253 DCP3 Series Acknowledgments Disease Control Priorities, third edition (DCP3) compiles the global health knowledge of institu- tions and experts from around the world, a task that required the efforts of over 500 individuals, includ- ing volume editors, chapter authors, peer reviewers, advisory committee members, and research and staff assistants. For each of these contributions, we convey our acknowledgment and appreciation. First and foremost, we would like to thank our 33 volume editors who provided the intellectual vision for their volumes based on years of professional work in their respective fields, and then dedicated long hours to reviewing each chapter, providing leadership and guidance to authors, and framing and writing the summary chapters. We also thank our chapter authors who collectively volunteered their time and expertise to writing over 160 comprehensive, evidence-based chapters. We owe immense gratitude to the institutional spon- sor of this effort: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Foundation provided sole financial support of the Disease Control Priorities Network. Many thanks to Program Officers Kathy Cahill, Philip Setel, Carol Medlin, and (currently) Damian Walker for their thoughtful interactions, guidance, and encouragement over the life of the project. We also wish to thank Jaime Sepúlveda for his longstanding support, including chairing the Advisory Committee for the second edition and, more recently, demonstrating his vision for DCP3 while he was a special advisor to the Gates Foundation. We are also grateful to the University of Washington’s Department of Global Health and successive chairs King Holmes and Judy Wasserheit for providing a home base for the DCP3 Secretariat, which included intellectual collaboration, logistical coordination, and administra- tive support. We thank the many contractors and consultants who provided support to specific volumes in the form of economic analytical work, volume coordination, chapter drafting, and meeting organization: the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy; Centre for Chronic Disease Control; Centre for Global Health Research; Emory University; Evidence to Policy Initiative; Public Health Foundation of India; QURE Healthcare; University of California, San Francisco; University of Waterloo; University of Queensland; and the World Health Organization. We are tremendously grateful for the wisdom and guidance provided by our advisory committee to the editors. Steered by Chair Anne Mills, the advisory com- mittee assures quality and intellectual rigor of the high- est order for DCP3. The National Academy of Medicine, in collaboration with the InterAcademy Medical Panel, coordinated the peer-review process for all DCP3 chapters. Patrick Kelley, Gillian Buckley, Megan Ginivan, and Rachel Pittluck managed this effort and provided critical and substan- tive input. The World Bank External and Corporate Relations Publishing and Knowledge division provided excep- tional guidance and support throughout the demanding production and design process. We would particularly like to thank Carlos Rossel, the publisher; Mary Fisk, Nancy Lammers, Rumit Pancholi, and Deborah Naylor for their diligence and expertise. Additionally, we thank Jose de Buerba, Mario Trubiano, Yulia Ivanova, and Chiamaka Osuagwu of the World Bank for providing professional counsel on communications and marketing strategies. Several U.S. and international institutions contrib- uted to the organization and execution of meetings that supported the preparation and dissemination of DCP3.
Transcript
253
DCP3 Series Acknowledgments
Disease Control Priorities, third edition (DCP3) compiles the global health knowledge of institu-tions and experts from around the world, a task that required the efforts of over 500 individuals, includ-ing volume editors, chapter authors, peer reviewers, advisory committee members, and research and staff assistants. For each of these contributions, we convey our acknowledgment and appreciation. First and foremost, we would like to thank our 33 volume editors who provided the intellectual vision for their volumes based on years of professional work in their respective fields, and then dedicated long hours to reviewing each chapter, providing leadership and guidance to authors, and framing and writing the summary chapters. We also thank our chapter authors who collectively volunteered their time and expertise to writing over 160 comprehensive, evidence-based chapters.
We owe immense gratitude to the institutional spon-sor of this effort: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Foundation provided sole financial support of the Disease Control Priorities Network. Many thanks to Program Officers Kathy Cahill, Philip Setel, Carol Medlin, and (currently) Damian Walker for their thoughtful interactions, guidance, and encouragement over the life of the project. We also wish to thank Jaime Sepúlveda for his longstanding support, including chairing the Advisory Committee for the second edition and, more recently, demonstrating his vision for DCP3 while he was a special advisor to the Gates Foundation. We are also grateful to the University of Washington’s Department of Global Health and successive chairs King Holmes and Judy Wasserheit for providing a home base for the DCP3 Secretariat, which included intellectual collaboration, logistical coordination, and administra-tive support.
We thank the many contractors and consultants who provided support to specific volumes in the form of economic analytical work, volume coordination, chapter drafting, and meeting organization: the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy; Centre for Chronic Disease Control; Centre for Global Health Research; Emory University; Evidence to Policy Initiative; Public Health Foundation of India; QURE Healthcare; University of California, San Francisco; University of Waterloo; University of Queensland; and the World Health Organization.
We are tremendously grateful for the wisdom and guidance provided by our advisory committee to the editors. Steered by Chair Anne Mills, the advisory com-mittee assures quality and intellectual rigor of the high-est order for DCP3.
The National Academy of Medicine, in collaboration with the InterAcademy Medical Panel, coordinated the peer-review process for all DCP3 chapters. Patrick Kelley, Gillian Buckley, Megan Ginivan, and Rachel Pittluck managed this effort and provided critical and substan-tive input.
The World Bank External and Corporate Relations Publishing and Knowledge division provided excep-tional guidance and support throughout the demanding production and design process. We would particularly like to thank Carlos Rossel, the publisher; Mary Fisk, Nancy Lammers, Rumit Pancholi, and Deborah Naylor for their diligence and expertise. Additionally, we thank Jose de Buerba, Mario Trubiano, Yulia Ivanova, and Chiamaka Osuagwu of the World Bank for providing professional counsel on communications and marketing strategies.
Several U.S. and international institutions contrib-uted to the organization and execution of meetings that supported the preparation and dissemination of DCP3.
254 DCP3 Series Acknowledgments
We would like to express our appreciation to the following institutions:
• University of Bergen, consultation on equity (June 2011)
• University of California, San Francisco, surgery volume consultations (April 2012, October 2013, February 2014)
• Institute of Medicine, first meeting of the Advisory Committee to the Editors (March 2013)
• Harvard Global Health Institute, consultation on policy measures to reduce incidence of noncommu-nicable diseases (July 2013)
• Institute of Medicine, systems strengthening meeting (September 2013)
• Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (Quality and Uptake meeting, September 2013;
reproductive and maternal health volume consulta-tion, November 2013)
• National Cancer Institute, cancer consultation (November 2013)
• Union for International Cancer Control, cancer con-sultation (November 2013, December 2014)
Carol Levin provided outstanding governance for cost and cost-effectiveness analysis. Stéphane Verguet added invalu able guidance in applying and improving the extended cost-effectiveness analysis method. Shane Murphy, Zachary Olson, Elizabeth Brouwer, Kristen Danforth, and David Watkins provided exceptional research assistance and analytic assistance. Brianne Adderley ably managed the budget and project processes. The efforts of these indi-viduals were absolutely critical to producing this series, and we are thankful for their commitment.
255
Series and Volume Editors
VOLUME EDITORS
Vikram PatelVikram Patel is Professor of International Mental Health and Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). He is a psychiatrist whose work focuses on the epidemiology and treatment of mental disorders in low-resource settings. He was the Founding Director of the Centre for Global Mental Health at the LSHTM and is the Co-Director of the Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions at the Public Health Foundation of India. In 2011, Dr. Patel served on the Government of India’s Mental Health Policy group, which produced India’s first national mental health policy in 2014.
