De Final Report

8/8/2019 De Final Report

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT: Flood & Earthquake


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BAHRIA UNIVERSITYISLAMABAD CAMPUS

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

In case of 2005 Earthquake and 2010 Flood

Course: DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSInstructor: Mrs. Zainab Dar

Class: BBA 7-C

Student names: Nashmia Naeem,

Anum Sattar Khan,

Saba Naseem,

Sarah Ali Malik,

Sheikh Zeeshan,

Mohsin Abbas,

Sheriyar Ali Ghalib,

Maria Sultan.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported us during the

writing of our project report. This project bears an imprint of these peoples.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Ahsan Ali Mangi (Director Disaster

Management), CDA; Mr. Rana Abdul Sattar Khan (PD RCDP), ERRA and Dr. Sheikh Suleman

(DG Environment), CDA for their support and guidance and for providing us with an

opportunity to do our project work on DISASTER MANAGEMENT in case 2005

Earthquake and 2010 Flood.


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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: ......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ......... IV

INTRODUCTION: ......................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ......................... 6

LITERATURE REVIEW: ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........... 6

GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN ......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .. 6

FLOODS IN PAKISTAN ......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ........... 8

EARTHQUAKES IN PAKISTAN ......................... .......................... ........................... ......................... 8

DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL LEVEL .... ........................... ........................... ........... 9

FLOOD MANAGEMENT STARATEGIES IN PAKISTAN ............................. ........................... ..... 10

EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN ........................ ........................... 11

HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................................................... 11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: ............................................... ........................... ........................... ..... 11

VARIABLES: ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 12

HEALTH ........................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ..... 12

FOOD AND WATER SHORTAGE .................. .......................... ........................... ........................... 14

CRIMES ....................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ......... 15

SHELTER ......................................................................................................................................... 15

RECONSTRUCTION .......................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .............. 16

LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION ........................................ ........................... ........................... ......... 19

EDUCATION ........................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 21DISALLOCATION OF PEOPLE: ............................. ........................... ........................... .................. 21

AIDS ALLOCATION: ............................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ......... 22

INFLATION AND POLITICA INSTABILITY .............. .......................... ........................... .............. 24

DATA SOURCE: ........................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ....................... 26

Secondary research: ........................ ........................... ........................... ........................... .................. 26

Primary Research ....................... ............................ .......................... ........................... ....................... 26

ANALYSIS: .......................... ........................... .......................... ........................... ........................... ..... 27

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS: ........................................ ........................... ........................... ......... 29

CONCLUSION: ........................ ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 30

REFERENCES: ......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 30

(All the websites have been visited during 23rd to 28th Decenber) .............. ........................... .................. 31

ANNEXTURE ....................................................................................................................................... A


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III

Table of Figures:

Figure 1 ........................ ........................... .......................... ........................... ........................... .............. 17

Figure 2 Summary of Resource for Health assistance ........................... ........................... ........................ A

Figure 3:Important disasters ......................... ........................... ........................... ........................... .......... B

Figure 4: Area Affected ................................................. ........................... ........................... ................... B

Figure 5: House Hold Damaged ....................... ........................... ........................... ........................... ...... C

Figure 6: Upper Indus Valley Comparison of water-levels on 1 August 2009 (top) and 31 July 2010

(bottom) ................................................................................................................................................. C

Figure 7: Affected areas as of August 26, 2010 ........................... ........................... ........................... ...... D

Figure 8: 2005 Kashmia Earthquake ......................... ........................... ........................... ........................ D


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IV

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

A disaster is basically either a natural or man-made hazard which has come to fruition, resulting

in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life,

or drastic change to the natural environment. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the

population to support or resist the disaster.

A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard. In Pakistan, the worst natural disasters have

been of earthquakes and floods. In the early hours of October 8, 2005, a 7.6 magnitude

earthquake rocked the remote areas of Pakistans Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) and

Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK). The quake affected over 4,000 villages, left 73,000 people

dead, and another79,000 injured. With 3.3 million people left homeless and winter soon to

arrive, the need for aid and relief was critical. While floods directly affected about 20 million

people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of close

to 2,000.

In case of earthquake, over US$ 5.4 billion in aid arrived from all around the world. In early

2006, the Government of Pakistan organized a donors' conference to raise money for

reconstruction and development of the area. A total of $6.2 billion was pledged and a large

amount of the money was delivered in terms of services of international NGOs with high pay

scales. The rest of the money pledged, which was given to the Government of Pakistan for

reconstruction and development, was used by a reconstruction authority called ERRA. Only

practical reconstructions and rehabilitations were done by the foreign governments including

Turkey, Japan and Saudi Arabia and UAE. UN, US and UK organizations came under criticism

for not doing or taking practical rather focusing on training and seminars costing millions and

high salaries. The basic infrastructureincluding tertiary care, health, education, road networks,

water supply, waste management and other basic needsis still underdeveloped and has not

reached pre-earthquake status in the region.1

In case of flood, by the end of July 2010, Pakistan had appealed to international donors for help

in responding to the disaster, having provided twenty-one helicopters and 150 boats to assist

1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake


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affected people, according to its National Disaster Management Authority. By early August,

more than 352,291 people have been rescued.

By the end of August, the Relief Web Financial Tracking service indicated that worldwide

donations for humanitarian assistance had come to $687 million, with a further $324 millionpromised in uncommitted pledges. 2

The Pakistani government was blamed for sluggish and disorganized response to the floods. The

perceived disorganized and insufficient response led to instances of riots, with attacks and

looting of aid convoys by hunger-stricken people. President Asif Ali Zardari was also criticized

for going ahead with visits to meet leaders in Britain and France at a time when his nation was

facing catastrophe. In Sindh, the ruling Pakistan People's Party ministers were accused of using

their influence to direct flood waters off their crops while risking densely populated areas.

