1
Center for Power Electronics SystemsA National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center
Virginia Tech, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteNorth Carolina A&T State University, University of Puerto Rico - Mayaguez
December 1, 2008
Future Electronic Power Distribution Systems– A contemplative view –
Dushan BoroyevichVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
Keynote presentation at:
The 2nd IEEE International Power & Energy ConferenceJohor Bahru, MALAYSIA
PECon 2008
December 1, 2008 DB-1
Power ElectronicsExpanding and Emerging Applications
Industry AutomationPowering IT
Alternativeand
DistributedEnergy
SystemsVehicularPowerSystems
Most of the Emerging Electric Power Technologies presumeMost of the Emerging Electric Power Technologies presumeActive Dynamic Control of the Electric Energy Flow (i.e. Active Dynamic Control of the Electric Energy Flow (i.e. Require the Use of Power ElectronicsRequire the Use of Power Electronics)!)!
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
2
December 1, 2008 DB-2
Power Electronics Future?
• Essential for societal energy needs from:
Retinal ImplantJ. G. KassakianIPEC, Niigata,
2005
organ implants
carbon-free energyto …
Source: Shell Global Scenarios
% of PrimaryEnergy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Coal
Nuclear
Oil
Gas
Hydro
Traditional (Wood, etc.)
Wind, PV,other
renewables
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050Courtesy of GE Global Technology Center Source: Shell Global Scenarios
% of PrimaryEnergy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Coal
Nuclear
Oil
Gas
Hydro
Traditional (Wood, etc.)
Wind, PV,other
renewables
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050Courtesy of GE Global Technology Center
December 1, 2008 DB-3
Electronic Focusof New Electric Power Systems
Emerging and future power systems will have all sources and loads interfaced through power electronics converters:
• IT Power: Portable, Server, Telecom, Data Center• More-electric aircraft, All-electric ship, Hybrid-electric car, • Sustainable energy, Distributed generation, Future power grid
Focus on: Electronic Power Distribution Systems (EPDS) .
The major opportunities and challenges for synthesis and integration of these systems are in:
• High-density power converter integration; • System-oriented modeling and analysis;• System architecture design and optimization;• Power management, control, and protection.
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
3
December 1, 2008 DB-4
Generator
480 V, 3Φ AC
Micro-Turbine
VSCFConverter
RenewableEnergy Source DC-AC
SWGRSWGR
Generator
Advanced (?) Electrical Power Systemof a Large Datacom Center
SWGR
120 V, 1Φ AC
Lighting
MotorMotor
CentralFan
120 V1Φ AC
480 V, 3Φ AC
HVAC System Pumps and Fans
… …
480 V, 3Φ AC
Com-pressor
SW GRSW GRSW GR SW GRSW GRSW GR
SWGR
SWGRSWGR SWGRSWGR
MotorMotor MotorMotor MotorMotor
ASDASD
ASDASD ASD ASD
ElectronicBallast
ElectronicBallast
ElectronicBallast
208 V3Φ AC
SWGR
Fan
SWBD
Analog
Telecom Power System
Battery
– 48 VDC
SWGR
PFCRectifier
PFCRectifier
...
LED
AnalogICs
ASICs
MemIsolated POL
Converter
DigitalICs
DC-DCConverter
μP Non-IsolatedPOL Conv. ...
AC-DC
DC-AC
Battery
24 V, 1Φ AC
Fire Alarm System
SWGRSWGRSWGR
DC-AC
Battery
120 V, 1Φ AC
Emergency Lighting
SWGRSWGRSWGR
AC-DC
120 V1Φ AC
SWGR Computer Power System
ASICs
Mem
Fan
DigitalICs
LED
AnalogICs
DC-DCConverter
AC-DCFront-End
Server
48 VDC
Non-IsolatedPOL Conv.
μP
UPS
AC-DC DC-AC
Battery
120 V1Φ AC
...
• Inefficient• Expensive• Unreliable
Very colorful patchwork inherited from last century!