Dan ChisholmDan Chisholm is a Health Systems Adviser in the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse at the World Health Organization. His main areas of work include development and monitoring of global mental health plans and activities, technical assistance to Member States on mental health system strengthening, and analysis of the costs and cost-effectiveness of strate-gies for reducing the global burden of mental disorders and other noncommunicable diseases.
Tarun DuaTarun Dua is a Medical Officer working in the Evidence, Research and Action on Mental and Brain Disorders unit in the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse at the World Health Organization. Dr. Dua serves as the focal point for neurological disorders in the organization.
Ramanan LaxminarayanRamanan Laxminarayan is Vice President for Research and Policy at the Public Health Foundation of India, and he directs the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy in Washington, DC, and New Delhi. His research deals with the integration of epidemiological models of infectious diseases and drug resistance into the economic analysis of public health problems. He was one of the key architects of the Affordable Medicines Facility–malaria, a novel financing mechanism to improve access and delay resistance to antimalarial drugs. In 2012, he created the Immunization Technical Support Unit in India, which has been credited with improving immunization coverage in the country. He teaches at Princeton University.
María Elena Medina-MoraMaría Elena Medina-Mora is the General Director for the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz in Mexico. She is a member of the National System of Researchers. Dr. Medina-Mora is a full researcher of the National Institutes of Health and has a teaching appoint-ment in the National Autonomous University of Mexico and as Adjunct Professor in the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. She is also member of the World Health Organization’s Expert Committee on Addictions.
SERIES EDITORSDean T. JamisonDean T. Jamison is a Senior Fellow in Global Health Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco, and an Emeritus Professor of Global Health at the University of Washington. He previously held academic
256 Series and Volume Editors
appointments at Harvard University and the University of California, Los Angeles; he was an economist on the staff of the World Bank, where he was lead author of the World Bank’s World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. He was lead editor of DCP2. He holds a PhD in economics from Harvard University and is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. He recently served as Co-Chair and Study Director of The Lancet’s Commission on Investing in Health.
Rachel NugentRachel Nugent is a Research Associate Professor in the Department of Global Health at the University of Washington. She was formerly Deputy Director of Global Health at the Center for Global Development, Director of Health and Economics at the Population Reference Bureau, Program Director of Health and Economics Programs at the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, and senior economist at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. From 1991–97, she was Associate Professor and Department Chair in Economics at Pacific Lutheran University. She has advised the World Health Organization, the U.S. government, and nonprofit orga-nizations on the economics and policy environment of noncommunicable diseases.
Hellen GelbandHellen Gelband is Associate Director for Policy at the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP). Her work spans infectious disease, particu-larly malaria and antibiotic resistance, and noncommu-nicable disease policy, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. Before joining CDDEP, then Resources for the Future, she conducted policy studies at the (former) Congressional Office of Technology Assessment, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, and a number of international organizations.
Susan HortonSusan Horton is Professor at the University of Waterloo and holds the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) Chair in Global Health Economics in the Balsillie School of International Affairs there. She has consulted for the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, several United Nations agencies,
and the International Development Research Centre, among others, in work carried out in over 20 low- and middle-income countries. She led the work on nutrition for the Copenhagen Consensus in 2008, when micronu-trients were ranked as the top development priority. She has served as Associate Provost of Graduate Studies at the University of Waterloo, Vice-President Academic at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, and interim dean at the University of Toronto Scarborough.
Prabhat JhaPrabhat Jha is the Founding Director of the Centre for Global Health Research at St. Michael’s Hospital and holds Endowed and Canada Research Chairs in Global Health in the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto. He is Lead Investigator of the Million Death Study in India, which quantifies the causes of death and key risk factors in over two mil-lion homes over a 14-year period. He is also Scientific Director of the Statistical Alliance for Vital Events, which aims to expand reliable measurement of causes of death worldwide. His research includes the epidemiology and economics of tobacco control worldwide.
Ramanan LaxminarayanSee the list of Volume Editors.
Charles N. Mock Charles N. Mock, MD, PhD, FACS, has training as both a trauma surgeon and an epidemiologist. He worked as a surgeon in Ghana for four years, including at a rural hos-pital (Berekum) and at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Kumasi). In 2005−07, he served as Director of the University of Washington’s Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center. In 2007−10, he worked at the World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters in Geneva, where he was respon-sible for developing the WHO’s trauma care activi-ties. In 2010, he returned to his position as Professor of Surgery (with joint appointments as Professor of Epidemiology and Professor of Global Health) at the University of Washington. His main interests include the spectrum of injury control, especially as it pertains to low- and middle-income countries: surveillance, injury prevention, prehospital care, and hospital-based trauma care. He is President (2013−15) of the International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care.
257
Emiliano AlbaneseDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Margaret BarryNational University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
Amanda J. BaxterSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
Vladimir CarliSwedish National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Fiona J. CharlsonSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Pamela Y. CollinsU.S. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Abigail ColsonCenter for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
Louisa DegenhardtNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institute for Health
Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Catherine O. EgbeUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
Holly E. ErskineSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Sara Evans-LackoCentre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Valery FeiginNational Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Alize J. FerrariSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Panteleimon GiannakopoulosDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Contributors
258 Contributors
Petra GronholmCentre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
David GunnellUniversity of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
Wayne D. HallCentre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Steven HymanStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
David JerniganJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Nathalie JetteUniversity of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Kjell Arne JohanssonUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Carol LevinDepartment of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Mattias LindeDepartment of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headaches, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
Crick LundDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J. Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
John MarsdenNational Addiction Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Itamar MegiddoCenter for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
Cathrine MihalopoulosDeakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Maristela MonteiroPan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States
Aditi NigamCenter for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Washington, DC, United States
Rachana ParikhPublic Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Inge PetersenUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Michael R. PhillipsShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Martin J. PrinceInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Atif RahmanUniversity of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Neha RaykarPublic Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Tania RealNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
Jürgen RehmCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jacqueline RobertsAutism Centre of Excellence, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Robin RoomCentre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Diego Sánchez-MorenoMinistry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
Contributors 259
James G. ScottUniversity of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Maya SemrauCentre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Rahul ShidhayePublic Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Morton M. SilvermanSuicide Prevention Resource Center, Education Development Center, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, The University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States; The Jed Foundation, New York, New York, United States
Timothy J. SteinerNorwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Emily StockingsNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Kirsten Bjerkreim StrandUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
John StrangNational Addiction Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Kiran T. ThakurColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
Graham ThornicroftCentre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, United Kingdom
Stéphane VerguetDepartment of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Lakshmi VijayakumarSNEHA, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Harvey A. WhitefordSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
261
Anne Mills, ChairProfessor, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Olusoji AdeyiDirector, Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
Kesetebirhan AdmasuMinister of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
George AlleyneDirector Emeritus, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States
Ala AlwanDirector, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt
Rifat AtunProfessor, Global Health Systems, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Zulfiqar BhuttaChair, Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
Agnes BinagwahoMinister of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
Mark BlecherSenior Health Advisor, South Africa Treasury Department, Cape Town, South Africa
Patricia GarciaDean, School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Roger GlassDirector, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Amanda GlassmanDirector, Global Health Policy, Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, United States
Glenda GrayExecutive Director, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
Demissie HabteChair of Board of Trustees, International Clinical Epidemiological Network, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Richard HortonEditor, The Lancet, London, United Kingdom
Edward KirumiraDean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Peter LachmannProfessor, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Lai Meng LooiProfessor, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Adel MahmoudSenior Molecular Biologist, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Anthony MeashamWorld Bank, Washington, DC, United States (retired)
Advisory Committee to the Editors
262 Advisory Committee to the Editors
Carol MedlinSenior Health and Nutrition Specialist,Health, Nutrition, and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
Alvaro MoncayoResearcher, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
Jaime MontoyaExecutive Director, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, Taguig City, the Philippines
Ole NorheimProfessor, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Folashade OmokhodionProfessor, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Toby OrdPresident, Giving What We Can, Oxford, United Kingdom
K. Srinath ReddyPresident, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Sevkat RuacanDean, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Jaime SepúlvedaExecutive Director, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
Richard SkolnikLecturer, Health Policy Department, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Stephen TollmanProfessor, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Jürgen UnutzerProfessor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Damian WalkerSenior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States
Ngaire WoodsDirector, Global Economic Governance Programme, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nopadol Wora-UraiProfessor, Department of Surgery, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
Kun ZhaoResearcher, China National Health Development Research Center, Beijing, China
263
Sergio Aguilar-GaxiolaUniversity of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States
Pierre K. AlexandreManagement Department, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
Peter AndersonNewcastle University, Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Margaret BarryNational University of Ireland Galway, School of Health Sciences, Galway, Ireland
Angelina BrotherhoodCentre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Anja BusseUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, Austria
Dixon ChibandaDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Mary De SilvaCentre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Tedla W. GiorgisOffice of the Minister, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Alexander GrinshpoonIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Yasemin Gürsoy-ÖzdemirDepartment of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Murad M. KhanAga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Rena KursSha’ar Menashe Mental Health Center, Sha’ar Menashe, Israel
David LeonLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Ron ManderscheidNational Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, Washington, DC, United States
Pallab K. MaulikGeorge Institute for Global Health, India, New Delhi, India
David McDaidLondon School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
Nicole M. MonteiroCenter for Healing and Development, Washington, DC, United States
Chiadi U. OnyikeThe Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Reviewers
264 Reviewers
Gregory SimonGroup Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
Jürgen UnützerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
Steven D. VannoyUniversity of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Chiu-Wan NgFaculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
265
Index
Boxes, figures, notes, and tables are indicated by b, f, n, and t respectively.
