| Date post: | 13-Jan-2015 |
| Category: |
Technology |
| Upload: | rahimsaatov |
| View: | 165 times |
| Download: | 0 times |
Copyright © Tekes
Public RDI systems – Rationale, indicators and impact assement*
Christopher Palmberg
Chief advisor, Ph.D
Tekes Strategic Intelligence
*This presentation draws on ’Finnish Finnish Impact Framework and Indicators for Science, Technology, and Innovation’ held by Tarmo Lemola in Budapest on April 27th, 2009 and Luoma et al. 2011. ’Better results, more value’. Tekes Review 288/2011
Copyright © Tekes
Structure of presentation
1. What are public RDI systems and how are they legitimized?
2. What are RDI indicators, why are they needed and which are the challenges?
3. Examples of impact assement models and indicators – the case of Tekes
02-2012DM
Copyright © Tekes
1. What are public RDI systems and how are they legitimized?
02-2012DM
Copyright © Tekes
The Finnish public RDI system
PARLIAMENT
Academy ofFinland
Universities
Ministry ofEmployment
and theEconomy
VTT
Tekes
Otherministriesand theirinstitutes
SitraFinnvera plc
FinproFinnishIndustry
Investment Ltd
RegionalELY Centres
GOVERNMENTResearch andInnovation
CouncilMinistry of
Education andCulture
Copyright © Tekes
R&D investments in some countries
Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators
09-2011DM 36109 and 36054
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Percentage of GDP
Copyright © Tekes
Public sector’s share of total R&D fundingin 2009
Source: Eurostat
11-2011DM 36109 and 36054
%
Copyright © Tekes
Million euros
Tekes R&D funding by sectors – from technology towards services and intangibles
Construction is included in the industrial figures.
01-2012DM 906697 and 607668
Copyright © Tekes
Why are public RDI policies needed – how are they legitimized?
Traditional arguments
Market failure• Informationl assymetries, knowledge spill-overs, externalities, over-
exploitation of commons
New arguments…in response to societal challenges?
Structural system failures• Infrastructural , institutional, network, capabilities failures
Transformational system failures• Directionality, demand articulation, policy coordination, reflexivity failures
Source: Weber & Rohracher,forthcoming in 2012.
Copyright © Tekes
2. What are RDI indicators, why are they needed and which are the challenges?
Copyright © Tekes
What is an Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) indicator?
“Indicators are quantitative representations that might reasonably be thought to provide summary information bearing on the scope, quality, and vitality of the science and engineering enterprise. They are intended to contribute to an understanding of the current environment and to inform the development of future policies”
Modified from NSB/NSF Science and Engineering Indicators
Copyright © Tekes
Why are RDI indicators needed?
Importance of science, technology and innovation for social and economic progress – a stylized fact
Continuous pressure to increase resources to RDI to compete globally
Pressure to ascertain effective use of public resources such as taxes
Need to legitimate risky RDI investmnents characterized by uncertainty
Need to understand dynamics of scientific and technological progress
Need to build an evidence-base for policy
10.04.23© Advansis Oy 200611
Copyright © Tekes
Criteria for RDI indicators
1. Clear connection to research and innovation
2. Clear connection to the phenomenon and impact area it represents
3. Clear policy connection
4. Transparency
5. Intuitive and easily understandable
6. Internationally comparable
7. Easy and regular updating, basis for regular statistics gathering
8. Statistically reliable
9. Good temporal, sectoral and geographical coverage
10. Clear message on the direction and distance to the target state
11. Based on solid theories or coherent frameworks
12
Copyright © Tekes
Basic framework for assessing impacts of RDI
Traditional and well-studied role of RDI in creating preconditions for economic growth and renewal - other objectives and impacts known in less detail…
Input-activity-output model most common framework The chain from research and innovation to socioeconomic
benefits is not linear but involves several feedback loops that provide new inputs to the process at various stages
13
Copyright © Tekes
Key challenges in RDI impact assessment
Causality: the relationships between research and innovation inputs, activities, outputs, and impacts are often unclear or nonlinear.
Attribution: it is difficult or even impossible to separate the impact of research and innovation from other inputs and activities – the additionality problem
Internationality: the impacts of research and innovation are international by nature – activities and value chains are global, and both positive and negative spillovers exist.
Time scale: the impacts are realized both in the short and long-term.
Breakdown of impacts to particular socio-economic target: how to define e.g. impact on environment, public welfare or culture.
14
Copyright © Tekes
Indicator sources – some examples
U.S. National Science Board/National Science Foundation: Science and Engineering Indicators
Other national indicator publications, including statistical agencies
OECD: Main Science and Technology Indicators• Indicator manuals: Frascati and Oslo manuals, Patent Statistics Manual etc.