December 1, 2008 DB-5
Barriers/Challenge
• Complexity of traditional power systems:– Fully coupled dynamics of generation, distribution, and delivery.– System stability is enabled by imposing an overwhelming, slow,
electromechanical or electrochemical dynamics of the sources.
• Local focus of power electronics:– Concentrated on load dynamics– Evolving focus on source dynamics (UPS, distributed generation,
fuel cells, alternative energy sources)– Until now, only “fixing the problems” of power distribution
Challenge: Reduce system cost, increase efficiency and availability by decoupling the dynamics of energy sources, distribution system, and loads through the use of power electronics.
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
4
December 1, 2008 DB-6
Power-Converter-Based Power Systems Example: A Notebook PC
LCD Bias– 8 V
Backlight800 V
Memory1.8 V
Processor0.7-1.7 V
Logic
I /O DiskDrive
5 V Bus3.3 VBus
Peripherals
12 V
12-16 VPower
Management Battery90-260 V
50-60 Hz
19 VCharger AC
Adapter
Voltage Regulator
Voltage Regulator
CCFL Inverter
LCD Converter
LDO Regulator
Bus Converter
Bus Converter
Boost Converter
• Load converters: Meet dynamic energy requirements of the loads
REDUCECOST !
• Power Distribution Converters:– Increase peak-power efficiency ⇔ Improve power density– Increase light-load efficiency ⇔ Improve energy efficiency
• Source converters: Meet ac line standards; improve battery utilization
December 1, 2008 DB-7
More Electric Transportation
1. Variable frequency starter/generator
⇒ Eliminates Gearbox2. Variable speed drives
for ECS⇒ Eliminates Pneumatics3. High-frequency
voltage step-up/down⇒ Less Copper & Iron4. Electrical actuation⇒ Reduces Hydraulics
Similar approaches and advantages are being pursued in:1. Rail systems and vehicles (for long time)2. All-electric ships3. Hybrid electric cars, trucks, and buses
All electrical energy processed through electronic converters
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
5
December 1, 2008 DB-8
VariableVariable--speed doublyspeed doubly--fed wind turbinefed wind turbineDirect gearDirect gear--less variableless variable--speed wind turbinespeed wind turbine
1. Eliminates gear box and need for doubly-fed induction generator
2. Simpler transformer structure
3. Fully decouples wind and grid dynamics
Wind Energy:Evolution of Turbine Power Electronics
December 1, 2008 DB-9
Electronic Power Distribution System: Grid-interface for Offshore Wind Farms
AC Transmission for Offshore Energy HarvestingAC Transmission for Offshore Energy Harvesting
HVDC Transmission for Offshore Energy HarvestingHVDC Transmission for Offshore Energy Harvesting
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
6
December 1, 2008 DB-10
MixedAC / DC Power
Distribution
6 A
Servers1.5 kW
Charger2.8 kW
Transfer Switch
Inverter3 kW
6 A
25 A
100 A
60 A 60 A
25 A
Transfer Switch
Battery
Charger2.8 kW
6 A
LV DC Distribution48 V DC
1Φ AC Distribution120 V AC
CPES University Testbed: Hybrid Power System for Remote-site Datacom Centers
10 A
Cooling1.5 kW
Hybrid EnergyPower Sources
Telecom and ComputerLoads with HVAC
Similar tradeoffs in terms of size, efficiency, and power density for all power converters.
Single Enclosure,Self-Contained UnitPeak-powerEfficiency< 50 % !
