Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx

8/11/2019 Day 2 August 28th Chapter 1 Fall 2014.pptx

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Day 2 August 28thChapter 1

Dr. Hollingsworth

The University of AkronFall 2014


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Science - Latin = to know

Science is

abody of knowledge.

a way of knowing- a process of

inquiry and learning.

a pathwayto discover and understandworld around us.

empirical.

a human endeavor.

Use researchto make decisions

Pages 2 -3


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Biological Knowledge

Being well-rounded is a necessity.

Health, social, medical, political,

economic, and legal issues surround

science

Think creatively

Communicatewith others Integrate into decision making


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Scientists

Are curious

Ask questions

about how theworld works

Seek answers


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How is Science a

different way of knowing?

Science is empirical. Empirical knowledgeis based on experimentationand

observation. Empirical results can betested again and again and corrected asneeded. Scientists use the scientific

method to produce empirical results.

Other ways of knowinghistorical,ethical, political, religious.

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1.11.3

Science is acollection offacts and aprocess forunderstanding

the world.

Curiosity


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How do you know that is true?

The single question thatunderlies scientific thinking


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Pseudosciencethe importance ofquestioning the truth of many scientific

claims you see on merchandise packages orread in the newspaper or on the Internet.


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Scientific issues permeate the law. I believe[that] in this age of science we must build legalfoundations that are sound in science as well asin law. The result, in my view, will further notonly the interests of truth but also those of

justice.U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer

February 1998 at the annual meeting of theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science


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Why and when do peopledevelop superstitions?

Can animals be superstitious?


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1.1 What is science?What is biology?


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Why is morning breath so stinky? And can

you do anything to prevent it?

Why is it always windy on streets with tall

buildings?

Does taking aspirin before drinking alcohol

lead to faster intoxication?


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Ask a question.


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How do you know if the answer iscorrect?


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Science

Not simply a body of knowledge or alist of facts to be remembered

but rather an intellectual activity,encompassing observation,description, experimentation, andexplanation of natural phenomena.


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the importance of questioning the truth of manyscientific claims you see on merchandise packagesor read in the newspaper or on the Internet.


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Can we trust the packagingclaims that companies make?

clinical drug trials and evidence

CEO says: people are really notscientifically minded enough to beable to understand a clinical study.


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You dont have to be at the mercy

of liars, frauds, marketing,advertising, or slick packaging.

Learn exactly what it means to havescientific proof or evidence.

Learn what it means to thinkscientifically.


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Scientific Literacy how to think scientifically

how to use the knowledge we gainto make wise decisions

increasingly important in our lives

literacy in matters of biology isespecially essential


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Biological Literacy

The ability to:

1. use the process of scientificinquiry to think creativelyabout real-world issues,

2. communicate those thoughtsto others, and

3. integrate them into yourdecision-making.


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1.3 The scientific method is

a powerful approach tounderstanding the world.

If science proves some belief ofBuddhism wrong, then Buddhism

will have to changeDalai Lama, 2005


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The Scientific Method

Observe a phenomenon

Propose an explanation for it

Test the proposed explanationthrough a series of experiments

Accurate and valid,

orRevised or alternative explanationsproposed


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Scientific Thinking Is Empirical

based on experience and observationsthat are rational, testable, and repeatable.


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Which statement below is based onempirical information?

1. Knocking on wood insures a good outcome.

2. Since most elementary school teachers arefemale, females make better elementary

school teachers than males.3. We had a really cool spring this year,

therefore climate change (global warming)must not be happening.

4. Chicken is a healthier source of proteinbecause it contains less saturated fat thanbeef.


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1.4 - 1.10

A beginners guide:

what are the stepsof the scientificmethod?


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Scientific Method

A rigid process to follow?

A recipe?

An adaptable process? One that includes many different

methods?


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The basic steps in the scientific method are:

Step 1:Make observations.Step 2:Formulate a hypothesis.

Step 3:Devise a testable

prediction.