In both of the major disasters, there has been a lot of destruction and there has been a great loss

of life and property. A lot of aids have been received by Pakistan and they have also been

invested in rehabilitation and disaster management projects.

2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods#Flooding_and_impact


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INTRODUCTION:

Though it is almost impossible to fully compensate the damage caused by the disasters, it is

possible to,

y Do pre-disaster planning, preparedness, monitoring including relief managementcapability.

y Do prediction and minimizing the potential risks by developing early warning strategies.y Prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters.y Mobilize resources including communication and telemedicine services.y To help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reconstruction. Space technology also plays a

crucial role in efficient mitigation of disasters.

y Do damage assessment and relief management.This tells us that in case of disasters, governments can take some measures to help save the

people but in our case of earthquake and flood, the governments role was not very effective.

To test the inefficient role of our government in disaster management, we have taken a few

variables through which we can understand the inefficient role of our government in managing

our major disasters. And in the end we will conclude whether these variables are truly measuring

our governments inefficiencies or not.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan lies between latitudes 24 and 37 degrees north and longitudes 62 and 75 degrees east

covering a total land area of 796,095 sq km. The country shares its borders with Iran to the west,

India in the Southeast, Afghanistan in the north-west, and China in the north. The Arabian Sea

lies to its south. Pakistan is a land of great topographic and climatic contrasts. The topography

varies from coastal beaches, sandy deserts, plateaus, plains, high mountains to snow-covered


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peaks. The country is geographically divided into three areas: the northern highlands, the Indus

river plains and the Baluchistan plateau. Low rainfall and extreme variations in temperature

characterize the climate in Pakistan. 59.3 per cent of the total land area is classified as

rangelands, which receives less than 200 mm annual rainfall. The southern slopes of the

Himalayas and the sub mountainous tract receive higher rainfall from 760 to 1270 mm.3

The literature on disasters is extensive. As outlined by Dynes (1970), three different types of

literature can be distinguished: (1) popular, (2) official, and (3) professional. Popular literature

contains both eyewitness accounts and reconstructed accounts of particular disasters. Since a

sense of drama is inherent in disasters, many writers use such events as a vehicle to opportunity

to write a dramatic recounting. Official documents of governmental and quasi-governmental

agencies represent the second type of literature. Since these are organizational reports, they may

appear valuable in understanding organizational functioning. These include surveys of damage

and costs of reconstruction, official inquiries into the causes of disasters, and reports of

organizational activities during a particular disaster. A third type of literature, which has

emerged more recently, is professional and scientific. Universities and research groups may

produce such studies. The professional scientific literature produced has definite advantages over

popular and official literature. Much of it contains observations on human behavior under crisis

conditions. In addition, the investigators are usually conscious of the observational and

methodological problems inherent in such situations. The advantage of the professional literature

is its correctness, accuracy, and impartialness that is based on the statistical models present more

appropriate research work. So for this paper the literature is mostly based on the professional

literature.

The effects of the disaster on the children were long-term; some of the children continued to be

affected by the event up to 26 months after it occurred (McFarlane 1987). A similar study

conducted in 1988 examined the reactions of children to a flood one-year after the event,

concluding that the effects of disasters on children can be long-term (Earls et al. 1988). Pakistansince July 29, 2010, where heavy monsoon rains have triggered flooding that has left over 1,500

people dead, and over 20 Million people have been affected by this disaster. Infrastructure such

as dams, power stations, roads, bridges, schools, agriculture wells, and drinking water hand

3http://www.pakistan.gov.pk


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pumps have been severely damaged or destroyed. Comparing the 2005 earth quake and 2010

flood in Pakistan, unfortunately the 2010 floods magnitude was very high it hits nationwide

including all four provinces and Kashmir as well and rehabilitation is far more long term and

planning required than 2005 earthquake.

FLOODS IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is one of the five South Asian countries with the highest annual average number of

people physically exposed to floods, which occur normally due to storm systems that originate

from Bay of Bengal during the monsoon from July to September. The storms originating in Bay

of Bengal passing over lower Central India and Rajputana, enter Pakistan and continue towards

North into Kashmir. The mountain ranges in the extreme north of Pakistan provide a perennial

source of inflow into the rivers. Floods particularly hit Punjab and Sindh while hill torrents tendto effect the hilly areas of North Western Frontier Province, Balochistan and the northern

federally administered areas. Flood events of 1950, 1992 and 1998 caused many deaths and huge

losses to the national economy. According to official sources, floods in Pakistan during the

decade 1991 to 2001 caused an estimated damage of over Pak Rs 78,000 million to property.4

EARTHQUAKES IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan lies in a seismic belt and therefore suffers from frequent earthquakes of small

magnitudes. Mountain ranges of Koh-e-Sulieman, Hindu Kush and Korakuram are significantly

vulnerable. The devastation can be immense because of the poor quality of buildings. There was

a major earthquake in Quetta, Balochistan, in 1935 when the entire city was destroyed. From

1974 to 1990, approximately 5669 people were killed due to earthquakes in the Northern Areas

(NA), NWFP and Balochistan. The most recent significant earthquake occurred in February

2004, in NWFP resulting in 24 deaths and over 129,000 becoming affected. 2005 Kashmir

Earthquake was a major earthquake centred in Pakistan-administered Kashmir known as Azad

Kashmir, near the city of Muzaffarabad, affecting Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa

province of Pakistan.5

4 http://www.un.org.pk/undp/crises_p/crises_overview.html

5 www.cs.cmu.edu/~globalconn/pakistan.html


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DISASTER MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Disaster management policy in Pakistan exhibits following features:

Disaster management in Pakistan basically revolves around flood disasters with a primaryfocus on rescue and relief. After each disaster episode the government incurs considerable

expenditure directed at rescue, relief and rehabilitation.

Applied disaster management policy sometimes carries strategic biases that are aimed at protecting locations and infrastructure of greater economic, political and strategic

significance at the cost of areas and communities with lesser influence and importance.