December 1, 2008 DB-11
6 A
Servers1.5 kW
Charger2.8 kW
Transfer Switch
Inverter3 kW
6 A
25 A
100 A
60 A 60 A
25 A
Transfer Switch
Battery
Charger2.8 kW
6 A
LV DC Distribution48 V DC
1Φ AC Distribution120 V AC
10 A
Cooling1.5 kW
Electronic Power Distribution System (EPDS): An Integrated Testbed
Servers
DC-DC
HV DC Distribution300 V DC
Charger /Discharger RectifierRectifier
HVAC
System impact evaluation of integrated:• Active modules• Passive modules• Converters• Loads and converters
• Reduce number of converters by 30%
• Eliminate switchgear
• Improve availability
• Increase energy efficiency
Improved architectures:
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
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December 1, 2008 DB-12
Characteristics of FutureElectronic Power Distribution Systems
• Power electronics converters are used for:– Source interface– Load interface (only “coffee makers” are still non-electronic loads?)– Power flow control and energy management
• Advantages:– High system controllability, flexibility, and responsiveness– Increased availability– Reduced size and weight– Increased energy efficiency
• Issues:– Subsystem interactions (power flow, power quality, EMI, thermal)– Complexity (not an issue if dynamics is understood & decoupled)– Reliability and lifetime (not protection)– Cost (not an issue if system and/or energy costs are reduced)
December 1, 2008 DB-13
Synthesis of DCElectronic Power Distribution Systems
Fan
SWBD
Analog
Telecom Power System
Battery
– 48 VDC
SWGR
PFCRectifier
PFCRectifier
...
LED
AnalogICs
ASICs
MemIsolated POL
Converter
DigitalICs
DC-DCConverter
μP Non-IsolatedPOL Conv. ...
Computer Power System
ASICs
Mem
Fan
DigitalICs
LED
AnalogICs
DC-DCConverter
AC-DCFront-End
Server
48 VDC
Non-IsolatedPOL Conv.
μP
...
System Integration is significantly hampered by:• Large number of different components • Many different manufacturers• Lack of knowledge of internal converter structures• Lack of information about internal converter parameters
Fan
LED
AnalogICs
DC-DCConverter
48 VDC
Fan
LED
AnalogICs
DC-DCConverter
48 VDC
48 VDC
Fan
SWBD
Analog– 48 V
DCPFC
Rectifier
PFCRectifier
...
LED
AnalogICs
Isolated POLDigital
ICs
DC-DCConverter
Fan
SWBD
Analog– 48 V
DC
Fan
SWBD
Analog– 48 V
DCPFC
Rectifier
PFCRectifier
...
LED
AnalogICs
Isolated POLDigital
ICs
DC-DCConverter
LED
AnalogICs
Isolated POLDigital
ICs
DC-DCConverter
Isolated POLDigital
ICs
DC-DCConverter
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
8
December 1, 2008 DB-14
ioi
oi vivη
PJ⋅
=),(
Simplified Power Model of a Regulated DC-DC Converter
iiiv
orefV
iJ oE oi ov
[A]
[V]
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25
Eo
io
Iomax
voltage regulation
mode
current limit
mode
Voref
Static Output Characteristic
[V]
10
20
30
40
50
0 40 60 80 100
1 kW
450 W
Vimax
Vimin
PoJi
vi
[A]
750 W
Static Input Characteristic
oorefooo iVivP ⋅≈⋅=
December 1, 2008 DB-15
48 V 8 V
A commercial60 W bus converter
100
0
-100
0.01
0.1
1
Mag
nitu
deP
hase
[°]
Frequency [rad/s]104 105 106
Output Impedance Zo ( jω )
Input Admittance Yi ( jω )
0100
Frequency [rad/s]103 104 105 106
Pha
se [°
]
0.01
1
100
Mag
nitu
de
Current Back-gain Hi ( jω )
0.01
0.1
1
0-200
Frequency [rad/s]103 104 105 106
Pha
se [°
]M
agni
tude
Mag
nitu
de
0.01
0.1
1
Pha
se [°
]
0-200
Frequency [rad/s]103 104 105 106
Audio Susceptibility Go ( jω )Measured frequency response functions
Modular Terminal Behavioral (MTB) Low-frequency Model of DC-DC Converter
ii
ivoi
ovoZ
iYoi iH ⋅
io vG ⋅
“Black Box”Modeling Example
Curve-fitted,reduced order
transfer functions
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
9
December 1, 2008 DB-16
ii (t)
0.6
1
1.4
4.4Time [ms]
4.3
[A]
vi (t)
47.8
48.2
48.6
4.4 4.5Time [ms]
4.3
[V]
Measured transient response to load step-change
MTB Low-frequency ModelVerification: Load Transient
8 V
ii
ivoi
ovoZ
iYoi iH ⋅
io vG ⋅ 3.2A
7.4A
StepLoad
Simulated response to load step-change using curve-fitted reduced order model
December 1, 2008 DB-17
Imag
inar
y
0
-50
50
100
-50 0 50 100 150Real
L
S
ZZ
• To avoid instability, the return ratio:
LS ZZL ≡must stay away from –1 !