AACE (Assessing Cost-Effectiveness) prevention
framework, 188acupuncture, 91, 101addiction. See illicit drug dependenceADHD. See attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorderadolescents
ADHD and, 146alcoholic consumption, heavy episodic drinking
by, 128CBT for depression in, 222health loss in, 36interventions for
drug use, early intervention for at-risk youth, 114mental health policies and plans, 148
version (RAP-A) program, 229–30, 230tsuicides of, 171
adult mental disorders, 67–86burden of disease, 67–68extended-stay facilities to treat, 203interventions for, 73–78
case detection and diagnosis, 77collaborative and stepped care, 77community outreach, 77–78, 79community platform interventions, 73–74cost-effectiveness of, 78early intervention services, 77family, 74, 79health care platform interventions, 74–78information and communication packages, 78mental health awareness campaigns, 73mental health legislation, 73
occupational therapy, 76, 79packages of care, 76–77pharmacologic and psychological treatment,
mood and anxiety disorders, 68–72anxiety disorders, 70–71. See also anxiety
disordersbipolar disorder, 71–72. See also bipolar disorderdepressive disorder, 69–70. See also depression
psychotic disorders, 72–73recommendations for, 78–79risk factors, 68schizophrenia, 72–73. See also schizophreniasuicide and, 169training gatekeepers to identify people with, 223YLDs and, 67–68, 68f
advertising bans on alcoholic beverages, 139AEDs (anti-epileptic drugs), 88, 90, 91, 240affordability. See cost-effectiveness and affordability of
interventionsAfrica. See also specifi c countries and regions
alcohol consumption in, 129epilepsy in, 90illicit drug trade in, 111migraines in, 100suicide prevention organizations in, 176suicide rates in, 164, 169, 170
age as factor. See also adolescents; elderly personsfor anxiety disorders, 70–71for cause-specifi c deaths from MNS disorders,
53, 54t
266 Index
childhood disorders resulting in adult disorders, 146, 194
for dementia, 8of suicide and self-harm, 164, 165t, 166–67f, 166f
Alcoholics Anonymous, 137alcohol use disorders, 127–43
age of death attributable to, 53, 54tbinge drinking, 49, 128burden of disease, 32–34t, 128–30challenges for LMICs, 138–39classifi cation of beverages, 127consequences, 129co-occurring disorders and, 49–50cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 19, 20f,
while impaired, 132tmass media campaigns, 135medical and social detoxifi cation, follow-up,
and referral, 136, 137t, 139population platform interventions, 130,
131–35, 131tpregnant women and, 135, 139
pricing and market regulation, 138primary health care, 13–14t, 15prohibition and partial bans, 131, 132tquasi-experimental studies, 130reducing availability of alcohol, 131school-based, 19, 139screening and brief interventions, 135–36, 136t,
139, 140self-help and support groups, 136–37sobriety checkpoints, 134specialist health care delivery, 15suspension of driver’s license, 135taxation, 131t, 132–33, 138, 221, 229warning labels, 135, 139
liver cirrhosis and, 50patterns of, 128prohibition and partial bans, 131, 132tpublic health considerations, 128quasi-experimental studies, 130recommendations for LMICs, 139societal response, 130suicide and, 50, 129, 169, 175unintentional injuries and violence, 50, 129YLLs and, 43–45, 45f, 53, 55, 55t
Alzheimer’s disease. See also dementiaburden of disease, 32–34t, 94DALYs and, 95deaths associated with, 7t, 37, 53, 54tgoal to identify cure by 2025, 99pharmacological interventions, 96, 98
amphetamine dependence. See also illicit drug dependence
indigenous communities and alcohol consumption in, 131
mental health fi rst aid course in, 188methadone maintenance and buprenorphine
maintenance in, 226parenting interventions in, 155, 223
planning and consultation with primary health care staff in, 210
Positive Parenting Program (Triple P), 223autistic spectrum disorders
age of cause-specifi c and excess deaths attributed to, 47f
burden of disease, 32–34t, 36co-occurring disorders with, 48–49deaths associated with, 7testimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46t, 47f, 48–49interventions for, 9t
BBabor, T. F., 135Baker-Henningham, H., 150Balanced Care Model, 207Beijing Suicide Research and Prevention Center, 176best practice interventions, 4b, 12, 15, 22, 56, 183,
ADHD and, 49adult bipolar disorder, 71–72age of cause-specifi c and excess deaths attributed
to, 47fburden of disease, 32t, 34t, 71–72clinical features and course, 71cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 19, 227t
community-based vs. hospital-based services, 228deaths associated with, 7tepidemiology, 71–72estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46t, 47f, 48gender differences, 68interventions for. See also adult mental disorders
pharmacologic and psychological treatment, 74–76, 75t
specialist health care delivery, 15YLDs and, 68, 68f
birth trauma, 185blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing of
drivers, 134Boussinesq, M., 52Brazil
childhood mental and developmental disorders inCBT for children with anxiety disorders, 154community-based interventions, 149
collaborative stepped care approach in, 210cost-effectiveness of drug therapy for schizophrenia
and depression in, 225primary care interventions in, 208
training of primary care workers, 210specialists training primary health care staff in, 210
268 Index
suicide in, 169, 170, 171, 172Program for Promotion of Life and Suicide
Prevention, 176teacher training program to identify and assess
mental health problems in, 191bbreath testing of drivers, 134brief psychological intervention
for alcohol use disorders, 135–36, 136t, 139, 140for drug dependence, 115, 116t, 117for suicide, 177
Building Back Better (WHO), 204bullying, 150, 156, 189buprenorphine maintenance, 57, 117, 118, 119, 226burden of MNS disorders, 4–5b, 5–8, 22, 29–40. See also
mortality ratesadult mental disorders, 67–68alcohol use disorders, 32–34t, 128–30childhood mental and developmental disorders, 146depression, 69–70Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010),
29–30. See also Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
illicit drug dependence, 32, 32–34t, 34, 111, 118implications of study fi ndings, 36–37limitations of study and directions for future
research, 37–38methodology of study, 30–31neurological disorders, 87overview, 29–30
Burundi, integration of mental health care into primary care program, 17b
CCanada
cost of Alzheimer’s disease treatment in, 98fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) warning labels in, 135TEAMcare Canada, 213
cancer, 41, 48, 49, 56cannabis dependence. See also illicit drug dependence
burden of disease, 32–34tcannabis products, 109deaths associated with, 7t, 110estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46tmedications for, 118rates of dependence, 110schizophrenia and, 53, 55t
cardiovascular disease, 48, 51, 52, 56, 213Carroll, A. E., 150case studies. See also Ethiopia; India
scaling up interventions for MNS disorders, 16–17b, 24
catastrophic fi nancial effects, 2b
Cause of Death Ensemble Modeling (CODEm), 42CBT. See cognitive behavioral therapyCentral/Eastern Europe and Central Asia
alcohol-related deaths in, 44, 55cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 221, 227tsuicide of women in, 171YLL rates in, 44, 45–46f, 55
child abuse, 68, 146, 148, 152Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policies and Plans
(WHO), 148childhood mental and developmental disorders,
145–61. See also attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); autistic spectrum disorders