Within disaster management bodies in Pakistan, there is a dearth of knowledge andinformation about hazard identification, risk assessment & management, and linkages

between livelihoods and disaster preparedness. Disaster management policy responses arenot generally influenced by methods and tools for cost effective and sustainable

interventions.

There are no long-term, inclusive and coherent institutional arrangements to address disasterissues with a long-term vision. For instance, the Emergency Relief Cell is mandated to deal

only with post-disaster scenarios.

Disasters are viewed in isolation from the processes of mainstream development and povertyalleviation planning. Some of the large-scale development projects are bringing new forms of

disaster and adding to the vulnerability of at-risk communities. The Left Bank Outfall

Drainage (LBOD) project and link canals are significant examples in Pakistan.6

Disaster Management, development planning and environmental management institutionsoperate in isolation and integrated planning between these sectors is almost lacking.

Absence of a central authority for integrated disaster management and lack of coordinationwithin and between disaster related organizations is responsible for effective and efficient

disaster management in the country.

State-level disaster preparedness and mitigation measures are heavily tilted towards structuralaspects and undermine non-structural elements such as the knowledge and capacities of local

people, and the related livelihood protection issues.

6Alternative Perspective on Disaster Management: A policy Framework for District Government Jhang, by Amjad

Bhatti


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FLOOD MANAGEMENT STARATEGIES IN PAKISTAN

Since floods are almost a routine annual feature in the monsoon season in the areas lying along

the rivers and their basins, the government has a two-pronged flood management strategy:

Structural and Non-Structural measures7.

Structural measures include:

a. Construction of embankmentsb. Construction of spurs / battery of spursc. Construction of dikes / gabion walls / flood wallsd. Construction of dispersion / diversion structurese. Channelization of flood watersf. Construction of delay action damsg. Construction of bypass structures

Non-structural measures include:

Improved flood forecasting system through;

a. Effective data collection and dissemination systemb. Real time rain fall and river flow data collectionc. Weather radar predictiond. Modern system of transmission of flood forecasts

Improved early flood warning system:

a. Based on effective flood forecasts, early flood warning is issuedb. Reliable interaction between all related flood control and relief agenciesc. Timely warning and evacuation arrangements by provincial relief departments and

district Administrations

7Disaster Management and Mitigation Policies in Pakistan Present and Future, by Haseeb Athar


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EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN PAKISTAN

Earthquake management strategies include:

Earthquake resistant designs of new buildings and lifeline structures (e.g. bridges, hospitals,power plants).

Response doctrines for state and local government emergency services. Preparedness plans for individuals and businesses. 8

HYPOTHESIS

Pakistani Government is inefficient in managing its major disasters

Here our major focus will be on the two main disasters i.e. Earthquake on the morning of 8th

Oct. 2005 and the recent Flood of 2010 that started in June.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

In order to test our hypothesis, we have firstly condusted a literature review regarding the

available knowledge on the subject and have created a hypothesis. Then we have determined our

variables based on that. After that we have tested all the variables individually and have

determined their impact on the management of disasters in Pakistan. Based on that we have made

our analsis.

8Disaster Management and Mitigation Policies in Pakistan Present and Future, by Haseeb Athar


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VARIABLES:

HEALTH

EARTHQUAKE

After the earthquake, approximately 128,000 people got injured and around 1,000 hospitals got

destroyed and since the roads and other infrastructure were badly damaged, these people could

not get proper medical care and their conditions worsened. People with broken or crushed limbs,

head, spinal and chest trauma needed urgent attention. Without help, these people risked death

and severe illness from infection, unnecessary amputations and life-long disability. Many

diseases became very common. After a while, when things settled in, most of the affected areas

still got no medical facilities from the government and whatever help there was it went to only a

few areas that were easily accessible.9

Emergency trauma care - The International Medical Corps (IMC) has assisted (till 9 th January

2006) 191 cases of earthquake trauma through mobile medical outreach and Basic Health Units

(BHUs) in Bassian and Garhi Habibullah. The International Rescue Committee (IRC) medical

team carried out regular mobile clinics rounds in locations within the Oghi, Shamdara, Kathai,

Belian and Darborri Union Councils in the district Manserha (NWFP) and till Dec. 2005, a total

of 1,446 patients were attended to.

Access to PHC services - A Primary Health Care (PHC) package, which describes the Basic

Health Units (BHUs) and rural health centers (RHCs), was developed by the Ministry of Health

(MOH) and disseminated. WHO (World Health Organization), UNHCR and Islamic Relief have

assessed the availability of PHC services in the eight camps in Mansehra. By Jan 2006, IMC

mobile and fixed PHC teams treated 13,823 patients. Services included: treatment for acute

respiratory infections (ARI), diarrhoea, skin infections, dysentery, urinary tract infections,

worminfestations, musculoskeletal problems, hypertension, gastritis, eye infections, wounds anddisabilities, as well as antenatal services. Maternal- new born health and immunization have also

been focused upon. 10

9http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/pakistan_earthquake/southasia_healthcluster/en/index.html

10http://www.buzzle.com/articles/list-of-natural-disasters.html


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Communicable diseases - The number of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is the greatest of all

reported diseases. This steady increase reflects the combined effects of cold weather and

inadequate shelter. ARI was also most commonly reported in Muzaffarabad (8%) although the

number of injury and wound cases remains to be relatively high, at 12%.

Disability - IMC staff continuously assist patients who have temporary or permanent disabilities.

Medical personnel regularly reach out to IDPs living in tents in order to provide appropriate

follow-on care.

Mental health Within two months after the earthquake, MOH/WHO mobile teams treated

almost 10,000 people suffering from mental health complaints. One third of mental health

consultations were of patients diagnosed suffering from depression. Another third presented

either anxiety or acute stress reaction. 11

FLOOD

In case of flood, majority of complaints were regarding water born illness and diseases like

gastro, diarrhea, vomiting and skin allergy. About 65,000 cases of malaria had been reported.

