March 9, 2020

Honorable XX

Office Building

Washington, D.C.

Dear Senator or Representative X:

The National Barley Improvement Committee (NBIC) represents the US

barley community of growers; researchers; malting, brewing, distilling, and

food end-users; and allied industries (Tab D).

Barley production, and the manufacture and sale of value-added barley

products (malt, beer, distilled products, food, livestock, fish & biofuels)

have a significant impact on the US economy (Tab A).

* $685 Million/Year Crop * 64% Used in Beer *27% Feed * 4% Food * 3% Whiskey * 2% Seed

>Critical and primary raw material for beer (NO BARLEY = NO BEER)

* $328 Billion/year brewing industry business activity

* 2.2 Million jobs

* $59 Billion business, personal, consumption taxes

Large US brewers, maltsters, and distillers make a

significant contribution to the economy and employ a

substantial workforce. The rapidly growing craft brewing,

malting, and distilling industries are providing a substantial

additional boost to the US economy through expansions and

start-ups, with considerable capital & operating

expenditures and new employment. There are now over

8,000 breweries, with 2 net openings per day; 142 malt

plants operating or under construction; and 823 whiskey

distillers in the US. Many of these are small businesses,

without the resources to invest in barley research and are dependent on public sector research

programs to meet their needs.

Federal investment in barley research is needed to keep barley a viable option for US growers

and to maintain and enhance value-added job generating enterprises in the US.

> Barley is a non-GM, primarily public sector crop, with most barley research and

development at state universities and USDA-ARS facilities.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

19

86

19

90

19

94

1998

20

02

20

06

20

10

20

14

20

18

US Barley AcreageMillions of Acres

2

> There is little interest by biotechnology seed companies in barley research & variety

development. Low acreage = limited seed sale potential

> Barley is facing stiff competition from corn, soybeans, and other crops that are receiving

substantial private and public-sector investment, including GM variety development

> Funding agricultural research is a justified federal expenditure and needed to maintain and

enhance the agricultural economy and job creation.

* $10 in benefits for $1 invested in agricultural research (President’s Council of Advisors

on Science & Technology, 2012)

We thank Congress for restoring and enhancing USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

and National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) funding this past decade. This has helped

reestablish the research capacity needed to help maintain and enhance the agricultural economy.

USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

The USDA’s in-house scientific research agency, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), conducts

intramural research and funds extramural projects of high national priority to develop, and make

available solutions that address agricultural challenges, including those faced by barley.

The NBIC does not support ARS reductions and redirections in intramural and

extramural funding proposed in the President’s FY2021 ARS budget. Projects of

importance to barley proposed for elimination include:

(-$321,000) Intramural – Aquaculture Systems – Rainbow Trout – Aberdeen, ID

(-$6,965,000) Extramural – US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative Grant Program

(-$200,000) Extramural – Wheat & Barley Stripe Rust Initiative

(-$1,383,000) Extramural – National Plant Recovery System

We are requesting the assistance and support of your office for FY2021 funding for

ARS above FY2020 levels, to enable the agency to meet its mission to stakeholders by

enhancing the nation’s research capacity to support a viable and growing agricultural

economy.

The NBIC thanks Congress for the increases it included in the FY2020

Consolidated Appropriations Act that will enhance the national public sector

barley research infrastructure:

$1 Million increase for the ARS Small Grains Genomic Initiative

(SGGI) to bring to full funding of $3.44 Million requested by the

National Barley & Wheat Improvement Committees.

3

$5.5 Million increase for the ARS US Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI) to

bring funding to the $15 Million authorized in the 2018 Farm Bill.

This increased funding has enhanced key components of the national public-sector barley research

infrastructure, a collaborative partnership comprised of ARS and university scientists, programs, and

facilities. The SGGI enhanced barley genotyping, quality phenotyping (evaluation) of experimental

barley lines, and double haploid research, providing researchers the tools and data needed to accelerate

research and development of public-sector barley varieties. The USWBSI now has the needed funding

to address scab (Fusarium head blight), which is the most serious disease threat facing barley and

wheat production throughout most of the US.

However, resources for the many other insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal pests

impacting barley are insufficient to adequately address their substantial economic

impact. The NBIC requests funding for a new initiative to address these pests.

USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE

Hedgehog Grain Aphid Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Stem Rust Loose Smut

Programmatic $5 Million FY2021 Funding Increase

USDA-ARS Salaries and Expenses The Barley Pest Initiative (BPI) will strengthen research capacity to address over

twenty major insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality

barley, to improve returns to growers, and meet the needs of domestic and export end-

users. Barley production, especially malting barley, with its many exacting quality

specifications to meet grade and secure an economic return, is a high risk endeavor due

to these pests. Barley that does not meet malt specifications is sold as feed, with a much

lower rate of return and sometimes at a loss.

4

Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species injecting damaging

toxins. Many aphids also vector damaging cereal viruses that further reduce yield and quality. Control of insects with pesticides is environmentally and economically unsound and may not be the

best way to protect the safety of barley consumed for food. Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with fungicides.

Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing yield and quality. Some of these damaging fungi have developed resistance to commonly used foliar and seed

fungicides.

The BPI is a multi-disciplinary and institutional collaborative research project, of ARS intramural

(80%) and extramural (20%) programs, involving ARS and state university scientists in

fourteen states. The BPI will be directed at developing management and genetic resistance strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of these major barley pests, keeping barley a

viable option for US growers, and enhancing value-added job generating enterprises in the US.

USDA-ARS RESEARCH LOCATIONS ($4 Million)

Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit

Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit

Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit

St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory

Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit

Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit

Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit

Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LOCATONS ($1 Million)

Cornell University, New York

Ohio State University

Virginia Tech

Oregon State University

Montana State University

North Dakota State University

University of California - Davis

University of Idaho

Washington State University

University of Minnesota

USDA-ARS Hiring & Pay Costs

A fifteen-month Administration hiring freeze which ended in April, 2018, was replaced with a partial

one since then. There are currently almost 1,600 vacancies in ARS, with about 600 hired and 630

leaving in 2019, for a net loss. Progress is not being made in fully staffing an agency that is well

funded by Congress. The decline in personnel has decreased the capacity of ARS programs to meet

critical research needs of stakeholders and the directives of Congress. Unexpended funds resulting

from positions not being filled are being used by ARS for unbudgeted one-time needs, including

equipment and facilities. NBIC and other stakeholders thank Congress for addressing

this issue in the FY2020 Agriculture Appropriations Bill with the following

language:

5

The agreement notes that there are numerous vacant positions at ARS laboratories

across the nation. The agreement directs ARS to fill vacant positions in order to

optimize the utilization of ARS laboratory space and ensure that research goals are

met. Further, the agreement encourages ARS to fill these vacancies with permanent

employees.

Mandatory federal pay raises increase operating costs at ARS research facilities,

reducing funding for research and the ability to address stakeholder needs, unless

covered in the Salary & Expenses budget.

The NBIC calls on ARS to quickly meet the hiring directive, for Congress to

ensure that it’s implemented, and that an adequate appropriation increase is

provided in FY2021 for mandatory pay costs.

For the ARS projects proposed for elimination and/or redirection in the

Administration’s FY2021 budget, hiring for those projects is now frozen, thus a

partial hiring freeze is again in effect until a budget is passed.

USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) &

USDA Economic Research Service (ERS)

As with other components of the agricultural economy, the barley supply chain, from grower to end

user, has long relied on the NASS and ERS for unbiased estimates of barley acreage, production,

stocks, varieties, economic statistics, and other information. Growers pay close attention to what other

producers are doing in their region or other parts of the country and utilize the data in making their

cropping decisions. Government agencies on the state and federal level apply NASS and ERS data to

models that influence legislation and policy decisions. The data is critical for end users such as

millers, maltsters, distillers, and brewers, or exporters to make procurement decisions and long-range

investment plans. This information becomes the foundation on which many important decisions are

made, and which helps keep barley a viable crop with a significant contribution to the US economy.

