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Beyond the visual. The acoustic reconstruction and simulation of ancient senate sessions
Dr. des. Christian Fron University of StuttgartDepartment of ancient historyAbteilung Alte Geschichte06. January 2016
Introduction
outline
1. short introduction
2. the curia Iulia as research project
3. An acoustic simulation: our approach
4. results and further questions
the curia Iulia as research project
• 52 BC: The senate building burns and P. Clodius Pulcher with it. • By no later than 45/44 BC and in the context of the construction of the Forum Iulium a
new Curia is enacted.• 29 BC: The curia Iulia is dedicated by Octavian, the later Augustus.
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project
the curia Iulia as research project
“1. The treasury, prison, and senate house ought to adjoin the
forum, but in such a way that their dimensions may be
proportionate to those of the forum. Particularly, the senate house
should be constructed with special regard to the importance of the
town or city. If the building is square, let its height be fixed at one
and one half times its breadth; but if it is to be oblong, add
together its length and breadth and, having got the total, let half of
it be devoted to the height up to the coffered ceiling.
2. Further, the inside walls should be girdled, at a point halfway up
their height, with coronae made of woodwork or of stucco.
Without these, the voice of men engaged in discussion there will
be carried up to the height above, and so be unintelligible to their
listeners. But when the walls are girdled with coronae, the voice
from below, being detained before rising and becoming lost in the
air, will be intelligible to the ear.” (Vitr. 5,2,1f.)
the curia Iulia as research project
[17,75 m (w) + 25,63 m (l)]/2 = 21, 69 m (height according to Vitruvius).approximate real height: 23,40 m
outline
1. short introduction
2. the curia Iulia as research project
3. An acoustic simulation: our approach
4. results and further questions
An acoustic simulation: our approach
http://www.odeon.dk/
http://www.odeon.dk/archaeological-acoustics-open-theatre#
An acoustic simulation: our approach
13
reflexion of sound
barrier (f.i. wall)sound wave
14
absorption of sound (decreased reflexion of sound)
barrier (f.i. wall)
15
transmission of sound (sound absorbtion)
barrier (f.i. wall)
16
reflexion + transmission
f.i. window
lower frequencies
higher frequencies
An acoustic simulation: our approach
view inside of the Curia
1: benches
2: entrance
3: niches
4: cornices
5: windows
6: coffered ceiling
7: open space before the door
An acoustic simulation: our approach
Absorption coefficients
Frequency (Hz)63 125 250 500 2000 8000
Alp
ha
0.96
0.8
0.64
0.48
0.32
0.16
14501 Alpha aus Margfedc
4035 Plaster, gypsgfedc
11050 Personen, im gfedcb
1005 Smooth brickwgfedc
10003 Double glazingfedc
107 Concrete blocgfedc
4036 Plaster, gypsgfedc
1 100% absorbengfedc
Odeon©1985-2015 Licensed to: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Germany
An acoustic simulation: our approach
Speaker P (cross)
P1: podium (active)
P2: groundlevel aisle
P3: first step
audience (blue points)
M1: Podium
M2: in front on first step
M3: middle on first step
M4: middle on groundlevel
M8: in a corner
M5: 1 m in front of the door
M6: 4 m in front of the door
M7: 8 m in front of the door
outline
1. short introduction
2. the curia Iulia as research project
3. An acoustic simulation: our approach
4. results and further questions
results and further questions
Situation resp.Sound source distance Sound pressure p
in PascalSound pressure Lp
in Dezibel
Disco 1 m 2 Pa 110 dB
Hearing damage if heard for a longer
time
ear ab 0,36 Pa 80 dB
Main road 10 m 0,2 – 0,63 Pa 75 dB
TV 1 m 0,02 Pa 70 dB
Dialoge partner(normal
conversation)1 m 2 · 10−3 – 2 · 10−2 Pa 55 dB
Very quiet room ear 2 · 10−4 – 6,3 · 10−4 Pa 45 dB
breathing ear 6,32 · 10−5 Pa 10 dB
results and further questions
Redner P1 (emperor, red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) on 1 m
Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices
OG: without cornices; door closed.
TO: door opened; with cornices.
Pos. SPL dB (A)Ist/OG/TO
STIIst/OG/TO
M1 64.6/64.6/64.6 0.85/0.86/0.86
M2 53.1/53.0/52.9 0.52/0.51/0.52
M3 53.1/51.2/50.9 0.46/0.45/0.47
M4 51.6/51.4/51.4 0.37/0.35/0.37
M8 51.1/51.5/50.3 0.50/0.45/0.45
M5 (1m) - / - /46.8 - / - /0.40
M6 (4m) - / - /43.1 - / - /0.38
M7 (8m) - / - /39.3 - / - /0.38
average 0.46/0.44/0.45
0 8 16 24 32 40 metres
0
5
10
15
20 metres
P1P1P2
P3
P11
3
2
333
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
P1
Odeon©1985-2015 Licensed to: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Germany
results and further questions
Speaker P2 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m
Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices
OG: without cornices; door closed.