The people had no access to health facilities; there were no proper latrine facilities and no proper

cleanliness in the area. Pregnant women were also facing problems like no availability of

doctors. Up to 1.5 million flood victims in Pakistan were being treated for a variety of ailments

and conditions, including acute respiratory infections, diarrhea and skin infections (According to

Maurizio Giuliano with the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs).

The World Health Organization announced that cases of acute diarrhea have topped 204,000.

The number of skin diseases -- such as scabies -- has topped 263,300. More than 204,600

Pakistanis have reported acute respiratory infections as filthy waters surround homeless flood

victims (WHO said). Thousands have cases of suspected malaria.12

11 IASC (Inter-Agency standing committee), Humanitarian Health Cluster, 9 January 2006

12 http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-23/world/pakistan.floods_1_flood-victims-clean-drinking-water-health-

care/2?_s=PM:WORLD


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CRIMES

In these natural catastrophe which have ravaged everything some people then steal either

intentionally or persuasively. Hunger forcing some victims to turn to crime to feed themselves.

We have already seen reports of crimes like robberies taking place in areas hit by floods, as

people have left their valuables in their flooded houses, opportunists and criminals are having a

field day stealing from the unattended houses. But that is not the only crime, and they are not the

only criminals who are active like human trafficking. Countless cases of human trafficking have

been recorded during the time of Oct 8 earthquake 5 years back but then the situation was

different. Obviously a large number of children are among the survivors. These orphans are

either used for labor, crime or prostitution by criminals and sex traders.14

According to sources many criminals caught at sight were shot dead by Army and Navy in

earthquake and floods. These criminals robbed gold and valuables when families were already

shaken by the incident. The police and other law enforcing agencies in these affected areas are

also, to some extent, infected with corruption.15

SHELTER

EARTHQUAKE

The direct damage caused by the earthquake is estimated at approximately Rs. 135.1 billion. Private

housing, with damages calculated at Rs. 61.2 billion, suffered the most extensive damage. The

earthquake destroyed 203,579 units of housing and left an estimated 2.8 million people in need of shelter.

Of the total housing stock, 84 percent was damaged or destroyed in AJK and 36 percent was damaged or

destroyed in NWFP. The transport, education, and agriculture and livestock sectors also suffered sizable

damage, totaling Rs. 20.2 billion, Rs. 19.9 billion, and Rs. 12.9 billion respectively.

A total of 1.1 million people received some form of emergency relief support from the Pakistan Red

Crescent Society (PRCS)/International Federation. The relief phase has now been completed.

14 http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0004b.htm

15 http://www.ndma.gov.pk/


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The winter assistance warm shelter operation, which ran from January 2007 to March 2007, assisted

18,205 families (approximately 127,400 people) in remote areas of North West Frontier Province

(NWFP) and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Among the items distributed were 133,500 sheets of

corrugated galvanized iron, 13,300 shelter tool kits, 26,500 tarpaulins, 65,000 shawls, 41,500 blankets

and 36,000 quilts. 16

FLOOD

Across the flood-affected areas of Pakistan, thousands of makeshift camps have been erected to facilitate

aid to the needy, and thousands of schools, colleges and other government and private facilities are being

used as provide temporary shelter. According to the Education Cluster, for example, some 5,633

schools/colleges are currently being utilized as temporary shelters by more than 1.3 million people. In

addition, there are currently well in excess of half a million people in spontaneous settlements.17

The early recovery phase has begun in parts of Pakistan. It starts as soon as families begin to return to

their place of origin and/or are able to find land on which to rebuild. The objective of the early recovery

phase is to provide support to people with heavily damaged or destroyed houses at their place of origin.

RECONSTRUCTION

EARTHQUAKE

The cost of reconstruction of lost assets and of the restoration of public services is estimated to be Rs. 208 billion. A breakdown of reconstruction costs by sector is presented below in Figure 1. The

reconstruction costs are valued at improved standard replacement rate, including the cost of rebuilding to

earthquake resistant standards in a manner suitable to local conditions. This is necessary given the high

degree of exposure to natural disasters in the affected areas.

16 http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/pakistan-damage-needs-assessment.pdf

17http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/flood_2010/Pakistan%20Floods%20Relief%20and%20Early%20Recovery%

20Response%20Plan.pdf


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Figure 118

A total of 42 reconstruction projects of public buildings is being undertaken. Nine are underway and 25

building sites will be in progress by the end of 2007.

Reconstruction Accomplishments:

y Improved the quality of education in earthquake-affected areas by training teachers in studententered methodologies. In three districts of AJK, USAID trained 50 percent of the total 14,644

government teachers. In the Mansehra district of NWFP, 34 percent of 9,047 government school

teachers were trained, benefitting approximately 206,000 Pakistani students.

y Reconstructed five healthcare facilities in Bagh district that provide basic healthcare toapproximately 200,000 people.

y Established a community-management culture to monitorand improve reconstruction, educationand healthcare services. A total of 2,140 community organizations, representing 2.2 million

people, have been initiated sincestartup.

y Helped the affected population increase their average annual income through livestockreplacement and grants for enterprise development. Through this work USAID generated over

18 Asian Development Bank and World Bank; Islamabad, Pakistan; November 12, 2005;

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/pakistan-damage-needs-assessment.pdf


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70,000 employment opportunities, benefitting over 26,000 households. Similarly, more than

10,000 women have been trained in modern agricultural techniques and milking production.

y Increased access to micro-finance, re-established markets and expanded trade opportunitiesthereby increasing the per capita income in the earthquake-affected areas by 81 percent19

FLOOD

The NDMA has defined some key areas where reconstruction is needed: They are,

Shelter

While materials or cash could be provided for repairs to households whose houses are partially

damaged, the full reconstruction of destroyed houses would be too costly and time-consuming to

be feasible during the humanitarian phase.

