I N S T I T U T O T O R C U A T O D I T E L L i l
CENTXU DE SOGIOLOGM COMPRRADA
60IICT PROGRAM BF RESEARCH ON SOWE ASPECTS QY TFIR CWhNGTNG S W U L STRVCTURE IN SE r,ECT%B IJtTEK Ar?.TER- - ICAV COUKTR'IES
Centro dc Socicrlo~~a &bmparadn, rnstitntcl Tnrruatu Dl Telh , Inst l lulo rle ,%cioloe;fa+ UniTeraid;icl dc Buenoa ircs . Institutu cle G i ~ n c i ~ Sncis~lct?, Unfversid;ld de la Repd -- blica, Montc~ldco.
Trnbajo p ~ e a e a t d o a lo Cantcrcnoia Inhrnacisnal sobre "lnVe~t igaclfln So- cial Campamtlva rn los Pafkes en 13% asrolh: Desniveles lnternos en cl &a- cesa de Deanrrsdb Eccnrciimlco y Facial en Wmlsrlca Latlm". (Buernos h i ~ c a , 8 al 15 de aeptiernbre de 14645,
PrclirnT~~: no cltar sin permiso be1 aular,
D e s c r i 2 t i a n of t h e p r o g r a m - ---
1. In August 1964 V ~ R three institutions have signed an agreement to under- take a series of research gmjects on dj£fa~ent aspects of the social
$tructrrfe in selectad LnZfn Amerfcm m w ~ r i e s . The main f~ztumci on the pmgram rnsy be summarized m f s l l o ~ ~ ~ :
Ime for t 1 system lTnQFXRl, 8 -- m-.- P m
aach 011s: atixe Rnr , m well _ . X I - I _ r
a) f t% comparatl?:e purpsea ; bj i ts interdiaci~1in;arv nature; wlth an aathmvt to combjns saci~loplaal,
aphic, c and hist ") ion ta I gtlerndiz is, to
pssibh cncl p d repare one genctrl volz of thc main arcaa selected which wrouu8d attempt tc 1 3 n k p ~ 1 r the individual pmjects hcludcd in the I I aa ocher dates and y r - cw i m m- ucarch ;mci akudlaa avauante rn ~hr! flelcl (four of such Rreas have ? r q j r . n r-)l!-.tt.sl and a Shot% deac~%pfinn i s ~ i v f t n kbw);
d) the ztkrnpt to nso a much aa po8sihIa xis sling data md snurces, published or unpublished,
SL muat be noted thni th.1~gp four amas haw been chason among thme mentioned f.n a mure gcneral research p h farmulated by the Corrtm de Mciolo~fa ada and the lnh=n~alianal Population Urban Research Canter [University of C L,
Rerkcky). a320 prcacnt pmgrnrn I~owerur la operakd mdepotldenlly by 1 snt s~nscirirmg inatitutiana, rrnd supprted by t R ~ m to the extent of t 'Ccaourass and of the additional suppori granted directly tQ them a d f o r to I
heir o m be obtaf~
hnth i iplrical acuye arrd th.hc nun ihc research prajwLn t o be inclut: ;e ~ n h r g d if ether inatff cni&ahsrato. 'rhc prugsam rvill be aabclu on specific pLmn to k appravcra men F a r and will k desime.l. In the most flesiblr! manner as to emrc wssih3e enlamemcnb white a1 the same l ime mainL3ining comparability :md clnae coodimlion. Tl?o ,qrectnent has a durlrtiun of live yrarw,
2, The specific prnjecds to he inchded in t he program may be the lf ird into three tPro;~d ~FLte~0rie~:
d) ll_~.przlIell' ~ t u d i e 6 . Them projests will concern m e sp@cLfic topic a i lh 'n nne (IT rhi. Tour arc=, and aI€hough they %,ill be ccmducted
independently in smh oac of the countries Included fn the; program, they will be designed to ensure comprability. ThPs khd of studlee ore slccessnry to m&e nvailsble, syatematiee anti interpret ~ R h i n the proper context, the primary data md other rnderiala which mast o R h . a r e the on$ available source in many ~ouatriea (such ia the case for fnstmce of the e.xtenefon 5f political vote, in the last 40 or 51) pzm] .