We are requesting the assistance and support of your office for FY2021 funding

for NASS and ERS, above FY2020 levels, that cover mandatory pay costs and the

rising cost of data collection, to enable these agencies to meet their missions and

help enhance the nation’s agricultural economy.

NBIC opposes the reductions in NASS’s county estimate program and requests

language to prevent these reductions. While barley county estimates were not targeted in the first phase of reductions, NASS has stated that “In the second step, in early 2020 NASS will evaluate

the need for potentially more cost savings to the county estimate programs. If additional savings are

needed, changes to small grain county estimates will be published in the Federal Register.”

6

We are also asking Congress to include language in the FY2021 Agriculture

Appropriations Bill that directs NASS to reinstate barley estimates for Kentucky,

Ohio, Oklahoma, and Texas.

The production, processing, and marketing of value-added products with locally grown barley is

facing a resurgence and generating substantial economic activity. Accurate barley estimates provide

critical data to growers and end-users in these states, many

of which are small businesses, to grow their enterprises and

support economic growth. NASS provided barley acreage

and production data previously for these four States in the

following time periods.

• Kentucky (1866-2008)

• Ohio (1866-1980, 2000-2008)

• Oklahoma (1899-1999)

• Texas (1866-1999)

The NBIC appreciates and thanks Congress for

directing NASS to reinstate barley estimates for Kansas, Maine, Michigan, New York, North

Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin in FY2018 and including this language in the FY2020

Appropriations Bill.

Barley Estimates. —The Committee is encouraged that NASS has reinstated acreage and production

estimates for barley in States that were previously discontinued in 2016 and 2017. The Committee

expects NASS to continue providing barley acreage and production estimates for those States.

USDA National Institute of Food & Agriculture (NIFA)

NBIC supports FY2021 funding above FY2020 funding levels for NIFA Hatch Act

& Smith-Lever Formula Grants, which provide critical support to applied scientists, including crop breeders, and extension personnel at state universities, for practical research and programs of

critical importance to farmers, end-users, and consumers.

> Such work is not funded by existing competitive grant programs which focus on basic research.

NBIC also supports FY2021 funding above FY2020 levels for the Agriculture and

Food Research Initiative (AFRI), if increased funding is not at the expense of ARS or

important NIFA programs (e.g. Hatch act and Smith-Lever Formula grants, Organic Agriculture &

Extension Initiative, other grant programs).

2017 Census Barley Acreage Data (KY, OH, OK & TX)

7

NBIC supports passage of the Craft Beverage Modernization & Tax Reform Act

(CBMTRA), to make permanent the current Federal Excise Tax rates on beer.

Thank you for your consideration.

Gary Beck Andrew Friskop Mike Davis

Chair Vice Chair Executive Secretary

mike@ambainc.org

mailto:mike@ambainc.org

A-1 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF BARLEY

One of the strengths of the U.S. economy is its crop production and agricultural based industries.

Crop and value-added product exports reduce the unfavorable trade balance and generate new

employment, grower income, and federal revenue. Maintenance of U.S. strength in agriculture

requires continuing efforts to improve crop productivity and quality. U.S. agricultural production

that can supply both domestic demands and can compete in world markets will only be

accomplished by strong investments in agricultural research programs. Innovative and competitive

research will keep the U.S. at the forefront of the development and implementation of new

agricultural technologies.

Barley is a significant U.S. crop. Barley production

is approximately 162 million bushels with an

estimated value of $685 million as a raw agricultural

commodity (2017 Census).

Barley producers stimulate the rural economy

through the purchase of fertilizer, seed, chemicals,

fuel, labor, other supplies and farm equipment.

These variable cash expenses averaged $499 million

annually (2014-2018).

The impact of barley on the U.S. economy is even

more significant if the value-added products

resulting from its utilization as an animal feed, in malt beverages, and in food products are

considered. The economy also benefits from exports which annually average $53 million for barley

and its milled products, $230 million for malt and malt extracts, $637 million for beer, and $1.09

billion for whiskey (2014-2018).

BARLEY BALANCE SHEET

ANNUAL FEDERAL ANNUAL RETURN RESEARCH INVESTMENT* ON INVESTMENT

$ 14.574 USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) $ 0.7 Raw agricultural commodity

0.790 Other Grants (NIFA-AFRI, NSF) 328.4 Brewing industry business

ctivity NA USDA-NIFA Formula Grants (Hatch Act, Smith-Lever) 3.3 Federal excise tax revenue

$15.364 Million 27.9 Federal income tax

2.4 Value-added use as feed

NA Value-added use as food

$362.7 Billion

*FY2019 Funding Levels

NA: Not Available

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF THE

BREWING INDUSTRY

Barley is a critical and primary raw material for beer.

Without malting barley, there would be no beer. The

economic value of the U.S. brewing industry is

substantial.

Feed & Other

26.6%

Seed

2.5%

Food

3.7%

Beer

64.4%

Whiskey 2.8%

Domestic Use of Barley in the US2014 - 2019 Average

Economic Contribution of Brewing

Wages

101

Billions of Dollars

Taxes

59

Total Bus. Activity

328

A-2 BARLEY: ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE BY STATE

Brewing Industry2

Annual1 Crop1 Total Bus. Whiskey Malt

State Production Value Employment Activity Taxes3 Brewers4 Distillers5 Plants4

(million bu) (million $) (million $) (million $) Alabama 0.0 0.1 20,436 2,783 528 41 7 1

Alaska 0.2 0.6 5,396 773 117 42 5

Arizona 2.2 6.9 43,952 5,426 956 119 7 1

Arkansas 12,413 1,966 309 40 4

California 3.4 14.5 265,265 43,400 8,804 860 54 6

Colorado 8.1 39.7 73,405 13,620 1,929 405 48 7

Connecticut 0.0 0.0 21,347 3,058 597 87 6 3 Delaware 1.5 4.5 6,135 929 134 27 3 1

District of Columbia 9,680 1,043 198 13 3

Florida 153,054 18,875 3,659 291 18

Georgia 0.0 0.0 54,084 8,147 1,412 85 12 1

Hawaii 13,549 1,813 377 21 Idaho 50.5 231.9 13,096 1,954 266 64 8 5

Illinois 0.0 --- 89,592 13,915 2,257 235 21 4 Indiana 0.1 0.5 35,844 5,500 680 181 20 1

Iowa 0.1 0.5 27,535 3,868 530 94 9 1

Kansas 0.2 0.5 15,444 2,163 308 47 5 2 Kentucky 0.4 1.4 17,362 2,570 419 61 35 1

Louisiana 32,296 4,350 685 39 4

Maine 1.2 3.6 15,531 2,003 368 119 7 3

Maryland 2.1 5.8 31,727 4,053 872 96 18 4

Massachusetts 0.0 0.0 56,305 7,804 1,502 155 12 3 Michigan 0.3 0.7 62,688 8,815 1,383 360 27 13

Minnesota 5.4 23.0 50,022 6,908 1,223 178 19 6

Mississippi 8,527 1,200 242 15 3

Missouri 0.2 0.6 55,628 10,154 1,505 113 22 3

Montana 32.2 132.4 9,916 1,330 161 92 15 5 Nebraska 0.1 0.6 15,470 2,238 291 50 4 2

Nevada 0.1 0.6 32,438 4,255 962 43 7 3

New Hampshire 12,946 1,939 314 84 8

New Jersey 0.1 0.3 45,546 6,680 1,229 109 6 1

New Mexico 0.2 0.9 11,464 1,462 245 85 10 1

New York 0.5 2.1 137,712 24,232 5,920 395 73 13

North Carolina 0.7 1.9 63,883 9,242 1,595 296 17 3

North Dakota 29.3 124.5 6,711 889 133 16 2 1

Ohio 0.3 1.2 81,448 12,864 2,166 292 25 10

Oklahoma 0.3 1.2 18,900 2,903 445 38 4 1 Oregon 2.2 10.6 43,117 6,685 913 292 30 7