anxiety disorders, 145, 146bullying, 150, 156, 189burden of disease, 146consequences of, 146–47cost-effectiveness of interventions, 155–56epidemiology, 146gender differences in, 5, 33, 146, 147tinterventions for, 9–10t, 12, 149–55, 149b, 156t
child and adolescent mental health policies and plans, 148
152–53, 212medications for ADHD, 154medications for conduct disorder, 154multisystem therapy, 155parenting skills training, 152, 213–14population platform interventions, 148–49problem-solving skills therapy (PSST), 155psychosocial treatments for conduct disorder,
154–55school-based interventions, 150. See also
education and schoolsscreening and community rehabilitation for
developmental disorders, 151–52, 156specialist health care, 154–55Ten Questions screen, 151, 151bvoluntary sector programs, 150
nature of, 146risk factors for, 146–48, 148ttrends, 148types of, 145
ChileCBT depression program in, 222
Index 269
National Depression Detection and Treatment Program, 16–17b, 213
postpartum depression interventions in, 153, 207–8school-based interventions in, 192suicide rates in, 169
Chinaalcohol consumption in, 129
taxation, 133violence associated with, 129
Central Government Support for the Local Management and Treatment of Severe Mental Illnesses Project, 16b
depression, treatment of, 70drowning as premature cause of death in, 52headache interventions in, 102, 208, 228bsuicide in, 164, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177survey of mental disorders in, 38
Chisholm, D., 19, 232CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective
(CHOICE) project (WHO), 220, 226, 228, 228b, 232
chronic or relapsing course, 1cocaine dependence. See also illicit drug dependence
age of death attributable to, 54tburden of disease, 32–34tconsumption trends, 111deaths associated with, 7testimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46t, 50fpharmacotherapies
effectiveness for, 58for psychostimulant dependence, 118
prevalence in North American and Latin America, 37
rates of dependence, 110YLLs and, 43
Cochrane Collaboration review, 207CODEm (Cause of Death Ensemble Modeling), 42cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
for adult mental disorders, 76for childhood mental and developmental disorders,
153–55, 156for depression, 225
in adolescents, 222for illicit drug dependence, 117maternal and child health programs, 212school-based, 192workplace, 188, 189
cognitive rehabilitation for dementia, 97, 213collaborative care models, 56, 77, 79, 207collaborative stepped care, 15, 77, 207–9, 213Colombia, cost-effectiveness analysis of
antidepressants in, 225
communicable compared to noncommunicable diseases in global burden of disease, 30, 36, 41
community-based carefor childhood mental and developmental disorders,
151–52, 156compared to hospital level of care, 228for illicit drug dependence, 114–15, 116tresidential facilities, 15–16, 203
187–92, 194adult mental health, 73–74alcohol use disorders, 130–31, 135, 136tchildhood mental and developmental disorders,
149–51gender equity and economic empowerment
interventions, 193identifi cation and case detection, 193illicit drug dependence, 113–14, 115tneighborhood groups, 192–93, 194parenting. See parenting interventionsin schools. See education and schoolssuicide and, 175–76treatment, care, and rehabilitation, 193workplace. See workplace
19, 21f, 238fi nancial risk protection, 19for headache disorders, 102for illicit drug dependence, 118, 120lack of evidence, 12–15, 21limitation of conventional cost-effectiveness
analysis, 220for MNS disorders, 223–29
by country, 224finternational studies, 226national studies, 224–26primary health care, 224–27
nonspecialized treatment settings, 230–31overview, 219–20paucity of trials, 219, 222, 230population and community levels, 220–23school-based social and emotional learning
interventions, 222, 229–30specialist health care delivery, 228–29
costs of mental health care, 237–38counseling sessions, 76court-mandated treatment for drug dependence, 112t, 113criminal activity related to illicit drugs, 111, 119
criminal justice platforms, 112t, 113cross-border shopping for alcohol, 133
DDALYs. See disability-adjusted life yearsDARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)
community health workers’ detection abilities, 193co-occurring disorders and, 52–53cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 98–99cost of, 8defi nitions of, 31, 93–94detection and diagnosis, 96early-onset dementia, 94epidemiology, 94–95GBD fi ndings of excess mortality for
estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess deaths, 46t, 51f, 52–53
implications, 58interventions for, 10t, 96–98, 186
capacity of health care teams, 97–98caregivers, 97community-based programs, 98health care delivery interventions, 97integration into health care, 213nonpharmacological interventions, 97other interventions, 98–99pharmacological interventions, 96–97, 98specialist health care delivery, 15
Dementia Society of Goa, 207demographic factors, 3bdepression, 69–70. See also bipolar disorder;
postpartum depressionage of cause-specifi c and excess deaths attributed
to, 47falcohol use disorders and, 49–50antidepressants, 56, 75t, 225, 226burden of disease, 32, 32–34t, 34, 36chronic illnesses associated with, 68clinical features and course, 69co-occurring disorders with, 47, 56, 69cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 19, 20f,
227t, 230antidepressants and CBT, 225, 226enhanced fi nancial and service coverage, 243–44
Index 271
DALYs associated with, 36deaths associated with, 6, 7tepidemiological surveys on, 38epidemiology and burden of disease, 69–70estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46t, 47f, 49gender differences, 68interventions for, 8, 9t, 12, 75t
collaborative care, 207electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 74European Alliance against Depression
Programme, 176limited access to, 12primary health care, 13–14t, 15, 207–8psychosocial interventions for adolescents, 190self-care, 15specialist health care delivery, 15transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment
for, 74serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
3 Dimensions of Care for Diabetes (UK), 213Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), 31DSM-4, 110, 208DSM-5, 71–72, 110
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)alcohol use disorders and, 129caused by MNS disorders, 5, 30–35, 31f, 32t, 34tcost per DALY averted, 18, 19, 20fgender differences, 32–33, 32t, 34–33, 34f, 34tillicit drug dependence and, 36, 111
disasters and refugees, 177Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2bDisMod-MR, 43, 47, 49, 59disruptive behavioral disorders. See attention-defi cit
drug dependence of at-risk youth, 114for psychosis treatment, 77
East Asia and Pacifi calcohol consumption in
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 137, 221driver testing and arrest, 135taxation, 133, 137
cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 227t, 239suicide prevention organizations in, 176suicide rates in, 164traditional medicine in, 202YLLs in, 44, 45–46f
Eastern Europe. See Central/Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Eastern Mediterranean Regionsuicide in, 170WHO proposed regional framework in, 23–24b
eating disorders, 3, 32–34tECEA. See extended cost-effectiveness analysiseconomic effects
of illicit drug dependence, 111of mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS)
disorders, 8economic evaluation of treatment and prevention, 18b.