Unstable Unstable
LoadConverter R8 V liv48 V 3.3 Vlii
siv+
–
+
–
BusConverter
0-3
-2
0
2-1
50%
Load60%
)(sZS )(sZL
LS
sisosiso
SL
Lli ZZ
vGvGZZ
Zv+
=+
=1
• Interface voltage is:
Well-known Stability Problem with “Constant Power Loads”
0.01
1
100
Mag
. [Ω
]
Frequency [rad/s]103 105 107
Source OutputLoad Input
ZS ZL
Subsystem Interaction Example– modeling and experiments with commercial converters –
3
5
Inpu
t Cur
rent
[A]
7
4.4 4.8Time [ms]
4
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
10
December 1, 2008 DB-18
)(sZS )(sZL
LS
sisosiso
SL
Lli ZZ
vGvGZZ
Zv+
=+
=1
• Interface voltage is:
Imag
inar
y
0
-50
50
100
-50 0 50 100 150Real
L
S
ZZ
Source OutputLoad Input
ZLZS0.01
1
100
Mag
. [Ω
]
Frequency [rad/s]103 105 107
Subsystem Interaction Example– modeling and experiments with commercial converters –
C100 μF
LoadConverter R8 V liv48 V 3.3 Vlii
siv+
–
+
–
BusConverter
0-3
-2
0
2-1
Stable Stable
50%
100%
4.4 4.8Time [ms]
4
3
5
Inpu
t Cur
rent
[A]
7
December 1, 2008 DB-19
Analysis of Stability, Power Quality, Power Management and Protection
Charger25 A
25 A
Battery
48 V DC Distribution
Minimum relevant EPDS example:• Two sources• Two loads• DC distribution
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
11
December 1, 2008 DB-20
Load 2 enters current limit
Source impedance becomes greater than load impedance
Small-signal instability with constant-power loads
System shut-down
Power Flow Control & Protection Simulation:Classical System Transient Example
48 V dc buswith 2% short-circuit
impedancevo1 vo2io1 io2
Const.5 A
PV25 A Charger+
BatteryLoad 1
Converter
25 A
3 ALoad 2
Converter
33 A1,000 μF 1,000 μF
Additional Capacitors Reduce Source Impedance
15time [ms]
io1
io2
0 5 10
30
0
10
20
55
35
45
vo1
vo2
Breakershut-down
Bus
Vol
tage
[V]
Sou
rce
Cur
rent
[A]
time [ms]
io1
io2
0 5 10
30
0
10
20
55
35
45
vo1
vo2
Breakershut-down
Bus
Vol
tage
[V]
Sou
rce
Cur
rent
[A]
time [ms]
io1
io2
0 5 10 15
vo1vo2
Bus
Vol
tage
[V]
Sou
rce
Cur
rent
[A
] 30
0
10
20
55
35
45
December 1, 2008 DB-21
1,000 μF 1,000 μF
48 V dc buswith 2% short-circuit
impedancevo1 vo2io1 io2
Const.5 A
+
Battery
DC-DCConverter
Charger /Discharger
Load 1Converter
PV
3 ALoad 2
Converter
33 A
25 A25 A
Power Flow Control & Protection Simulation:Converter Controlled Distribution System
50 A
30
0
10
20
io1
io2
55
0 5 10 1535
45
time [ms]
vo1vo2
Bus
Vol
tage
[V]
Sou
rce
Cur
rent
[A
]
0 5 10 15time [ms]
vo1vo250
0
25
io1
io2 Systemoverload!
