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£4.99 (UK only) Issue 176 September 2013 - ISSN 1366-9028 I explo r e t h e w orld How were castles built? Giant foldout Life in the Middle Ages
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£4.99 (UK only) Issue 176 September 2013 - ISSN 1366-9028
I explore the world
How were castles built?
Giant foldout
Life in theMiddle Ages
2
© S
tory
: B. F
icho
u. Il
lust
rati
ons:
Séb
asti
en T
elle
schi
(and
thro
ugho
ut is
sue)
.
I KNOW! HE’S NOT AT ALL SCARY!
THESE ARE SOME OF THE HARD
SHELLS THAT INSECTS USED TO HAVE 700 YEARS
AGO.
COME ALONG, CHILDREN!OVER HERE!
WHAT A JOKER! HA! HA!
HA!
OOOH! JUST LOOK
AT HIS FACE!
YUCK! SO UGLY!
HE LOOKS RIDICULOUS!
HE LOOKS STRONG, THOUGH!
THAT’S JUST SILLY!
HEE! HEE! HEE! BIG UGLY
MUG!HE MUST
HAVE BEEN A REAL LAUGH WITH THOSE BIG JAWS!
HA HA! SILLY OLD THING! ...ULOUS
RIDIC...
CALM DOWN, KARL! THEY’RE JUST LITTLE BUGS!
SO YOU THINK MY BIG
JAWS ARE RIDICULOUS,
DO YOU?
Museum of the
Middle Ages
FELIX
LUKE
CHARLIE
SYLVIA KARLMuseum
andFFFELIXFELIXF
andand
Welcome to the Middle Ages!
A castle in the Middle Ages
ZOOM IN
WORLD VIEW
FUNFACTS
DO IT YOURSELF
WILD LIFE
GIANT FOLDOUT
PICS & FACTS
How to become a knightBoys started training when they were just 7 years old. They worked as pages and then as squires. They learned to fight and ride horses and had to get used to wearing 25kg of armour…
Fox out hunting…See amazing photos of a fox as it pounces on its prey.
A miller at workJohn was the village miller. He ground wheat into flour in his windmill. The flour was used to make bread, which was the main food for most poor people at the time.
Discover today’s world in photos.
Lots of interesting info about nature, science, history…
Page 22
Page 28
Page 37
Page 24
Page 13
Page 4
Go to the middle
of your magazine
3Cover illustration: Serge Prud’homme. Photo: © D. Salvagnin (fox).
UH OH!! HE’S COMING
UP THE WALLS BEHIND US!
HE MUSTTHINK HE’S A SPIDER.
LET’S GO THIS WAY!
KARL, STOP! YOU’RE TOO OLD
FOR THIS!
GRUNT
New look!
Investigate! How were arched doorways in castles built? Matthew and Elliot find out.Experiment!Discover for yourself how a windmill works.
Fun cartoons, games, pet care, your jokes and questions and a great competition!
+ LOTS MORE
Discov
eryB
ox is
a 20
12 winner of Parents’ Choice G
old Award.
4
How to become a knight
Look at these knights riding out to battle! Find out about these soldiers who fought on horseback
between the 10th and 15th centuries.
5
Go to our
website:
www. bayard-magazines.co.uk
How to become a knight
6
Learning to be a knightThe sons of kings and lords were trained
to be knights. They didn’t go to school and started learning to fight when they were very young.
A boy left his family at 7 years old to train as a knight. He was sent to work as a page in the house of a lord (often a friend of his family). He looked after the lord’s horses and learned to ride. He practised fighting with a wooden sword.
At 13 he became a squire. He went to war with his lord. He helped his lord put on his armour and led his battle horse, called a charger, to the battlefield. After a fight, he collected weapons and rounded up horses left by the enemy.
The squire practised fighting skills. He learned to joust, fighting on horseback with a lance. He had to gallop towards a quintain and hit the straw man hanging from it. He also fought other squires, using blunt swords so they didn’t hurt each other.
He spent long days hunting. He learned to track stags, deer, wild boar, wolves and even foxes. Hunting prepared him for battle. Spending time in the forest taught him how to survive in the wild. Knights had to be observant and brave.
IF ONLY I HAD A HORSE…
COME BACK!
77
The young warrior became a knight when his lord felt he was ready for this honour, usually aged about 17. In a ceremony called the accolade or dubbing, the lord tapped the squire on the shoulder with a sword or gave him a small slap on the neck. Then he gave the new knight a name. The lord also gave the knight all the equipment he needed: a helmet, a shirt of chain mail, a sword and spurs.
Knights were always fighting. In times of peace, they took part in tournaments. Lots of people came to watch these competitions and there was often a fair at the same time. Knights jousted and fought each other. The winners were given a crown or a trained hunting falcon (bird of prey).
The losers had to give up their weapons and horses. Knights also fought for their lords, attacking castles and taking land and prisoners. They would demand a ransom in exchange for their freedom. Knights also helped keep the roads safe. They had to spend 40 days every year serving their lord.
The young man took an oath, promising to follow the knight’s code of conduct. This was a set of rules about how knights had to behave. A knight was expected to be faithful to his lord, protect the weak and be brave and generous. In return, the lord gave him land and sometimes money.
Knights used wooden
or metal shields to protect
themselves in battle.
COME BACK!
HE HAS SPOTTED
US! LET’S GET OUT OF HERE!
8
A knight’s equipment weighed over 25kg!
© colt.
enix.org
© Les Boucliers de l’Andlau
© L
es B
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l’And
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© a
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.com
© a
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© A
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. Mon
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Knights never harmed their horses or their enemies’ horses.
Flail This weapon had 3 chains with metal weights on the ends.