Health

According to preliminary damage assessment, out of 2,957 health facilities in the flood-affecteddistricts in four provinces at least 236 health facilities have been damaged and 200 destroyed.

Mobile health facilities will have to be developed to cover multiple areas where health options

are thin.

Education

According to the Governments estimates 10,916 schools are either partially or fully damaged

and 5,633 school buildings are being used as collective centres.

Restoration of government services and records

The restoration of government offices to a functional extent and the retrieval of revenue records

would be a gigantic challenge, which requires timely actions in order to avoid the chaos of

governance and community-level disputes, which may arise out of the re-demarcation of

agriculture land. Such disputes may well result in delayed rabi planting.20

Floods have damaged an estimated 2,433 miles of highway and 3,508 miles (5,646 km)

of railway. Cost estimates for highway damages are approximately 158 million USD, and

railway damages are 131 million USD. Public building damages are estimated at 1 billion

USD. Aid donors have presented an estimate that 5,000 schools have been destroyed.

19 http://www.usaid.gov/pk/sectors/earthquake/docs/recon_factsheet.pdf

20 http://www.pakistanfloods.pk/en/recoveryarehabilitation/early-recovery


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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION

EARTH QUAKE:

Restoration of the physical infrastructure will lead to economic recovery of NWFP and AJK,

characterized by faster economic growth and more opportunities for the poor and socially

vulnerable.

Women-headed households, widows, and orphaned children (mostly girls) have had little access

to supplies and services due to their limited mobility or absence of proper identity documents to

support these claims. A Gender and Vulnerability Action Plan has been prepared and will be

implemented. It aims to ensure that essential needs, constraints, and priorities voiced by women,

and extremely vulnerable individuals and families, are reflected in the design of the Program and

monitored during loan implementation.

Before the earthquake, 69% were living in semi-permanent structures (homes made from earth

and stones) and 30% were in permanent structures (houses made from brick, cement and wood).

After the earthquake, approximately 60% of affected households were displaced and, a year later,

are still not living in their homes. In fact, two-thirds of those displaced reported that they were

living in tents or public buildings in their villages. Looking ahead to the coming winter,

vulnerability remains high in light of the fact that over three-quarters of those still living in tents

are at high altitudes. 21

A stunning 63% of those surveyed reported having their income disrupted because of damage to

facilities or land. An additional 10% reported hardship due to the impairment of markets. The

drop in income is particularly evident at the lowest income levels. Prior to the disaster, 6% of

households brought in an income of below 1500 Pakistan rupees per month (approximately $25

US), while in the wake of the disaster, five-times the number of households reported such an

income. Before the earthquake, 97% of those surveyed said that they had adequate income, with

33% reporting just enough income to survive, 45% all they needed to survive, and 19% more

than they needed. Ten months after the earthquake, only 69% reported income sufficiency with

21http://www.southasianfloods.org


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1% having more income than they needed, 25% all they needed to survive, and 43% just enough

income to survive.22

The earthquake's impact on lives and livelihoods appears to have been more severe on the most

rural, agricultural and remote areas of NWFP.

FLOOD

Agriculture inclusive of crops, forestry, fisheries and livestock production provides a livelihood

to approximately 80 percent of the flood-affected population, of which the majority are

smallholder landowners. For many, agriculture is the primary or sole means to meet household

food requirements and secure income. 23

More than 200 000 livestock have died throughout the country, in addition to 100 percent poultry

losses in many districts. Green and dry fodder was either washed away while drying in the fields

or in storage, or damaged due to dirt and silt deposits and therefore no longer suitable for

consumption. Over 725 000 medium and large animals in KPK alone require emergency feed

and veterinary support. Field reports from Sindh highlight that people are arriving at

concentration points with large numbers of animals. There is high risk of disease spreading

among weakened animals. The loss of livestock not only represents a loss of immediate income,

food (milk and meat) and draught power, but also family savings and investment over many

years (sometimes generations).Estimates indicate that over 3.2 million hectares of standing crops

including maize, cotton, rice, sugar cane, fruit orchards and vegetables were damaged or

destroyed across Balochistan, KPK, Punjab and Sindh, representing 16 percent of the

cultivatable area.24

Extensive damage to agriculture infrastructure, especially irrigation, is reported, as well as the

heavy loss of agricultural tools and machinery, including water mills. Approximately 90 percent

(20 million hectares) of cultivated land in the country is under irrigation.

22 http://www.met.gov.pk

23 http://www.un.org.pk/undp/crises_p/crises_overview.html

24 http://www.met.gov.pk


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EDUCATION

In the 8 October 2005 About 7,669 schools were destroyed in the disaster, According to preliminary

estimates, about 18,095 students and 853 teachers and educational staff died across Pakistan's North-West

Frontier Province (NWFP) and Pakistani administered Kashmir.25

The education sector of Pakistan, especially in the rural areas, had been poor even before the disaster, but

now the situation is particularly dire.Children are amongst the most vulnerable group .

The disaster effect children by damaged schools, or because the schools are being used as shelters. The

UN agency has a six-month plan to meet schooling needs, starting in the first two months with the

creation of temporary learning spaces in camps.About 4,935 schools are being used as relief shelters. A

decrease in the number of schools being used as shelters has been reported from KPK and Sindh.26

There were around 26,000 private and public sector schools in the province before the disasters according

to education department figures.

DISALLOCATION OF PEOPLE:

"Mothers have lost their little kids; brothers are searching for sisters and many others look for

their loved ones in the flood and earthquake vanished and waters flowing through their

villages."

27

The issues faced by women and children affected by the disaster in Pakistan and that this situation is

worsened by the fact that relief organizations have not specifically addressed womens needs. It assesses

the relief efforts to highlight the extent to which issues specific to women and children are being

addressed in the camps and provide recommendations for their redress.

