Dcn Lab Manual Gecr 2013

8/10/2019 Dcn Lab Manual Gecr 2013

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Electronics & Communication Department

Lab Manual

Data Communication & Networking (181101)

B. E. SEMESTER-VIII

Enrollment Number: ________________________

Name of the Student: _____________________________________________

Academic Year: __________________


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List of Experiments

1 Introduction to LAN cabling scheme & crimping process

2 Introduction to RS 232C & UART

3 To perform byte transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)

4 To perform simple file transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)

5 Study and execution of Network commands

6 Study of Network planning and setup (e.g. - GEC-Rajkot)

7 Study of Networking and Internetworking devices

8 To find out details of network from IP addressing scheme (using C code)

9 To perform encryption on data (using C code)

10 Demonstration of Linux OS installation and network utilities

11 Study of internet packet capturing tool - Ethereal

12 Network Simulator-ns-2: Installation, Programming & Simulation demonstration


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EXPERIMENT 1

Introduction to LAN cabling scheme & crimping process

Pin out for EIA/TIA 568A/B cabling

Pin Signal EIA/TIA 568A EIA/TIA 568B Ethernet

1 Transmit + White/Green White/Orange X

2 Transmit -Green/White or

GreenOrange/White or

OrangeX

3 Receive + White/Orange White/Green X

4 N/ABlue/White or

BlueBlue/White or

BlueNot Used

5 N/A White/Blue White/Blue Not Used

6 Receive -Orange/White or

OrangeGreen/White or

GreenX

7 N/A White/Brown White/Brown Not Used

8 N/ABrown/White or

Brown

Brown/White or

BrownNot Used

Wiring/Color Coding for CAT5 Cable


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RJ-45 Connector "Pin-Outs"

TUTORIAL Questions

1) What are hubs and repeaters?

2) How many types of LED indicators are there at back panel of a Hub? What is their

significance?

3) What is the need of an uplink feature in a Hub?

4) What is an NIC card?

5) What is maximum length that category 5 up cable support?

6) What is the difference between a router and a repeater or a bridge?

7) There are how many types of connecting devices?

8) In which layer/layers does the repeater function?

9) In which layer/layers does the router function?

10) What do you mean by 10BASE5?

11) What is the meaning of T in 10BASE-T?

12) What is a crossover cable?

13) What is power consumption for DE 816TP hub?

14) What is the function of Collision LED?


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EXPERIMENT 2

Introduction to RS 232C & UART

Objectives

[A] To understand RS232-C standard and UART functions.

To study RS232-C cabling scheme.

To test RS232-C cable using Windows inbuilt utility.

[B]

To verify serial port communication between two PCs by writing simple C code. (byte

transfer).

To implement byte transfer using ALP.

Concept

In most cases, any device you connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission

converted back to parallel so that it can be used. This can be done using a UART. On

software side, there are many more registers that you have to attend to than on a Standard

Parallel Port. (SPP)

What are the advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel?

Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables. The serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to -25

volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a '1' as

5v. Therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the parallel

port which has a maximum swing of 5 Volts. Therefore cable loss is not as much of aproblem for serial cables then they are for parallel.

You don't need as many wires then parallel transmission. If your device needs to be

mounted a far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable (Null Modem

Configuration) is going to be cheaper that running 19 or 25 core cable. However you

must take into account the cost of the interfacing at each end.

Many electronic diaries and palmtop computers have infra red capabilities build in.

Serial transmission is used where one bit is sent at a time. IrDA-1 (The first infra red

specifications) was capable of 115.2k baud and was interfaced into a UART. The pulse

length however was cut down to 3/16th of an RS 232 bit length to conserve power

considering these devices are mainly used on diaries, laptops and palmtops.

Serial Communication reduces the pin count of Microcontrollers. Only two pins arecommonly used, Transmit Data (TXD) and Receive Data (RXD) compared with at least

8 pins if you use an 8 bit Parallel method (You may also require a Strobe).