Helmet design over the years1100
Nasal helmet with a bar to protect the nose
1200Iron helmet with eye slits
and air holes
1400Special helmet for
tournament parades
1300Helmet with throat and
neck protection
A knight wore heavy, metal chain mail and armour. A foot soldier could not easily beat a knight on horseback. But if a knight fell off his horse, he was in trouble!
His heavy equipment often made it difficult for him to stand up again. If he did manage to get up, he carried on fighting with his sword and daggers.
Dagger and sheath (holder)
Sword (in a red sheath)A knight’s sword was 1m long and weighed 2kg.
9
A knight’s equipment weighed over 25kg!
Iron sword Both edges of the sword’s blade were sharp and could cut.
AxeIt had a wooden handle and a sharp blade.
Sabatons These armoured shoes were made of iron.
Surcoat with coat of armsOver his armour a knight wore a long sleeveless tunic decorated with his coat of arms (or badge). Every knight chose his own special design.
HauberkThis long, chain mail shirt protected the knight’s body from the neck to the knees.
GambesonA padded leather jacket helped to protect the knight’s upper body.
Spurs The knight dug these sharp points into his horse’s sides to direct it.
ShieldThis one was made of wood and covered in metal. It was decorated with the knight’s coat of arms so he could be easily recognized on the battlefield.
Basinet This metal helmet had a visor that could be pulled down over the knight’s face. It was worn on top of a chain mail hood.
Chain mail gauntletsThese gloves protected the hands.
GreavesThese were metal shin protectors.
A knight’s equipment cost
as much as 30 cows. That
was a lot of money!
SIR, THAT BIG GUY OVER THERE IS BUGGING
US!COULD
YOU TELL HIM TO STOP…
… WITH YOUR AXE?
PLEASE?
10
DID YOU KNOW?
The Middle Ages lasted hundreds of years!
597 Augustine, a monk from Rome, arrives in England
to teach the people about Christianity.
1209Scholars in England
get together to found the University of
Cambridge.
1206Francis of Assisibecomes a monk.
He spends his life caring for the poor and the sick.
1215
King John of England is forced to sign
the Magna Carta by his nobles. This
document limits the king’s powers.
1337The Hundred
Years’ War between France
and England starts. 1348
The plague, or Black Death, kills millions of people across Europe.
1380Geoffrey Chaucer
begins writing The Canterbury Tales.
This collection of stories tells us a lot
of what we know about how people in England
lived at the time.
1429Joan of Arc is 17 years old when she leads the French
army to victory against the English.
8th centuryThe armies of the Muslim
Empire are defeated in France and in China.
Meanwhile, around the world…7th century In ArabiaIslam is founded by Muhammad. The Muslim Empire quickly spreads as far as Spain and China.
12th century In AsiaGenghis Khan rules the largest empire in the world. It stretches across Asia and Europe.
476The last Roman emperor is
forced to give up his position. Historians say this is the
start of the Middle Ages.
11
The Middle Ages lasted hundreds of years!800
Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
He is the new ruler of Europe.
840The Vikings sail from
Scandinavia and invade many parts of Europe.
927Athelstan, king of
the West Saxons, defeats the Vikings to become
the first King of England. 1066William of Normandy
conquers England and becomes king.
1096European knights set off on
the First Crusade, a religious war to capture Jerusalem from
the Muslims.
1152Henry II of England marries Eleanor of
Aquitaine and becomes king of a large part of
France.
1163Work begins on
the beautiful cathedral of Notre
Dame in Paris.
1450A German called
Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing
press.
1492Christopher
Columbus travels to a new land, America.
16th centuryA new period in European history,
called the Renaissance, begins.
15th century In AmericaPachacuti, an Inca leader, unites the kingdoms of the Andes mountains into one empire.
14th century In AfricaMansa Musa rules the Malian Empire, one of the richest in the world.
© B
ayar
d P
ress
e -
Imag
es D
oc J
une
2013
. Tex
t: C
. Loi
zeau
. Ill
ustr
atio
ns: S
erge
Pru
d’ho
mm
e (p
p. 4
to 9
) and
Fre
d So
char
d (p
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-11)
.
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13
A miller at workIt’s early morning in 1313.
Can you see the windmill on the hill? That’s where our story begins…
I’m already up and about!
14
Tail poleJohn uses this to position the sails into the wind.
Time to get up, Gertie.
Red sky in the morning, shepherd’s warning.*
Eat your soup, Gertie.
Chick chick chiiiick!
Look at all these eggs, Granny!
Go and get ready, Gertie. You’re coming to
the village with me today.
That’s great, Pa!
Careful, girl, you don’t want to
break them…
Then it’s time to go and feed the chickens.
John White oWns the mill. his son, Robin, WoRks theRe With him.
* an old saying about the weather: if the sky is red in the morning it’s likely to rain so shepherds should not take their sheep out to the fields.
15
SailsPieces of strong cloth are stretched over wooden frames to catch the wind.
Hopper (or funnel)Robin pours the wheat in here.
MillstonesThe top stone turns and grinds the wheat seed (also called grain) that’s on the lower stone into flour.
FlourIt comes out here and is collected in sacks.
TowerThis wooden building protects the machinery of the mill and keeps the wheat and flour dry.
Head wheel The sails turn this wheel, which turns a gear that makes the top millstone turn.
Morning, John!
Morning, Mrs Morris!
Robin will mill your wheat!
Are you happy, Greynose? We’re going for
a walk…
16
There goes the miller,
off in his cart as usual!
He’s lucky. His mill makes
him rich!
His wife died a while ago, so
he’s a widower now. I would not mind marrying him and being the wife of
a rich man!