Softshutdown!
30
0
10
20
Bus
Vol
tage
[V]
Sou
rce
Cur
rent
[A
]
Vo2refVo1ref
Iomax25 A
Iomax25 A
Possible Advantages:• NO excess energy storage for stability• NO AC nor DC circuit breakers• NO converter overrating by “>100% for
1-2 sec for breaker clearing”• NO overrating of wiring, contactors, …
for short-circuit currents >10x
Hence:• Lower cost ?• Higher efficiency ?• Increased availability ?
Monitoring and Control
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
12
December 1, 2008 DB-22
Generator
480 V, 3Φ AC
Micro-Turbine
VSCFConverter
RenewableEnergy Source DC-AC
SWGRSWGR
Generator
ACElectronic Power Distribution Systems
SWGR
120 V, 1Φ AC
Lighting
MotorMotor
CentralFan
120 V1Φ AC
480 V, 3Φ AC
HVAC System Pumps and Fans
… …
480 V, 3Φ AC
Com-pressor
SW GRSW GRSW GR SW GRSW GRSW GR
SWGR
SWGRSWGR SWGRSWGR
MotorMotor MotorMotor MotorMotor
ASDASD
ASDASD ASD ASD
ElectronicBallast
ElectronicBallast
ElectronicBallast
MTB Modeling of AC EPDS:• More difficult due to time-varying nature of steady-state• Large disconnect between system and converter modeling• Use of average models in system analysis is uncommon• “Constant-power loads” are being considered only recently • Small-signal frequency-domain modeling still in development
“Electronic”only recentlyin transportation and datacom centers.
December 1, 2008 DB-23
Stable Stable
AC Subsystem Interaction Example– small-signal and average modeling and simulation –
R50 Hz230 V
AC Generator PWM Boost Rectifier
600 VDC bus
Start-up to 135 kW
liv
)(sSZ )(sLY
( ))()()(
ssese
q
d Leig=⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
)()()( sss LS YZL ⋅=
• To avoid instability,
• Interface voltage is:
must not encircle –1 !
eigenvalues
the return ratio
ThLSli VYZIv ⋅⋅+= 1)( -
0-3
-2
0
2-1
-4
-2
0
2
4
0 2 4 6 8 10-1Real
Imag
inar
y
ed ( jω ) eq ( jω )
Generalized Nyquist Criterion
200
400
600
Cur
rent
[A]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Time [s]
100200300400
Vol
tage
[V] vd
vq
id
iq
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
13
December 1, 2008 DB-24
200
400
600
Cur
rent
[A]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Time [s]
100200300400
Vol
tage
[V] vd
vq
id
iq
AC Subsystem Interaction Example– small-signal and average modeling and simulation –
)(sSZ )(sLY
R50 Hz230 V
Unstable Unstable AC Generator PWM Boost Rectifier
600 VDC bus
-4
-2
0
2
4
0 2 4 6 8 10-1Real
Imag
inar
y
ed ( jω ) eq ( jω )
liv Start-up to 180 kW
Generalized Nyquist Criterion
December 1, 2008 DB-25
DC/AC
LV ACDistribution
LV AC Bus Voltage
Advanced Shipboard Electric Power Systems
• Increase in negative impedance loads produces oscillations.
• Further increase in negative impedance loads produces instability.
Active Filter
Using active filter to introduce damping at higher frequencies decouples the load from source dynamics; thence:
reduces complexity and stabilizes network !
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
14
December 1, 2008 DB-26
Converter Controlled AC Distribution SystemFault Handling: One-Phase-to-Ground Short
av
bv
cv
ai
bi
ciWith Current Limiting Only
Bus
Vol
tage
[V
]S
ourc
e C
urre
nt [
A]
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380Time [s]
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250With Soft Shut-Down
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
-250
-150
-50
50
150
250
0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380Time [s]
Bus
Vol
tage
[V
]S
ourc
e C
urre
nt [
A]
December 1, 2008 DB-27
Hypothetical Concepts
DOE: “GRID 2030” VISION EPRI: 2003 Electricity Technology Roadmap
• Dynamically decoupled (asynchronous), hierarchical grid• Consider both AC and DC• Gradual removal of synchronism • Start decoupling from both ends;
– HVDC backbone ⇒ Regional DC interties– Nanogrids ⇒ Microgrids
• Supplant Substations with “Electricity Routers” (“Smart Grid” isn’t it!)