See also cost-effectiveness and affordability of interventions
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 74education and schools
school-based interventions, 189–92, 194alcohol use, 19, 139childhood mental and developmental
disorders, 150emergency response, 190, 191bHealthWise program (South Africa), 190, 190bidentifi cation and case detection, 190–91illicit drug dependence, 114, 115tinformation and awareness, 189Mental Health First Aid for High School
Teachers, 191social and emotional learning interventions,
189–90, 222, 229–30suicide and self-harm, 176teacher training program, 191btreatment, care, and rehabilitation, 192for vulnerable children, 190
whole-of-school approaches, 150Egypt
childhood mental and developmental disorders, community-based interventions in, 149
suicide in, 170Eickmann, S. H., 149elderly persons. See also Alzheimer’s disease
Home Care Program for (Goa), 207neurological disorders in, 36suicide rates of, 164
Ethiopiaalcohol use, demand reduction strategies for, 229cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 18bdepression interventions in, 248t
productivity impact of scaled-up treatment, 246–47
extended cost-effectiveness analysis of publicly fi nanced mental and neurological health care package in, 245–46, 247t
comparison with India, 249tparenting skills training in, 152school-based social and emotional learning
intervention in, 230European Alliance against Depression Programme, 176European Headache Federation, 208evidence-based interventions for health care delivery,
21f, 238application to MNS disorders, 238, 239comparison of India and Ethiopia, 249tEthiopia analyses, 245–48Indian analyses, 240–45principles and practice, 238
Ffaith-based organizations, 202family impacts and involvement, 1
alcoholics, family-based interventions for, 135, 139family history of suicide, 170illicit drug dependence, 110in treatment, 74, 79
generic drugs. See medicationsgenotyping, 68Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010), 3,
29–30. See also burden of MNS disorderscomparative risk assessments. See comparative risk
assessments (CRAs)excess mortality from MNS disorders, 41–65
assessment as risk factors for other health outcomes, 44. See also co-occurring disorders
cause-specifi c death estimates, 42, 44–53. See also specifi c MNS disorders
implications, 56–58methodology of study, 42–44. See also years of life
lost (YLLs)transition from communicable to
noncommunicable diseases, 30, 36, 41Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), 38Global Campaign against Headache, 101Global Campaign against Headache for Europe,
102, 208
Global Health Estimates of disease burden, 5globalization of alcohol beverages industry, 128Gmel, G., 133Good Behavior Game (US), 114good practice interventions, 12, 15, 183, 184t, 188,
193, 214Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines, 8, 130–31
Gunnell, D., 17b
HHandwerk, M., 155Happell, B., 56HCV (hepatitis C), 51, 57, 111, 119headache disorders, 99–102. See also migraine
burden of disease, 100cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 102epidemiology, 100interventions for, 100–101, 188
alternative therapies, 101optimizing health care delivery, 102, 208pharmacological interventions, 100–101public education programs, 101–2self-management, 100training health care providers, 102
medication-overuse headache, 99–100recommendations for, 103tension-type headache, 99
Headache Management Trial, 208health care platform interventions, 4b, 13–14t, 15–16,
201–18for alcohol use disorders, 135–37. See also alcohol
use disordersfor childhood mental and developmental disorders,
151–54. See also childhood mental and developmental disorders
collaborative stepped care. See collaborative stepped care
for depression, 70elements of, 201–4emergency mental health care, 204. See also
emergency responseevidence-based, 204hospital level of care, 13–14t, 15, 203for illicit drug dependence, 114–18, 116t. See also
illicit drug dependenceintegrating mental health into existing health
programs, 212–14for mood and psychotic disorders, 74–78primary level. See primary health care levelPRogramme for Improving Mental health carE
(PRIME), 209, 231
274 Index
for psychiatric services, 203quality of care, 15, 214–15relationships among difference delivery channels, 204self-care and informal health care, 202–3. See also
self-carespecialists. See also specialist health care delivery
training primary health care staff by, 210for suicide, 177–78system-strengthening strategies for, 204–9task-sharing approach, 209–12, 210b
HealthWise program (South Africa), 190, 190bhepatitis B, 51, 111hepatitis C (HCV), 51, 57, 111, 119heroin. See illicit drug dependence; opioid dependencehigh-income countries (HICs). See also specifi c
countriesalcoholic consumption in, 128, 138burden of MNS disorders in, 5, 29cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 19
drug dependence treatments and interventions, 118
dementia care costs in, 95fepilepsy-related deaths in, 51intervention delivery platforms in, 12screening children for developmental disorders,
151–52specialist services, 2
Hip Hop Stroke (awareness program for children), 189HIV/AIDS
alcohol use and, 184anti-epileptic drugs for people with, 91burden of disease, 57cost-effective prevention strategy, 226dementia and, 94illicit drug use and, 51, 58, 110–11, 115, 119integrating mental health into existing programs
for, 212mental health needs of persons with, 213–14methadone maintenance and, 117, 118suicide and, 169
HIV antiretroviral therapy, 57home care programs, 207Honduras, epilepsy treatment in, 89, 186hospital level of care, 13–14t, 15, 203
cost-effectiveness of, 228–29humanitarian aid and emergency response, 16, 204human rights violations, 58, 67, 214, 215
Iibuprofen, 100ICD-10. See International Classifi cation of Diseases
illicit drug dependence, 109–25. See also amphetamine dependence; cannabis dependence; cocaine dependence; opioid dependence
age of death attributable to, 54tburden of disease, 32, 32–34t, 34, 111, 118consequences, 110–11consumption trends, 111cost-effectiveness of interventions, 118, 120criminal activity, 111, 119DALYs associated with, 36, 111defi nition of, 31, 109–10, 120n1delivery platforms for, 14teconomic costs of, 111externalizing disorders, 114, 120n4family factors, 110GBD fi ndings of excess mortality for
estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess deaths, 49, 50f, 51
implications of, 57–58gender differences in, 5, 45, 46fglobal trends, 111implications for low- and middle-income countries,
118–19individual factors, 110injecting drug risks, 51, 53, 55t, 57, 226internalizing disorders, 114, 120n4interventions and policies, 11t, 111–18
access to treatment, 114brief psychological intervention, 115, 116t, 117cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 117community-based care, 114–15, 116tcommunity platform interventions, 113–14, 115tcontingency management approach, 117control of supply, 112court-mandated treatment, 112t, 113criminal justice platforms, 113delivery platforms for, 14tdetoxifi cation and withdrawal, 116, 120drug education, 114, 115tdrug testing of offenders, 112t, 113early intervention with at-risk youth, 114health care platform interventions, 114–18, 116timprisonment, 112t, 113, 120law enforcement, 112, 112t, 119–20legislation, 186medication for cannabis dependence, 118medication for heroin and opioid dependence,
116t, 117naloxone and other emergency responses, 115overdose prevention education, 114–15population platform interventions, 112–13, 112tprescription monitoring programs, 112–13, 112tprimary health care, 13–14t, 15, 115, 116t
Index 275
psychosocial interventions, 117public awareness campaigns, 112t, 113residential rehabilitation, 117school-based prevention programs, 114, 115tself-help and mutual aid groups, 114, 115tskills training in schools, 114, 115tspecialist health care delivery, 15, 116–17, 116tsupervised injecting facilities, 57, 115therapeutic community (TC) model, 117workplace drug testing, 113–14, 115t
medical vs. moral models of addiction, 12, 119mortality rates, 110–11narcotic antagonists, 119, 120, 120n6. See also