Hardware Properties

Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories.

These are DCE (Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal

Equipment.) Data Communications Equipments are devices such as your modem, TA

adapter, plotter etc while Data Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal


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The electrical specifications of the serial port are contained in the RS232C standard. It

states many parameters such as

1. A "Space" (logic 0) will be between +3 and +25 Volts.

2. A "Mark" (Logic 1) will be between -3 and -25 Volts3. The region between +3 and -3 volts is undefined.

4. An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. (In Reference

to GND)

5. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver should

be able to handle this without damage. (Take note of this one!)

The RS 232 C standard specifies a maximum baud rate of 20,000 BPS. Serial Ports come

in two "sizes". There are the D-Type 25 pin connector and the D-Type 9 pin connector

both of which are male on the back of the PC, thus you will require a female connector on

your device. Below is a table of pin connections for the 9 pin and 25 pin D-Type

connectors.

Serial Pin outs (D25 and D9 Connectors)

D-Type-25 Pin No. D-Type-9 Pin No. Abbreviation Full Name

Pin 2 Pin 3 TD Transmit Data

Pin 3 Pin 2 RD Receive Data

Pin 4 Pin 7 RTS Request To Send

Pin 5 Pin 8 CTS Clear To Send

Pin 6 Pin 6 DSR Data Set Ready

Pin 7 Pin 5 SG Signal GroundPin 8 Pin 1 CD Carrier Detect

Pin 20 Pin 4 DTR Data Terminal Ready

Pin 22 Pin 9 RI Ring Indicator

Pin Functions

Abbreviation Full Name Function

TD Transmit Data Serial Data Output (TXD)

RD Receive Data Serial Data Input (RXD)

CTS Clear to Send This line indicates that the Modem is ready to

exchange data.

DCD Data Carrier Detect When the modem detects a "Carrier" from the

modem at the other end of the phone line, this Line

becomes active.

DSR Data Set Ready This tells the UART that the modem is ready to

establish a link.

DTR Data Terminal Ready This is the opposite of DSR. This tells the Modem

that the UART is ready to link.

RTS Request To Send This line informs the Modem that the UART is

ready to exchange data.

RI Ring Indicator Goes active when modem detects a ringing signalfrom the PSTN.


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Null Modems

A Null Modem is used to connect two DTE's together without using intermediate DCEs..

9D to 25D Conversion

Loopback Plug Wiring

Diagram

This Loopback plug can come in extremely handy when

writing Serial / RS232 Communications Programs. It

has the receive and transmit lines connected together, so

that anything transmitted out of the Serial Port is

immediately received by the same port. If you connectthis to a Serial Port a load a Terminal Program, anything

you type will be immediately displayed on the screen.

This can be used with the examples later in this tutorial.

Please note that this is not intended for use withDiagnostic Programs and thus will probably not work.For these programs you require a differently wired

Loop Back plug which may vary from program toprogram.


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The UART (8250 and Compatibles)

UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter. UART 8250 is the

device that controls the serial port. Most cards will have the UART's integrated into other

chips which may also control your parallel port, games port, floppy or hard disk drives

and are typically surface mount devices. The 8250 series, which includes the 16450,16550, 16650, & 16750 UARTS are the most commonly found type in your PC.

All the UARTs pins are TTL compatible. That includes TD, RD, RI, DCD, DSR, CTS,

DTR and RTS which all interface into your serial plug, typically a D-type connector.

Therefore RS 232 Level Converters are used.

The UART requires a Clock to run. If you look at your serial card a common crystal

found is either a 1.8432 MHZ or an 18.432 MHZ Crystal. This clock will be used for the

Programmable Baud Rate Generator which directly interfaces into the transmit timing

circuits but not directly into the receiver timing circuits. For this an external connection

mast be made from pin 15 (Baud Out) to pin 9 (Receiver clock in.) Note that the clocksignal will be at Baud rate * 16.

