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Day 1Sec 7.1—The
Discovery of Cells
OBJECTIVE□ To understand the parts and use
of a microscope.
□ To practice using the microscope.
BRAINSTORM• Name 5 things you would need a
microscope to see
CATALYST• Name 5 parts of the microscope….
ReadAloud—pg 171
The Amazing Microscope
Name: _____________________________
Can you imagine how amazed people must have been when they first saw things under the microscope? How
could they have known a whole other world existed? This book will guide us as we explore that microscopic world.
#1Close your eyes and imagine what a leaf
looks like. Or better yet, look at a leaf. Draw the picture of your leaf in the space
below. Title your picture.
Title: _______________________________
You are now a scientist from November 20th 1585. The microscope has not yet been invented. What do you think the people of that time thought about the inside of leaves? Draw a picture of what you think a leaf might look like if you could look up-close and inside the leaf. Take a guess! It’s 1585; no one knows for sure what the inside looks like. Title your picture.
Title:___________________________________
#2
People have always been interested in the “insides of things”. Why do you think people
have always been interested in that?
#3
You’ve just been given the most powerful microscope that exists.
What would you use it to look at?
#4
This is Beer. Beer is a complex and heterogeneous mixture that contains a wide variety of both low and high molecular weight carbohydrates, minerals, alcohol, trace amounts of proteins, yeast by-products, and other diverse organic compounds along with carbon dioxide in an approximately 10% weight to volume mixture with water.
Take a look at the photograph above. Try to guess what it is!
Read Electron Microscopes
—pg 172 (par. 1 only)
After the invention of the microscope, somewhere between the years 1590 and 1608, what people understood about nature changed. For example, before the microscope scientists thought blood traveled in a one-way path. They thought blood was made in the intestines then traveled to the heart. Upon leaving the heart, the scientists thought the blood was carried by veins and arteries and then was spilled into the body tissue. After the invention of the microscope, scientists discovered that blood traveled in a loop. They learned that blood circulated from the heart to the tissues and then was carried back to the heart. The scientists found tiny blood vessels called capillaries that connected the arteries to the veins, creating a loop.
Were the scientists wrong to believe what they believed before the invention of the microscope? Explain your answer!
#5
Our tools continued to improve as time passed and we could see more and more of the microscopic world. Light microscopes kept getting better and better with more and more magnification to about 1000 times! Then the electron microscope was invented with magnification of about 1,000,000 times, followed by the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope. The atomic force microscope, invented in 1981, magnifies up to 1 billion times! How do you think tools were important in the
growth and development of biology?
#6
EYEPIECE
REVOLVING NOSE PIECEARM
LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE
HIGH-POWER OBJECTIVES
STAGE CLIPS
STAGE
DISK DIAPHRAGMCOARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
LAMP
BASE
How to Focus a Light Microscope
1. Always start with the stage all the way down (use the coarse adjustment knob)
2. Always start with the low-power objective-4x (Rotate the nosepiece until the low-power objective is over the hole in the stage)
3. Place the slide on the stage (make sure the part of the slide with the cover slip is over the hole in the stage) and secure with stage clips
4. Move the stage up (using the coarse adjustment knob) slowly as far as it will go without hitting the slide. Be sure to watch the stage as you do this.
5. Look through the eyepiece. Adjust the stage by turning the coarse adjustment knob slowly until the image comes into view.
6. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into sharper image.
7. Move the low power objective out of viewing position. Look to the side of the microscope as you rotate the nosepiece to the lowest high-power objective (10X) and click it into viewing position.
8. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the image into sharper focus.
Homework--Make a Vocabulary Foldable:
OUTSIDE: Start with 7 words: (due Wednesday!)cellcell theorylight microscopeelectron microscopeprokaryoteeukaryoteorganelles
INSIDE: On the left—Write the definitionOn the right—Write or draw examples or other info
Day 2Sec 7.1—The
Discovery of Cells
CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about
cells
5 minutes
CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about
cells
4 minutes
CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about
cells
3 minutes
CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about
cells
2 minutes
CATALYST• Make 2 columns on your sheet Everything you know about cells Everything you want to know about
cells
1 minutes
Objectives: I CAN…
□ Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
□ Identify the main ideas of the cell theory.
1673-___________________________________a Dutch microscope maker was the first to see LIVING ORGANISMS.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Read The Cell Theory—pg 172
1665-______________________used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork,dead cells of oak bark and saw “little boxes”
He called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells
Robert Hooke
THE CELL THEORY
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
________ __________ ___________ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
____________ ____________ CELLS TISSUES
Similar cells working together
___________ __________ ___________ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
Different tissuesworking together
Different organsworking together
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
THE CELL THEORY
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure, organization, and function of organisms.
THE CELL THEORY
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
THE CELL THEORY
CELL THEORY1. All living things are ________________________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of
____________ & _____________ in an organism.
(cell = basic unit of _____________)
3. Cells come from the reproduction
of ____________ cells
MADE OF 1 or MORE CELLS
existing
life
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
The Cell Theory
Fill out the cell theory chart!!!