gender differences and, 45, 46fimprisonment for drug offenses, 112t, 113, 120India
alcohol consumption in, 129demand reduction strategies for, 229taxation on, 133unrecorded production and consumption, 221
collaborative care for mental illnesses in, 77community-based rehabilitation in, 78cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 18b
depression, 230, 243–44, 244textended analysis for schizophrenia, 19, 21f
Dementia Society of Goa, 207District Mental Health Programme, 208education and schools in
examination stress, 175teacher training for youth health promotion
program, 222teacher training to improve epilepsy
knowledge, 191epilepsy interventions in, 240, 241textended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA), 240–45
comparison with Ethiopia, 249theadache interventions in, 228bMANAS (MANashanti Sudhar Shodh, or project to
promote mental health), 78, 207, 224–25
maternal and infant health programs in, 153National Sample Survey Organization, 238pesticide ban in, 185school-based social and emotional learning
intervention in, 230suicide in, 168, 170, 178
religious and spiritual beliefs, 172safe storage of pesticides, 176
universal health coverage, 240, 245findigenous communities and alcohol consumption
community platform interventions, 135, 136tprohibition, 131, 131t
individual factorsalcohol use disorders, 130illicit drug dependence, 110
infantsimmunization programs for, 185maternal and infant health programs, 153psychosocial interventions for, 149, 150salt iodization programs for, 185
informal health care. See self-careinformation and communication packages, 78injecting drug risks, 51, 53, 55t, 57, 226Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at
University of Washington, 38Institute of Medicine’s Forum on Neuroscience and
Nervous System Disorders, 209intellectual disability
burden of disease, 32–34tchildhood, 145defi ned, 145effective interventions for, 10t
Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings, 204
International Classifi cation of Diseases (ICD-10), 5, 31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 49, 72, 109, 168
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 186
International Labour Organization, 188International League against Epilepsy, 88interventions for MNS disorders, 8–12
for adult mental disorders, 73–78. See also adult mental disorders
for alcohol use disorders, 130–37. See also alcohol use disorders
case studies, 16–17bfor childhood mental and developmental disorders,
149–55. See also childhood mental and developmental disorders
collaborative care models, 56community-based. See community platform
interventions
276 Index
costs. See cost-effectiveness and affordability of interventions
delivery platforms of, 12–17, 13–14tfor dementia, 96–98effective essential interventions, 8–12, 9–11thealth care. See health care platform interventionsfor illicit drug dependence, 11t, 111–18. See also
illicit drug dependencelimited access to, 12population-based. See population platform
interventionsquality of care, 15, 214–15
iodine defi ciency, 185Iran, suicide in, 176, 177Israel
community-based interventions for childhood mental and developmental disorders, 149
Heart Disease study, 52
JJamaica
childhood emotional and behavioral problems in, 150
psychosocial interventions for malnourished infants in, 149, 150
KKamgno, J., 52Kenya
epilepsy-related deaths in, 52, 88epilepsy treatment in, 89training of primary care workers in, 210
ketogenic diet, 91key messages, 4bKilian, R., 155knowledge gaps, effect on scaling up, 21–22Korea, Republic of
dementia detection program in, 98suicide in, 175
LLachenmeier, D., 133–34Latin America and the Caribbean
alcohol consumption in, 129cost-effectiveness of interventions, 137, 221partial bans on, 132self-help and support groups, 136, 137taxation on, 132–33
cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 221, 226, 227tsubstance use disorders in, 44suicide in
religious and spiritual beliefs, 172risk factors, 169survivors of suicide loss, 172
traditional medicine in, 202YLLs in, 44, 45–46f
law enforcementalcohol use disorders and, 132tillicit drug dependence and, 112, 112t, 119–20
legislationon alcoholic beverages, 221–22child protection legislation, 148–49on epilepsy, 90illicit drugs legislation, 186mental health legislation, 73restricting access to lethal means of suicide, 17b,
176, 185, 194, 222licensing of alcoholic beverages sellers, 138life expectancy gap in people with mental disorders, 41,
42, 57. See also years of life lost (YLLs)lifestyle risk factors, 47, 56–57, 58, 101Lim, S. S., 44, 129List of Essential Medicines (WHO), 57liver cirrhosis, 50, 184low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). See also
specifi c countriesalcohol consumption in, 128
challenges for, 138–39cost-effective interventions, 221mortality rates associated with, 130recommendations for, 139
burden of MNS disorders in, 29cause-of-death data from, 58childhood mental and developmental disorders,
community-based interventions in, 149dementia care costs in, 95fepilepsy-related deaths in, 51epilepsy treatment gap in, 58, 92fillegal substance dependence in
assessment issues, 118burden of disease, 118cost-effectiveness of interventions, 118health care infrastructure and capacity, 119implications, 118–19medical vs. moral models of addiction, 119opioid substitution treatment (OST), 57, 119potential new treatments, 119research needs, 119
intervention delivery platforms in, 12, 29MNS disorders in, 5mood and anxiety disorders in, 69neurological disorders in, 87suicide surveillance in, 168survey of mental disorders in, 38transition from communicable to
noncommunicable diseases in, 41vital registration systems, lack of, 163
lung cancer, 42
Index 277
Mmajor depressive disorder. See depressionMalaysia, suicide in, 175, 177MANAS (MANashanti Sudhar Shodh, mental health
project in India), 78, 207, 224–25mania, 69, 71. See also bipolar disordermass media campaigns. See public awareness
campaignsmaternal depression. See postpartum depressionmaternal mental health interventions, 152–53, 212Mauritius
preschool program in, 150school-based prevention program for adolescent
depression in, 222, 229school-based social and emotional learning
intervention in, 230Maximizing Independence at Home project, 97media reporting of suicide and self-harm, 175medical marijuana, 91medical vs. moral models of addiction, 12, 119medications
access of people with mental disorders to, 48for ADHD, 154antipsychotics for dementia patients, 53, 96–97for conduct disorder, 154cost-effectiveness of, 226for epilepsy. See anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)low-cost generics, 22, 226morbidity and mortality rates related to treatment
with, 47pharmacotherapies
for dementia, 96–97, 98for epilepsy, 90–91for headache disorders, 100–101for heroin and opioid dependence, 116t, 117for mood and psychotic disorders, 74, 75–76t, 79for substance use disorders, 48, 57–58, 118
effects of, 48, 56primary care staff prescribing, 212
Megiddo, I., 240memantine, 96, 98men. See gender differencesmental, neurological, and substance use (MNS)
disorders, 1, 2. See also neurological disorders; specifi c types of disorders
adults. See adult mental disordersalcohol abuse. See alcohol use disorderschildren. See childhood mental and developmental
disordersdisability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to, 5. See
also disability-adjusted life yearseconomic output lost due to, 8
mortality rates associated with, 6. See also mortality rates
need for action to address, 22–23signifi cance for global health, 5–8substance abuse. See illicit drug dependenceyears lived with disability (YLDs) and, 5, 6f. See also
years lived with disabilityyears of life lost (YLLs) and, 5, 6, 6f. See also years of
life lostmental disorders. See adult mental disorders; childhood
mental and developmental disorders; mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders; specifi c disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression)
mental health awareness campaigns, 73, 186–87. See also public awareness campaigns
mental health fi rst aid training, 188, 191, 193, 223Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP).