Step 4:Conduct a criticalexperiment.

Step 5:Draw conclusions and makerevisions.


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What should you do when

something you believe inturns out to be wrong?


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This may be the most importantfeature of the scientific method:

it tells us when we shouldchange our minds.


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10 Debunked Scientific BeliefsOf The Past

http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-

debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/
http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/http://listverse.com/2009/01/19/10-debunked-scientific-beliefs-of-the-past/


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Does taking echinacea reduce the intensity orduration of the common cold?


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To be most useful, a hypothesismust

accomplish two things:

1. It must clearly establish mutuallyexclusivealternative explanations for

phenomenon.

2. It must generate testablepredictions


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Devising Testable Predictions

We can only evaluate the validity of ahypothesis by putting it to the test.

Researchers often pose a hypothesisas a negative statement, proposingthat there is no relationship between

two factors.


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Devising a Testable Predictionfrom a Hypothesis

Keep in mind any one of several possibleexplanations could be true.


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Devising a Testable Predictionfrom a Hypothesis

The goal is to:

Propose a situation that will give aparticular outcomeif your hypothesisis true

but that will give a different outcome

if your hypothesis is not true.


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Hypothesis:Eyewitness testimony is

always accurate.

Prediction:Individuals who have

witnessed a crime will correctly identifythe criminal regardless of whethermultiple suspects are presented one at atime or all at the same time in a lineup.

H th i E hi d th d ti d


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Hypothesis: Echinacea reduces the duration andseverity of the symptoms of the common cold.


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The Role of Experiments

What is important is that we attemptto demonstrate that our initial

hypothesis is not supported by thedata.

If it is not, we might then adjust ourhypothesis.


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Making Revisions

Try to further refine a hypothesis.

Make new and more specific testablepredictions.


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Does echinacea help prevent the common cold?

Hypothesis:Echinacea reduces the duration and

severity of the symptoms of the common cold.


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1.10 When do hypothesesbecome theories?

Two distinct levels of understandingthat scientists use in describing our

knowledge about natural phenomena


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Hypotheses and Theories

A hypothesisis a proposedexplanation for a phenomenon.

a good hypothesis leads to testablepredictions


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Hypotheses and Theories

A theoryis a hypothesis for naturalphenomena that is exceptionally well-supportedby the data.

a hypothesis that has withstood the testof time and is unlikely to be altered by

any new evidence


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Theories vs. Hypotheses

Repeatedly tested

Broader in scope

El t C


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Elements Commonto Most Experiments

1. Treatment any experimental condition applied to individuals

2. Experimental group

a group of individuals who are exposed to aparticular treatment3. Control group

a group of individuals who are treated identicallyto the experimental group with the oneexception: they are not exposed to the

treatment4.Variables characteristics of your experimental system that

are subject to change


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Controlling Variables

the most important feature of a goodexperiment

the attempt to minimize anydifferences between a control groupand an experimental group other

than the treatment itself


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The Placebo Effect

The phenomenon in which peoplerespond favorably to anytreatment

The placebo effect highlights theneed for comparison of treatmenteffects with an appropriate control

group.

Cl H


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Clever Hans


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Experimental Designs

Blind experimental design

The experimental subjects do not knowwhich treatment (if any) they are

receiving. Double-blind experimental design

Neither the experimental subjects nor the

experimenter knows which treatment thesubject is receiving.


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Hallmarks of an Extremely

Well-designed Experiment

Blind/double-blindstrategies

Randomized

The subjects are randomly assigned

into experimental and control groups.


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1.12 Repeatable experimentsincrease our confidence.

Can science be misleading?

How can we know?


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1.13 Weve got to watchout for biases.

Can scientists be sexist?

How would we know?


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1.14-1.17

Scientific thinkingcan help us makewise decisions.


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Variables

Independent Variables

some measurable entity that is available atthe start of a process and whose value can be

changed as required.

Dependent Variables

created by the process being observed andwhose value cannot be controlled.

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