In the winter the weather was getting cold and cold and the nights are like thundering and the people and

this make their life more tough and most of them die due to swear cold. Because of no proper

25 http://www.newworldhope.org/School%20Safety.html

26 Asian Development Bank

27 http://iwpr.net/report-news/pakistan-trainees-report-flood-disaster-0


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arrangement the people who have been affected through this disaster and have been displaced are faced

with specific problems like:

y concerns for personal safety and limitations on womens movementsy lack of heating and fuel, which also contributes to environmental degradationy scarcity of clean watery increased workloads and loss of livelihoodsy lack of participation in educationy increased dependencey lack of latrines and health facilities for womeny widespread disability, depression and anxietyy increasing domestic violencey abusive treatment by camp administratorsy difficulties accessing compensation28

AIDS ALLOCATION:

EARTHQUAKE

Well over US$ 5.4 billion in aid arrived from all around the world. 29

On call for aid on humanitarian basis from Pakistan, several countries come forward and generously

announced aid and assistance for earthquake victims. Initially US and Turkey announced $256 million

and $250 million respectively.

The USAID initially pledged $156 million to Pakistan for earthquake disaster relief, which includes $100

million for humanitarian relief and reconstruction, and $56 million to support the Defence Departments

relief operations. The aid was further increased to $510 million pledged in the Donor Conference 2005.

28Addressing issues faced by women and children in the aftermath of the Pakistan Earthquake.Authors:

Khwendo Kor; IUCN

29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake


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According to the Government of Pakistan, Rs. 5.15 billion donations have been received in Presidents

Earthquake Relief Fund, while Rs. 5.35 billion donations have been pledged. And some US $ 2.05 billion

foreign aid has been announced including US $1.93 billion aid pledges from 15-20 countries. It has been

estimated that the time for reconstruction of earthquake devastated areas will take at least three to five

years. 30

Misuse of Foreign Aids by Pakistani Government

Corrupt officials diverted hundreds of millions of dollars in foreign aid to other unidentified government

expenditures. Donors are now thinking twice about handing over millions more to a country

where, says one critic, the weakness of thestate has reachedextraordinary levels.

According to a recent report in the Daily Telegraph, senior officials in Pakistan say schools, hospitals,

houses and roads that were supposed to be built with aid money from foreign governments and aid

agencies after the deadly 2005 earthquake have yet to be completedmore than five years later. In total,

donors gave 3.5 billion ($5.4 billion) to help rebuild battered infrastructure in the worst hit regions.

Pakistani officials recently admitted that more than 300 million ($467-million) of the aid given by

donors has not been handed over to Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA)

set up after the disaster to lead reconstruction efforts. Instead, the report says, its been siphoned off into

government coffers for other undetermined programs. 31

FLOOD

By the end of July 2010, Pakistan had appealed to international donors for help in responding to

the disaster. The United Nations launched its relief efforts and appealed for $460 million to

provide immediate help, including food, shelter and clean water. On August 14, UN Secretary-

General Ban Ki Moon visited Pakistan to oversee and discuss the relief efforts. A Pakistani army

spokesman said that troops had been deployed in all affected areas and had rescued thousands of

people. Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani visited the province and directed the Pakistan Navy

to help evacuate the flood victims. By early August, more than 352,291 people have been

rescued.

30 http://maeconomics.webs.com/Economics_of_Planning/foreign_aid.htm

31http://www.probeinternational.org/foreign-aid/banking-disaster-pakistan-officials-accused-diverting-funds-

earthquake-aid


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By the end of August, the Relief Web Financial Tracking service indicated that worldwide

donations for humanitarian assistance had come to $687 million, with a further $324 million

promised in uncommitted pledges. 32

Misuse of Foreign Aids by Pakistani Government

People are hesitating to give fund to Government because of the corruption allegations against

government as it was also seen at the time of Earth Quake disaster five years back. 33

The Pakistan government says about $800 million in emergency aid has been committed or pledged so

far. But there are concerns internationally about how the money will be spent by the government, which

has a reputation for inefficiency and corruption. Before the disaster, the U.S. had pledged to spend $7.5

billion over the next five years for projects including improving schools and hospitals, building dams and

helping the country generate electricity.34

INFLATION AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY

EARTHQUAKE:

The Pakistani government established the Federal Relief Commission (FRC) and the

Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA) to act as a liaison between

the government and international, as well as national, aid organizations (International Crisis

Group 2006). The ERRA is part of the prime ministers secretariat, and therefore, is under the

control of the military. The creation of the ERRA was widely criticized by the United Nations

and other international organizations, but given the humanitarian crisis, their criticism found

little traction. The state of emergency gave the Pakistani government the ability to exercise its

power freely, under the aegis of a state of emergency and need for control.

General Pervez Musharraf acknowledged initial delays in his governments response but said

the relief operation was later in full swing. Full swing is hardly the phrase as earthquake aid

32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods

33http://www.essaydepot.com/doc/29888/Flood-In-Pakistan-2010

34 http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9HQHKHO0.htm


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Inflation may almost double to 20 percent after damage of as much as $6 billion to transportation

and agriculture, the government APP news service reported, with Gilani citing some estimates

spiraling as high as $43 billion.38

Rising prices may put pressure on Pakistans central bank to boost its benchmark interest rate,

already one of the highest in the world, and hammer household spending power in a country

where a quarter of the population lives on less than $1 a day.

The inflation rate may climb as the government estimates the floods to have damaged $1 billion

of crops, causing shortages. Pakistan will harvest 4.4 million metric tons of rice in the marketing

year that starts Nov. 1, down 35 percent from the previous year, according to a report by a unit of

the U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39

Pakistans inflation rate stayed above 12 percent for a seventh month and may accelerate after

the nations worst floods damaged rice and maize crops. Consumer prices rose 12.34 percent in

July from a year earlier after climbing 12.67 percent in June.40

DATA SOURCE:

Secondary research:

Most of our data is either from the internet or the research papers by scholars. For accuracy, we have

collected the statistics and exact figures for our data from different websites.

