.248

IMS Architecture (Continued)



EPC

Gm

(SIP)

IMS


SIP

Diameter

I P

N e t w

o r k

PSTN

TDM

IP

IP Transport

ISUP

H.248

UE Registration with IMS



EPC

Gm

(SIP)

IMS


UE

Default Bearer

1) Attach and

establish IPSession

2) IMS

Registration

EPC / IMS HSS

4) Obtain UE

Authentication and

Service Profiles

3) Obtain S-CSCF name and

capabilities

IMS Call Setup



EPC

IMS


UE

Default Bearer

Dedicated Bearer

4) Setup Dedicated Bearer

2) Interworking with application

servers

1) IMS Call Setup

3) Send service info

to PCRF

4a)Routing call to

terminating IMS

4b) Routing call to

terminating PSTN

IP Transport

VoLTE v/s OTT VoIP



QoS aware

Native to the UE

Call Holding

VoLTE

QoS Unaware

External to UE

No call holding

Over TheTop VoIP

Summary



CSFB is a short term approach

In the long-term, VoLTE is the way to carry voice in LTE

VoLTE uses IMS to route calls

IMS uses SIP and nodes that translate from SIP to PSTN

VoLTE has advantages over OTT VOIP applications

Quiz



Give three advantages of VoLTE / SRVCC

• Minimizes need for handover to other radio technologies• Ensures seamless transition for UE traveling out of LTE coverage

• Native to the UE

Voice packets are carried by _____ bearer

• Default

• Dedicated

• Either

The ____ obtains S-CSCF capabilities from the HSS

• S-CSCF

• P-CSCF

• I-CSCF

Summary



LTE offers high data rates (up to 100 Mbps DL) and low latencies (< 5ms userplane) through OFDMA, MIMO and other techniques

LTE architecture is completely packet-based with minimal nodes and interfaces

LTE QoS operates at service, session and bearer levels as well as on a per UEbasis. It uses QCI, GBR and AMBR to apply appropriate QoS to differentservices

Policy control involves binding, gating, event reporting & QoS control

Charging consists of a charging key, service identifier, and charging &measurement methods

VoLTE is the long-term solution in LTE. It uses IMS to route calls and hasadvantages over OTT VoIP



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