Colin, are you a baker’s boy
now?Greetings,
John!
Hello there, Peter!
Yes, Gertie, I’m learning to
be a baker!
Morning, Mrs Darby. I brought your rye*
and wheat flour.
You didn’t need to, John! I could have sent
the baker’s boy.
I was passing by on my way to the abbey.
Hey, miller, you leave my wife alone!
But…
the milleR is an impoRtant peRson and some villageRs aRe Jealous of him.
* another cereal plant, like wheat.
17
Everyone knows that you cheat people on the weight of flour and that you flirt with all the ladies…
You old gossip! Better check on
your bread. I smell burning!
GRRR!
Don’t worry, my dear! Your pa is
a good man.
Colin, take this delivery
to the castle.Let’s go,
Greynose!
Don’t be upset! The baker shouts at everyone… me, the customers,
his wife… Oh no, I forgot Gertie! She will
have to walk home!
It took me a whole day to mill your six bags
of flour. This mix of rye and wheat was hard
to sift*.
I’ve never seen
my pa so cross!
Master John! At last!
I’m sorry it was a hard job, John. Keep a sack of flour
as extra payment.
I will get him!
John aRRives at the abbey.
meanWhile…
* sieve the flour to take out any bits of husk (the hard outer coating of the seeds) that have ended up in it.
18
John is away today. I will wait till Robin leaves the mill.
Robin! Come, I need you!
Coming, Granny!
The mill is turning too fast. I will take down
some of the cloth on the sails in a bit.
Here’s my chance…
Ha ha! Your mill really is going
too fast now, you silly boy! That proud miller John thinks he’s better than other people… Well, I will teach him a lesson
that he will not forget quickly!
a While lateR…
the Jealous bakeR makes the mill staRt tuRning even fasteR.
as the Wind bloWs haRdeR, the millstone staRts to tuRn fasteR. this makes spaRks fly out. if these spaRks fall on the flouR oR the Wood flooR, the mill Will easily catch fiRe!
19
© Il
lust
rati
ons:
A. S
olei
lhac
.
Oh no! What have I done? Fire!
Fire!
Phew, it’s raining!
It’s true then, red sky in
the morning and all that…
Yummy, I love these sweet buns!
Did you hear? The lord has ordered the baker to leave
the village!
It has been a good year, in spite
of the fire… and I made enough money to pay the tax I owe the lord.
Let’s give
thanks!
the haRvest festival is at the end of septembeR.
THE END
DID YOU KNOW?
20
There were no chips in the Middle Ages!No chips, no mashed potatoes, no crisps! Potatoes came from
South America and Europeans hadn’t travelled there yet. So what did poor people in Europe eat?
Bread was their main food ................................People used wheat to make bread.
They also ate other cereals, such as oats,
barley and rye, which they boiled up as
porridge and used in soups.porridge and used in soups.
People in the Middle Ages
Poor people’s food in the Middle Ages
21
There were no chips in the Middle Ages!
Lords ate meat and lots of different kinds of food,
including things brought from other countries.
Some families might own a pig, a cow or some chickens.
The wild animals in the forest belonged to the king and
his lords. Poor people weren’t allowed to hunt them but
if they were starving they sometimes did! Stealing like
this was called poaching and if someone was caught,
they could be hung.
A little meat ...............................A little meat ...............................A little meat ...............................A little meat ...............................
Vegetables ...........................Vegetables ...........................Vegetables ...........................Vegetables ...........................
Nettles and mushrooms ......................mushrooms ......................
These were used for making soup.
There weren’t all the types of
vegetables we have today. People only
ate vegetables that they could grow in
their fields.
Poor people were allowed to gather nuts and seeds
that grew wild in the woods and hedges.
90 out of 100 people were poor farmers.
They worked the land for the lords.
Church people prayed, cured the sick and taught children.
The kingruled over everyone.
Lords and knightswent to war and ruled
the peasants.
©B
ayar
d P
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Imag
es D
oc J
une
2013
. Tex
t: P
. Bou
chié
. Ill
ustr
atio
ns: A
. Sol
eilh
ac. ©
Pho
tos:
Clé
men
tine
cuis
inef
ranc
e; F
Fdec
unic
ultu
re; D
R; d
ico-
cuis
ine.
fr/D
R.
Poor people’s food in the Middle Ages
22
Dubai is in the United Arab Emirates. This country is a desert. There’s often fog as in this photograph… To get above it, you have to go to the top of Burj Khalifa, the tallest skyscraper in the world and the biggest building ever made. It has 163 floors!
Victory at last! This year’s Wimbledon was won by the Scot Andy Murray. It was the first time in many years that this London tournament was won by a British player.
© C
ater
s N
ews
Age
ncy/
Sipa
© R
eute
rs/O
THK
Lookout, dragonfly! This frog would love to gobble up the dragonfly that has landed on its nose. You can spot frogs and dragonflies near ponds in summer.
23
© S
heng
Li/
Reu
ters
© A
dhi P
rayo
ga/C
ater
s N
ews
Age
ncy/
Sipa
Welcome to the robot restaurant in Harbin, China. A robot welcomes you and shows you to your table. Robot chefs cook the food. You can choose from 30 different dishes. The robot waiters move along a track to take the food to customers.
hey! have you seen
any bugs around here?
24
© B
ilby/
Mon
arto
Zoo
gica
l Par
k, A
ustr
alia
Giraffes use their muscly tongues to pull leaves off trees. Scientists think there are two reasons for their tongue colour. One is that there’s melanin pigment in the tongue. This is a chemical that protects skin from the sun. (We have it in our skin too.) A giraffe's tongue sticks out all day long as it feeds and could easily get burned.The second reason is that a giraffe's tongue doesn't have many blood vessels in it. This makes the tongue much tougher. That's useful as some of the trees giraffes feed on have sharp thorns!