b) Cornparatbw projects,.wJuuhg V ~ P ~ O U B countriess bmed on avail- abk data, suirabIe at k:~st to 3 a m a i n extent, b be trcated cumpar ~ltively without the previous complex e b b r a t i o n required in the case: af "parallel" skudies. The $pica1 cxamplefi Itcre aro the atudiea b ~ e d on malysis of census datz (mrpeciaI1y the 1950 m d 1960 b t t a h e t i c a m alenausee): alrhwgh. Lheir cornpn~jsdra may prove! b be quite diffificmlt, xnd i t would bc m ' ~ t L e to divorce it f w m the his- h r l c a l and mqtio~ul context, it is felt that this k i d of rmqterial can be u s e d h dkoct comparative studies. &;ecoadary mxlysitr of avail- able data, each 35 R L ~ P V O ~ ~ , community 6-tudica, and afnsilnr ~oumea are other e m p b s In t h i s cabgory ivMch hcludoa also thrt comtitu- ti- of +ldata Mrtkal' to fie put on DM c~ards or tape.
c] Comparative surveys and other field studies, specifically designed md conducted for the purwses oI campanson.
1. P ~ p p u ~ ~ t f o n distribution and internal migration.
Thie arc:r inclrrdos the distribu-biom of the ppulztLon withh countr ias
h Latin Amrrica and thc chwgea ;In this dhtrllwtion, over t h ~ lwt thrcc decades, that have resullbxl from internal migration. Intcrnatlclnal in- rnl~mtiorm wi l l abo be considered in those cwntrica ;:where it is of signiflo- Uco. The studies will invesligste t h ~ settlement pattern, from the amallest and m ~ a t diaperaed ppuhtion agqregatea up $0 the rnetroplitan areae , and will- K ~ W f i lmd a~~ourtb of diznsltvI using for t h i s p ~ p o f h ~ asnallest ufts which prove b be pracLicable, Rural-u~-lxm c~rnprrrlfilnns will fall under this rubric, aa wlll m interpretation crI the dillcrenc~s beriveen cwntr ica in respect to their urhin hierarchies.
151ace Y l r di,.ilril~uLiurl ur pl;uplr- I ~ i c , bet-11 a n l d l ~ l i s l ~ d ~ tugeit~rs will& a consideration of recenl changes in l l ic d i z r r i h u t j o ~ ~ pattern, i t will be appro- pisle tlo t d . ;~ up interns-l micrati.~:on r~gs , :a rnateiqls do not provide n gred deal of pertinent dnfa fapart f rom pl;rcr of birr!! fares), hut the tmpic ia x vexed mrE jrnpofimf om: awl i~!lll hr: thomu~lrl c; esplorcrl. Qucntlnns wlntfng
to the chief areas d wtmigraliion and tho extent te which riaigration refled movement mrvard greater economic omortunity will be tachckdr rnjgrat ion irom onc mrsl area to another wil l be ctiscussed; the social characteristics o f migrants will be scrutinized.
II. U&anizakion d a c blpbiliagipn of Yew Groups lnfo the EmarKinR bI&e.lm q'lndustsial't Structure - - - - -~- Drre of the moat ~ism differences betrwen 19th century development
and &c change which is b k i ~ place mow In wn-Western mutries [and in h L i n America) is whal haa h e n called tho proocas of "rnobili~ratio~": tho displacement ai a large pmprt ion of the poprlat~on f rom the passive lltmdi- tiunall' behavior to new form oC n ~ t i v e participation in the q'motlem" industrial-orban Me. Flat only is th r process m u c h raster ncrur thw it u ~ o d tO be in the 14rest~w examples, but the circumutmcea which acconspmy i t ere also ~mslrl~ff;lb1~r dlffvrmt, thv aquance belween bht! ritriuulr, YL;~$GR uf dr.rrr8nprncnt h ; r ~ barn altrrerl, and some of the mechanisms of adjustment which ~ r r t h r past c t m t t - i h t d lo reduce the cantrzsta and the coaili.ct.8 of the trsasiii~n are now LzclrJng.
Bli t icims, adrninbt~abrs md pl:mnnra aa well as B O C ~ R ~ ~ ~ i ~ n t L ~ a s a p e s &I acho~~ l@dghg thp h ~ y po~ltjon ~i t h e "ernerg&Rn groups In tho pvacess o f ecnntlmic dcvoloptnent. Irh%ib other volumes o f the series are concernsled wit11 rsr<uly L ~ I C Y ~ ~ Y closely rektted to this prmess the presenl one w i l l hc fcl~ussod prrcierly on R U C ~ RMUIM: their cumposition and nibat- ~harn~terist ir-s , thr ir reac-t%,ne ax! attii-udes undrr t h ~ impacl a l the rapidly chmgi.ng smial eonciithm ~ l o d in ihc vnrEuua mmtrrwLing sacio-clrL2urhn~ srt- t jnp presented by the Latin hrnerlcwt cmntrietl. Census dam wEll contrlhutr an lv some of the basic infarmation nnredad &. briw about this a h ~ d v ; rl:lt:~ na distrit>ution d papubtion and intrwaI rnigration~ as analyzed in thc scconcl volume wrIIT 1w w r y Irnprtimi krc, m b data on family, rrcrupt~on, ecm- nmir structurr: %#ill be ralevmt; hut other sournos must kw bppedp ,mcl n spechl field -,mrve?; may be requlmd.