Pennsylvania 3.1 10.3 77,197 11,475 1,795 355 37 6

Rhode Island 7,161 876 184 26 2

South Carolina 0.1 --- 26,233 3,293 637 82 21

South Dakota 0.5 2.0 7,227 925 129 28 3 Tennessee 0.1 --- 28,646 4,208 830 99 23 2

Texas 0.8 2.7 170,200 25,473 4,208 288 36 3

Utah 1.5 4.2 12,447 1,604 227 37 5 1

Vermont 0.0 0.0 7,649 985 180 67 7 2

Virginia 1.0 2.5 56,126 8,827 1,733 241 24 4 Washington 5.1 17.8 53,516 8,276 1,491 401 59 4

West Virginia 0.1 0.2 6,188 968 143 26 10

Wisconsin 0.8 2.8 62,856 8,959 1,280 195 15 5

Wyoming 6.9 30.8 4,744 702 98 29 3 2

Total U.S. 161.6 685.0 2,189,472 328,377 58,579 7,454 823 142 1 2017 Census production and crop values. (Source: USDA\NASS). (---) Data not available for some minor states. 2 Source: Economic Impact, 2018 Prepared for the Beer Institute by John Dunham and Associates. 3 Taxes paid and generated - business, consumption & personal. 4 Various published and unpublished sources. Malting companies include those under construction. 5 Sku's Recent Eats “The Complete List of American Whiskey Distilleries & Brands”

A-3 MAJOR & REGIONAL BREWERS IN THE UNITED STATES

1

STATE COMPANY CITY

Alaska Alaskan Brewing Co. Juneau

Alabama Good People Brewing Co. Birmingham

Arkansas Lost Forty Brewing Little Rock

Arizona Four Peaks Brewing Co. Tempe Huss Brewing Co. Phoenix

SanTan Brewing Co. Chandler

California 21ST

Amendment Brewery San Francisco AleSmith Brewing Co. San Diego

Anchor Brewing Co. San Francisco

Anderson Valley Brewing Co. Boonville

AB InBev Fairfield

AB InBev Los Angeles

Ballast Point Brewing Co. San Diego

Bear Republic Brewing Co. Healdsburg

Belching Beaver Brewery San Diego

BJ’s Chicago Pizza & Brewery Huntington Beach

Calicraft Brewing Co. Walnut Creek

Coronado Brewing Co. Coronado

Drakes Brewing San Leandro

Fieldwork Brewing Berkeley

Figueroa Mountain Brewing Buellton, California

Firestone Walker Brewing Co. Paso Robles

Fort Point Beer Co. San Francisco

Golden Road Brewery

Los Angeles

Gordon Biersch Brewing Co. San Jose

Green Flash Brewing Co. San Diego

Hangar 24 Craft Brewery Redlands

Hermitage Brewing Co. San Jose

Karl Strauss Breweries San Diego

Knee Deep Brewing Co. Auburn

Lagunitas Brewing Co. Petaluma

Latitude 33 Brewing Co. Vista

Lost Coast Brewery and Café Eureka

Mission Brewery San Diego

Modern Times Beer San Diego

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Irwindale

Mother Earth Brew Co. Vista

North Coast Brewing Co. Fort Bragg

Pizza Port Carlsbad

Russian River Brewing Co. Santa Rosa

Saint Archer Brewing Co. San Diego

Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Chico

Stone Brewing Co. San Marcos

Track 7 Brewing Co. Sacramento

Trumer Brauerei Berkeley

Colorado AB InBev Fort Collins

Avery Brewing Co. Boulder

Blue Moon Brewing Co. Denver

Boulder Beer Co. Boulder

Breckenridge Brewery Littleton 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-4 Colorado (cont.) CANarchy Longmont

CraftWorks Brewery & Restaurant Broomfield

Crazy Mountain Brewing Co.

Dry Dock Bewin Edwards

Denver Beer Co. Denver

Dry Dock Brewing Co. Aurora

Great Divide Brewing Co. Denver

Left Hand Brewing Co. Longmont

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Golden

New Belgium Brewing Co. Fort Collins

Odell Brewing Co. Fort Collins

SKA Brewing Durango

Sleeping Giant Brewing Co. Denver

Upslope Brewing Co. Boulder

Connecticut New England Brewing Co. Woodbridge

Stony Creek Brewery Branford

Two Roads Brewing Co. Stratford

Delaware Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Milton

District of Columbia DC Brau Brewing Washington

Florida 3 Daughters Brewing St. Petersburg AB InBev Jacksonville

CANarchy Tampa

Coppertail Brewing Tampa

D.G. Yuengling & Son Tampa

Florida Beer Co. Cape Canaveral

Funky Budda Brewery Oakland Park

Georgia AB InBev Cartersville

Creature Comforts Brewing Co. Athens

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Albany

Sweetwater Brewing Co. Atlanta

Terrapin Beer Co. Athens

Hawaii Maui Brewing Co. Lahaina

Iowa Toppling Goliath Brewing Co. Decorah

Illinois Goose Island Beer Co. Chicago

Half Acre Beer Co. Chicago

Revolution Brewing Chicago

Two Brothers Brewing Co. Warrenville

Indiana Sun King Brewing Indianapolis

Three Floyds Brewing Co. Munster

Upland Brewing Co. Bloomington

Kentucky Braxton Brewing Co. Covington

Country Boy Brewing Lexington

Lexington Brewing & Distilling Co. Lexington

Louisiana Abita Brewing Co. Abita Springs

Parish Brewing Co. Broussard

Maine Allagash Brewing Co. Portland

Baxter Brewing Co. Lewiston

Maine Beer Co. Freeport

Peak Organic Brewing Co. Portland

Shipyard Brewing Co. Portland

Maryland DuClaw Brewing Co. Baltimore

Evolution Craft Brewing Co. Salisbury

Flying Dog Brewing Co. Frederick

Heavy Seas Beer Baltimore 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-5

Maryland (cont.) Stillwater Artisanal Ales Baltimore

Massachusetts Berkshire Brewing Co. South Deerfield

Boston Beer Co. Boston

Cisco Brewers Nantucket

Harpoon Brewery Boston

Jack’s Abby Brewing Framingham

Lord Hobo Brewing Co. Woburn

Night Shift Brewing Everett

Tree House Brewing Co. Charlton,

Trillium Brewing Co. Boston

Wachusett Brewing Co. Westminster

Wormtown Brewery Worcester

Michigan Atwater Brewing Co. Detroit

Bell’s Brewery, Inc. Galesburg

CANarchy Comstock

Founders Brewing Co. Grand Rapids

New Holland Brewing Co. Holland

Old Nation Brewing Co. Williamston

Shorts Brewing Co. Bellaire

Minnesota August Schell Brewing Co. New Ulm

Bent Paddle Brewing Co. Duluth

Castle Danger Brewery Two Harbors

Fair State Brewing Coop. Minneapolis

Fulton Beer Minneapolis

Indeed Brewing Co. Minneapolis

Summit Brewing Co. St. Paul

Surly Brewing Co. Minneapolis

Third Street Brewhouse Cold Spring

Missouri 4 Hands Brewing Co. St. Louis AB InBev St. Louis

Boulevard Brewing Co. Kansas City

Schlafly Beer Maplewood

Urban Chestnut Brewing Co. St. Louis

Montana Big Sky Brewing Co. Missoula Kettlehouse Brewing Co. Missoula

Montucky Cold Snacks Bozeman

New Hampshire AB InBev Merrimack

Cisco Brewers Portsmouth Portsmouth

Smuttynose Brewing Co. Portsmouth

New Jersey AB InBev Newark

Cape May Brewing Co. Cape May

New Mexico La Cumbre Brewing Co. Albuquerque

Marble Brewery Albuquerque

Santa Fe Brewing Co. Santa Fe

New York AB InBev Baldwinsville

Blue Point Brewing Co. Patchogue

Brewery Ommegang Cooperstown

Brooklyn Brewery Brooklyn

Captain Lawrence Brewing Co. Elmsford

Genesee Brewing Co. Rochester

Ithaca Beer Co. Ithaca

The Matt Brewing Co. Utica 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-6 New York (cont.) Montauk Brewing Co. Montauk