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
15
December 1, 2008 DB-28
An “Electricity Router”
+Energy Storage
ConstantFrequency AC⇔ MV DC
Connection to Base Grid
MV DC⇔ w/ isolation
HV DC
Local AC Microgrid
LV DC⇒
MV DC
December 1, 2008 DB-29
US and Canada Electric Grid
Four major independent asynchronous networks, tied together only by DC interconnections:
1. Eastern Interconnected Network
2. Quebec
3. Texas
4. Western Interconnected Network
Four major independent asynchronous networks, tied together only by DC interconnections:
1. Eastern Interconnected Network
2. Quebec
3. Texas
4. Western Interconnected Network
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
16
December 1, 2008 DB-30
Plans for New ASEAN Electric Grid
???Peninsular Malaysia – Sarawak (Malaysia)132014600 MWACBatam (Indonesia) – Singapore9???Thailand – Peninsular Malaysia122014600 MWDCSumatra (Indonesia) – Singapore 8
2007300 MWACSarawak (Malaysia) – W. Kalimantan (Indo.)112012700 MWDCPeninsular Malaysia – Singapore72019300 MWACSabah/Sarawak (Malaysia) – Brunei Daruss.102008600 MWDCPeninsular Malaysia – Sumatra (Indonesia)6
ASEAN Centre for Energy
December 1, 2008 DB-31
A Dream of Electronic Energy Network
that will supplant Electric Power Gridto enable Carbon-Free Electricity by 2030
• All electricity could be generated carbon-free:Hydro Wind Solar Nuclear
• Today’s electric power grid cannot handle this due to:– No ability to absorb high % of distributed generation and storage– No adequate long-distance energy transport– No adequate energy storage
• Must use electronic networks for electric energy utilization!
• Save: bio fuels for some transportation fossil hydrocarbons for chemical products
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
17
December 1, 2008 DB-32
Research Directions
1. Network Architectures– Dynamically decoupled, hierarchically interconnected, smart,
super-grid and a network of small-, mini-, micro-, and nano-grids, instead of single, constant-frequency ac, grid
– Distributed generation, storage, loads, and intelligence
2. Energy Transfer Protocols and Markets– Technology for continuous control of all energy flows– Enabling of efficient market mechanisms
3. Safety and Reliability– Safety & protection– Reliability & lifetime
4. Energy Storage (minutes, hours, days, seasons)
• Energy sources, HVDC, superconducting transmission, high-power electronic conversion, …
December 1, 2008 DB-33
Metrics of Success
• Peak power density– Weight and volume (right-of-way, real estate, … , W/cm3, W/g)– Related to investment cost
• Energy efficiency – High efficiency at light and full load or optimized over load-cycle– Related to operating cost
• Life-cycle cost– Based on life-cycle analysis– Related to environmental and societal impact
• Reliability and Availability – Critical for economic and societal impact– Related to risk-mitigation pricing
• Safety and Protection– More design constraints than metrics of success– Critical for acceptance by community and society
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008
18
December 1, 2008 DB-34
Thank You
The work and contributions are by many CPES faculty, students, and staff.
Many global industrial and US government sponsors of CPES researchare gratefully acknowledged.
This work was supported primarily by
ERC Program of the US National Science Foundation under Award Number ECC-9731677
This trip was partially sponsored byJoint PELS / IAS / IES Chapter of
IEEE Malaysia SectionIEEE Power Electronics Society
(PELS)
This presentation is a part of Distinguished Lecturer Program organized by
IEEE Power Electronics Society.
Dushan Boroyevich: Future Electronic Power Distribution SystemsKeynote at PECon 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1 December 2008