See World Health Organization (WHO)mental health legislation, 73. See also legislationmental health workers
health centers or home visitation programs using, 193
human resource competencies for MNS disorders in, 210
low availability of, 12pre-service and in-service training of primary care
alcoholic beverages incost-effectiveness of interventions, 138demand reduction strategies for, 229unrecorded production of, 133
illicit substance use in, 111school-based social and emotional learning
intervention in, 230mhGAP. See World Health Organizationmicrofi nance, 193Middle East and North Africa
cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 227tillicit drug dependence in, 44suicide of women in, 171
midwives, role of, 212migraine. See also headache disorders
burden of disease, 32–34t, 87cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 228bDALYs associated with, 36deaths associated with, 7tdefi nition of, 99estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess
deaths for, 46tinterventions for, 10t, 188
primary health care, 13–14t, 15self-care, 15
278 Index
Mihalopoulos, C., 155, 223Millennium Development Goals, 214Mini-Mental State Examination, 96MNS. See mental, neurological, and substance use
(MNS) disordersmonitoring and evaluation of interventions, 22monitoring and reporting systems
dementia, 213suicide and self-harm, 177
mood disorders, 68–70, 75t. See also anxiety disorders; depression
moral vs. medical model of addiction, 12, 119morphine maintenance, 117mortality rates. See also Global Burden of
Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010); years of life lost (YLLs)
for alcohol use disorders, 7t, 44, 129cause-of-death data, diffi culty in capturing, 58–59illicit drug dependence, 110–11MNS disorders associated with, 6–7, 7t, 22, 41models used in estimating, 43, 43fsuicide mortality rates, 164, 165t
multiple sclerosis, 3, 29, 32–34t, 87multisystem therapy, 155music therapy, 74mutual aid groups. See support groups
Nnaloxone and other emergency responses, 115naltrexone maintenance, 57, 117, 119narcotics. See illicit drug dependenceNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence
(NICE), 99natural history models, 43, 45–46, 48, 49, 59needle programs, 57neighborhood factors, 3bneighborhood groups, 192–93, 194. See also self-help
programs; support groupsneurocysticercosis, 89b, 91, 186neurological disorders, 87–108. See also epilepsy;
headache disordersburden of disease, 30, 32–34t, 87community health workers’ detection abilities, 193cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 226in elderly persons, 36GBD fi ndings of excess mortality for
estimated number of cause-specifi c and excess deaths, 46t, 51, 51f
implications, 58gender differences in, 45, 46finterventions for, 10t
New Zealandfetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) warning labels in, 135indigenous communities, alcohol consumption by, 135
Nigeriaalcohol use, demand reduction strategies for, 229community-based awareness in, 73depression in, 69, 70, 208, 225epilepsy in, 230schizophrenia in, 225, 230suicide in, 169
noncommunicable diseasescompared to communicable diseases in global
burden of disease, 30, 36, 41integrating mental health into primary care for, 213
Oobesity, 49, 56–57, 100obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 70occupational therapy, 76, 79Open the Doors program, 187opioid dependence. See also illicit drug dependence
114, 118, 119, 120. See also methadone maintenance
prevalence in Australasia and Western Europe, 37rates of dependence, 110substance use disorders and, 51supervised injectable heroin maintenance, 57, 117YLLs and, 37, 43
overdose prevention education, 114–15oxycodone, 111. See also opioid dependence
PPakistan
depressive disorder related to suicide in, 169
Index 279
mental health awareness among school children in, 74
preventive maternal and child health care in, 153rural secondary schools in, 189suicide in, 175
community-based program for, cost-effectiveness of, 222–23
skills training, 152, 213–14Parkinson’s disease
burden of disease, 30, 32–34t, 87gender differences in, 5, 33
peer-led interventionseducation, 202illicit drug dependence, 110self-help groups and peer support, 203
Perinatal Mental Health Project (South Africa), 212pesticides
regulation to restrict access to, 17b, 176, 185safe storage of, 176self-poisoning, 175, 177
Phanthunane, P., T. Vos, 225pharmacologic treatment. See medicationsphobias, 70Pion, S. D. S., 52Plan Do Study Act, 214Platania-Phung, C., 56pneumonia, 53, 56political will, effect on scaling up, 21polydrug use, 114, 120n5Pompili, P., 52population platform interventions, 13–14t, 15, 183–87,
193–94for adult mental health, 73for alcohol use disorders, 130, 131–35, 131tfor childhood mental and developmental disorders,
148–49for epilepsy, 89for illicit drug dependence, 112–13, 112tinformation and awareness campaigns, 186–87key fi ndings, 183legislation and regulations, 184–85. See also
legislationprotecting persons with MNS disorders, 186restricting access to means of suicide, 185for suicide, 174–75
postpartum depression, 75t, 77, 152–53, 212women’s support groups for, 153
for, 212Prince, M., 44problem-solving skills therapy (PSST), 155PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE
(PRIME), 209, 231psychiatric services, 203. See also specialist health
care deliverypsychosis, 2
extended cost-effectiveness analysis for, 19interventions for, 8medications for, 226primary health care for, 13–14t, 15specialist health care delivery for, 15
psychosocial life crises and suicide, 169–70psychotherapy for mood and psychotic disorders, 74,
75–76tpsychotropic medications, effects of, 48, 56PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder
280 Index
public awareness campaigns, 186–87, 194alcohol consumption, 135headaches, 101, 102illicit drug dependence, 112t, 113mental health, 73
Public Health Action for the Prevention of Suicide (WHO), 177
public health considerationsalcohol use disorders, 128health platform related, 208integrating mental health into existing programs, 212–14maternal mental health, 153suicide, 173
Qquality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 155, 225quality of care, 15, 214–15. See also health care platform
for childhood mental and developmental disorders, 146–48, 148t
for illicit drug dependence, 110for suicide, 37, 168–71, 173f, 178
risperidone, 226Russian Federation, headache interventions in, 102,
208, 228b
SSaxena, S., 232scaling up, 4–5b
affordability and. See cost-effectiveness and affordability of interventions
case studies of interventions for MNS disorders, 16–17b
extended cost-effectiveness analysis for, 19, 21fhealth system barriers and opportunities for, 21–22knowledge gaps as factors, 21–22political will as factor, 21proposed regional framework in WHO Eastern
Mediterranean Region, 23–24bstrategies for strengthening health system, 22
schizophrenia, 72–73age of cause-specifi c and excess deaths attributed
to, 47fburden of disease, 32–34tcannabis dependence and, 53, 55tclinical features and course, 72co-occurring disorders with, 48cost-effectiveness of interventions for, 19, 20–21f,
for illicit drug dependence, 110social drift pathway, 3bsocietal response to alcohol use disorders, 130socioeconomic status, 3b. See also poverty
drinking and, 129schizophrenia and, 48
SOLVE training package, 188Sornpaisarn, B., 133South Africa
alcohol consumption of pregnant women in, 135collaborative stepped care approach in, 210epilepsy treatment in, 89HealthWise program in, 190, 190bHIV/AIDS treatment integrated with mental
health in, 214parenting skills training in, 152Perinatal Mental Health Project, 212Primary Care 101 (PC101), 214primary care practitioners in, 208workplace interventions in, 189
South Asiaalcohol consumption in
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 137, 221taxation, 133, 137
cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 226, 227t, 231, 239