Sixpoint Brewery Brooklyn

Southern Tier Brewing Co. Lakewood

The Bronx Brewery The Bronx

North Carolina Aviator Brewing Co. Fuquay Varina

CANarchy Brevard

Catawba Brewing Morganton

Foothills Brewing Co. Winston Salem

Highland Brewing Co. Ashville

LoneRider Brewing Co. Raleigh

New Belgium Brewing Co. Asheville

NoDa Brewing Co. Charlotte

Olde Mecklenburg Brewery Charlotte

Red Oak Brewing Co. Whitsett

Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Mills River

Wicked Weed Brewing Ashville

Ohio AB InBev Columbus

Boston Beer Co. Cincinnati

BrewDog Brewing Co. Columbus

Christian Moerlein Brewing Co. Cincinnati

Columbus Brewing Co. Columbus

Great Lakes Brewing Co. Cleveland

MadTree Brewing Cincinnati

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Trenton

Platform Beer Co. Cleveland

Rhinegeist Brewing Cincinnati

Oklahoma Choc Beer Co. Krebs

COOP Ale Works Oklahoma City

Oregon 10 Barrel Brewing Co. Bend

Boneyard Beer Co. Bend

Breakside Brewery & Taproom Portland

Crux Fermentation Project Bend

Deschutes Brewing Co. Bend

Fort George Brewery Astoria

Full Sail Brewing Co. Hood River

GoodLife Brewing Co.

Bend

Hop Valley Brewery Eugene

McMenamins Breweries Portland

Ninkasi Brewing Co. Eugene

Pelican Brewing Co. Pacific City

PFriem Family Brewers Hood River

Portland Brewing Co. Portland

Rogue Ales Newport

Widmer Brothers Brewing Co. Portland

Pennsylvania Boston Beer Co. Breinigsville

City Brewing Co. Latrobe

D.G. Yuengling Son, Inc. Pottsville

The Lion Brewery, Inc. Wilkes-Barre

Neshaminy Creek Brewing Co. Croydon

Sly Fox Brewing Co. Pottstown

Straub Brewery, Inc. St. Mary’s

Susquehanna Brewing Co. Pittston 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-7

Pennsylvania (cont.) Trőegs Brewing Co. Harrisburg

Victory Brewing Co. Downingtown

Yards Brewing Co. Philadelphia Weyerbacher Brewing Co. Easton

Rhode Island Narragansett Brewing Co. Providence

South Carolina Westbrook Brewing Co. Mt. Pleasant

Tennessee City Brewing Co. Memphis

CraftWorks Brewery & Restaurant Chattanooga

Wiseacre Brewing Co. Memphis

Yazoo Brewing Co. Nashville

Yee-Haw Brewing Nashville

Texas AB InBev Houston

Austin Beerworks Austin

Deep Ellum Brewing Co. Dallas

Independence Brewing Co. Austin,

Karbach Brewing Co. Houston

Live Oak Brewing co. Del Valle

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Fort Worth

Rahr and Sons Brewing Co. Fort Worth

Real Ale Brewing Co. Blanco

Revolver Brewing Granbury

Saint Arnold Brewing Co. Houston

Spoetzl Brewery, Inc. Shiner

Utah CANarchy Salt Lake City

Epic Brewing Co. Salt Lake City

Uinta Brewing Co. Salt Lake City

Vermont The Alchemist Stowe

Fiddlehead Brewing Co. Shelburne

Harpoon Brewery Windsor

Long Trail Brewing Co. Bridgewater Corners

Magic Hat Brewing Co. South Burlington

Zero Gravity Craft Brewery Burlington

Virginia AB InBev Williamsburg

Devils Backbone Brewing Co. Lexington

Hardywood Park Craft Brewery Richmond

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Elkton

O’Connor Brewing Co. Norfolk

Port City Brewing Co. Alexandria

Starr Hill Brewing Co. Crozet

Stone Brewing Richmond

Washington Bale Breaker Brewing Co. Yakima

Elysian Brewing Co. Seattle

Fremont Brewing Co. Seattle

Georgetown Brewing Co. Seattle

Iron Horse Brewery Ellensburg

Mac and Jack’s Brewery Redmond

Pyramid Breweries Seattle

Redhook Ale Brewery Seattle

Silver City Brewery Silverdale

Wisconsin Ale Asylum Madison

Capitol Brewing Co. Middleton

Central Waters Brewery Amherst 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-8 Wisconsin (cont.)

City Brewing Co. La Crosse

Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Co. Chippewa Falls

Lakefront Brewery Inc. Milwaukee

Milwaukee Premium Brewing Co. Milwaukee

Minhas Craft Brewery Monroe

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Milwaukee

New Glarus Brewing Co. New Glarus

Octopi Brewing Waunakee

Rhinelander Brewing Co. Rhinelander

Stevens Point Brewery Stevens Point

Wisconsin Brewing Co. Verona

Wyoming Melvin Brewing Co. Alpine 1 Breweries with production of 15,000 barrels or more in 2018.