The Vatican City State is where the Pope (the leader of the Catholic church) lives and rules.It's the smallest country in the world. It’s a walled area inside the city of Rome, the capital of Italy. The Vatican has an area of just 0.44km² (that's 3,000 times smaller than Rome) and only about 800 people live there!
Giraffes have huge blue tongues!
The Vatican is a country
Help!
25
Illus
trat
ions
: B. L
efor
t
Did you know that lizards (and some other reptiles such as salamanders and geckos) have a detachable tail? When a lizard is caught by a predator, it contracts certain muscles in its spine and its tail breaks off. The old broken tail continues to wriggle to confuse the predator, while the lizard escapes. It takes several weeks for a new tail to grow.
The first telescopes
Hic-hicHiccup!
Under your lungs is a muscle called the diaphragm. It helps you breathe by contracting (getting smaller) to give your lungs more space. That's whenthe lungs fill with air and you breathe in. Sometimes, when you have had a big meal or you eat too fast, your diaphragm becomes irritated. It contracts suddenly and jerkily, making you take in a big gulp of air. At the same time the vocal cords in your throat tighten. So when the air passes through them you hear that 'hic' sound.
Lizard can grow new tails
A telescope is used to look at things that are far away. This word comes from Greek and means ‘far seeing’. Scientists first made telescopes in the Netherlands in the early 17th century using glass lenses. Then in 1668, Isaac Newton, an Englishman, made a new kind of telescope using mirrors. It magnified the stars so they looked 40 times bigger. Since then many other kinds of telescopes have been invented.
© E
lisab
eth
Men
exia
dou/
Insc
ienc
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rg
If you like animals then a t-shirt like this could be just your thing. A US company uses 3D printing to put amazing images of animal heads on t-shirts: different dog breeds, elephants, tigers, bears, monkeys…
© C
ater
s N
ews
Age
ncy/
Sipa
Des
ign.
The
Mou
ntai
n.co
m
… 670,105,000,363…670,105,
000,364…670,105,000,365 stars…
Hey! There's a dog on
your t-shirt!
26
1 a sieve for straining pasta 2 a washing machine drum 3 a knight’s helmet 4 a metal tower with arrow slits
© D
R
Answer on page 51.
A castle in the Middle Ages
What’s happening behind these walls?
Protected by ramparts
Wall walkwaySoldiers walk around on the top of the walls and keep watch over the countryside.
It’s not easy to get inside this castle! It’s built to protect its people against enemy attacks…
Small bartizanThis watchtower has arrow slits for archers to aim through.
Curtain wall This thick, strong wall is built of large blocks of stone. It goes all the way around the castle to protect it.
HoardingThis is a wooden hut that hangs over the wall. Soldiers get a better aim at attackers from here.
Life in the castleThe lord and his family live in the castle keep.
Servants and many others work here and live inside the walls with their families.
Hoarding These wooden shelters are built when there is danger of attack.
Treadwheel craneOne man walks inside the wheel to turn it. This machine is used to lift heavy stones.
Arrow slits Archers can take aim through these narrow holes in the walls without being in danger from enemy arrows.
Life in the castleThe lord and his family live in the castle keep.
Servants and many others work here and live inside the walls with their families.
Vegetable garden
Stables
ChapelThe lord’s family prays in the chapel every day. This is also where the knights’ accolade or dubbing ceremony takes place.
KitchenFood is cooked in clay and iron pots. Meat is roasted on a spit over the fire.
Boys’ bedroomsThe mattresses on the beds are stuffed with straw.
WellA servant girl is pulling water up in a bucket.
Guards’ roomThis is where the guards rest and look after their weapons.
BarnsCows and pigs are kept inside the castle to provide food for the people who live there.
Portcullis This gate is made of strong iron bars. It’s raised using a winch and chains.
ChainsThey connect to the winch, which is turned to raise and lower the drawbridge.Dungeon
Prisoners are chained and locked up here.
Weapons roomThe soldiers’ axes, lances and swords are kept here.
KitchenFood is cooked in clay and iron pots. Meat is roasted on a spit over the fire.
WindowsGlass is very expensive so most windows only have wooden shutters to keep the cold out.
Girls’ bedroomSoldiers stand guard here.
Boys’ bedroomsThe mattresses on the beds are stuffed with straw.
Store roomSupplies of food and wine are kept here. Meat is salted and hung from hooks.
Guards’ roomThis is where the guards rest and look after their weapons.
Courtyard The people who live nearby can shelter here if there’s an attack.
BattlementsThis is the name for the wall that rises up above the level of the tower roof, or above the walkway on the curtain wall. The gaps in the battlements are called crenels. Soldiers can shoot through them and then stand back behind the protection of the merlons (the solid parts).
ChainsThey connect to the winch, which is turned to raise and lower the drawbridge.
WindowsGlass is very expensive so most windows only have wooden shutters to keep the cold out.
War machineIt’s used to throw stones.
Lord and lady’s bedroom It has a bed and some folding seats. Clothes and valuables are kept in chests.
Store roomSupplies of food and wine are kept here. Meat is salted and hung from hooks.
Great Hall This is the main room, where the lord eats and entertains guests. He also uses it as a courtroom.
LatrinesThese toilets empty directly into the moat.
Tower It juts out from the wall so that soldiers can shoot at people attacking the bottom of the wall.
Tapestry hangingsThese decorative woven carpets cover the walls, doors and windows. They keep out cold air.