EU: European Innovation Scoreboard
International competitiveness reports (WEF, IMD)
15
Copyright © Tekes
Top 10 traditional RDI indicators
1. R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP
2. Publications
3. Citations
4. Patents
5. New products and processes
6. International trade and trade balance in high-tech products
7. Young innovative companies
8. Mobility of researchers
9. Science and technology labor force
10. Growth in productivity
But we also need ’blue-sky indicators, e.g. based on www
16
Copyright © Tekes
3. How are RDI impacts being assessed – the case of Tekes?
Copyright © Tekes
*Developed jointly by Finnish Academy and Tekes in collaboration with external experts
Copyright © Tekes
Economy and economic renewal
Observes the effects that research and innovation activities have, or should have, on the development and renewal of the economy and the opportunities and challenges arising from this
Perhaps the most common and the furthest elaborated impact area of research and innovation activities, which also provides a good basis for international comparison
19
Copyright © Tekes
Hierarchy of phenomena related to economy and economic renewal
20
National prosperity
Foreign Direct Investments
High growth enterprises
Productivity of the economy
Strengthening of intangible assets
Position in global value networks
Investments in R&D&I General conditions and incentives for R&D&I
Human resources for R&D&I
Impacts
Outputs
Activities
Inputs
Continuous improivement of competitiveness
Collaboration, networks and knowledge flows
Capability to innovate
Job creation
Copyright © Tekes
Indicators related to economy and economic renewal
Phenomenom IndicatorsNational prosperity GDP per capita
Overall productivity of the economy Total Factor Productivity TFP Productivity renewal indicator
Foreign Direct Investments Share of Foreign Direct Investments per GDP
Strengthening of intangible assets Share of new innovative products and services from business turnover. Volume and share of intangible investments
Position in global value-networks Exports of knowledge-intensive sectors
Continuous improvement of competitiveness Development of turnover in knowledge intensive sectors (or alternatively in KI jobs)
Collaboration, networks and knowledge flows Share of public and private organisations having collaborated in innovation projects
Capability to innovate Development of patenting, registered trademarks and designs (EPO / USPTO / TRIAD)
Investments in R&D&I Share of R&D&I expenditure in business turnoverGovernment direct & indirect support to business R&DForeign direct investments in Finnish R&D&I
Human resources for R&D&I Availability of highly educated workforce
General conditions and incentives for R&D&I GDP share of VC investments at different growth stages…
21
Copyright © Tekes
Environment
Many of the causality chains from the inputs of research and innovation to the impacts on the environment are at least partly known based on the knowledge on natural sciences and technologies
Environmental issues often have a global character – impacts are transnational
Environmental issues are integrated to most of the activities in business and public sectors
Energy is a remarkable part of this impact area as it drives economic activities and well-being in addition to its impact on the state of environment, climate change, and use of natural resources
The operational environment is often playing a significant role in increasing the interest to innovate and use innovations
22
Copyright © Tekes
Hierarchy of phenomena related to environment
23
State of the Finnish environment
Sustainableconsumption of natural
resourcesBiodiversityClimate change
New information and knowledge related to
environment
Consumers' attitudesand behaviorGreen businessEnvironmentally
positive innovations
R&D&I activities directedtowards environment
Cooperation within environment related value networks and strengthening of skill
flows
R&D&I investments in sectors vital to environment
Operational environment supporting the aimsSkills and human resources
Impacts
Outputs
Activities
Inputs
Copyright © Tekes
Indicators related to environment
24
Phenomenom IndicatorsState of the Finnish environment Water systems ecological state
Climate change Green house gas emissions in Finland
Biodiversity Endangeredness of Finnish species
Sustainable consumption of natural resources
Share of renewable energy in energy production
New information and knowledge related to environment
Scientific environmental publications among the top 10% most cited publications worldwide as % of total scientific publications of the countryUse of environmental information in political decision making
Environmentally bening innovations International patents/forwarded references of patents in the environmental sectorGreen business Revenue of companies in energy and environment sector
Private sector energy efficiency
Consumers' attitudes and behavior Household energy efficiency
R&D&I activities directed towards environment (quality, challenges, extent)
Companies with innovation operations in the energy and environmental sectorsAmount of environmental R&D&I activities in research institutions
Cooperation within environment related value networks and strengthening of skill flows
Cooperation between private sector, universities and research centers in environment sector
R&D&I investments on environment Private R&D&I expenditure on environmentPublic R&D expenditure on environmentVenture capital directed towards environment
Skills and human resources No relevant indicator so far
Operational environment supporting environmentally benign actions
No relevant indicator so far
Copyright © Tekes
Summing up
The focus of public RDI systems is broadeding, Finland being a good example of this
RDI indicators remain important but RDI impact assessment is increasingly challenging
There is also a need for new types on real-time ’blue-sky’ indicators
Emerging and developing countries also need public RDI systems• What kind of systems?
• Where should they focus?
• How could their impacts be assessed?