A-9 MALTING PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES

1

STATE COMPANY CITY Alabama Old South Malt House Birmingham

Arizona Sinagua Malt Camp Verde

California Adams Grain Co. Arbuckle

Admiral Maltings Alameda

California Malting Co. Santa Ynez

Eckert Malting & Brewing Co. Chico

Grizzly Malt Santa Rosa

Watermark Farms West Sacramento

Colorado Colorado Malting Company Alamosa

Grouse Malting & Roasting Co. Wellington

Leopold Bros. Distilling Denver

Molson Coors Beverage Co. Golden

Proximity Malt Monte Vista

Root Shoot Malting Loveland

Troubador Maltings LLC Ft. Collins

Connecticut Rooster Malt Co. Newtown

Thrall Family Malt Windsor

Yankee Malting Willington

Delaware Proximity Malt Laurel

Georgia Lone Pine Malting Snellville

Idaho AB InBev Idaho Falls

Great Western Malting Co. Pocatello

Hillside Ranch Malt Hailey

InteGrow Malt Idaho Falls

Mountain Malt Idaho Falls

Illinois Duffin Station Malthouse Sugar Grove

Heartland Malting Normal

Mammoth Malt Thawville

Meyers Malting Roscoe

Indiana Sugar Creek Malt Co. Lebanon

Iowa Black Gold Malt Farm Cascade

Kansas Amber Waves Malt Garden Plains

Kansas Craft Malt Quinter

Kentucky South Fork Malthouse Cynthiana

Maine Blue Ox Malthouse Lisbon Falls

Maine Craft Distilling Portland

Maine Malt House Mapleton

Maryland Amber Fields Malting & Brewing Keymar

Chesapeake Malting Havre de Grace

Dark Cloud Malthouse Cooksville

Mullinix Malting Gleneg

Massachusetts Stone Path Malt Wareham

Turner Hill Malting Edgemont

Valley Malt Hadley

Michigan Arrowhead Malt House LLC Spring Arbor

Artisan Malts LLC Sault Ste. Marie

Emergent Malt Zeeland

Empire Malting Co. Empire

Fedora Malthouse DeWitt

Great Lakes Malting Co. Traverse City

Koops’ Malt Haus Mount Pleasant

A-10 Michigan (cont.) Mitten State Malt Okemos

Motorcity Malt House LLC Macomb

Superior Malt Escanaba

U.P. Malt Company Marquette

Valley View Farm LLC East Jordon

Vierzen Artisan Malt Berlin Center

Minnesota Able Seedhouse & Brewery Minneapolis

AB InBev Moorhead

Malteurop North America Winona

Maltwerks Detroit Lakes

Rahr Malting Company Shakopee

Vertical Malt Fisher

Missouri Gateway Custom Malt Montgomery City

Kinsman Malt Kansas City

Sparrow Malting Ozark

Montana Big Sky Malts Bozeman

Farm Power Malt Power

Gallatin Valley Malt Bozeman

Malteurop North America Great Falls

Montana Craft Malt Butte

Nebraska Nebraska Malt Lincoln

Missouri Valley Malt Bellevue

Nevada Bently Heritage Estate Distillery Reno

Frey Ranch Estate Distillery Fallon

Rebel Malt Reno

New Jersey Rabbit Hill Farms Shiloh

New Mexico New Mexico Malt/Morrow Farms Hatch

New York 1886 Maltings Fulton

Argyle Craft Malt & Hops Argyle

Black Dirt Malt Pine Island

Convergence Craft Albany

Farmhouse Malt Newark Valley

Hillrock Estate Distillery Ancram

Hudson Valley Malt Germantown

Murmuration Malts Bloomfield

New York Craft Malt Batavia

Niagara Malt Cambria

Pioneer Malting Rochester

Stoutridge Vineyard & Distillery Marlboro

Subversive Malting & Brewing Catham

North Carolina Carolina Malt House Cleveland

Epiphany Craft Malt Durham

Riverbend Malt House Ashville

North Dakota Two Track Malting Bismarck

Ohio Barley 31 Raymond

Barley Five Malt House Columbus Grove

Haus Malts Cleveland

Little Miami Farms Spring Valley

Ohio Malting Company Wakeman

Origin Malt Marysville

Rustic Brew Farm Marysville

Sweet Acres Malt New Vienna

West Branch Malts Brunswick

Yarian Quality Malts New Waterford Oklahoma Native Malt House Tulsa

A-11 Oregon Christensen Farms Malting Co. McMinnville

Gold Rush Malt LLC Baker City

High Desert Malt & Grain, Inc. Bend

Mecca Grade Estate Malt Madras

Mountain Malting Bend

Rogue Ales Farmstead Malthouse Newport

Tiller Malt Portland

Pennsylvania Appalachian Malting Portage

C’N’C Malting Company Butler

Deer Creek Malthouse Glen Mills

Double Eagle Malt Philadelphia

Milledgeville Malt Works Carlton

Sprague Farm and Brew Works Venango

Tennessee Corsair Artisan Distillery Nashville

Volunteer Mission Malt Murfreesboro

Texas Blacklands Malt Leander

Maverick Malt House Vega

TexMalt Fort Worth

Utah Solstice Malt Salt Lake City

Vermont Peterson Quality Malt Monkton

Slow Hand Malting Hinesburg

Virginia Copper Fox Distillery & Maltings Sperryville

Foster Malt Suffolk

Mount Gilead Malt Lovettsville

Murphy & Rude Malting Co. Charlottesville

Washington Great Western Malting Company Vancouver

LINC Foods (Palouse Pint Malt) Spokane

Mainstem Malt Walla Walla

Skagit Valley Malting Mt Vernon

Wisconsin Malteurop North America Milwaukee

Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Chilton

Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Manitowoc

Briess Malt & Ingredients Company Waterloo

Boortmalt Sheboygan

Wyoming Wyoming Malting Co. Pine Bluffs

Wyoming High Desert Malt Powell 1 Malt plants operating or under construction.

B-1

USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE

Programmatic $5 Million FY2021 Funding Increase

USDA-ARS Salaries and Expenses

Program Description: The USDA-ARS Barley Pest Initiative will strengthen the

capacity of the national public sector barley research infrastructure to address major

insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality barley. The

Initiative focus is to improve environmental sustainability and economic returns to

growers, while meeting the needs of domestic and export end-users. ARS and

university scientists in fourteen states will develop management and genetic resistance

strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of major barley pests.

California Montana Oklahoma

Idaho North Carolina Oregon

Iowa North Dakota Virginia

Maryland New York Washington

Minnesota Ohio

BPI collaborators estimate that pests cause annual 5% to 15% yield reductions

nationwide to the barley crop, resulting in losses of $36 to $118 Million/year to

growers. Substantial additional economic losses are incurred in the value-added barley

product chain in higher costs and reduced quality. Regional and individual grower

losses can be much higher than the national average, including total crop losses.

Congress provided the final funding needed in FY2020 to bring the USDA-ARS US

Wheat & Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI) and Small Grains Genomic Initiative

(SGGI) to full funding. This funding has enhanced key components of the national

public-sector barley research infrastructure, a collaborative partnership comprised of

ARS and university scientists, programs, and facilities. The SGGI enhanced barley

genotyping, quality phenotyping (evaluation) of experimental barley lines, and double

haploid research, providing researchers the tools and data needed to accelerate research

and development of public-sector barley varieties.

The national public-sector barley research infrastructure, through the USWBSI, now

has the needed funding to address scab (Fusarium head blight), which is the most

serious disease threat facing barley and wheat production throughout most of the US.

However, resources for the many other pests impacting barley are insufficient to

adequately address their substantial economic impact.

B-2

The Barley Pest Initiative (BPI) will strengthen research capacity to address the other

major insect, viral, bacterial, and fungal threats to the production of high-quality barley

to improve returns to growers and meets the needs of domestic and export end-users.

Barley production, especially malting barley, with its many exacting quality

specifications to meet grade and secure an economic return, is a high-risk endeavor due

to these pests. Barley that does not meet malt specifications is sold as feed, with a much

lower rate of return or even at a loss.

Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species

injecting damaging toxins. Many aphids also vector damaging cereal viruses that further reduce yield and quality. Control of insects with pesticides is environmentally

and economically unsound and may not be the best way to protect the safety of barley

consumed for food.

Major barley insect pests to be addressed include:

Bird cherry-oat aphid Wheat stem sawfly

Greenbug aphid Haanchen barley mealybug

Hedgehog grain aphid Nematodes

Russian wheat aphid Wireworms

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with fungicides. Identifying sources of

resistance and developing resistant barley varieties appears to be the only way to control

this disease problem.

Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing both yield and quality. Some of these damaging fungi have developed resistance to

commonly used foliar and seed fungicides. The major barley fungal diseases to be

addressed include:

Stem rust Spot blotch

Stripe rust Net blotch

Leaf rust Septoria speckled leaf Blotch

Powdery mildew Smuts

Scald Soil-borne pathogens

The BPI is a multi-disciplinary and institutional collaborative research project, of ARS

intramural (80%) and extramural (20%) programs, involving ARS and state university

scientists in fourteen states. The BPI will be directed at developing management and

genetic resistance strategies to mitigate or eliminate the economic impact of these major

B-3

barley pests, keep barley a viable option for US growers, and enhancing value-added

job generating enterprises in the US.

USDA-ARS RESEARCH LOCATIONS ($4 Million)

Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit

Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit

Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit

St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory

Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit

Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit

Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit

Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LOCATONS ($1 Million)

Cornell University

Ohio State University

Virginia Tech

Oregon State University

Montana State University

North Dakota State University

University of California - Davis

University of Idaho

Washington State University

University of Minnesota

FY2021 USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVEFunding Needs

NOTES BASE BUDGET INCREASES

Gross Net (90%)1

1 $556,000 $500,400 Stillwater, Oklahoma Wheat, Peanut, and Other Field Crops Research Unit

2 $759,000 $683,100 Fargo, North Dakota Cereal Crops Research Unit

3 $445,000 $400,500 Ames, Iowa Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit

4 $759,000 $683,100 St. Paul, Minnesota Cereal Disease Laboratory

5 $556,000 $500,400 Aberdeen, Idaho Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit

6 $334,000 $300,600 Pullman, Washington Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit

7 $334,000 $300,600 Raleigh, North Carolina Plant Science Research Unit

8 $250,000 $225,000 Ft. Detrick, Maryland Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit

80% $3,993,000 $3,593,700 1 - Net after 10% ARS overhead

9 EXTRAMURAL FUNDING2

Collaborators

$56,000 $50,400 Cornell University, New York Mark Sorrels, Gary Bergstrom

$56,000 $50,400 Ohio State University Eric Stockinger

$56,000 $50,400 Virginia Tech Carl Griffey, Wynse Brooks

$56,000 $50,400 Oregon State University Pat Hayes, Christina Hagerty

$112,000 $100,800 Montana State University Jamie Sherman, Frankie Crutcher, Ken Kephart

$112,000 $100,800 North Dakota State University New barley pathologist, Zhaohui Liu, Richard Horsley, Andrew Friskop

$112,000 $100,800 University of California - Davis Alicia del Blanco, Jorge Dubcovsky, Allison Krill-Brown

$112,000 $100,800 University of Idaho Juliet Marshall, Arash Rashed, New agronomist

$112,000 $100,800 Washington State University Bob Brueggeman, Tim Murray

$223,000 $200,700 University of Minnesota Brian Steffenson, Gary Muehlbauer, Kevin Smith, Ruth Dill-Macky

20% $1,007,000 $906,300 2 - additional 30% university overhead applies per 2018 Farm Bill

$5,000,000 $4,500,000 GRAND TOTAL

1 Enhance the aphid insect resistance research being conducted by Dr. Dolores Mornhinweg, and help ensure her position is filled when she retires

2 The only ARS scientist working on barley viruses in the US, retired at the end of 2018. Funds will resurrect a barley virus disease program

with a Category-1 scientist

3 Funding will enhance the capacity of Dr. Roger Wise to conduct basic barley disease resistance research and to help ensure his position is filled

when he retires, with a new Category-1 scientist and support staff.