Primary Research

For first hand research, we have referred to high officials from ERRA and CDA, who have given us

information regarding their organizations and their role in disaster management.

38 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods#Flooding_and_impact

39 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-02/pakistan-floods-threaten-massive-job-losses-inflation-jump-gilani-

says.html

40 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-11/pakistan-s-inflation-rate-stays-above-12-as-floods-destroy-nation-s-

crops.html


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ANALYSIS:

In accordance with hydro meteorological disasters (such as the Pakistan flooding, earthquakes)

pose particular difficulties: 41

Risk of aftershocks, traumatizing population and complicating relief efforts. Damage to infrastructure, collapsed buildings and large amounts of rubble which need to be

moved for relief efforts.

Large numbers of injuries Earthquake injuries tend to be particularly serious (in contrast toflooding where people either die by drowning or escape largely unscathed). Spinal cord

injuries, crushed limbs requiring both immediate care and longer-term rehabilitation.

Difficulties in mobilizing support to reduce future risks, as earthquakes are less likely tooccur than other disasters.

Most obviously, earthquakes occur suddenly and with little warning in Pakistan. People cannot

be evacuated in advance of an earthquake and efforts to mitigate the risks of earthquakes focus

on making buildings safer and educating the population on how to respond when the tremors

strike. In contrast, flooding can occur suddenly, for example after a particularly heavy rain or the

collapse of a dam. But large-scale flooding is usually the result of sustained heavy rains over a

period of time which causes rivers to swell and overflow their banks. Thats what has happened

in Pakistan since July.

Earthquakes, as evident in Pakistan in 2005, can occur in rural as well as urban areas, but the

damage is greater in urban areas, simply because there are more and bigger buildings which can

collapse and because of the concentration of population. Pakistans 2005 earthquake was

centered in a rural area but most of the 73,000 casualties were people living in small towns and

cities.

Flooding because of heavy rains is often paralleled by mudslides. Large-scale flooding tends tohave more of an impact on agriculture and livestock than major earthquakes. While major

earthquakes certainly disrupt agricultural production, this is usually because of damaged

41 http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/ALNAPLessonsEarthquakes.pdf

http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ASHU


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transportation and economic infrastructures. Flooding can destroy crops as well as equipment

and seeds. Even when the flood waters subside, the land may be unfit for agricultural production

for a period of time which may effect all the factors mentioned in the Project.

There have been many earthquakes and floods in Pakistan. As a result, there have been many

casualties and losses of life and property because of these two types of disasters. But if we look

at the after affects of all these disasters, we can see that in the recent past- the management of

disasters and the responsive measures have been sluggish, which shows the inefficiency of our

government in managing these disasters. Therefore, based on our research we have arrived at the

following points:

y After the earthquake, a lot many people got sick, faced severe illness from infections,unnecessary amputations and life-long disability and many diseases also became very

common among them. Medical care, food and clean water were not provided to them on

time- which resulted into many unnecessary complications. The government did not provide

proper medical care facilities and doctors or drinking water to all the affected people esp.

those in the remote areas.

y There was no proper deployment of police or armed forces in all of the affected areas and the people were not provided with proper security for their own lives and properties, which

resulted in a lot of kidnapping and crimes and the people who were already deprived and

depressed- were furthur tortured.

y Shelters were provided for most of the disallocated people but no proper attention was paidto the reconstruction of the original homes of these people. Households highlighted the

following as their top three concerns regarding the current shelter and housing situation:

Lack of financial means to rebuild, Inability to return to their usual place of residence and

absence of house/shelter.

A lot of private organizations and the general public did help these affected people restore

order to their lives, but with no thanks to the government.

y Because of these disasters, there was a lot of hoarding of goods and the prices of almost allthe commodities esp. the necessities were increased manyfolds. The government did not take

effective and timely decisions to prevent this inflation. As a resut of which, the people who


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had already lost most of their posesions, now didnt even have enough to feed themselves

and their children.

y Pakistan received a lot of Aids from all over the world, but they were not fully put into use-no doubt rehablitation projects and reforms were established to restore life to the affected

people but these projects were not enough and a lot of the aids that we have received are still

unaccounted for. This shows that there are some corrupt officials in our government who

hinder the development of the people. Eventhough there are many organizations like the

Federal Relief Commission and the Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Authority which help in the develeopment process after such disasters- but either they are

enough or they dont have enough funds to effectively carry on what they are supposed to.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS:

y The government should prepare an emergency response to such disasters which wouldsave lives in the future. Training program for the reduction of disaster should also be

there. They can train teachers and school children to develop disaster management plan

for their school including mitigation plan, preparedness plan and response plan. They can

train the school children, teachers and staff on life saving skills through lectures based on

power point presentations, practical activities, Short films and documentaries on

earthquakes, workshops, Practical life-saving skills and first aid training programmer to

promote a culture of earthquake safety in the schools of Pakistan.

y In cases of disasters, food relief programs should be made to include assessment of foodsupplies available after the disaster, determination of the nutritional needs of victims,

calculation of daily food needs, and surveillance of victims' nutritional needs.

y Government should provide security to the refugee camps. NGOs and internationalorganizations should take immediate measures and the state should be on a lookout for

criminals, who are trying to exploit these people.

y Different areas of Pakistan will require different shelter solutions based upon cultural,topographical, material availability and climatic distinctions. Unique technical solutions

should be developed on the provincial level within the Shelter Cluster. Migrated people


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should be encouraged to move back with all belongings distributed during the relief

phase. Technical, financial and material support for housing rehabilitation and, when

necessary, transitional shelter, partial shelter support and clean up packages for those

whose houses can be made habitable with minor support should be provided to the

people. Further, to encourage quick restitution rehabilitation of the affectees temporary

shelter should not hinder the process of rebuilding permanent homes as soon as a family

can return to their place of origin.

y Recovery efforts should also include support for livelihood security and restoration andensure inclusion of the stakeholders. In the immediate aftermath of the floods, a provision

of compensation based on loss of livelihoods might be necessary to assist affected

groups. Alternative strategies for the poor to cope with the loss of income need to be

examined (including credit provision) so as to avoid high and unsustainable

household indebtedness.

y Water purification plants should be installed immediately in these places- so as to avoidthe spread of water borne diseases.