For tunnte l~ aclrnp pffcrrt in this directinn has abeadv heen mfldn: Ihr series of papcra prepared for thc Urhanizstiun sernhar o :rn nnrl thn UX in Santiago dn Chile in i!lSi? offel-a v3fad~lr rat 8 .
liora and anmc rl~rt:i nviy he nhlaind lrom the pror.esr?mgs lr fin Racio-Eccmorn ic Dcvrlaprncnl in Lyf in Amcrfr:~ ~~ganjsed by rhr sffnlil
in fcndronnl EIKLWC~BS In kI~xirr3 City in 19Ar l ; studies i-elcvmkf I r a .tljh subtrct: hm-r I ~ C C T I complr~trd or ;ire undrr nray in seur-ral c~unlrieu. Toqether r r ; l i r ~
c~nsu- infnrmntlnn, u l l ihir rnille~iql 31ri-l 1!w SUVPP~PI wv'fijph ? t i l l h . f ' r ~ " % j : ~ : ~ d for this purpose vtti1l enable us to dr:iw ;L pnhrrcnt :mtI cornprebl~nar~r* 17 J *
nf a p tm t~ , - , rvhich may Ija ccrrrsrIlpi cJ nni7 ~ r i ' the ebRentiZl1 as]wcts ni c5rflrS- ornic development &I U t l n hrnrr~can countries.
the 8aK rn. 111 for tht , .
Social f+tmtificatim h L2ti.n America L changing at R dust rate from the traditional pattern to new forms. T%ere are considerable: differ- ences Ix?tween the various cmntrfcs: rvhile in aomc: places a system nf stratification dcvelops which is very similar to th~t in advanced wuntr.rids, in others very trdftionsl gaitern subaiats. Tra ell at them, howevar, the mtrmt Gehvecn Me ald m d the new coax n area &I the chameterLtic trait of the Win i'irnerical
A great p a d of census informsthi 3 description and mabyeis of social strat5ficati~n, d even mcornplete or Fmpdwl eenausel can offer TI vill~ablc mnterlal for this study. ~ e s i d e a , in the iz4t yeara smia1 scicntiste have given some attm~fon to thia subject: ta the eeriea published scrme years ago by t h e Pan ~kmciricm utnian on the middle clasats, we can add nmr other studies, at-irl m important mrnparaiirre sumfey on urban B ~ E ~ R P stratification in Chilo, hrgentina, Brasil <md Vruffrap, stilE being zmslyzsd.
T k etudy of asocial atrat i f i~st ion will desc g pattern on stmtfflcakiun ia Lath America: it will analyze 3 from a dynamic and MstrrrZcnl perspective, trying to und4 db and the implications for m d ~ r n i x e I ir ln :md swda-ecummic dcwlapmnt,
The present study wilL be bzscd on rnono~raphlc and campwrative analyses of occupational atmcturo.
ribe €he the P T O ~
?rline Ila
?+Idern co~nplrx societies are fattndcd on a well educatacl md Mghly tmfned rvork force. If &tin .4rnerlcm comlries nrr to make continued progress in m o d a m ~ ~ i n g themsolvcs Lhey muat provide :idequ~te educxtiantil iacilllit?zi EI~. all Perch. (~uai~tlf'instinn 01 1utur.s nccds atill bc faoilitstad by the we-structure predictions emrrging Imm narlics volumes).
bbst of the mitin American cuunlries are firmly commitad to ~ 1 ,
progmm of mass educdirm, a commitmcnt whirh implies a hravy p v e m - ment ~xpanditur+e. This is a w r y h i ~ k charpr uipn these natlom with youth- IU1 age B t r l t c t u E s , since Lhe raEio nf scImcr1 ~ ~ ~ ~ - I C J L I I L LW l w ~ a l pp~laklon is high. S b e a h l ~ shifts i d poxrpulation distrihblinn, especially in some urbiln aroaa, magnify such problrrna, Related qucatlons inv~ l \ f e the cxlcnt and adequacy ai iencbcr- t r t~ ln inq pr*Emms. Llir prr P ~ C T d i s t r ih~t inq rl' I minod personnel wtcl the adult education prngr:xrnu 01 J>:ET*I ~ P J 3 ~ 1 - 1 > ~ h t t : l i ; ~ a ~ ~ l X F B R S .
