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dbh2 present perfect

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PRESENT PERFECT
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Page 1: dbh2  present perfect

PRESENT PERFECT

Page 2: dbh2  present perfect

1. Present Perfect - FormThe present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs

SUBJECT + AUX + MAIN VERB (PAST PART.) (HAVE/HAS) REGULAR VERB = BASE+ED

IRREGULAR VERB (3rd column)

1. Present Perfect - FormThe present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs

SUBJECT + AUX + MAIN VERB (PAST PART.) (HAVE/HAS) REGULAR VERB = BASE+ED

IRREGULAR VERB (3rd column)

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Present perfect, function :The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

The Present Perfect is used to describe:

•An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)•An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)•A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.•An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.•An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)

The Present Perfect is used to describe:

•An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)•An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)•A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.•An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.•An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)

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1. Actions started in the past and continue in the present.

They haven't lived here for years.She has worked in the bank for five

years.We have had the same car for ten

years.Have you played the piano since you

were a child?

1. Actions started in the past and continue in the present.

They haven't lived here for years.She has worked in the bank for five

years.We have had the same car for ten

years.Have you played the piano since you

were a child?

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2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

I have worked hard this week.It has rained a lot this year.We haven't seen her today.

2. When the time period referred to has not finished.

I have worked hard this week.It has rained a lot this year.We haven't seen her today.

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3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

They have seen that film six times.It has already happened several times.She has visited them frequently.We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

They have seen that film six times.It has already happened several times.She has visited them frequently.We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

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4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

Have you just finished your homework?I have just eaten my sandwich.We have just seen her new friend.Has he just left?

4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).

Have you just finished your homework?I have just eaten my sandwich.We have just seen her new friend.Has he just left?

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5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.

Someone has stolen my lollipop!Have you seen ‘Home Alone'?She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.

5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.

Someone has stolen my lollipop!Have you seen ‘Home Alone'?She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.

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PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin?

'Ever' is used •in questions.

e.g. Have you ever been to England?Has she ever met the Lehendakari?

•in negative questions e.g. Haven't they ever been to Iparralde?

Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?

'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.

PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin?

'Ever' is used •in questions.

e.g. Have you ever been to England?Has she ever met the Lehendakari?

•in negative questions e.g. Haven't they ever been to Iparralde?

Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?

'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g. It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails. This is the first time I've ever been to England.

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Alreadyrefers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g.

a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!)b. Don't telephone John, I've already done it.

Positionalready can be placed before the main verb (past participle)…

•I have already been to Tokyo.

Alreadyrefers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g.

a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!)b. Don't telephone John, I've already done it.

Positionalready can be placed before the main verb (past participle)…

•I have already been to Tokyo.

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Yet

is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g.•Have you met Galder yet? •I haven't visited the Eiffel Tower yet. •Has he arrived yet? •They haven't eaten yet.

Position

Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.

Yet

is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g.•Have you met Galder yet? •I haven't visited the Eiffel Tower yet. •Has he arrived yet? •They haven't eaten yet.

Position

Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.

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PRESENT PERFECT + for, since

Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time.

For + a period of timefor six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.I have worked here for five years.

Since + a point in timesince this morning, since last week, since yesterday,since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock.I have worked here since 1990.

PRESENT PERFECT + for, since

Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time.

For + a period of timefor six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.I have worked here for five years.

Since + a point in timesince this morning, since last week, since yesterday,since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock.I have worked here since 1990.

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present perfect with forShe has lived here for twenty years.I have taught at this school for a long time.Alice has been married for three months.They have been at the hotel for a week.Esne Beltza have been on tour for two months.

present perfect with sinceShe has lived here since 1980.I have taught at this school since 1985Alice has been married since March 2nd.They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.Esne Beltza have been on tour since Carnival.

Note:For and since can both be used with the past perfect.Since can only be used with perfect tenses, for can also be used with the simple past.

present perfect with forShe has lived here for twenty years.I have taught at this school for a long time.Alice has been married for three months.They have been at the hotel for a week.Esne Beltza have been on tour for two months.

present perfect with sinceShe has lived here since 1980.I have taught at this school since 1985Alice has been married since March 2nd.They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.Esne Beltza have been on tour since Carnival.

Note:For and since can both be used with the past perfect.Since can only be used with perfect tenses, for can also be used with the simple past.

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Present Perfect Simple Past I have lived in Lyon. I lived in Lyon in 1989.

They have eaten Thai food. They ate Thai food last night.

Have you seen ‘Mirror, Mirror'?. Where did you see Mirror, Mirror'?

We have been to Ireland. When did you go to Ireland?

Present Perfect of Simple Past?

How to choose between the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses

•Always use the Present Perfect when the time is not important, or not specified. •Always use the Simple Past when details about the time or place are specified or asked for.

Present Perfect of Simple Past?

How to choose between the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses

•Always use the Present Perfect when the time is not important, or not specified. •Always use the Simple Past when details about the time or place are specified or asked for.

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JUST (recently)

•I have just finished my homework.

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EVER (experience?)

•Have you ever eaten sushi?

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NEVER (not experience)verb in affirmative

•I have never been to New Zealand.

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FOR (how long, how much time)

•I have lived in Mungia for 12 years.

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SINCE (…starting time)

•I have worked as a teacher since 1985.

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ALREADY (experience finished)

•I have already studied for the test.

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YET? (experience finished?)

•Have you read the book yet?

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NOT YET (not experience at this moment)

•I haven’t seen Avatar yet, but I plan to see it this weekend.

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EXAMPLES• Have you ever been to London?

Yes, I have but I’ve never been to Paris, and I’d like to go there this summer.

• Mum, I have already finished my homework. Can I watch TV now?

• I have worked here since 1985.• I have worked here for 28 years.

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EXAMPLES• He has lived here for 20 years and next month

he’s moving to Bakio.• She has played in that band since 1993. That’s

20 years.• I have just passed my exams. Now I can have a

rest.• He has just won the lottery but he hasn’t

thought about what to do with all that money yet.


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