A lookoutHe will give a signal from the top of the tower when he sees people approaching.
© B
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2013
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. Pru
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mm
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GAMEFind the castle’s
3 cats. They love hunting mice and rats…
Answers on page 51.
?
GatehouseThis is the way into the castle. A passage cuts through the thick walls and is guarded by towers on either side. The opening can be closed by the portcullis.
DrawbridgeIt can be raised or lowered over the moat.
MoatThis ditch is filled with brambles and nettles.
KeepThis large tower can be seen from far away. It reminds everyone how powerful the lord is.
Forge The blacksmith works here making nails, chains and weapons. He also repairs tools.
Bayard
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Read, learn and play with StoryBox on your iPad!
In this new app, read and listen to an exciting story, find out why we have 5 fingers, learn about
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StoryBox app 1
Stanley
Tusko
LeopoldLivingroom
Tarzine
Why are there all these guys
wearing armour in the forest?
Glug
They must be knights from
the Middle Ages who never
adapted to the modern world…
Look! All the animals around here are
wearing armour!!
Why would knights make
monkey sounds?
Ooh! Ooh!
Weird, very weird…
Ugh! This water has a horrible metallic
taste!
Who can tell!
Did you see? They have tails
too!
Maybe they have lived
in the trees so long that they
have gone back to being monkeys…
Great! A stream! We can at least have a drink!
Yuck!
Urgh!!You’re right.
It tastes like iron!
Aaah! My skin is turning into metal!!!
Mine too!
Mine too!!
Mine too!!
Now we know why the animals around here are
covered in iron plates…
Yeah, well at least we don’t have to worry about mosquitoes any more…
Glug GlugGlug
© B
ayar
d P
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Imag
es D
OC
June
201
3. T
ext a
nd il
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ons:
Cor
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27
28
Wild life
Fox out hunting…
Foxes in fairy tales and legends
are often clever and cunning.
In real life, they are great hunters.
Watch this one in action!
PHEW… THOSE BUGS MOVE FAST!
UH OH! THE FOX HAS
SEEN US!PHEW…
WHAT A DAY!
29
Text
: N. T
ordj
man
. © A
ll p
hoto
s: F
. Cah
ez.
Fox out hunting…
It’s 5 o’clock in the morning and dawn is
breaking over a freshly mowed field.
A fox is returning to its den with
a full stomach.
Suddenly, it hears a rustling sound.
It stops and sniffs. Then it leaps and
dives head first towards the ground.
What has it found?
30
The fox has caught three plump moles.
It doesn’t eat them straight away. It runs off across
the countryside, quick as a red flash, with the prey in
its mouth. As it runs, it stretches its body. Its feet hardly
touch the ground. It keeps its bushy tail straight out
behind it to stay balanced.
31
The fox is a female, a vixen. She has two cubs.
When she gets back to her den, the cubs
welcome her with little yelps.
They snuggle up to her. But
the vixen isn’t in the mood
to play. She has been hunting
all night, so once the cubs have
had some milk from her,
she needs to rest.
BAD LUCK, MOLES! BEST I GET AWAY FROM HERE!
32
The cubs play outside the den in the day,
while their mother watches over them.
They’re two months old and they love
to play fight. They run, jump, play catch
and roll around on the ground, biting and
nipping each other.
The cubs play like this to develop skills
for hunting. Over the next few months
they will reach adult size, growing sharp
teeth and a bushy tail. Then they have to
leave the den so they will need to be able
to hunt on their own.
33
34
FOX FACT FILE
COMMON NAME: Red fox
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Vulpes vulpes
FAMILY: canines, like dogs, wolves, jackals
and coyotes
AVERAGE LIFE SPAN: 3 years
FOOD: rodents (rats, mice, etc), birds, insects and fruit,
depending on where they are and the season
THEY LIVE: everywhere – in the countryside, in forests,
mountains, by the sea and even in cities…
DroppingsFoxes usually leave their droppings in
the open where they can be seen, like
on a rock or a patch of grass. It marks
their territory with their smell.
ZorroZorro is a famous, cunning hero
who you may have seen on TV or at
the cinema. His name means fox in
Spanish.
Light skeletonFoxes have light bones. They have long, slender legs and can run at a top speed of 60km per hour. They can jump more than 5m.
Tail for balancing It’s about 40cm long and ends in a tuft of white hairs.
DID YOU KNOW?
Foxes see in black and white!
who you may have seen on TV or at
the cinema. His name means fox in
10-y
ear-
old
boy
- 140
cm
35–4
0cm
60–80cm
Weight: 6–7kg
40cm
Fox woz here!
35
Foxes in fictionFoxes are often considered to be
pests but their cleverness is
mentioned in many stories and
legends, including Aesop’s fables,
the Brer Fox stories and
Pinocchio.
Fantastic Mr FoxIn Roald Dahl’s famous story (now
also a film), Mr Fox outwits three
farmers called Boggis, Bunce
and Bean. The farmers want
to get rid of Mr Fox and
his family because they steal chickens.
Big earsFoxes can move their ears and pick up sounds that we can’t hear. They can hear a rodent gnawing 200m away!
Good eyesightFoxes have 3D vision like us but they only see things in black and white. They can see well in the half light at dawn or dusk because the cells at the back of their eyes are extremely light-sensitive.Long whiskers
These long hairs are called vibrissae. They’re about 10cm long and very sensitive to touch. At night when it’s dark, they help foxes to sense what is around them.
Sensitive hairs Foxes have long hairs on the lower part of their legs. These pick up ground vibrations, helping foxes to detect the movement of prey… or a predator!
Pointy muzzleFoxes have an excellent sense of smell. They hunt by following the smell their prey leaves on the ground.