suicide prevention organizations in, 176suicide rates in, 164traditional medicine in, 202
specialist health care delivery, 15, 74–76, 203for alcohol use disorders, 15for childhood mental and developmental
Sri Lankachildren with developmental delays in, 151suicide in, 170, 171, 175, 177–78
prevention through pesticide regulation, 17b, 185, 185b
safe storage of pesticides, 176START (STrAtegies for RelaTives) study, 99Statistical Process Control, 214stigma and discrimination, 1, 5b, 22, 67
anti-stigma interventions, 89–90, 187limiting access to interventions, 12limiting access to screenings, 56quality of care and, 214self-care and, 203suicide and, 175, 176
Strang, J., 8stroke, 41, 56Sub-Saharan Africa
alcohol consumption in, 129cost-effectiveness of interventions, 137, 221mortality associated with, 129taxation, 133, 137
childhood mental disabilities, lack of data on, 146cost-effectiveness of interventions in, 221, 226, 227t,
231, 239epilepsy in, 44, 45, 52, 89, 91human resource competencies for MNS disorders
in, 210illicit drug dependence in, 44
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 118microfi nance in, 193traditional medicine in, 202YLL rates in, 44, 45–46f, 55
gender differences and, 45, 46fsubstance use disorders. See illicit drug dependencesuicide and self-harm, 42, 163–81
of adolescents, 171age pattern of, 164, 165t, 166–67falcohol consumption and, 50, 129, 169, 175as cause of death, 41, 164changes in rates (2000-12), 164, 165tcoping strategies and well-being, 172cost-effectiveness of prevention efforts, 178decriminalization of, 175defi nition of, 163
282 Index
depression and, 69, 176drug misuse and, 175early traumatic events associated with, 170–71economic issues and, 175effective interventions for, 11tepidemiology, 163epilepsy and, 52exposure to models, 170family history of suicide, 170of farmers, 171gender differences, 164, 165t, 166–67f, 171interventions for, 11t, 174–78
brief intervention and contact, 177community platform interventions, 175–76delivery platforms, 14tdisasters and refugees, 177examination stress, 175gatekeeper training, 176health care platform interventions, 177–78medical management of poisoning with
Sri Lanka suicide prevention through pesticide regulation, 17b, 185b
physical disorders and, 169prevention in LMICs, 172–74prior suicide attempts, 170protective factors, 172psychosocial life crises and, 169–70as public health issue, 173of refugees and internally displaced persons,
171–72, 177religious and spiritual beliefs, 172risk factors for, 37, 168–71, 173f, 178schizophrenia and, 48of sexual minorities, 172stigma of, 176strong personal relationships and, 172substance use disorders and, 51, 55t, 110suicide attempt rates, 164–68
suicide mortality rates, 164, 165tsurveillance in LMICs, 168survivors of suicide loss, 172urban vs. rural locations, 170WHO prevention guidelines, 57, 163, 173YLLs and, 53, 55
supervised injecting facilities, 57, 115support groups, 192–93, 194. See also self-help
programsfor alcohol use disorders, 136–37for illicit drug dependence, 114, 115t
suspension of driver’s license, 135sustainable development goal (SDG), 2bsustained headache relief (SHR), 100Sweden
cost of Alzheimer’s disease treatment in, 98dementia-related deaths in, 53epilepsy-related deaths in, 52
Szekely, A., 176
TTanzania
epilepsy-related deaths in, 52epilepsy treatment in, 89
task-sharing approach, 209–12, 210btaxation of alcoholic beverages, 131t, 132–33, 138,
221, 229Taylor, B. J., 133–34teacher training program to identify and assess mental
health problems, 191, 191bTEAMcare USA and TEAMcare Canada, 213telemedicine, 78Ten Questions screen, 151, 151btesting
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing of drivers, 134
breath testing of drivers, 134Thailand
alcoholic beverages, regulation of, 128antidepressants and CBT as cost-effective
interventions for depression in, 225therapeutic community (TC) model, 117Thinking Healthy Programme (Pakistan), 2123 Dimensions of Care for Diabetes (UK), 213Total Quality Management, 214TPO (Healthnet Transcultural Psychosocial
Organization), 17btraditional healers, 202traffi c accidents. See driving impaired and traffi c
accidentstranscranial magnetic stimulation, 74traumatic brain injury, measures to protect
against, 186
Index 283
treatment gap, 214in epilepsy, 58, 92f
treatment of MNS disorders, 4b, 8–12, 9–11t. See also interventions for MNS disorders
cost-effectiveness of. See cost-effectiveness and affordability of interventions
Ttofi , M. M., 150tuberculosis, 50, 129, 212, 213–14Turkey
early childhood enrichment project in, 192suicide in, 170, 171
UUganda
epilepsy treatment in, 89specialists training primary health care
staff in, 210United Kingdom
Alzheimer’s disease, pharmacological interventions for, 98
bipolar disorder research in, 48cognitive rehabilitation for dementia in, 97community-based awareness in, 73community-based vs. hospital-based programs
in, 73coping strategy program for mental health of
dementia caregivers in, 225crisis intervention teams in, 77epilepsy-related deaths in, 52parenting programs in, 2233 Dimensions of Care for Diabetes, 213
United NationsChildren’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster
Survey, 151Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities, 215United States
court-mandated drug treatment in, 113depression in, 69Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
program, 114fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) warning labels in, 135Good Behavior Game for classroom behavior
management with young children, 114stroke awareness program for children in, 189TEAMcare USA, 213
universal health coverage, 5b, 18b, 19, 237–51. See also extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA)
health system goals, 237MNS coverage, 237–38pay out-of-pocket (OOP) for treatment, 237–38
University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 38
unrecorded market of alcohol production and sales, 133, 138–39
Wwarning labels on alcoholic beverages, 135, 139web-based psychological therapy, 15, 78Whiteford, H. A., 31WHO. See World Health Organizationwhole-of-government approach, 205whole-of-school approach, 150women. See also gender differences; pregnancy
gender equity and economic empowerment interventions, 193
postnatal depression. See postpartum depressionsuicide rates of, 171
workplace interventions, 194drug testing, 113–14, 115tepilepsy, anti-stigma interventions for, 89identifi cation and case detection, 188mood and anxiety disorders intervention, 73promotion and primary prevention, 188
World Development Report (1993), 2bWorld Health Organization (WHO)
Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) survey, 73
Atlas on Substance Use, 137Building Back Better, 204Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policies and
Plans, 148CHOosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective
(CHOICE) project, 220, 226, 228, 228b, 232Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan, 22, 24cost-effectiveness analysis, 18detection of mental disorders, system for, 77Global Health Estimates, 5, 163, 166fHigh-Level Meeting on Non-communicable
Diseases (2011), 229Integrated Management of Adult and Adolescent
Illness (IMAI), 213List of Essential Medicines, 57Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), 1,
population attributable fractions (PAFs) and, 44schizophrenia, 68, 68f
years of life lost (YLLs), 5, 6, 6f, 30–31, 35, 35f, 37, 41alcohol use disorders, 43–45, 45f, 53, 55, 55tamphetamine dependence, 43attributions needed for more accurate
representation of MNS disorders, 55cause of death and, 42–43, 46, 53–55cocaine dependence, 43dementia, 43, 45fdepression, 49differences in patterns of MNS prevalence and,
44–45, 45fgender differences, 45, 46fillicit drug dependence, 45f, 53, 110
gender differences and, 45, 46fnatural history models and, 45–46neurological disorders