Serial Port's Registers (PC's)

Port Addresses & Iraqs

Name Address IRQ

COM 1 3F8 4

COM 2 2F8 3

COM 3 3E8 4COM 4 2E8 3

Above is the standard port addresses. These should work for most PC's. If you just happen to

be lucky enough to own a IBM P/S2 which has a micro-channel bus, then expect a different

set of addresses and IRQ's. Just like the LPT ports, the base addresses for the COM ports can

be read from the BIOS Data Area.

Start Address Function

0000:0400 COM1's Base Address

0000:0402 COM2's Base Address

0000:0404 COM3's Base Address0000:0406 COM4's Base Address

COM Port Addresses in the BIOS Data Area;

The above table shows the address at which we can find the Communications (COM) ports

addresses in the BIOS Data Area. Each address will take up 2 bytes.


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Registers

RBR, THR, IER, IIR, FCR, LCR, MCR, LSR, MSR, SCR, DLL, DLM

The communication between the processor and the UART is completely controlled by

twelve registers. These registers can be read or written to check and change the behavior of

the communication device. Each register is eight bits wide. On a PC compatible, theregisters are accessible in theI/O port map.

RBR: Receiver buffer register (RO)

The receiver buffer register contains the byte received if no FIFO is used, or the oldest

unread byte with Fifes. If FIFO buffering is used, each new read action of the register

will yield the next byte, until no more bytes are present. Bit 0 in the line status register

can be used to check if all received bytes have been read. This bit will change to zero if

no more bytes are present.

THR: Transmitter holding register (WO)

The transmitter holding register is used to buffer outgoing characters. If no FIFO

buffering is used, only one character can be stored. Otherwise the amount of characters

depends on the type of UART. Bit 5 in the line status register can be used to check if

new information must be written to the transmitter holding register. The value 1

indicates that the register is empty. If FIFO buffering is used, more than one character

can be written to the transmitter holding register when the bit signals an empty state.

There is no indication of the amount of bytes currently present in the transmitter FIFO.

The transmitter holding register is not used to transfer the data directly. The byte is first

transferred to a shift register where the information is broken in single bits which aresent one by one.

LCR: Line control registers (R/W)

The line control register is used at initialization to set the communication parameters.

Parity and number of data bits can be changed for example. The register also controls

the accessibility of the DLL and DLM registers. Because they are only accessed at

initialization when no communication occurs this register swapping has no influence on

performance.

Common settings are:

8 data bits, one stop bit, no parity

7 data bits, one stop bit, even parity
http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#RBRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#THRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#IERhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#IIRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#FCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#LCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#MCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#LSRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#MSRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#SCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#DLLhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#DLMhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_io.html#regihttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_io.html#regihttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#DLMhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#DLLhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#SCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#MSRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#LSRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#MCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#LCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#FCRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#IIRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#IERhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#THRhttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_uart.html#RBR


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LCR: Line Control Register

Bit Value Detail

0,1 Bit 1 Bit 0 Data Word Length

0 0 5 Bits

0 1 6 Bits

1 0 7 Bits

1 1 8 Bits

2 0 1 stop bit

1 1.5 stop bits(5 bits word)

2 stop bits (6,7 or 8 bit word)

3,4,5 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3

X X 0 No parity

0 0 1 Odd Parity

0 1 1 Even Parity

1 0 1 High Parity(stick)

1 1 1 Low Parity(stick)

6 0 Break signal disabled

1 Break signal enabled

7 0 DLAB : RBR, THR and IER accessible

1 DLAB : DLL and DLM accessible


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LSR: Line Status Register (RO)

The line status register shows the current state of communication. Errors are reflected in

this register. The state of the receiver and transmitter buffers is also available. Bit 5 and

6 both show the state of the transmitting cycle. The difference is, that bit 5 turns high as

soon as the transmitter holding register is empty whereas bit 6 indicates that also theshift register which outputs the bits on the line is empty