Foxes see in black and white!
© B
ayar
d P
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e -
Imag
es D
oc J
une
2013
. Tex
t: M
. Bey
nié.
Illu
stra
tion
s: B
. Lef
ort.
© P
hoto
: E. I
ssel
ée; F
otol
ia.c
om.
mentioned in many stories and
legends, including Aesop’s fables,
the Brer Fox stories and
Pinocchio.
farmers called Boggis, Bunce
and Bean. The farmers want
to get rid of Mr Fox and
I’m a huge STAR!
Fantastic Mr Fox
Krogg and Alienna
36
What’s school?Look, Alienna. Lots of small humans are
going into that building over there.
© B
ayar
d P
ress
e –
Ast
rapi
Sep
tem
ber
2010
. Tex
t: P
. Mar
tin.
Illu
stra
tion
s: N
. Hub
esch
.
Right, who knows what 5 x 8 is?
Wow! That’s amazing! Those little humans are really wise. People come and ask them questions and
they know all the answers!
How many wives did Henry VIII have?
If I stand on your shoulders, I can look in.
Humph!
Yes, I see. But... why?
Me!
4O!SIX!
You mean exhausting! Really?
Hurry up!
37
© P
hoto
s: A
. Hou
dou
(gir
l), J
. Rya
n C
ordo
va (b
ackg
roun
d).
Great competition
Buildinga castle
Marketgames
Kittencare
Wind power
The boys are here
Elliot Matthew
38
How were arches in
castle wallsbuilt?
Welcome to Guedelon castle. It’s being built using only techniques and materials
from the Middle Ages. Elliot and Matthew explore this amazing building site…
How did they put stones in the top of the arch without them falling down?
Elliot and Matthew meet Florian, the historian in charge of building work at Guedelon castle.
Go to our
website:
www. bayard-magazines.co.uk
39
Florian teaches Matthew how to draw the arch on the floor. The rope is used like a compass to make the semi-circle.
Elliot places a wood template on a stone.
He traces its outline with a stick of charcoal
(a kind of pencil).
2 In the Middle Ages, builders cut pieces of wood to match the shape drawn on the floor. The wooden shape was used as a template for the stone cutters to follow.
3 Henry is a stone cutter. He cuts the stone along the line that Elliot drew. It takes him a day and a half to cut a 30kg stone!
4 Later, the stones are stuck together using mortar made of sand, powdered limestone and water.
l mustn’t let the template
move!
1 Florian explains that an arched doorway is shaped like a semi-circle on top of a rectangle. It has to be drawn out full size before it can be built. In the Middle Ages, builders used a piece of rope with 13 knots to draw circles, angles and straight lines.
Rope with 13 knots
Pull the rope
tight.
ER… NO, NO BUGS HERE,
MATE… WE JUST CUT STONES.
404040
5 Matthew and Elliot wonder why the builders didn’t cut the stones in squares. It would have been easier. Florian explains why using the two drawings on the right. An arch made of square stones needs a lot more mortar between the stones to hold them in place. If the stones are slightly tapered (narrower at one end), they fit together better. Less mortar is needed and the arch is stronger. The stones push against each other and hold in place more securely.
6 Florian suggests that Matthew and Elliot build a small arched doorway using pieces of wood instead of stones. That way they will be able to see how it all works. First the boys lay the ‘stones’ of their arch flat on the ground to see how wide the doorway will be.
keystonevoussoir
(wedge-shaped stone)
more mortar =weak
less mortar =strong
door post or jamb
Arched doorway
The width of the doorway depends
on the diameter of the arch.
HEY! IT’S NOT FUNNY!
DIAMETER (a line from one side of
a circle to the other, passing through
the middle)
41
Text
and
pho
tos:
M. B
eyni
é.
Matthew and Elliot have made an arch. The voussoirs are in place. The boys just need to add the keystone to close the arch.
There we go! Now we can
take away the support.
7 Then they start to pile up their ‘stones’ to make the arch. But even with mortar to glue them together, the ‘stones’ slip. Elliot and Matthew decide to put other stones under the arch to support it. This is what builders in the Middle Ages did too!
Great work! You are excellent
builders.
A pile of stones acts as support.
Now we just have to
put the keystone in place.
The hardest thing about building a castle is making door and window arches. The ceilings are often arched too. The walls are easy. They are made of stones placed on top of each other and stuck together with mortar.
I KNEW HE WOULD SOON WORK OUT
IT WAS US!
5cm 5cm
2cm
42
Windmills look simple but they’re an amazing invention!
Find out how windmills work and how we use the energy they produce.
1
Cut out 3 cardboard rectangles (5cm x 2cm). Cut them in half diagonally following the dotted lines in the picture. These 6 triangles will be your windmills’ sails.
Take 3 sails and push the long side of each one into the modelling clay at right angles to the clay and kebab stick.
You will need:● 2 kebab sticks ● cardboard (from a cereal box)● 2 rolls of different-coloured modelling clay ● 80cm strong thread or string● 2 forks ● 2 pots of modelling clay● hair dryer ● toy figure
Cut one roll of modelling clay in half. Push the kebab stick through one half. Make a ball with the other half and push it onto the other end of the stick.
Do the same thing with the other kebab
stick and roll of modelling clay.
Repeat step 2 with the other stick. Push the other 3 sails into the clay on this stick but at an angle (look carefully at the pictures).
2
3 4
Text
: M. B
eyni
é.
How does a windmill
work?
50cm from sails
43
Balance one stick between the fingers of both hands. Blow on the sails. Do the same thing with the other stick. What happens?