Latin America st i l l has ;L ~un.414:~ -. 1 1 3 1 ~ prt~prn-tacin nf 1t.s jmpliiLlue Jlihsnta. si~~? 1950 thcrt? n ~ k s a wid? rti,l:r ~ r t Ihi \ iec.aprr:t, f mm onh- 14 per c e ~ 1 fr; *\l-gcniin:l t o 55 I'csr peat jn TI:( j l;, :h rncr1i:tn -lim~-c hl. ~ l ' crruntrlcs h the ~ ~ g i ~ d Irein17: c l v w irr .tfl p e ~ ~ r4711l. T.V:i:ithi~~ cnun-kries, ton there considcrahle vxri;~titinn. Curn;mriuans narsr t imp: 11 sing thc cirgg- 14RD rebms,
oihcr h th is & a nevPIn] z - --.-
r a l reset :h Gentel
1tro dr: P
~d data, ~ v o t d LP iomla in
n 111 give soma idoa 01 i h c st~cccssfulnsss af literary cornpips and wiEI paint up atuhbnrn areas.
At the university level Lbn study would try "5' toassesa the degree of aehicvarnent In prdacing key personnel, especially i n the fields af science and cnghacrh~. Tho gcarinrg the various levels of vduucati~n i~ le1g
significant in t ! ~ kongmn; predictions sf ftftui-o univemity enrollments, Ior bnstarree, are an Invahable aide in making pri?se!nt ilecislons: involving resources allocatlom~ ,
Research on education RB related to Wre problem of economic d e m l q merit has beerr a primary concern for bath schnlara and adrninktrxbrs In la t in America in recent rears. A number of bwks, lrrepuentlv h a ~ e d on ernair f! resean B
the Ccr scgional, organizar~wrw a* sponsorfng rrs~arch in cgionnal c~nfcrence on Educalion ancl Economic by EC LL, UNESCO mrl the h t i t r &rnerLcan atntea
itl gulng rrr ue ncrrc sn lvrar-ch 19G9, in Sintiwa dr Chile; i t i e expected that a grertt doaI of inEormative: m d researrh moteria l wlll result f rom 8439 w ~ ~ i o n . It may a1510 be mentioned that the social origins, a t t l t ~ ~ d e u , ae.- pirntlom and other characleristlcs d university at err lent^ h a w been the object of mnny IieId surveys i l l Lt~e V;lrJMIIR LaZLfl fiTnBPiC8n mmt~ieb, 3rd
fh:~t the Union of Z;xtIn. American Uaiversltles nt i t s h t meeting app rov~d a recommenrlatlot~ ~ i v i n g high priority Lo these studies.
b a ~ ~ b e
i h b sub . R1o de . . * -. - - - - P
n publfa! jest ha%*# I,weiro),
hcd. l q
s bern cl I umsc
Prosent estate of the p r o w -
4. The! agr~srnenl Ibehvaw the Ibree tnsliLuti~rus h a \uwst 1964, Prev~ously to t h i s rhte certain projects ha dclring h t u
thaw rrlmltn srrcra1 atudics are at i h l s moment under way or should to kw etilriexj. rn the PulTnwing list a brief drscrip1lt-m of o ~ c h of thrsrn will br, found. togethrr wath tho date at inltbtinn and thc instituthon whcrc it is king clone.
i. 7Ac exlension - . . --- of ywli_litIca2 vote .in Argent&% (Ccntro, pmfes- sur UarZ] C l m t d ~ , JJmnlrary 1.9641-
A sludv ol' votiny; pnrtic i~~i l ;on atd ~ltjctorlil results since t h e bogin- n i n ~ ~f thls century. T L J ~ sotne pro%-inccs rvhere data ape avaihhlc,
the malys ie might go ;c,b the precbt level; ot;hemriae ' V c p a d r n e n - b e " (sulxljv lalow of pmincee, d n h k h t h c r ~ are a b u l 5 in
Argentina) will ibe M e n as units. A compc3rjsoa wi l l be made with the data on wcizl ~tratif icatbn prwMed by other comparative projccta autExlea b e b w .