LSR: Line status register

Bit Comment

0 Data available

1 Overrun error

2 Parity error

3 Framing error

4 Break signal received

5 THR is empty

6 THR is empty, and line is idle

7 Erroneous data in FIFO

DLL and DLM: Divisor latch registers (R/W)

The frequency (1.8432 MHz) is divided by 16 to generate the time base for

communication. Because of this division, the maximum allowed communication speed

is 115200 bps. Modern UARTS like the 16550 are capable of handling higher input

frequencies up to 24 MHz which makes it possible to communicate with a maximum

speed of 1.5 Mbps. This 115200 bps communication speed is not suitable for all

applications. To change the communication speed, the frequency can be furtherdecreased by dividing it by a programmable value. For very slow communications, this

value can go beyond 255. Therefore, the divisor is stored in two separate bytes, the

DLL and DLM which contain the least, and most significant byte.

It is necessary that both the transmitting and receiving UART use the same time base.

Default values have been defined which are commonly used. The table shows the most

common values with the appropriate settings of the divisor latch bytes.


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DLL and DLM: Divisor latch registers

Speed(bps) Divisor DLL DLM

50 2304 0x00 0x09

300 384 0x80 0x01

1200 96 0x60 0x00

2400 48 0x30 0x00

4800 24 0x18 0x00

9600 12 0x0C 0x00

19200 6 0x06 0x00

38400 3 0x03 0x00

57600 2 0x02 0x00

115200 1 0x01 0x00

Table of Registers

Base AddressDLABRead/Write Abr. Register Name

+ 0

=0 Write - Transmitter Holding Buffer

=0 Read - Receiver Buffer

=1 Read/Write - Divisor Latch Low Byte

+ 1=0 Read/Write IER Interrupt Enable Register

=1 Read/Write - Divisor Latch High Byte

+ 2- Read IIR Interrupt Identification Register

- Write FCR FIFO Control Register

+ 3 - Read/Write LCR Line Control Register

+ 4 - Read/Write MCR Modem Control Register

+ 5 - Read LSR Line Status Register

+ 6 - Read MSR Modem Status Register

+ 7 - Read/Write - Scratch Register


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Exercise

1.

Prepare 9 9 pin serial cables with null modem configuration.

2. Load divisors in DLM & DLL to support communication at 9600 bps. After

configuration restore transmission mode.

3.

Check functioning of prepared cable using Direct Cable Communication underwindows.

4. Perform simple byte transfer between 2 PCs through serial ports connected via serial

cable tested in previous exercise. (Using C program)


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EXPERIMENT 3

To perform byte transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)

EXPERIMENT 4

To perform simple file transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)


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EXPERIMENT 5

Study and execution of Network commands

Objectives

To test different network utilities like ping, tracert, arp, ipconfig, ftp

To study and use different options for these utilities

Concepts

(1) PING (Packet Internet Groper Command)

If any system (host or router) want to communicate with the other system (host or route) then

it is necessary to check the communication is possible or not? For this, First of all we have to

check for destination system is reachable or not. Due to hardware failure or any other reason

it is possible the system may on network but not reachable. How can we detect that the

destination system is reachable or not? PING command is useful for checking the reach

ability of the system.

Procedure:

First go to command prompt

For help and information about this command type ping /?

Type ping IP address of system

Example:

(2) TRACERT:

When one system (host or router) send the packet of data to another system then there be two

possibilities, Packet directly reach to destination system or it pass through one or more

routers. TRACERT command is useful to trace the route through which packet passes.

Procedure:


For help and information about this command type tracert /?Type tracert IP address or name of the destination.


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Example:

(3) IPCONFIG:

When System is in network at that time it is necessary to know the IP address of that system,

subnet mask and gateway address IPCONFIG command is used.

Procedure:


For help and information about this command type ipconfig /?

Type ipconfig.

Example:

(4) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol):

Any system on the network is identified by Physical address and IP address, so it is

sometimes necessary to resolve Physical address from IP address or vice-versa. ARP is usedto resolve Physical address from the IP address. We can also get the dynamic ARP table.