Stand the forks in the pots of modelling clay. Stand the pots near the edge of the table.Place the windmill between the fork prongs. The little toy should hang over the edge of the table.
Plug in the hair dryer and turn it on, with the temperature and speed set on ‘low’. Hold it 50cm from the windmill’s sails. Switch it on. Stand so that the hair dryer blows on the windmill’s sails. What happens?
Take the stick with the windmill that turns. Tie the string tightly to the stick and tie the toy to the other end of the string.
In the Middle Ages Windmills were used to grind grain. A windmill provided as much energy as the muscle power of 10 men!
TodayWe use turbines with giant blades to turn wind energy into electricity. This is then used to power other machines.
The wind from the hair dryer makes the sails turn. This turns the stick so the string wraps around it, pulling the toy figure up. Windmills can
transform wind power into other types of energy to make things turn (for
crushing and grinding, for example), or to pull or lift them.
5 6
7 8
Pots with modelling clay
Toy
5cm
Make a tight knot 5cm from the ball of modelling clay.
© P
hoto
s: A
. Hou
dou
44
Market day in the Middle Ages
1 There are four things in this picture that didn’t exist in the Middle Ages. Can you find them?
3 Match each person with the correct sentence.
How much are you selling it for, Mr Giles?
Look out down there!
Aah... My foot!
1
2
3
45
Market day in the Middle Ages
2 How many animals can you see in this market scene?
4 Two people are wearing the same clothes. Can you find them?
Idea
and
text
: M. B
eyni
é. Il
lust
rati
on: N
. Jul
o.
Answers on page 51.
Make way for Lord Mortimer!
He will burn
himself!
Could someone please scratch
my nose?
5
6
4
The Foxtavern
46
How to feeda growing kitten
As your kitten grows, it will need to eat different things. You can help it to slowly change its diet
from milk to dry cat food.
Kittens need to be looked after by their mother until they’re at least 2 months old. She feeds them and keeps them warm and clean. She licks their tummy to help them do their droppings. Kittens that spend time playing with their brothers and sisters are less shy and their mother teaches them what they need to know to survive.
Text
: N. T
ordj
man
. Ill
ustr
atio
ns: B
enja
min
Lef
ort.
© P
hoto
s: A
lice
Hou
dou,
Che
rry
Mer
ry/F
otol
ia.c
om
Your kitten needs to drink milk from its mother at first.Leave the kitten with its mother and brothers and sisters for as long as possible. It needs to feed from its mum several times a day. When her kittens are 4 or 5 weeks old, the mother will feed them less and less often. This gets them used to eating other food and is called weaning.
If your kitten can’t be fed by its mother, you can prepare little bottles of milk for it. Don’t feed it cow’s milk as this might give it diarrhoea. Buy milk specially made for kittens. Follow the instructions on the milk container for how much and how often you should feed your kitten (usually between 4 and 8 times every day).
When your kitten is 1 month old,it will have teeth. These are milk teeth just as young children have. You can start to give it some dry food for kittens. Mix some milk with the dry food at the beginning. As it learns to eat the dry food, you can give it less milk. It can start to drink fresh water instead of milk.
When your kitten is 4 months old,it will have its adult teeth. It can eat dry cat food or wet cat food for young cats. Check the amount of food and the number of meals best for its age. Your kitten will stop
growing when it’s about 1 year old. Then you can feed it adult cat food.
Crunch!Crunch!
Competition with
47
The Oxford Primary Grammar, Punctuation and Spelling Dictionary is the essential guide to help improve children’s spelling and writing skills.
Engaging, child-friendly and with full-colour illustrations, this brilliant new dictionary is perfect for helping to prepare children for the newly-introduced test at the end of primary school.
5 dictionaries
to be won!What to do
Write a sentence in which every word starts with the letter D.
Send your entries by 15th October 2013 to:
DiscoveryBox, Bayard Magazines,PO Box 61269, London N17 1DF, UK
Or send by email to: [email protected]
Terms and Conditions: entry in this competition implies acceptance of these rules and conditions. Open to all readers, other than employees of Bayard Presse and others professionally associated with the magazine and their immediate families. The prizes are as stated and will be awarded to the best entries on the closure date. Winners will be notified within 28 days of the competition. The prizes are subject to availability. In the unlikely event of stated prizes being unavailable, Bayard Presse reserves the right to substitute the prize for one of equal value. No cash alternative is available. No correspondence will be entered into. One entry per competition per household. In entering this competition the entrant is agreeing to receive emails from Bayard Presse and carefully selected partners. Winners’ names will be published in a future issue of the magazine.
OUR BIG
COMPETITION
results
More of your wonderful
entriesfrom the Use water wisely! competition (DiscoveryBox 169)
Tsuen Wan Public Ho Chuen Yiu Memorial Primary School
Tang Shiu Kin Primary School
48
so! there you
are!
One day, Nobody and Crazy were hiking.Suddenly, Nobody fell down the hill.
Crazy called the police.He said, “Nobody fell down the hill!”The police asked, “Are you crazy?”
“Yes I am!” said Crazy.
What animal cheatsat chess?
Shahzeb
hello.…
My Dear….
“Knock, knock!”“Who’s there?”
“Wanda?”“Wanda who?”
“Wanda buy a new door bell?”
Eilidh
Why did the fly
fly?
Jessica
Jayden
What do you call a donkey with 3 legs?
Hollie
One day the teacher told Tim,
“Your shoes are on the wrong feet.”
Tim replied, “But these are the only feet I have!”
Zahra
A cheetah!
Because the spider
spied her!
A wonky!
What did one Maths book says to the
other Maths book?
Lok
“Boy, do I have
a lot of problems!”
What falls downbut doesn’t get up?