4 Most of the CDL rust research is directed at wheat. Funding will allow for the hiring of a new scientist to work exclusively on barley rust diseases

5 Increased funding will enhance capacity to work on barley pests, including hiring a Category-1 barley pathologist to address national disease threats

6 This unit primarily works on wheat. Funding will enhance their barley disease research capabilities, including those of Dr. Xianming Chen

7 Funding will provide research capabilties for barley at the new DH laboratory being established in the new ARS facility being constructed at Raleigh

8 Funds to support additional technical staff salaries and to cover expanded BSL-3 space costs to accommodate increases in Ug99 stem rust sample

receipts as the disease spreads globally

9 Extramural funding will enhance university programs with breeding and pest research capabilities

FY2021 ARS Barley Pest Initiative - Target PestsHaanchen Soil-borne

Wheat Stem Barley Bacterial Fungal DH for Disease National

Aphids1

Sawfly Nematodes Wireworms Mealy Bug Leaf Streak Diseases Resistance Disease Threats

ARS Stillwater ARS Pullman ARS Raleigh ARS Aberdeen

UID UID UID UID UID UID4

ARS Ames

UMN UMN

NDSU ORSU4

MTSU MTSU

Septoria

Cereal Smuts Powdery Speckled

Viruses (organic) Stem Rust Stripe Rust Leaf Rust Mildew Net Blotch Spot Blotch Leaf Blotch Scald

ARS St. Paul ARS St. Paul ARS St. Paul ARS Ames ARS Fargo

ARS Fargo ARS Pullman ARS Pullman ARS Pullman

ARS Ft. Detrick

ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh ARS-Raleigh

ARS Ames ARS Ames

UC-Davis UC-Davis UC-Davis3

UC-Davis2

WSU WSU WSU WSU WSU

UMN UMN UMN3

UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN UMN

VATech VATech3

VATech VATech VATech VATech VATech

OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU OHSU

Cornell Cornell Cornell Cornell Cornell

NDSU3

NDSU

MTSU MTSU MTSU

UID UID UID UID UID UID

ORSU ORSU3

ORSU2

ORSU ORSU

1 - Bird cherry-oat aphid, Greenbug aphid, Hedgehog grain aphid, Russian wheat aphid

2 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Stripe Rust Initiative funds

3 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Stem Rust Initiative funds

4 - Receives extramural ARS Barley & Wheat Root Disease funding

C-1

USDA-ARS BARLEY PEST INITIATIVE Major Insect, Viral, Bacterial, and Fungal Threats to be Addressed

INSECTS

Insect pests reduce barley yield and quality through feeding, with some species

injecting damaging toxins or transmitting disease causing viruses. The initiative

research would develop control methods to promote the safest and most

environmentally sound practices to improve sustainable barley production.

Russian Wheat Aphid Greenbug Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Hedgehog Grain Aphid

Aphids: There are four major aphid pests of barley in the US - Russian wheat aphid (RWA); greenbug (GB); bird cherry-oat aphid (BCOA), and a newly introduced aphid pest, Hedgehog grain

aphid (HGA), all with shifting biotypes that can overcome genetic resistance. RWA causes head

trapping which results in reduced fertility and thin seed. New leaves do not unroll and aphids build up

in high numbers inside the unrolled leaves where they are protected from contact insecticides as well

as natural parasites and predators, wind and rain. BCOA, which can vector yield-devastating viruses,

has been reported to cause yield reductions of up to 50% from aphid feeding alone. HGA has been

reported to feed on more than 52 different species of grasses and cereal crops, but wheat and barley are

the preferred hosts. Aphid feeding results in yellowing and withering of leaves leading to reduced

yield and grain quality. GB is more often a pest of winter barleys in the Southern Plains. The most

economical and environmentally sound solution to the threat posed by aphids is the development of

varieties with diverse sources of resistance, which is the primary goal of the Initiative

Wheat stem sawfly: This major wheat pest is also a threat to barley. The female deposits

eggs in the upper part of the stem, with the

larvae tunneling through the stem as it feeds,

reducing yield and grain quality. Weakened

stems result in lodging (stem collapse), further

reducing quality and harvestable yield. Sawfly

is difficult to control with insecticides, as larvae are protected from treatment and the adults do not

feed as they rapidly migrate over wide areas to other fields. The initiative seeks to develop improved

management strategies and genetic resistance in barley to control this damaging pest.

C-2

Haanchen barley mealybug: The mealy bug causes tremendous yield loss of barley and wheat in dryland production areas of the

Intermountain West. The mealy bugs feed at the base of the stems

under the soil surface, severely reducing root growth while injecting

damaging toxins into the plant stems, eventually killing the plant.

Insecticides can’t reach the protected larvae; thus, the control

recommendations include tillage in areas where minimum tillage is

favored for soil and water conservation. Genetic resistance has yet to

be investigated. The initiative would develop improved mitigation and

management practices.

Nematodes: Damage to cereal grains occurs from various nematode species that feed on barley roots under limited crop rotation

(cereal cyst nematode or CCN) or even under the best crop rotation

practices (lesion nematodes, stunt nematodes, etc.). Yield damage

under irrigation from high populations of CCN has been as high as

50%. Known sources of genetic resistance to CCN available to

producers is limited to one European malting barley line. The

Initiative would fund research for additional resistance sources as well

as development of new barley lines with resistance and tolerance to

nematode pressure.

Wireworms: Many crops are damaged by soilborne wireworms, which are the larval stage of the click beetle. The insects can kill entire patches of

seedling barley within a field, reducing yield and allowing weeds to become

established. There are over twelve species of wireworm damaging cereals,

each with different patterns of behavior influencing or changing control tactics.

Available insecticidal seed treatments are not completely effective, and new

control strategies need to be developed and implemented to reduce damage.

VIRAL DISEASES

Virus infections induce stunting, rosetting, and foliar symptoms, such as yellowing,

mottling, and streaking. Viruses infect nearly all plant cells, with some restricted to

vascular tissue, interfering with nutrient transport. Virus infections may result in

substantial yield and quality losses. Many aphid species vector damaging cereal

viruses. Aphid control and genetic resistance to viruses are key initiative goals.

Cereal yellow dwarf viruses are the most economically important viral disease threat to barley, with many genetically

different variants, which complicate the development of

resistance in barley. Infected plants display yellow

discoloration and are dwarfed in height, leaves may be

shortened or curled, and in severe infections fewer tillers may

develop and heads may not emerge. Infected plants are more

vulnerable to fungal diseases and drought stress. Losses from

CYDVs can approach 100% with early infections. Winter

C-3 barley is more at risk than spring barley, since aphid populations often build up during the growing

season, migrate to and increase the incidence of infection in fall planted barley crops, that provide a

“green-bridge” into the next growing season.