Procedure:


For help and information about this command type arp:?

Type arp-a


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Example:

TUTORIAL Questions

(1) Which protocol is used in PING command?

(2) Explain briefly about each field received in reply while using PING command.

(3) Is it possible to find IP address of the system on which you are working using PING

command?

(4) Which kind of ICMP messages used in PING command?(5) What is maximum size of a packet practically? Prove it using PING command?

(6) State the minimum number of hop count is requiring for checking reach ability of host?

(7) Which message will display while hop count is less than the number of routers on the

path.

(8) Which protocol is used in TRACERT command?

(9) If more than one router in the route than first reply comes from which router while using

TRACERT?

(10) If final destination is not reachable than how many reply comes while using TRACERT

command?

(11) Explain briefly about each field in an ARP table.

(12) Explain briefly about each field displayed while running ipconfig command.(13) Which information we get from subnet mask?

(14) Write subnet mask for class A, class B, class C and class D addresses.

(15) If one router on the path to reach the final destination How can we find the IP address of

the two interfaces of the router?


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EXPERIMENT 6

Study of Network planning and setup (e.g. - GEC-Rajkot)


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EXPERIMENT 7

Study of Networking and Internetworking devices

Objectives

To study network devices and the specifications of each for existing network

plan

To study existing network plan

To draw a new network plan as per the new constraints

Concepts

Local area networks generally called LANs are privately owned networks within a single

building or campus or up to few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal

computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and

exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three

characteristics.

1) Transmission media

2) Transmission mechanism

3) Topology

4) Protocol

A Local area network is a data communication system that allows a number of independent

devices to communicate directly with each other in a limited geographic area such as singledepartment, single building, or campus. A large organization may need several connected

LANs.

Implementations

The IEEE standard defined several implementations for Internet

Implementation Maximum Distance

Supported

10BASET 100 m

10BASE2 200 m

10BASE5 500 m10BASE-FL 2000 m

Connecting Devices

Repeaters

A repeater is a device that operates only in the physical layer. A repeater receives a signal

before it becomes too weak or corrupted and regenerates the original signal. A repeater can

extend the physical length of a network. A repeater connects segments of LAN together. It

has no filtering capability.


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Hubs

A hub is a multiport repeater. It is used to create connections in physical star topology.

Nodes. Nodes ..

Bridges

A bridge operates in both physical layer and data link layers. As a physical layer device it

regenerates the signal it receives. As a data link layer device the bridge can check the

physical address contained in the packet. A bridge like a repeater has no physical address. It

only acts as a filter, not an original sender to a final destination. Filtering means that it can

check the destination address of a packet and decide if the packet should be forwarded or

dropped.

Switches

A two layer switch is a bridge with many interfaces and a design that allows better

performance. A three layer switch is router with an improved design to allow better

performance.

When a packet is received by the switch, the switch examines the destination and source

hardware addresses and compares them to a table of network segments and addresses. If the

segments are the same, the packet is dropped ("filtered"); if the segments are different, then

the packet is "forwarded" to the proper segment. Filtering of packets and the regeneration of

forwarded packets enables switching technology to split a network into separate collision

domains. Regeneration of packets allows for greater distances and more nodes to be used in

the total network design, and dramatically lowers the overall collision rates. In switched

networks, each segment is an independent collision domain. Switches can connect differentnetworks types (such as Ethernet and Fast Ethernet) or networks of the same type.

Routers

Router is a three layer device; it operates in physical, data link and network layers. As a

physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives. As a data link layer device the

router checks the physical addresses (source and destination) contained in the packet. As a

network layer device, a router checks the network layer addresses.

A Router can connect LANs together, a router can connect WANs together and it can also

connect LANs and WANs together. A router is an internetworking device.

Hub

Hub

Hub


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Gateways

Many networks exist in the world, often with different hardware & software. People

connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one.