William
A leaf!
Why did the fly
Jasmine
Wong Tak
Write to us or
email us at
contact@bayard-
magazines.co.uk
49
so! there you
are!
DiscoveryBoxBayard MagazinesPO Box 61269London N17 1DFUK
I EXPLORE THE WORLDwith my favouite magazine
Cut
alo
ng th
e do
tted
line
s.
Don’t forget to
stick a stamp
here.
Fold this sheet in half and stick the corners together.
bye bye,Karl!
see you,Karl!
until neXt tiMe,
Karl!
looK at you!frightening sMall bugs
at your age! you’re RIDICULOUS!
get bacK hoMeat once!!
Cut out this page and use it to
write to DiscoveryBox!Send us your questions, jokes, drawings or any other messages!
50
Stor
y an
d ill
ustr
atio
ns: P
. Cer
f
This machine is able to go and buy bread.
Professor BaTTy’s mad machines
Does it bring back the change?
But it eats some of the bread on the way back…
of course!
Fold along this line.
Your name: Your age:
Cut
alo
ng th
e do
tted
line
s.
Write your message or joke here.
Cut along the dotted lines.
Draw a picture…
… of your favourite bug here!
or your least favourite one!
!
51
© C
rédi
t pho
to
Managing publisher: Christophe Mauratille. Editorial Manager: Elena Iribarren. Editor in Chief: Simona Sideri. Art Director: Pat Carter. Text and research: Liz Shepherd. Editor: Caroline Pook. Sales and promotion: Andréa Chhan. Budget Controller: Elda Frey. For editorial queries please contact: Bayard Magazines, PO Box 61269, London N17 6DF, UK. For a subscription in Switzerland: Edigroup SA - 39, rue Peillonnex - 1225 Chêne-Bourg (Switzerland) - tel: (0041)22 860 84 02 - fax: (0041)22 349 25 92 email: [email protected] is published by Bayard Presse S.A, a Limited Liability company with a board of Directors and Supervisory Board and a capital of 16,500,000 Euros and having its principal place of business located at 18 Rue Barbès, 92120 Montrouge, France. Board of Directors and Management Committee: Georges Sanerot (Board President and Publication Director), Hubert Chicou, Alain Auge, André Antoni (Managing Directors). Main Shareholders: Assomption, Saint Loup Ltd, N.D.S. Association. Printers: Varoprinter, c/Artesania, Madrid, Spain and Allion Printing Co. Ltd, Hong Kong. Under law n°49956 of 16/07/1949 relating to youth publications. All rights reserved to the publisher © Images Doc, Astrapi – Bayard Presse. CPPAP: 0514 K 78793. ISSN 1366-9028The name, surname and address of our subscribers are passed on to our in-house departments and all organisations under agreement with DiscoveryBox unless we receive a formal instruction not to do so from the subscriber, in which case the above information will only be used to carry out the subscription. Such information may be accessed or modified by the subscriber as specified by the law.Follow us on (BayardKidsMags) and (Bayard Children’s Magazines).
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All about the nightDo you ever wonder why day turns into night?
Help! Did you hear that noise? Is it a ghost? Is it an owl out hunting? Or is it a plane from the first airmail company that carried post from one continent to another? And… what about the Moon? Is it possible to see the footprints of the astronauts who walked on it? There are so many things to find out about. So, if you’re not scared of the dark…
Answersfrom DiscoveryBox 175What can you see? Number 2: microscopic germs on someone’s teeth. Quiz (back cover): 1B 2A 3B 4B 5C 6A 7A 8B.
from DiscoveryBox 176What can you see? (p. 26) Number 3: a knight’s helmet.
Cat game (inside foldout)The first cat is by the door of the small tower at the back of the courtyard, The second one is on top of a barrel near the pigs and the third is in the cellar, by the barrels.
Market day in the Middle Ages (pp. 44-45)1. The four things that didn’t exist at that time are ringed:mobile phone held by the cloth seller; bananas, a fruit that was unknown in Europe at the time; one-way traffic sign behind the man holding the bear; car parked at the end of the road.2. Animals: there are 18: 2 foxes (fire blower’s tattoo, inn sign), 4 chickens, 2 goats, 1 dog, 5 rabbits, 2 pigs, 1 bear and 1 horse. 3. Matching people and sentences: 1F 2A 3E 4B 5D 6C.4. Two people wearing the same clothes are marked by:
Quiz (back cover): 1C 2B 3A 4C 5B 6B 7B 8A.
12 3
4 56
78
91011
1213
14
1516
1718
In your next issue of
DiD you hear that noise???
See you in the next issue!
1 A knight’s accolade or dubbing ceremony involved:
A cutting his hair
B cutting off his head
C tapping him on the shoulder with a sword
3 In the Middle Ages millions of people in Europe died of:
A the Black Death
B cholera
C bird flu
7 Isaac Newton invented:
A the glass telescope
B the mirror telescope
C the Hubble telescope
2 A squire learned to fight by hitting or knocking over:
A a horse
B a straw man
C a pole
6 The Latin name for fox is:
A Zorro
B Vulpes
C vixen
8 In windmills grain was ground into flour using:
A millstones
B rolling pins
C heavy books
5 The toilets in a castle were called:
A the loops
B the latrines
C the crenels
4 Poor people in the Middle Ages ate mostly:
A candy floss
B potatoes
C cereals
Answer this quiz from 1st September at www.bayard-magazines.co.uk
I’m a knight!
Ouch
!
Text
: P. B
ouch
ié. I
llus
trat
ions
: Ben
jam
in L
efor
t.
QuizQuiz
Fantastic Mr Fox!
This one’s mine!