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS), the only major bacterial disease in barley, reduces yield and quality, and cannot be controlled with

fungicides or by other means in the field. Small, water-soaked

lesions, elongate into linear streaks, with a characteristic milky

exudates on the leaf surface. Little is known about the disease

system. The bacteria are believed to mainly survive on seeds, and using clean seeds

may reduce disease incidence and decrease disease epidemics. Identifying sources of

resistance and developing resistant barley varieties appears to be the only way to

control this disease problem. Understanding of the biology of the bacterium and its

virulence mechanisms will be critical to the development of resistant varieties.

FUNGAL DISEASES

Fungal diseases are the most prevalent threat to barley production, reducing yield and

quality. Most can be controlled with fungicides; however, some damaging fungi have

developed resistance to the most commonly used ones. The initiative is directed at

developing more environmentally sustainable solutions to fungal pathogens, including

improved management practices and resistant varieties.

RUSTS: Three important rust diseases that occur on barley - leaf, stem, and stripe rust, will be addressed by the initiative. Brown to reddish-brown or yellow pustules erupt through the plant tissue,

with the rusty spores giving rust diseases their name. Rusts can be controlled with fungicides. The

goal of the initiative is to develop a more environmentally sustainable solution by developing varieties

with durable resistance.

Stem rust primarily affects barley stems and leaf sheaths, but leaf blades and heads may also be infected. Infected plants produce shriveled kernels,

reducing yield and quality. Weakened stems result in severe lodging, with

fallen plants further reducing yield and quality. The current stable

resistance in barley to prevalent races has held up for many years, but new

races arise that can overcome this resistance. A serious threat to barley

production worldwide is African stem rust (i.e. race TTKSK, aka “isolate

Ug99”). More than 95% of the world’s barley cultivars are susceptible to

this race, and it is expected to eventually spread to the US.

C-4

Stripe rust, also known as yellow rust, is primarily a disease of cool climates, thus its main impact is on barley grown at high elevations in Western states or on

winter barley. Symptoms of stripe rust usually appear earlier in year than leaf or

stem rust, with yellow pustules often arranged in stripes occurring on leaves and

occasionally in heads. Information on resistance genes and useful markers are

needed to develop barley varieties with resistance to stripe rust.

Leaf rust is most important in areas where the crop matures late and most extensively in the Eastern and Midwestern US. Losses

can be severe, especially when plants are infected early in the

season and when infections occur on the flag leaf, which

significantly reduces grain yield. Infected plants have smaller

leaves, weaker stems, earlier maturity, and lower yield and quality.

Leaf rust appeared for the first time inland in the Pacific Northwest

in 2017 and caused complete yield losses in several barley fields.

The majority of commercial barley varieties are susceptible, and

resistant varieties need to be developed. Changes in races occur

frequently and new races capable of overcoming predominantly

used resistance genes have occurred twice since 2010.

Powdery mildew infects the epidermal surface cell layer, completing its life cycle in

just 5-7 days, with the fungi and its spores

covering the leaves, stems, and heads with a

powdery appearance. It damages the plant by reducing photosynthesis

and increasing transpiration and respiration, reducing yield and quality.

Fungicides can be used to control powdery mildew; however, resistant

varieties are the best defense. Powdery mildew can survive the winter on

barley and is increasing in prevalence and economic impact as winter

barley acreage increases. Then, spores make the jump to spring barley,

continuing the cycle of infection.

Scald is a common disease of barley, especially in cooler, semi-humid areas, and is recognized by distinctive lesions formed on leaves and other plant parts.

Yield losses occur through reduced kernel weight, and in severe infections, the

number of kernels per head and number of heads per plant may be reduced.

Scald can be controlled with fungicides, but the best approach is the reduction of

the stubble and residue harboring the fungi, sowing clean or certified seed

harvested from an uninfected crop, and the development of resistant barley

varieties.

C-5

Spot blotch occurs wherever barley is grown, causing the most significant losses in warm, humid areas. Spots develop on leaves and leaf sheaths at all

stages of plant development, with the greatest losses occurring when infection

impacts the flag leaf. Epidemics can develop in periods of wet, warm weather,

with substantial yield losses. Because it can be seedborne, the use of pathogen-

free seed or fungicide seed treatments are used in control, along with foliar

fungicide applications. The development of durable resistance in barley is the

best solution.

Net blotch is named for net-like symptoms on barley leaves and leaf sheaths. The causal fungal species is divided into two forms, with one form

causing net form net blotch and the more recently described form causing

spot form net blotch. Both forms are common wherever barley is grown,

especially in areas of high humidity and rainfall. Yield losses can approach

100% in severely infected fields of susceptible varieties. Typically, losses are

lower, but with substantial impacts on yield and quality, resulting in loss of

quality and malting grade premiums. Destruction of host debris, rotation with

non-susceptible crops and use of pathogen-free seed are management tools

that will be made more effective with the development of resistant varieties.

Septoria speckled leaf blotch is widespread, causing economic losses in areas with cool, wet climates, such as the Upper Midwest. The pathogen

primarily attacks the leaves and leaf sheaths, causing lesions that merge and

cover large areas of the leaf. The lesions become densely populated with dark

fruiting bodies that release spores, which give the disease its name. The disease

reduces yield and suitability for malting, including reduced malt extract.

Destroying barley debris with deep plowing or rotating barley with non-

susceptible crops reduces disease severity. However, with the shift to minimum

or no-till planting, controlling this disease is becoming more difficult.

Development of resistant varieties is the key to addressing this disease.

Smuts are less prevalent than in the past because of the use of effective fungicidal seed treatment. However, this is not a solution for organic production where smuts are a consistent and damaging

problem. Effective and durable resistance in barley is needed. There are two major smut fungi that

attack barley.

Covered smut is widespread, causing economic damage when untreated seed is planted. Smut spores contaminate clean grain at harvest when smutted

heads are broken and crushed during threshing. The released spores collect on

the surface and in the crevices of the grain, and are also deposited in the soil

where the spores may survive on seed or in soil. The fungus infects the growing

seedling, becomes established in the growing point, and at the time of flower

formation, it creates a fungal mass encased by a membrane which forms a small

bunt ball in place of the seed.

C-6

Loose smut is more common in areas of high humidity and rainfall. Yield losses and quality impacts are usually less than with covered smut, since

harvested grain appears clean. Infection occurs when spores infect healthy

barley heads at flowering. Those infected seeds are internally colonized and

when planted, the fungus grows up with the plant. The infected heads grow

faster and emerge earlier than normal, and their spikelets are entirely

transformed into a loose spore mass, which shed their spores into the wind.

Within a few days, only the head’s stem remains, thus the name loose smut.

The spores land on healthy barley heads, then infect the next generation of

seeds. The fungus survives from one growing season to the next dormant within

the embryo of the seed, so surface fungicide seed treatments are not effective.

Specific systemic fungicides or hot or cold water treatments are used to reduce

infections within the seed.

Soil-borne fungal pathogens that attack roots and

seeds: There are several soil-borne fungi that cause substantial yield losses and are consistently problematic when crop rotation is

limited. Many of these disease-causing fungi take advantage of

conditions that are not favorable to the plants (cold wet spring soils,

water-logged soils, or droughty water-stressed conditions).

Fungicide resistance has been documented in Pythium, a fungus-like

organism that causes damping-off, resulting in poor root growth and

seedling vigor when seeds are planted in early spring. Rhizoctonia

fungi infect many different crops, and are very damaging in barley

where we have “green-bridge” conditions. Those diseases and

Fusarium crown rot, strawbreaker foot rot, and sharp eyespot do well

in no-till conditions that favor soil and moisture conservation, severely limiting the economic viability

of practices that improve soil health. Except for seed treatment, there are no chemical controls for

these disease and limited resistance, so growers rely on cultural management. It is critical to address

barley diseases that are having severe economic impact that occur when we implement sustainable and

conservation practices. The Initiative will work to improve control strategies.

D-1

OBJECTIVES

A. Serve as a national forum for discussion of matters important to

barley research, production and utilization.

B. Serve in an information distribution capacity to all persons

interested in barley.

C. Identify national and regional priorities and encourage their

adoption and proper funding.