This desire requires connecting together different and frequently incompatible networks. Thisis done by using machines called gateways to make the connection and provide the necessary

translation, both in terms of hardware and software. Stopping point can be either a gateway

node. It can also be referred as entrance point.

Network Interface Cards

A network interface card (NIC) is used to connect a PC to a network. NIC provides a physical

connection between the networking cable and the computers internal bus. NIC comes in 3

basic varieties.8 bit, 16 bits and 32 bits. The larger the number of bits faster the NIC.

CAT Cabling

Ethernet networks use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Category 5 cable. CAT5 cable runs

should not exceed 100 meters.

CAT5 cables are typically terminated with RJ-45 connectors. There are two different types of

RJ-45 connectors. There is the "bent type" connector intended for use with solid core CAT5,

and then there is the "aligned type" connector for use with stranded CAT5 cable.

Two types of CAT5 cables are typically used in a network: the straight-through cable and the

crossover cable. The difference between the two has to do with how the conductors terminate

to the RJ-45 connector at each end of the cable. The chart below shows the RJ-45 connector

"pin-outs" for CAT5 crossover and straight-through cables.

RJ-45 Connector "Pin-Outs". A straight-through cable is used to connect a DTE to a switch.

Crossover cables are used to connect switches to other switches. . If the wiring is identical at

both ends, you are holding a straight-through cable, if it is different; you most likely have a

crossover cable.

Access Technique for LAN

CSMA-CD

The IEEE 802.3 standard defines carrier sense multiple access with collision detection as the

access method for Ethernet. Stations on an Ethernet can be connected together using a

physical star topology with a logical bus topology. By this we mean that the medium is

shared between the stations and only one station at a time can use it. It also implies that all

stations receive a frame sent by a station. The real destination keeps the frame while the rest

drop it.

CSMA-CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection, a set of rulesdetermining how network devices respond when two devices attempt to use a data channel

simultaneously (called a collision). Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD. This standard

enables devices to detect a collision. After detecting a collision, a device waits a randomdelay time and then attempts to re-transmit the message.


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Specification of a network device

Model DE-816TP Ethernet Hub

Data transfer rate: 10 Mbps

Protocol: CSMA/CD

Topologies: Star, BusEMI Certification: DE-812TP+ and DE-824TP:

FCC Class A, VCCI I, CE ADE-816TP:FCC Class B, VCCI II, CE B

AC power: 100 - 250 V, 50 - 60 Hz

Power consumption: DE-812TP+: 18 WDE-816TP: 18 WDE-824TP: 20W

Dimensions: W x H x L, mm (including

mounting brackets):DE-812TP+: 483 x 44 x 125DE-816TP: 483 x 44 x 125

DE-824TP 483 x 44 x 211

Weight: DE-812TP+: 2.0 kgDE-816TP: 2.0 kgDE-824TP: 3.03 kg

Operating temperature: 0 - 55 C

Humidity: 10 - 90 % non-condensing

Power cord: Type 1 (US) or Type 2 (Europe)Per purchase order

Type 1 Type 2

Plug Rating 125V, 7A 250V, 10A

Cord Rating 125V, 7A 250V, 10A

Length 1830mm (6ft) 1830mm (6ft)

Safety Standard UL, CSA VDE


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EXPERIMENT 8

To find out details of network from IP addressing scheme (using C code)

TUTORIAL Questions

(1) A device can have more than one IP addresses-true or false, justify your answer.

(2) What is the use of Loopback address?

(3) IP addresses are unique- true or false, justify your answer.

(4) Which version of IP addressing scheme is currently in use and what could be the future

expansion in the IP addressing scheme?

(5) What is meant by Net ID and Host ID?

(6) An address space has a total 1024 addresses, how many bits are needed to represent an

address?

(7) A router has an IP address 108.5.18.22; it sends a direct broadcast packet to all hosts

in this network. What are the source and destination addresses used in this packet?

(8) A host with IP address 185.42.56.88 wants to use Loopback testing what are the source

and destination addresses?