CONCLUSION:

Even though there are natural disasters all over the world, what really counts is what we have

done to rehabilitate those who have been negatively affected by these disasters.

Through our research we have proved our hypothesis that thePakistani government is inefficient

in managing its major disasters. This has been shown by the fact that our government cant

provide relief, food and drinking water, permanent shelter and other basic facilities to its people

in need and has also been inefficient in allocating the aids that have been received.

Since nothing is impossible, our government can change its current status by effectively and

sincerely trying to help the people via reforms, rehabilitation work, reconstruction of their

original homes and similar such actions.

REFERENCES:


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y Mr. Ahsan Ali Mangi (Director Disaster Management), CDA; Cell # 03469889889y Mr. Rana Abdul Sattar Khan (PD RCDP), ERRAy Dr. Sheikh Suleman (DG Environment), CDA; Cell # 03345059166y Addressing issues faced by women and children in the aftermath of the Pakistan

Earthquake. Authors: Khwendo Kor; IUCN

y Alternative Perspective on Disaster Management: A policy Framework for DistrictGovernment Jhang, by Amjad Bhatti

y Displacement and refugees, Hearing their voices: the women and children in the earthquakeaffected areas of Pakistan and Addressing issues faced by women and children in the

aftermath of the Pakistan Earthquake, Authors: Khwendo Kor; IUCN, Publisher: Duryog

Nivaran: South Asia Network for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2006,

http://www.eldis.org/assets/Docs/24004.html

y Disaster Management and Mitigation Policies in Pakistan Present and Future, by HaseebAthar

y IASC (Inter-Agency standing committee), Humanitarian Health Cluster, 9 January 2006(All the websites have been visited during 23

rdto 28

thDecenber)

y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquakey http://worldnews.about.com/od/disasters/f/What-Is-Causing-Pakistans-Flooding.htmy http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/10-10-2005/67876-0/

http://www.hrea.org/index.php?doc_id=404

y http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2010/08/pakistan_faces_food_crisis_aft.htmly http://www.faqs.org/nutrition/Diab-Em/Disaster-Relief-Organizations.htmly http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90292, Asian Development Bank, World

Bank

y http://www.newworldhope.org/School%20Safety.htmly http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/flood_2010/flood_comparison.pdfy http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/flood_2010/flood_comparison.pdfy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquakey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods#Flooding_and_impacty http://www.pakistan.gov.pky http://www.un.org.pk/undp/crises_p/crises_overview.htmly www.cs.cmu.edu/~globalconn/pakistan.htmly http://www.who.int/hac/crises/international/pakistan_earthquake/southasia_healthcluster/en/i

ndex.html

y http://www.buzzle.com/articles/list-of-natural-disasters.htmly http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-23/world/pakistan.floods_1_flood-victims-clean-drinking-

water-health-care/2?_s=PM:WORLD


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y 2010 estimate, CIA factbooky http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0004b.htmy http://www.ndma.gov.pk/y http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/pakistan-damage-needs-assessment.pdfy

http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/flood_2010/Pakistan%20Floods%20Relief%20and%20Early%20Recovery%20Response%20Plan.pdf

y Asian Development Bank and World Bank; Islamabad, Pakistan; November 12, 2005;http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/pakistan-damage-needs-assessment.pdf

y http://www.usaid.gov/pk/sectors/earthquake/docs/recon_factsheet.pdfy http://www.pakistanfloods.pk/en/recoveryarehabilitation/early-recoveryy http://www.southasianfloods.orgy http://www.met.gov.pky http://www.un.org.pk/undp/crises_p/crises_overview.htmly http://www.met.gov.pky http://www.newworldhope.org/School%20Safety.htmly http://iwpr.net/report-news/pakistan-trainees-report-flood-disaster-0y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquakey http://maeconomics.webs.com/Economics_of_Planning/foreign_aid.htmy http://www.probeinternational.org/foreign-aid/banking-disaster-pakistan-officials-accused-

diverting-funds-earthquake-aid

y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floodsy http://www.essaydepot.com/doc/29888/Flood-In-Pakistan-2010y http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9HQHKHO0.htmy http://www.pakquake.com/the-aftermath-of-aftershocks.htmly http://www.erra.pk/aboutus/erra.asp#Missiony http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods#Flooding_and_impacty http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-11/pakistan-s-inflation-rate-stays-above-12-as-

floods-destroy-nation-s-crops.html

y http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/ALNAPLessonsEarthquakes.pdfy http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ASHU


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ANNEXTURE

Figure 2 Summary of Resource for Health assistance42

42Source: OCHA Financial Tracking System, organization/ agency reports and the revised flash Appeal 26 October

2005


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Figure 3:Important disasters

Figure 4: Area Affected


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C

Figure 5: House Hold Damaged

Figure 6: Upper Indus Valley Comparison of water-levels on 1 August 2009 (top) and 31 July 2010 (bottom)


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Figure 7: Affected areas as of August 26, 2010

Figure 8: 2005 Kashmia Earthquake

Comparative Statement of the Two Disasters

43 http://ndma.gov.pk/Documents/flood 2010/flood comparison.pdf

Pakistan Flood

Aug 2010

Earthquake Pakistan

Oct 2005

Population Affected 20,251,550 3,500,000

Area Affected 132,000 30,000

Deaths 1,767 73,338

Injured 2,865 128,309

House Hold Damaged 1,884,708 600,15243

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