D. Serve in an advisory capacity as is appropriate to national or regional groups.

STRUCTURE: The NBIC consists of members from various regions and at-large categories. The

number of representatives per region was determined on the basis of barley acreage per region. Barley

workers from each region elect their own representatives. Representatives from the at-large categories

may either be elected or appointed by the particular category involved. The NBIC may recognize a

particular organization as representative of an at-large category and ask that organization to elect or

appoint a representative to the NBIC.

REGION NUMBER OF

OR CATEGORY AREA OR SECTOR REPRESENTATIVES

NORTHWEST Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming 3

NORTH CENTRAL Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, 3

North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin

EAST Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, 1

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York,

North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee,

Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia

SOUTHWEST Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah 1

SOUTH CENTRAL/ Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, 1

SOUTHEAST Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

and Texas

AT-LARGE Malting & Brewing Industries 5

Distilling Industry 1

Feed Barley Industry 1

Food Barley Industry 1

Barley Marketing 1

Barley Growers

Idaho Barley Commission 1

Minnesota Barley Research & Promotion Council 1

Montana Wheat & Barley Committee 1

North Dakota Barley Council 1

Oregon 1

Washington Grain Commission 1

East Region 1

South Central/Southeast Region 1

__

TOTAL 26

D-2 NATIONAL BARLEY IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE

March, 2020

REGION/CATEGORY________

Mr. Gary Beck, Chair BARLEY GROWERS

8050 Highway 66 North Dakota Barley Council

Munich, ND 58352

701-682-5546/701-370 2006 (cell)

gary.beck@ndbarley.net

Dr. Andrew Friskop, Vice Chair NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Department of Plant Pathology

North Dakota State University

PO Box 6050

Fargo, ND 58108-6050

701-231-7627

andrew.j.friskop@ndsu.edu

Dr. Michael Davis, Executive Secretary MALTING, BREWING, DISTILLING

American Malting Barley Association INDUSTRIES

740 N. Plankinton Ave., Suite 830

Milwaukee, WI 53203

414-272-4640; 414-218-8806 (cell)

mike@ambainc.org

Mr. Scott E. Heisel MALTING, BREWING, DISTILLING

American Malting Barley Association INDUSTRIES

740 N. Plankinton Ave., Suite 830

Milwaukee, WI 53203

414-272-4640/414-510-4472 (cell)

scott@ambainc.org

Ms. Mary-Jane Maurice NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Malteurop North America

3830 W. Grant Street

Milwaukee, WI 53215

414-649-0255

MaryJane.Maurice@malteurop.com

Dr. Eric J. Stockinger NORTH CENTRAL REGION

Department of Horticulture and Crop Science

The Ohio State University/OARDC

1680 Madison Ave

Wooster OH 44691

330-263-3876

stockinger.4@osu.edu

Dr. Jamie Sherman NORTHWEST REGION

Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology Department

Montana State University

Bozeman, MT 59717

406-994- 5055

jsherman@montana.edu

mailto:gary.beck@ndbarley.netmailto:andrew.j.friskop@ndsu.edumailto:mike@ambainc.orgmailto:scott@ambainc.orgmailto:MaryJane.Maurice@malteurop.commailto:stockinger.4@osu.edumailto:jsherman@montana.edu

D-3 Dr. Juliet Marshall NORTHWEST REGION

University of Idaho

Idaho Falls Research & Extension Center

1776 Science Center Drive Suite 205

Idaho Falls, ID 83402

208-529-8376

jmarshall@uidaho.edu

Dr. Brigid Meints NORTHWEST REGION

Department of Crop & Soil Science

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331

541-231-6747

brigid.meints@oregonstate.edu

Ms. Sarah Windes NORTHWEST REGION

Department of Crop & Soil Science

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331

208 360-9452

Sarah.windes@oregonstate.edu

Dr. Heather Darby EAST REGION

University of Vermont & State Agricultural College

278 S. Main Street

St. Albans, VT 05478

802-524-6501

Heather.Darby@uvm.edu

Mr. Wade Malchow SOUTHWEST REGION

Molson Coors Beverage Company

1742 South 4th Road

Huntley, MT 59037

& Golden, CO 80401

406-348-2252

wade.malchow@millercoors.com

Mr. Corey Mosher BARLEY GROWERS

Mosher Farms East Region

3214 Fargo Road

Bouckville, NY 13310

315-750-9035

mosher.corey@gmail.com

Mr. Mike Wilkins BARLEY GROWERS

170 N. 500 W. Idaho Barley Commission

Rupert, ID 83350

208-431-5606

mwilkins@pmt.org

Mr. Scott Brown BARLEY GROWERS

PO Box 131 Idaho Barley Commission

Soda Springs, ID 83276

801-557-5123

swb0203@msn.com

mailto:jmarshall@uidaho.edumailto:brigid.meints@oregonstate.edumailto:Sarah.windes@oregonstate.edumailto:Heather.Darby@uvm.edumailto:wade.malchow@millercoors.commailto:mosher.corey@gmail.commailto:mwilkins@pmt.orgmailto:swb0203@msn.com

D-4 Mr. Jason Boose IDAHO BARLEY COMMISSION

Molson Coors Beverage Company Industry Representative

5 N 400 West

Burley, ID 83318

208-678-3586; 208-934-7767 (cell)

jason.boose@millercoors.com

Mr. Brian Lacey BARLEY GROWERS

Ms. Debbie Lacey Minnesota Barley Research &

33157 320th Avenue Promotion Council

Wendell, MN 56590

218-458-2595

bdlacey@runestone.net

Mr. Mike O’Hara BARLEY GROWERS

128 Rockin LV Lane Montana Wheat & Barley Committee

Fort Benton, MT 59442

406-899-6903

oharafarms@3rivers.net

Mr. Ben Barstow BARLEY GROWERS

13201 SR 272 Washington Grain Commission

Palouse, WA 99161

509-878-1742/509-330-0352 (cell)

bbarstow@palouse.com

Ms. Mary Palmer-Sullivan BARLEY GROWERS

Washington Grain Commission Washington Grain Commission

2702 W. Sunset Blvd

Spokane, WA 99224

(509) 456-2481

mary@wagrains.org

Ms. Jesse Bussard MALTING INDUSTRY

Craft Maltsters Guild

134 Teita Drive

Bozeman, MT 59718

814-599-5854 (cell)

director@craftmalting.com

Mr. Joel Alex MALTING INDUSTRY

Blue Ox Malthouse

41 Capital Avenue

Lisbon Falls, ME 04252

(207) 649-0018

joel@blueoxmalthouse.com

Dr. Patricia Aron MALTING INDUSTRY

Rahr Malting Co.

800 West First Ave

Shakopee MN 55379

(414) 690-2762

paron@rahr.com

mailto:jason.boose@millercoors.comfile:///D:/Shared/program%20files/qualcomm/Users/Rich%20Horsley/AppData/AMBAinc08-09/NBIC_2009/bdlacey@runestone.netmailto:oharafarms@3rivers.netmailto:bbarstow@palouse.commailto:mary@wagrains.orgmailto:director@craftmalting.commailto:joel@blueoxmalthouse.commailto:paron@rahr.com

D-5 Mr. Chris Swersey BREWING INDUSTRY

Brewers Association

1327 Spruce Street

Boulder, CO 80302

303-447-0816 X154

chris@brewersassociation.org

Mr. Chuck Skypeck BREWING INDUSTRY

Brewers Association

1327 Spruce Street

Boulder, CO 80302

720-473-7699

chuck@brewersassociation.org

Mr. Scott Dorsch BREWING INDUSTRY

Odell Brewing Company

800 East Lincoln Avenue

Fort Collins Colorado 80524

970-214-4978

scottdorsch@odellbrewing.com

mailto:chris@brewersassociation.orgmailto:chuck@brewersassociation.orgmailto:scottdorsch@odellbrewing.com

Cover PageEconomic SignificanceBarley Pest Initiative SummaryBarley Pest Inititative Funding NeedsBarley Pest Initiative Top Pests

Barley Pest Initiative Science DetailsNBIC Membership