,te on thr f this po' .&L &--J
11. A case study of mobillzatian-~.naw rroups: P@~onisrn (Centre, Proleaso M u r r n l ~ .y 1964).
, that is, just before Jn. Puhlicaiibna of
The increased participation L un nd pol i t i cs crf HE working
iii. ErrnnnmIr-dese 1 a~gnent-an4 the chnn@ng_atnzctu_rrcCof sgc ia]. &lr&tiSicntign in Aspatina (Fcn+ro, I1rof. Ruth Srutu, Aug, LW45
The pattern ol: erocial strntil'icntion wild hc m;alped i ~ i l h Cha hack- gwund d the ec~rmmic developrncnt of cach the pmvirrcee and re- gime oP the country. A cornpariaasr, witti Chile md Rrasil will be aimed at, a~ a first stage in comparative ualyais of atratlficatlan isl the whole of Tatin America.
on tbe pc pected t I. - - - . - -
IT. E t ~ c t u r e md c bnge2ff &~atEioin Ar~entTm [Imtituto, UnLVcrsity of Bucnas Alrcs, Prof. hns M. Dabini, Aug. 19641
A study ut the re3atimshi .n edu~alian and strntificatiran, uaiw the dELts Ewm ihg S the Ruenos Aires popdztlon, and a ~arnp le af the IRM card8 ol the 196Q national Census. Noh-.: Tk - Lo umgua>r,
m may iini- t i ~ ~ u UL vLncr rwunLrlua as l v r u .
rllltlc~11 514 bat s lmi L-i-- --
ate will 1 Lar msnc -*.-I1
b) C~rnparatjve prqi~cts da the b-a~is 02 exist in^ da@
i. h 1 y ~ f ~ oh community ~ t u d i e ~ in Latin . t i r n ~ r i ~ {Ccntro, Mrtl . 511vi~ Suial, Auguel 19t34)
A comparison d mblished community vtudics made in Latin Amor- i ch , An aRempt will bc m ~ k 10 0r~ankEc the matcrirrl for sysltcm- atk use of thee ~ n i o r m a t i ~ a ccu~ahed in those studies, d in order to develop n Eypalo$?y of cornmanit i p s .
i f . pats,b~~onsoclalstr~~~~~,t~~n~fr,rL~tihAmericr~~lmti- tu to r l ~ d C C ~ ~ P O , I31u1f. 'J'o~-cwnlu Di TclLn. J a - n u a p 136%) +
Stratlficat~on ;prnftles for e a ~ h pmvinrc o r slrnu3.r n*dionxl sub- di~1310n in L a t i n i lmeriru , on the Bas is of tbn latest available census
data. Data For Argentina h a w already heen colketed on a T'd~par- tarnle;ntor' b=is, md rrgiom e s t a h l i ~ h d uus ing Rome additional c ~ n s u s informatinn,
iii. )Tubilizatim and intep;ratim of new - pr;rwps (Centm, Pmfessur Cjscar Comblit m d I:7ecpiel Galla, September 1964).
-4 auwey of t h ~ PTUL'QSBQS through which chsa m d inatf- tutional groups have m ~ d c themselves felt in the national social 8cenP 9n L a t h Amn~fcaa cmntries. It will hc b m d on an makyeis nf the stlclzl h8torjr of the8eco~ntrlcs s h c c the 1B8nFs. Kote: 01 the basis nC thcsc studies, it is p l m d to devcl~p s fom7- --
nlizcd anodcl af 306i~r.l C ~ W C in Latin .hmcrica.
Compi-arative surveys ys,ulrl d her field studlea, (Cssllm. Professor Garth-Eouza nnd others, in prcqr;~mtlon).
T115 Is a new nrca to bo started pwscntly. A number of direct field surveys urjll he rn-xdc* in R P ~ C T to ~ h h j d information bn strategic ,zspcra2s vf t h e PraCdSEI of ancinl chmqn. *6hc mcthndulogy 01 these studies is l ~ l - i ? ~ con~idered, m r l lherc wi l l be m attempl In dcrrelop a unlf~rrn rnethrrcl 0 1
short f!*llb studies, in or.ie1- l a be able 1x1 have a I;aee number 01 m r e s for 3 qua&-axprimrntal drsign. A seminal- 1~3 th the participation of pru?es sor A l ~ ~ ~ m d m TgPiz~ma wzs held 81 i h ~ G ~ n t r b during Augulust, 1964, as x first skcp bw:krds the concrelion of this pl;in. Cacsperatian ol sth6.r insti- b~t -hn in the ~uUillmeat of t h i v j~rcrjecl w i l l be particularly* welcome,