EXPERIMENT 9

To perform encryption on data (using C code)

EXPERIMENT 10

Demonstration of Linux OS installation and network utilities


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EXPERIMENT 11

Study of internet packet capturing tool - Ethereal

WHAT IS ETHEREAL?

Ethereal is a network packet analyzer. A network packet analyzer will try to capture network

packet and tries to display that packet data as detailed as possible.

One could think of a network packet analyzer as a measuring device used to examine what's

going on inside a network cable, just like a voltmeter is used by an electrician to examine

what's going on inside an electric cable (but at a higher level, of course).

In the past, such tools were either very expensive, proprietary or both. However, with the

advent of Ethereal, all that has changed.

Ethereal is perhaps one of the best open source packet analyzers available today.

Some intended purposes:

Here are some examples people uses Ethereal for:

network administrators use it to troubleshoot network problems

network security engineers use it to examine security problems

developers use it to debug protocol implementations

people use it to learn network protocol internals

Features:

The following are some of the many features Ethereal provides:

Available for UNIX and Windows.

Capture live packet data from a network interface.

Display packets with very detailed protocol information.

Open and Savepacket data captured.

Import and Exportpacket data from and to a lot of other capture programs.

Filter packets on many criteria.


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Search for packets on many criteria.

Colorizepacket display based on filters.

Platforms Ethereal runs on:

Ethereal currently runs on most UNIX platforms and various Windows platforms.

Unix:

Apple Mac OS X

BeOS

FreeBSD

HP-UX

IBM AIX

NetBSD OpenBSD

SCO UnixWare/OpenUnix

SGI Irix

Sun Solaris/Intel

Sun Solaris/Sparc

Tru64 UNIX (formerly Digital UNIX)

Linux:

Debian GNU/Linux

Gentoo Linux

IBM S/390 Linux (Red Hat)

Mandrake Linux

PLD Linux

Red Hat Linux

Rock Linux

Slackware Linux

Suse Linux

Microsoft Windows: Windows Me / 98 / 95

Windows Server 2003 / XP / 2000 / NT 4.0

A brief history of Ethereal:

In late 1997, Gerald Combs needed a tool for tracking down networking problems and

wanted to learn more about networking, so he started writing Ethereal as a way to solve both

problems. Ethereal was initially released, after several pauses in development, in July 1998 as

version 0.2.0.Within days, patches, bug reports, and words of encouragement started arriving,so Ethereal was on its way to success. Not long after that Gilbert Ramirez saw its potential

and contributed a low-level dissector to it. In October, 1998, Guy Harris of Network


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Appliance was looking for something better than tcpview, so he started applying patches and

contributing dissectors to Ethereal.

Installing Ethereal:

As with all things, there must be a beginning, and so it is with Ethereal. To use Ethereal, you

must:

Obtain a binary package for your operating system, or

Obtain the source and build Ethereal for your operating system.

The following are the general steps you would use:

1. Download the relevant package for your needs, e.g. source or binary distribution.

2. Build the source into a binary, if you have downloaded the source.

This may involve building and/or installing other necessary packages.3. Install the binaries into their final destinations

Figure 4.1: First Look of Ethereal

HOW ETHEREAL CAPTURE THE PACKETS?

Start Capturing:

There are two methods you can use to start capturing packets with Ethereal:1. From the command line using the following:

ethereal -i eth0 k This will start Ethereal capturing on interface eth0.


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2. By starting Ethereal and then selecting Start... from the Capture menu (or use the

corresponding item in the "Main" toolbar), this brings up the Capture Options dialog box.

The "Capture Options" dialog box

When you select Start... from the Capture menu, Ethereal pops up the "Capture Options"

dialog boxas shown in figure below.

Figure 4.2 : The "Capture Options" dialog box

Running Capture:

While the capture is running, the following dialog box is shown:

This dialog box will inform you about the number of captured packets and the time since thecapture


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Figure 4.3: Capture dialog box

This dialog box will inform you about the number of captured packets and the time since the

capture was started. The selection which protocols are counted cannot be changed.