All living things made of cells BUT… organisms can be very different.
UNICELLULAR
MULTICELLULAR
Insert into Notes
• Unicellular
• Multicellular
• Made of one cellExample: bacteria
• Made of more than one cellExample: plants and animals
Day 2
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
5 minutes
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
4 minutes
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
3 minutes
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
2 minutes
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What do you think is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
1 minutes
CATALYST• What is one part of the cell
theory?
• What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular?
5 minutes
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
You will have 5 minutes to answer the question on the next
slide
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
55minutesminutes
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
44minutesminutes
Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
33minutesminutes
Partner Read
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
22minutesminutes
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
11minuteminute
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
1010secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
99secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
88secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
77secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
66secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
55secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
44secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
33secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
22secondsseconds
Partner ReadProkaryotes are unicellular organisms, found in all environments. Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms, mostly due to the vast array of bacteria which comprise the bulk of the prokaryote classification. Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes. There are many unicellular organisms which are eukaryotic, but all cells in multi-cellular organisms are eukaryotic. 1. Which type of cell are humans composed of? How do you know?
11secondsecond
TIMES UP!!!!
TIME TO SHARE
ANSWERS!
ReadAloud—pg 173Two Basic Cell Types
Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called
prokaryotic cells.
• The cells of most unicellular organisms such as bacteria do not have membrane bound structures and are therefore called prokaryotes.
Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types
A prokaryotic cell does not have internal organelles surrounded by a membrane. Most of a prokaryote’s metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm.
1. Ribosomes
2. DNA 3. Plasma membrane
4. Cell wall
Cells that do not contain any membrane-bound organelles.
Example: bacteria
Prokaryotes
Take Notes!Topic: Cells
• Most of the multi-cellular plants and animals we know are made up of cells
containing membrane-bound structures and are therefore called eukaryotes.
Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells.
Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types
This eukaryotic cell from an animal has distinct membrane-bound organelles that allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions.
4. Plasma membrane
1. Nucleus
2. Nucleolus
3. Chromosomes
5. Organelles
Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles.
Examples: amoebas, algae, yeast, animals, plants.
Eukaryotes
Take Notes!Topic: Cells
The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles.
• Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Human Cell
Eukaryotic cells are generally one to one hundred times bigger than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Both
Fill out the diagram using your notes and the text book!!!!
Prokaryotes• NO membrane-bound organelles• cell walls• most are unicellular• DNA floats freely around• small (.001 - .01mm)
Both:• cytoplasm• DNA as genetic material• ribosomes•Cell membrane•CELLS
Eukaryotes•nucleus & membrane-bound organelles• some have cell walls• most are multi-cellular• large (.01 - .1mm)
Objectives: If you feel like we accomplished these objectives put a check in the box
□ Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
□ Identify the main ideas of the cell theory.
CATALYST1. Give an example of a prokaryotic cell
and a eukaryotic cell.
2. Which characteristic of life applies to what we are talking about?
Hint…think ORGA!!!
The Cell Theory
Fill out the cell theory chart!!!
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Both
Fill out the diagram using your notes and the text book!!!!
Prokaryotes• NO membrane-bound organelles• cell walls• most are unicellular• DNA floats freely around• small (.001 - .01mm)
Both:• cytoplasm• DNA as genetic material• ribosomes•Cell membrane•CELLS
Eukaryotes•nucleus & membrane-bound organelles• some have cell walls• most are multi-cellular• large (.01 - .1mm)
Review Cell Theory & Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes
Use the whiteboard to answer the following questions (you may use your book or notes!)
As soon as your pair gets 3 answers raise it up and it will be checked.
SET 1
1. Hook used a compound light microscope to study what types of cells?
--cork
2. What type of microscope magnifies structures up to 500,000 times their actual size?
– electron
SET 2:1. Which is bigger, a prokaryote or a
eukaryote?
-- eukaryote
2. The 3 ideas that all living things are made of one or more cells, cells are basic units of organization, and all cells come from other cells make up what scientific principle?
– cell theory
SET 3
1. Bacteria is an example of a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
-- prokaryote
2. Which has internal, membrane-bound organelles, a eukaryote or prokaryote?
-- eukaryote
CELL SIZE
Typical cells range from: 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/gdavis/links%20100.htm
How big is a micron ( µ ) ?
1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM don’t just contain MANY CELLS.
Image from: http://www.isscr.org/images/ES-cell-Fig-2.jpg
They have different kinds of cells doing different jobs
Cells in a multi-cellular organism become SPECIALIZED by turning different genes on and off Image from: http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Cell Specialization =DIFFERENTIATION
SPECIALIZED ANIMAL CELLSMuscle cells
Red blood cells
Cheek cells
Specialized Plant cells
Guard cells
Xylem cells
Pollen