TO: door opened; with cornices.
Pos. SPL dB (A)Ist/OG/TO
STIIst/OG/TO
M1 54.8/54.5/55.0 0.56/0.57/0.55
M2 57.4/57.2/57.3 0.66/0.68/0.67
M3 51.2/51.1/50.9 0.41/0.38/0.42
M4 53.2/53.0/52.9 0.46/0.46/0.47
M8 50.7/50.8/50.8 0.44/0.41/0.51
M5 (1m) - / - /47.0 - / - /0.42
M6 (4m) - / - /43.5 - / - /0.41
M7 (8m) - / - /39.0 - / - /0.39
average 0.51/0.50/0.52
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 metres
0
5
10
15
20
25 metres
P2 1
2
3
4567
8
P2
Odeon©1985-2015 Licensed to: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Germany
results and further questions
Speaker P3 (red cross): ca. 56 dB (A) bei 1 m
Ist: actual state; door closed. With cornices
OG: without cornices; door closed.
TO: door opened; with cornices.
Pos. SPL dB (A)Ist/OG/TO
STIIst/OG/TO
M1 51.9/51.9/51.8 0.45/0.43/0.45
M2 52.5/52.4/52.4 0.50/0.49/0.51
M3 53.3/53.2/53.0 0.52/0.52/0.53
M4 54.7/54.7/54.5 0.59/0.59/0.6
M8 51.4/51.5/51.2 0.46/0.45/0.46
M5 (1m) - / - /47.2 - / - /0.43
M6 (4m) - / - /43.9 - / - /0.46
M7 (8m) - / - /41.4 - / - /0.52
average 0.50/0.49/0.51
0 8 16 24 32 40 metres
0
5
10
15
20 metres
P3
P1P2
P3P3
1
3
2
333
4
3
5
3
6
3
7
3
8
3
P3
Odeon©1985-2015 Licensed to: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Germany
results and further questions
speaker 2
listener 1 (emperor),
Free field
emperor
P2P1
P2
P3
P2112
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1P2
Odeon©1985-2015 Licensed to: Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik, Germany Restricted version - research and teaching only!
Thank you very much for your attention.
Thank you very much for your attention.
Reference:• Background: modification of the fresco of Cesare Maccari „Cicéron dénonce Catilina“• Slide 2: http://
www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-8-0201_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_Kontext.jpg• Slide 4: http://
www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/7-Phase-G_Sp%C3%A4te-Republik-I_Draufsicht.jpg and http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/7-Phase-L_Augusteisch-II_Draufsicht.jpg
• Slide 5: http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-10-0201_EFGH_Curia-Hostilia_isometrisch.jpg and http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-11-0201_I_Curia-Cornelia_isometrisch.jpg and http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-12-0202_JKLMNO_Curia-Iulia_isometrisch.jpg and http://www.digitales-forum-romanum.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/A-13-0202_PQRS_Curia-Diocletiani_isometrisch.jpg
• Slide 6: http://www.acsearch.info/image.html?id=1713375
• Slide 7:http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/assets/media/reconstructions/CuriaIulia_1/CuriaIulia_1_Inside_HiRes.jpg and http://www.jeffbondono.com/TouristInRome/RomeImages/IMG_1592-IMG_1595-20131006.jpg and image by google earth
Thank you very much for your attention.
Reference:• Slide 9:
http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7102/7356011222_724dc4d7a4_b.jpg• Slde 11:
Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Institute of building physics and acoustics by Xiaoru Zhou • Slide 12:
Google SketchUp model of the Forum Romanum from the Fraunhofer Institute of building physics and acoustics by Xiaoru Zhou
• Slide 13-16: Slides by Prof. Dr. Philip Leistner
• Slide 17: Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Institute of building physics and acoustics by Xiaoru Zhou
• Slide 19: Odeon-Model of the Curia Iulia from the Fraunhofer Institute of building physics and acoustics by Xiaoru Zhou
• Slide 21: http://www.welt.de/print-welt/article334313/Vom-Ticken-der-Uhr-bis-zum-Presslufthammer.html and http://www.fohonline.com/images/stories/15/02/current-foh/techfeature/intelligibility%20scale.jpg
• Slide 22-25:Additional Model and acoustic simulations from from the Fraunhofer Institute of building physics and acoustics by Xiaoru Zhou