Viewing packets you have captured:

Once you have captured some packets, or you have opened a previously saved capture file,

you can view the packets that are displayed in the packet list pane by simply clicking on that

packet in the packet list pane, which will bring up the selected packet in the tree view and

byte view panes. You can then expand any part of the tree view by clicking on the plus sign

(the symbol itself may vary) to the left of that part of the payload, and you can select

individual fields by clicking on them in the tree view pane.


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Figure 4.4 Ethereal with a TCP packet selected for viewing

You can also select and view packets the same way, while Ethereal is capturing, if you

selected "Update list of packets in real time" in the Ethereal Capture Preferences dialog box.


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EXPERIMENT 12

Network Simulator-ns-2: Installation, Programming & Simulation demonstration

o To study various features of Network Simulator & Network Emulator

o

To test a given script on Network Simulator platform and observe the behaviorof the network with the help of the key parameters

o To measure the performance of a network for a given topology

o To understand the network setup with a network emulator

o Toimplement different types of link characteristics and measure the

performance by changing various parameters using NIST Net

Concepts

Network Simulator is a very powerful tool for studying the working of layers and related

protocols. Though it is giving protocol stack independent performance, which is an

advantage, but it is highly recommended by researchers around the world. Its simulated

output is considered to be valid for most of real protocol implementations.

Network Simulator includes The Network Animator, which is helping Network Simulator to

support a graphical environment. The Network Animator uses the parameters from the script

and writes it into .namfile and then according to that it will create a topology identical to thescript. So we can see graphically how the packets are forwarded and traffic is handled in the

network, so this can give the more realistic implementation and observation.

Network Simulator uses tcl script for simulation. Syntax of this script can be understood by

referring theNS_DOC.PDF

We can understand Network Simulators simulation process and tcl script format and The

Network Animator graphical representation with the help of the following scripts:

UDP

#Create a simulator objectset ns [new Simulator]

#Define different colors for data flows

$ns color 1 Blue$ns color 2 Red

#Open the nam trace fileset nf [open out.nam w]$ns namtrace-all $nf

#Define a 'finish' procedureproc finish {} {

global ns nf$ns flush-trace

#Close the trace fileclose $nf

#Execute nam on the trace file


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exec nam out.nam &exit 0

}#Create four nodesset n0 [$ns node]

set n1 [$ns node]set n2 [$ns node]set n3 [$ns node]

#Create links between the nodes$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail$ns duplex-link $n3 $n2 1Mb 10ms SFQ$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right

#Monitor the queue for the link between node 2 and node 3$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n0set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]$udp0 set class_ 1$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0

# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0

#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]$udp1 set class_ 2$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp1

# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp1

set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]$cbr1 set packetSize_ 500$cbr1 set interval_ 0.005$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1

#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n3set null0 [new Agent/Null]$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0

#Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink$ns connect $udp0 $null0

$ns connect $udp1 $null0

#Schedule events for the CBR agents


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$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"$ns at 1.0 "$cbr1 start"$ns at 4.0 "$cbr1 stop"$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

#Run the simulation$ns run

OUTPUT:-

Installation Procedure

(1)

Copy ns-allinone-2.27.tar.gzfile to /root

(2)Type tar xvzf ns-allinone-2.27.tar.gzand press enter

(3)

Directory of the name ns-allinone-2.27will be created

(4)After entering in this directory, type ./installand press enter

(5)

After the completion of the installation set the library paths in .bash_profilefile in/root

(6)After the completion of the installation goto ns-2.27directory which is in the ns-

allinone-2.27directory

(7)In this directory goto ns-tutorialdirectory

(8)In this directory goto examplesdirectory

(9).tclfiles will be available there.

(10) To run .tclfiles type ns filename.tcl

To view source code type vi filename.tcl

(11) To modify the source code press INSERTand make changes and at last press

ESCand give :wqfor save and quit.

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