Day 106: America Moves to the CityBaltimore Polytechnic Institute
February 12, 2014A/A.P. U.S. History
Mr. Green
The Students will be able to analyze the impact of the cultural changes in the late 19th century by describing the moral and intellectual trends
Objective
Objectives: Students will:Describe the rise of the American industrial city, and place it in the context of worldwide trends of urbanization and mass migration (the European diaspora).Describe the New Immigration, and explain how it differed from the Old Immigration and why it aroused opposition from many native-born Americans.Discuss the efforts of social reformers and churches to aid the New Immigrants and alleviate urban problems, and the immigrants’ own efforts to sustain their traditions while assimilating to mainstream America.
AP FocusIndustrialization sparks urbanization, and cities become magnets for immigrants. Those who can afford to leave behind the hustle and bustle of urban life move to the budding suburbs. See the table in The American Pageant (13th ed., p. 560/14th ed., p. 598). Demographic Changes is an AP theme.The late nineteenth century sees a surge of immigration, now from eastern and southern Europe. Most encounter living and working conditions not appreciably better than what they had left. The tenement floor plan (13th ed., p. 561/14th ed., p. 599) shows typical living conditions for impoverished urban workers.
America Moves to the City
CHAPTER THEMESIn the late nineteenth century, American society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by often disturbing changes, including the New Immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. While many Americans were disturbed by the new urban problems, cities also offered opportunities to women and expanded cultural horizons.
Chapter Focus
1890s Decade Chart due on Wednesday
Announcements
Liberal Protestantsrejected biblical literalismstories as models for behavior
Roman Catholics1900-largest single denomination
JudaismSalvation Army-from EnglandChurch of Christ, Scientist-heal the sickYMCA, YWCA
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Natural Selectionnature blindly picked organisms for survival or death based on random, inheritable variations they possessed
1875many scientists embraced theory of organic evolution
Clergy response to DarwinInitially, most rejected Darwin2 groups by 1875
Scripture as the infallible Word of Godgave rise to fundamentalism in 20th century
accommodationists tried to reconcile Darwinism with Christianity
Science began to explain more of the external world
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
By 1870, more states made grade school education compulsoryPrior to the Civil War, there were few public high schools, mainly
private academiesBy 1900 there were 6,000 public high schools with free
textbooksTeacher training schoolsKindergartens from GermanyCatholic parochial schoolsChautauqua movement
nationwide public lecturesIlliteracy rate
20% in 187010.7% in 1900
The Lust for Learning
Headed the Black normal and industrial school in Tuskegee, AL
Taught trades to gain self respect/economic security
AccommodationistWashington did not challenge white supremacyAvoided issue of social equality economic independence would be the answer
George Washington Carver
Booker T. Washington and Black People
W.E.B. Du Bois did not support Washington’s positionArgued Washington condemning African-American race to manual labor and inferiorityDemanded complete equality for blacksFounded the NAACPtalented tenth
Differences between the two highlights the contrasting lifestyles of the North and South
Morrill Act of 1862provided grant of public lands to the states for educationLand Grant Colleges-state universities
Hatch Act of 1887extended Morrill Actfederal money for agricultural experiment stations
Philanthropic collegesCornellStanfordUniversity of Chicago
UniversitiesJohns Hopkins
Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Education moved away from a religious framework to more practical and specialized instruction
Elective systemField of concentrationSpecializationMedicine
Louis Pasteur Joseph ListerWilliam James-pragmatismtruth of an idea to be tested by its practical consequences
The March of the Mind
Growth of the public libraryCarnegie contributed $60 million for 1,700 libraries
By 1900-9,000 free circulating libraries in U.S.Causes for demand in literature
LinotypeSensationalism
sex, scandal, human-interest storiesYellow Journalism
William Randolph HearstJoseph Pulitzer
The Appeal of the Press
Henry Georgesingle-tax idea100% tax on windfall profits from selling property
Edward Bellamy“Looking Backward”
Main character wakes up in the year 2000 to see America a socialist state
Apostles of Reform
“Dime novels” or paperbacksvirtue triumphed
General Lewis WallaceBen Hur: A Tale of the Christanti-Darwinist crowd
Horatio Algerjuvenile fictionsurvival of the purestnon-drinkers, non-smokers, nonswearers
Walt Whitman“O Captain! My Captain!”
Emily Dickinsonpublished after her death
Postwar Writing
Samuel Langhorne ClemensMark TwainThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Stephen Crane“Red Badge of Courage”
Charles Francis AdamsHistory of the US. During the Admin of Jefferson and Madison
Paul Laurence Dunbar-PoetCharles W. Chesnutt
realismblack dialect
“Sister Carrie”
Literary Landmarks
Anthony Comstock“Comstock Law”
sexual purity-confiscated “obscene pictures, items used for abortions
Increases in divorce ratesWomen had a sense of a new morality as a
result of working women’s independence
The New Morality
Emotionally isolated placesincrease divorce ratework habitsfamily size
National American Woman Suffrage AssociationLinked suffrage to traditional definition of women’s roles
Most states by 1890 permitted wives to own/control property after marriage
Excluded African-Americans
Families and Women in the City
Increase in liquor consumption after the Civil Warimmigrants accustomed to the Old Country
Women’s Christian Temperance UnionFrances E. WillardCarrie Nation
Anti-Saloon leagueAmerican Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to AnimalsRed Cross-1881
Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform
VaudevilleMinstrel showsCircusBaseballBasketballFootballBoxingCroquet
condemned for showing female ankles and flirtation
Safety Bicycle
The Business of Amusement
1. What new opportunities and social problems did the cities create for Americans?2. In what ways was American urbanization simply part of a worldwide trend, and in what ways did it reflect particular American circumstances? How did the influx of millions of mostly European immigrants create a special dimension to America’s urban problems?3. How did the New Immigration differ from the Old Immigration, and how did Americans respond to it?4. How was American religion affected by the urban transformation, the New Immigration, and cultural and intellectual changes?
Discussion-Review
6. How did American social criticism, fiction writing, and art all reflect and address the urban industrial changes of the late nineteenth century? Which social critics and novelists were most influential, and why?
7. How and why did women assume a larger place in American society at this time? (Compare their status in this period with that of the pre–Civil War period described in Chapter 16.) How were changes in their condition related to changes in both the family and the larger social order?
8.What was the greatest single cultural transformation of the Gilded Age?
9.In what ways did Americans positively and enthusiastically embrace the new possibilities of urban life, and in what ways did their outlooks and actions reflect worries about the threats that cities presented to traditional American democracy and social ideals?
Continued
Begin Reading first ½ of Chapter 26
Homework